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Kwakkenbos MJ, Chang G, Lin H, Pouwels W, de Jong EC, van Lier RAW, Gordon S, Hamann J. The human EGF‐TM7 family member EMR2 is a heterodimeric receptor expressed on myeloid cells. J Leukoc Biol 2002. [DOI: 10.1189/jlb.71.5.854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Mark J. Kwakkenbos
- Laboratory for Experimental Immunology and Department of Immunobiology, CLB, The Netherlands
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands; and
| | - Gin‐Wen Chang
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Hsi‐Hsien Lin
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Walter Pouwels
- Laboratory for Experimental Immunology and Department of Immunobiology, CLB, The Netherlands
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands; and
| | - Esther C. de Jong
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands; and
| | - René A. W. van Lier
- Laboratory for Experimental Immunology and Department of Immunobiology, CLB, The Netherlands
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands; and
| | - Siamon Gordon
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Jörg Hamann
- Laboratory for Experimental Immunology and Department of Immunobiology, CLB, The Netherlands
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands; and
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Miwa T, Sun X, Ohta R, Okada N, Harris CL, Morgan BP, Song WC. Characterization of glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored decay accelerating factor (GPI-DAF) and transmembrane DAF gene expression in wild-type and GPI-DAF gene knockout mice using polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies with dual or single specificity. Immunology 2001; 104:207-14. [PMID: 11683961 PMCID: PMC1783299 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2567.2001.01280.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Decay-accelerating factor (DAF, CD55) is a glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-linked membrane inhibitor of complement activation. While human and other mammalian species contain only one DAF gene, two distinct DAF genes, referred to as GPI-DAF and transmembrane (TM)-DAF, respectively, have been identified in the mouse. Using several independently generated monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies, either with dual or single specificity for GPI-DAF and TM-DAF gene products, we have examined the expression of the two DAF genes in tissues of the wild-type and a strain of knockout mouse whose GPI-DAF gene has been inactivated. By fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) analysis, we found that DAF protein is present on the wild-type mouse erythrocytes and lymphocytes but no signal was detectable on the same cells of GPI-DAF gene knockout mice. Both T and B lymphocytes and splenic macrophages express the GPI-DAF gene but the expression level is higher on B lymphocytes than on T lymphocytes. Within the T cell population, both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells are positive. DAF protein was detected by immunohistochemistry at high levels on wild-type mouse spermatids and mature sperm. In contrast, only mature sperm stained positive in the GPI-DAF gene knockout mouse testis, suggesting that GPI-DAF but not the TM-DAF gene is expressed on spermatids. Examination of the fetoplacental unit at the day 7.5 stage revealed that GPI-DAF but not the TM-DAF gene is expressed in the maternal decidua cells surrounding the trophoectoderm of the embryo. No DAF expression was detected on trophoblast or the embryo proper. These findings suggest that although the TM-DAF gene is irrelevant on mouse blood cells, the two DAF genes may have different roles in germ cell development and/or mature sperm function. Because complement receptor 1-related gene/protein y (Crry) has been shown to be expressed on early mouse embryos, the complete lack of GPI-DAF and TM-DAF gene expression in early mouse development may explain the observed sensitivity of Crry-deficient embryos to maternal complement attack.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Miwa
- Center for Experimental Therapeutics and Department of Pharmacology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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53
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Miwa T, Song WC. Membrane complement regulatory proteins: insight from animal studies and relevance to human diseases. Int Immunopharmacol 2001; 1:445-59. [PMID: 11367529 DOI: 10.1016/s1567-5769(00)00043-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The complement system plays an important role in host defense. However, if not properly regulated, activated complement can also cause significant damage to host tissues. To prevent complement-mediated autologous tissue damage, host cells express a number of membrane-bound complement regulatory proteins. These include decay-accelerating factor (DAF, CD55), membrane cofactor protein (MCP, CD46) and CD59. Recent studies of membrane complement regulatory proteins from various animal species have revealed similarities as well as significant differences from the corresponding human proteins. In this review, we summarize recent advances in this area and contrast the structure, function and tissue distribution of membrane complement regulatory proteins in human and nonprimate mammalian species. We also discuss how the characterization of the animal proteins has provided important clues and might continue to show relevance to the pathogenesis and therapeutics of a number of human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Miwa
- Centre for Experimental Therapeutics and Department of Pharmacology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, 1351 BRBII-III, 421 Curie Blvd., Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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54
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Stacey M, Lin HH, Hilyard KL, Gordon S, McKnight AJ. Human epidermal growth factor (EGF) module-containing mucin-like hormone receptor 3 is a new member of the EGF-TM7 family that recognizes a ligand on human macrophages and activated neutrophils. J Biol Chem 2001; 276:18863-70. [PMID: 11279179 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m101147200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The epidermal growth factor (EGF)-TM7 subgroup of G-protein-coupled receptors is composed predominantly of leukocyte-restricted glycoproteins defined by their unique hybrid structure, in which extracellular EGF-like domains are coupled to a seven-span transmembrane moiety via a mucin-like stalk. The EGF-TM7 group comprises mouse F4/80, human EGF module-containing mucin-like hormone receptor (EMR) 1, human EMR2, and human and mouse CD97, the genes for which map to human chromosome 19p13 and the syntenic regions of the mouse genome. In this study we describe the cloning and characterization of EMR3, a novel human EGF-TM7 molecule, and show the existence of its cellular ligand. The EMR3 gene maps closely to the existing members of the EGF-TM7 family on human chromosome 19p13.1 and, in common with other EGF-TM7 genes, is capable of generating different protein isoforms through alternative splicing. Two alternative splice forms have been isolated: one encoding a 652-amino acid cell surface protein consisting of two EGF-like domains, a mucin stalk, and a putative G-protein-coupled receptor domain and the other encoding a truncated soluble form containing only two EGF-like domains. As with other members of the EGF-TM7 family, EMR3 mRNA displays a predominantly leukocyte-restricted expression pattern, with highest levels in neutrophils, monocytes, and macrophages. Through the use of soluble EMR3 multivalent probes we have shown the presence of a ligand at the surface of monocyte-derived macrophages and activated human neutrophils. These interactions suggest a potential role for EMR3 in myeloid-myeloid interactions during immune and inflammatory responses.
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MESH Headings
- Alternative Splicing
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Base Sequence
- Biotinylation
- Chromosome Mapping
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 19
- Cloning, Molecular
- DNA, Complementary/metabolism
- Epidermal Growth Factor/chemistry
- Humans
- Inflammation
- Leukocytes/metabolism
- Ligands
- Macrophages/metabolism
- Models, Chemical
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Monocytes/metabolism
- Mucins/chemistry
- Neutrophils/metabolism
- Protein Binding
- Protein Isoforms
- Protein Structure, Tertiary
- RNA/metabolism
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled
- Receptors, Peptide/chemistry
- Receptors, Peptide/genetics
- Receptors, Peptide/metabolism
- Recombinant Proteins/metabolism
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Sequence Analysis, DNA
- Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
- Tissue Distribution
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Affiliation(s)
- M Stacey
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3RE, United Kingdom
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55
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Subrahmanyam YV, Yamaga S, Prashar Y, Lee HH, Hoe NP, Kluger Y, Gerstein M, Goguen JD, Newburger PE, Weissman SM. RNA expression patterns change dramatically in human neutrophils exposed to bacteria. Blood 2001; 97:2457-68. [PMID: 11290611 DOI: 10.1182/blood.v97.8.2457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A comprehensive study of changes in messenger RNA (mRNA) levels in human neutrophils following exposure to bacteria is described. Within 2 hours there are dramatic changes in the levels of several hundred mRNAs including those for a variety of cytokines, receptors, apoptosis-regulating products, and membrane trafficking regulators. In addition, there are a large number of up-regulated mRNAs that appear to represent a common core of activation response genes that have been identified as early-response products to a variety of stimuli in a number of other cell types. The activation response of neutrophils to nonpathogenic bacteria is greatly altered by exposure to Yersinia pestis, which may be a major factor contributing to the virulence and rapid progression of plague. Several gene clusters were created based on the patterns of gene induction caused by different bacteria. These clusters were consistent with those found by a principal components analysis. A number of the changes could be interpreted in terms of neutrophil physiology and the known functions of the genes. These findings indicate that active regulation of gene expression plays a major role in the neutrophil contribution to the cellular inflammatory response. Interruption of these changes by pathogens, such as Y pestis, could be responsible, at least in part, for the failure to contain infections by highly virulent organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y V Subrahmanyam
- Department of Genetics, Boyer Center for Molecular Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06536-0812, USA
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56
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Jaspars LH, Vos W, Aust G, Van Lier RA, Hamann J. Tissue distribution of the human CD97 EGF-TM7 receptor. TISSUE ANTIGENS 2001; 57:325-31. [PMID: 11380941 DOI: 10.1034/j.1399-0039.2001.057004325.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
CD97 is a founding member of the EGF-TM7 family of class II seven-span transmembrane (7-TM) receptors. CD97 has an extended extracellular region with several N-terminal epidermal growth factor (EGF)-like domains, which mediate binding to CD55. Previous studies demonstrated the expression of CD97 on activated lymphocytes, monocytes, macrophages, granulocytes, and numerous haematopoietic and nonhaematopoietic cell lines. Here, we determined the cellular distribution of human CD97 in situ by immunohistochemistry (IH) and immunofluorescence (IF). Abundant expression of CD97 was detected on all types of macrophages and dendritic cells, except for microglia. Within the lymphoid lineage, most T cells but only a few B cells express CD97. Germinal centre B cells do not express the molecule. Except for smooth muscle cells, no staining was found on other cells outside the immune system. However, analysis of a restricted set of epithelial tumors revealed CD97 expression on the malignant cells in thyroid and gastrointestinal tract cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- L H Jaspars
- Department of Pathology, Academic Hospital, Free University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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57
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfram Eichler
- Faculty of Biosciences, Pharmaceutics and Psychology, University of Leipzig, Talstrasse 33, D‐04103 Leipzig, Germany
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58
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Lin HH, Stacey M, Hamann J, Gordon S, McKnight AJ. Human EMR2, a novel EGF-TM7 molecule on chromosome 19p13.1, is closely related to CD97. Genomics 2000; 67:188-200. [PMID: 10903844 DOI: 10.1006/geno.2000.6238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The epidermal growth factor (EGF)-TM7 proteins [EMR1, (EGF-like molecule containing mucin-like hormone receptor 1) F4/80, and CD97] constitute a recently defined class B GPCR subfamily and are predominantly expressed on leukocytes. These molecules possess N-terminal EGF-like domains coupled to a seven-span transmembrane (7TM) moiety via a mucin-like spacer domain. Genomic mapping analysis has suggested a possible EGF-TM7 gene family on the human chromosome 19p13 region. In this study, a new member of the EGF-TM7 family, EMR2, which shares strikingly similar molecular characteristics with CD97, is described. In addition to mapping closely to CD97 on human chromosome 19p13.1, EMR2 contains a total of five tandem EGF-like domains and expresses similar protein isoforms consisting of various numbers of EGF-like domains as a result of alternative RNA splicing. Furthermore, EMR2 and CD97 exhibit highly homologous EGF-like domains and share identical gene organization, indicating that both genes are the products of a recent gene duplication event. The homologous EGF-like domains enable the identification of both EMR2 and CD97 by monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) raised against the first EGF-like domain of CD97, whereas mAbs directed against the extracellular spacer domain of CD97 are able to differentiate these two proteins. Both EMR2 and CD97 are highly expressed in immune tissues; however, unlike CD97, which is ubiquitously expressed in most cell types, EMR2 expression is restricted to monocytes/Mφ and granulocytes. EMR2 fails to interact with CD55, the cellular ligand for CD97, suggesting the possibility of a different cellular ligand(s). EMR2 may therefore have a unique function in cells of monocyte/Mφ and granulocyte lineages.
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MESH Headings
- Alternative Splicing
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Antigens, CD
- Base Sequence
- Blotting, Northern
- COS Cells
- Cell Line
- Chromosome Mapping
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 19/genetics
- DNA, Complementary/chemistry
- DNA, Complementary/genetics
- Epidermal Growth Factor/genetics
- Exons
- Gene Expression
- Gene Expression Regulation
- Genes/genetics
- HL-60 Cells
- Humans
- Introns
- Jurkat Cells
- K562 Cells
- Membrane Glycoproteins/genetics
- Molecular Sequence Data
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled
- Sequence Alignment
- Sequence Analysis, DNA
- Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
- Tissue Distribution
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
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Affiliation(s)
- H H Lin
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3RE, United Kingdom.
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