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ANT2 shRNA downregulates miR-19a and miR-96 through the PI3K/Akt pathway and suppresses tumor growth in hepatocellular carcinoma cells. Exp Mol Med 2016; 48:e222. [PMID: 27012708 PMCID: PMC4892878 DOI: 10.1038/emm.2015.126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2015] [Revised: 11/03/2015] [Accepted: 11/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are negative regulators of gene expression, and miRNA
deregulation is found in various tumors. We previously reported that suppression
of adenine nucleotide translocase 2 (ANT2) by short hairpin RNA (shRNA) inhibits
hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) development by rescuing miR-636 expression.
However, the tumor-suppressive mechanisms of ANT2 shRNA are still poorly
understood in HCC. Here, we hypothesized that miRNAs that are specifically
downregulated by ANT2 shRNA might function as oncomiRs, and we investigated the
roles of ANT2 shRNA-regulated miRNAs in the pathogenesis of HCC. Our data show
that miR-19a and miR-96, whose expression is regulated by ANT2 suppression, were
markedly upregulated in HCC cell lines and clinical samples. Ectopic expression
of miR-19a and miR-96 dramatically induced the proliferation and colony
formation of hepatoma cells in vitro, whereas inhibition of miR-19a and
miR-96 reduced these effects. To investigate the in vivo function, we
implanted miR-96-overexpressing HepG2 cells in a xenograft model and
demonstrated that the increase in miR-96 promoted tumor growth. We also found
that miR-19a and miR-96 inhibited expression of tissue inhibitor of
metalloproteinase-2. Taken together, our results suggest that ANT2-regulated
miR-19a and miR-96 play an important role in promoting the proliferation of
human HCC cells, and the knockdown of ANT2 directly downregulates miR-19a and
miR-96, ultimately resulting in the suppression of tumor growth.
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52
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Wang Y, Sun B, Sun H, Zhao X, Wang X, Zhao N, Zhang Y, Li Y, Gu Q, Liu F, Shao B, An J. Regulation of proliferation, angiogenesis and apoptosis in hepatocellular carcinoma by miR-26b-5p. Tumour Biol 2016; 37:10965-79. [DOI: 10.1007/s13277-016-4964-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2015] [Accepted: 02/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
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53
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Huntington JT, Tang X, Kent LN, Schmidt CR, Leone G. The Spectrum of E2F in Liver Disease--Mediated Regulation in Biology and Cancer. J Cell Physiol 2016; 231:1438-49. [PMID: 26566968 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.25242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2015] [Accepted: 11/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Uncoordinated cell growth is one of the fundamental concepts in carcinogenesis and occurs secondary to dysregulation of the cell cycle. The E2Fs are a large family of transcription factors and are key regulators of the cell cycle. The activation of E2Fs is intimately regulated by retinoblastoma 1 (RB1). The RB pathway has been implicated in almost every human malignancy. Recently there have been exciting developments in the E2F field using animal models to better understand the role of E2Fs in vivo. Genetic mouse models have proven essential in implicating E2Fs in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and liver disease. In this review, the general structure and function of E2Fs as well as the role for E2Fs in the development of HCC and liver disease is evaluated. Specifically, what is known about E2Fs in human disease is explored in depth, and future directions are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin T Huntington
- Department of Surgery, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Xing Tang
- Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology and Medical Genetics, College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio.,Department of Molecular Genetics, College of Biological Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio.,Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Lindsey N Kent
- Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology and Medical Genetics, College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio.,Department of Molecular Genetics, College of Biological Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio.,Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Carl R Schmidt
- Department of Surgery, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Gustavo Leone
- Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology and Medical Genetics, College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio.,Department of Molecular Genetics, College of Biological Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio.,Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
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54
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GUAN CHENGNONG, YANG FENG, HE XICHUN, LI TUHUA, YANG QINGMEI, HE HUIPING, XU MENG. Clinical significance of microRNA-155 expression in hepatocellular carcinoma. Oncol Lett 2016; 11:1574-1580. [PMID: 26893782 PMCID: PMC4734258 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2015.4048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2014] [Accepted: 07/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to evaluate the expression of microRNA-155 (miR-155) in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and adjacent normal tissues, and assess its correlation with clinicopathological characteristics of this tumor type. miR-155 expression was detected in 40 HCC tissue samples and 40 samples of adjacent tumor-free tissue using fluorescent reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). The association between miR-155 expression, clinicopathological features and 1-year relapse-free survival (RFS) in HCC and adjacent normal tissue samples was analyzed. RT-qPCR results revealed that, in 25 cases (62.5%), miR-155 expression levels were significantly increased in HCC tissues compared with the expression levels observed in pericarcinomatous tissues (P<0.05). miR-155 expression was observed to be significantly correlated with vessel invasion, Edmonson classification and clinical stage (P<0.05). However, miR-155 expression was not significantly correlated with gender, age, tumor size, tumor number, hepatitis B virus DNA copy number, cirrhosis or concentration of α-fetoprotein (P>0.05). A positive correlation was observed between late TNM classification of malignant tumor stage and 1-year RFS (P<0.05). Patients exhibiting high miR-155 expression levels were observed to exhibit a lower 1-year RFS than that of patients with reduced expression of miR-155 (48 vs. 73.3%), however this difference was not statistically significant (P=0.105). Additionally, correlations were observed between miR-155 expression and reduced differentiation, increased invasiveness and late stages of HCC. The current results demonstrated that miR-155 may be involved in the tumorigenesis of HCC and may be associated with clinical characteristics of HCC patients. Additional studies are required to clarify the mechanism of miR-155.
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Affiliation(s)
- CHENGNONG GUAN
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510630, P.R. China
- Center of Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical College, Zhanjiang, Guangdong 524000, P.R. China
| | - FENG YANG
- Center of Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical College, Zhanjiang, Guangdong 524000, P.R. China
| | - XICHUN HE
- Center of Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical College, Zhanjiang, Guangdong 524000, P.R. China
| | - TUHUA LI
- Center of Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical College, Zhanjiang, Guangdong 524000, P.R. China
| | - QINGMEI YANG
- Center of Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical College, Zhanjiang, Guangdong 524000, P.R. China
| | - HUIPING HE
- Center of Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical College, Zhanjiang, Guangdong 524000, P.R. China
| | - MENG XU
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510630, P.R. China
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55
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XU SHAN, ZHAO NING, HUI LIAN, SONG MIN, MIAO ZIWEI, JIANG XUEJUN. MicroRNA-124-3p inhibits the growth and metastasis of nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells by targeting STAT3. Oncol Rep 2015; 35:1385-94. [DOI: 10.3892/or.2015.4524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2015] [Accepted: 09/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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56
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Zuo D, Chen L, Liu X, Wang X, Xi Q, Luo Y, Zhang N, Guo H. Combination of miR-125b and miR-27a enhances sensitivity and specificity of AFP-based diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma. Tumour Biol 2015; 37:6539-49. [DOI: 10.1007/s13277-015-4545-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2015] [Accepted: 11/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
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57
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Clinicopathological Significance of MicroRNA-20b Expression in Hepatocellular Carcinoma and Regulation of HIF-1α and VEGF Effect on Cell Biological Behaviour. DISEASE MARKERS 2015; 2015:325176. [PMID: 26612965 PMCID: PMC4646993 DOI: 10.1155/2015/325176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2015] [Revised: 08/31/2015] [Accepted: 09/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
miRNA-20b has been shown to be aberrantly expressed in several tumor types. However, the clinical significance of miRNA-20b in the prognosis of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is poorly understood, and the exact role of miRNA-20b in HCC remains unclear. The aim of the present study was to investigate the association of the expression of miR-20b with clinicopathological characteristics and overall survival of HCC patients analyzed by Kaplan-Meier analysis and Cox proportional hazards regression models. Meanwhile, the HIF-1α and VEGF targets of miR-20b have been confirmed. We found not only miR-20b regulation of HIF-1α and VEGF in normal but also regulation of miR-20b in hypoxia. This mechanism would help the tumor cells adapt to the different environments thus promoting the tumor invasion and development. The whole study suggests that miR-20b, HIF-1α, and VEGF serve as a potential therapeutic agent for hepatocellular carcinoma.
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58
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Downregulation of microRNA-100 enhances the ICMT-Rac1 signaling and promotes metastasis of hepatocellular carcinoma cells. Oncotarget 2015; 5:12177-88. [PMID: 25361001 PMCID: PMC4322964 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.2601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2014] [Accepted: 10/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Metastasis is responsible for rapid recurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and poor survival of HCC patients. Here we showed that miR-100 downregulation in HCC tissues was significantly associated with venous invasion, advanced TNM stage, tumor nodule without complete capsule, poorer cell differentiation, and shorter recurrence-free survival. Both gain- and loss-of-function studies showed that miR-100 dramatically suppressed the ability of HCC cells to migrate and to invade through Matrigel in vitro. Analyses using mouse orthotopic xenograft model further revealed that xenografts of miR-100-stable-expressing HCC cells displayed a significant reduction in pulmonary metastasis, compared with control group. Subsequent investigations revealed that miR-100 directly inhibited the expression of isoprenylcysteine carboxyl methyltransferase (ICMT) and ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 1 (Rac1) by binding to their 3′-UTRs, and in turn suppressed lamellipodia formation and matrix metallopeptidase 2 (MMP2) activation. Furthermore, knockdown of ICMT and Rac1 phenocopied the anti-metastasis effect of miR-100, whereas overexpression of the constitutively active Rac1 (Q61L) antagonized the function of miR-100. Taken together, miR-100 represses metastasis of HCC cells by abrogating the ICMT-Rac1 signaling. Downregulation of miR-100 contributes to HCC metastasis and the restoration of miR-100 is a potential strategy for cancer therapy.
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59
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Yan MD, Yao CJ, Chow JM, Chang CL, Hwang PA, Chuang SE, Whang-Peng J, Lai GM. Fucoidan Elevates MicroRNA-29b to Regulate DNMT3B-MTSS1 Axis and Inhibit EMT in Human Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cells. Mar Drugs 2015; 13:6099-116. [PMID: 26404322 PMCID: PMC4626681 DOI: 10.3390/md13106099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2015] [Revised: 09/08/2015] [Accepted: 09/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence has revealed that fucoidan exhibits anti-tumor activities by arresting cell cycle and inducing apoptosis in many types of cancer cells including hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Exploring its effect on microRNA expression, we found that fucoidan markedly upregulated miR-29b of human HCC cells. The induction of miR-29b was accompanied with suppression of its downstream target DNMT3B in a dose-dependent manner. The reduction of luciferase activity of DNMT3B 3'-UTR reporter by fucoidan was as markedly as that by miR-29b mimic, indicating that fucoidan induced miR-29b to suppress DNMT3B. Accordingly, the mRNA and protein levels of MTSS1 (metastasis suppressor 1), a target silenced by DNMT3B, were increased after fucoidan treatment. Furthermore, fucoidan also down-regulated TGF-β receptor and Smad signaling of HCC cells. All these effects leaded to the inhibition of EMT (increased E-cadherin and decreased N-cadherin) and prevention of extracellular matrix degradation (increased TIMP-1 and decreased MMP2, 9), by which the invasion activity of HCC cells was diminished. Our results demonstrate the profound effect of fucoidan not only on the regulation of miR-29b-DNMT3B-MTSS1 axis but also on the inhibition of TGF-β signaling in HCC cells, suggesting the potential of using fucoidan as integrative therapeutics against invasion and metastasis of HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-De Yan
- Cancer Center, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11696, Taiwan; E-Mails: (M.-D.Y.); (C.-J.Y.); (J.W.-P.)
| | - Chih-Jung Yao
- Cancer Center, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11696, Taiwan; E-Mails: (M.-D.Y.); (C.-J.Y.); (J.W.-P.)
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan; E-Mail:
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - Jyh-Ming Chow
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan; E-Mail:
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11696, Taiwan; E-Mail:
| | - Chia-Lun Chang
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11696, Taiwan; E-Mail:
| | - Pai-An Hwang
- Seafood Technology Division, Fisheries Research Institute, Council of Agriculture, Keelung 20246, Taiwan; E-Mail:
| | - Shuang-En Chuang
- National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli County 35053, Taiwan; E-Mail:
| | - Jacqueline Whang-Peng
- Cancer Center, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11696, Taiwan; E-Mails: (M.-D.Y.); (C.-J.Y.); (J.W.-P.)
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - Gi-Ming Lai
- Cancer Center, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11696, Taiwan; E-Mails: (M.-D.Y.); (C.-J.Y.); (J.W.-P.)
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan; E-Mail:
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11696, Taiwan; E-Mail:
- National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli County 35053, Taiwan; E-Mail:
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60
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Sun X, Zhang J, Hou Z, Han Q, Zhang C, Tian Z. miR-146a is directly regulated by STAT3 in human hepatocellular carcinoma cells and involved in anti-tumor immune suppression. Cell Cycle 2015; 14:243-52. [PMID: 25607648 DOI: 10.4161/15384101.2014.977112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) play an important role in tumorigenesis, but their role in tumor-induced immune suppression is largely unknown. STAT3 signaling, a key pathway mediating immune suppression in the tumor microenvironment, is responsible for the transcription of several important miRNAs. In this study, we observed that miR-146a, a known important regulator of immune responses, was downregulated by blocking activated STAT3 in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells. Furthermore, miR-146a inhibition in HCC cells not only altered the STAT3 activation-associated cytokine profile but also reversed HCC-induced NK cell dysfunction in vitro and improved the anti-tumor effect of lymphocytes in vivo. Importantly, ChIP and luciferase reporter assays confirmed that STAT3 directly bound to the miR-146a promoter and induced miR-146a expression. These findings indicated that miR-146a expression was regulated by aberrantly activated STAT3 in HCC cells and exerted negative effects on anti-tumor immune response, which resulted in the upregulation of cytokines such as TGF-β, IL-17, VEGF and downregulation of type I IFN to create an immunosuppressive microenvironment. This further insight into understanding the mechanism responsible for tumor-induced immune suppression highlights the potential application of miR-146a as a novel immunotherapeutic target for HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxia Sun
- a Institute of Immunopharmacology & Immunotherapy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences ; Shandong University ; Jinan , Shandong Province , China
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61
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Serum exosomal microRNAs as novel biomarkers for hepatocellular carcinoma. Exp Mol Med 2015; 47:e184. [PMID: 26380927 PMCID: PMC4650928 DOI: 10.1038/emm.2015.68] [Citation(s) in RCA: 316] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2014] [Revised: 06/17/2015] [Accepted: 06/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have shown that circulating microRNAs are a potential biomarker in various types of malignancies. The aim of this study was to investigate the feasibility of using serum exosomal microRNAs as novel serological biomarkers for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in patients with chronic hepatitis B (CHB). We measured the serum exosomal microRNAs and serum circulating microRNAs in patients with CHB (n=20), liver cirrhosis (LC) (n=20) and HCC (n=20). Serum exosomal microRNA was extracted from 500 μl of serum using an Exosome RNA Isolation kit. The expression levels of microRNAs were quantified by real-time PCR. The expression levels of selected microRNAs were normalized to Caenorhabditis elegans microRNA (Cel-miR-39). The serum levels of exosomal miR-18a, miR-221, miR-222 and miR-224 were significantly higher in patients with HCC than those with CHB or LC (P<0.05). Further, the serum levels of exosomal miR-101, miR-106b, miR-122 and miR-195 were lower in patients with HCC than in patients with CHB (P=0.014, P<0.001, P<0.001 and P<0.001, respectively). There was no significant difference in the levels of miR-21 and miR-93 among the three groups. Additionally, the serum levels of circulating microRNAs showed a smaller difference between HCC and either CHB or LC. This study suggests that serum exosomal microRNAs may be used as novel serological biomarkers for HCC.
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62
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Zhou JN, Zeng Q, Wang HY, Zhang B, Li ST, Nan X, Cao N, Fu CJ, Yan XL, Jia YL, Wang JX, Zhao AH, Li ZW, Li YH, Xie XY, Zhang XM, Dong Y, Xu YC, He LJ, Yue W, Pei XT. MicroRNA-125b attenuates epithelial-mesenchymal transitions and targets stem-like liver cancer cells through small mothers against decapentaplegic 2 and 4. Hepatology 2015; 62:801-15. [PMID: 25953743 DOI: 10.1002/hep.27887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2014] [Accepted: 05/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Emerging evidence suggests that epithelial-mesenchymal transitions (EMTs) play important roles in tumor metastasis and recurrence. Understanding molecular mechanisms that regulate the EMT process is crucial for improving treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). MicroRNAs (miRNAs) play important roles in HCC; however, the mechanisms by which miRNAs target the EMT and their therapeutic potential remains largely unknown. To better explore the roles of miRNAs in the EMT process, we established an EMT model in HCC cells by transforming growth factor beta 1 treatment and found that several tumor-related miRNAs were significantly decreased. Among these miRNAs, miR-125b expression was most strongly suppressed. We also found down-regulation of miR-125b in most HCC cells and clinical specimens, which correlated with cellular differentiation in HCC patients. We then demonstrated that miR-125b overexpression attenuated EMT phenotype in HCC cancer cells, whereas knockdown of miR-125b promoted the EMT phenotype in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, we found that miR-125b attenuated EMT-associated traits, including chemoresistance, migration, and stemness in HCC cells, and negatively correlated with EMT and cancer stem cell (CSC) marker expressions in HCC specimens. miR-125b overexpression could inhibit CSC generation and decrease tumor incidence in the mouse xenograft model. Mechanistically, our data revealed that miR-125b suppressed EMT and EMT-associated traits of HCC cells by targeting small mothers against decapentaplegic (SMAD)2 and 4. Most important, the therapeutic delivery of synthetic miR-125b mimics decreased the target molecule of CSC and inhibited metastasis in the mice model. These findings suggest a potential therapeutic treatment of miR-125b for liver cancer. CONCLUSION miR-125b exerts inhibitory effects on EMT and EMT-associated traits in HCC by SMAD2 and 4. Ectopic expression of miR-125b provides a promising strategy to treat HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Nian Zhou
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Lab, Beijing Institute of Transfusion Medicine, Beijing, China.,South China Research Center for Stem Cell & Regenerative Medicine, AMMS, Guangzhou, China
| | - Quan Zeng
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Lab, Beijing Institute of Transfusion Medicine, Beijing, China.,South China Research Center for Stem Cell & Regenerative Medicine, AMMS, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hai-Yang Wang
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Lab, Beijing Institute of Transfusion Medicine, Beijing, China.,South China Research Center for Stem Cell & Regenerative Medicine, AMMS, Guangzhou, China
| | - Biao Zhang
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Lab, Beijing Institute of Transfusion Medicine, Beijing, China.,South China Research Center for Stem Cell & Regenerative Medicine, AMMS, Guangzhou, China
| | - Si-Ting Li
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Lab, Beijing Institute of Transfusion Medicine, Beijing, China.,South China Research Center for Stem Cell & Regenerative Medicine, AMMS, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xue Nan
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Lab, Beijing Institute of Transfusion Medicine, Beijing, China.,South China Research Center for Stem Cell & Regenerative Medicine, AMMS, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ning Cao
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Lab, Beijing Institute of Transfusion Medicine, Beijing, China.,South China Research Center for Stem Cell & Regenerative Medicine, AMMS, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chun-Jiang Fu
- Fangshan Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xin-Long Yan
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Lab, Beijing Institute of Transfusion Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Ya-Li Jia
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Lab, Beijing Institute of Transfusion Medicine, Beijing, China.,South China Research Center for Stem Cell & Regenerative Medicine, AMMS, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jing-Xue Wang
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Lab, Beijing Institute of Transfusion Medicine, Beijing, China.,South China Research Center for Stem Cell & Regenerative Medicine, AMMS, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ai-Hua Zhao
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Lab, Beijing Institute of Transfusion Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Zhi-Wei Li
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Beijing 302 Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yan-Hua Li
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Lab, Beijing Institute of Transfusion Medicine, Beijing, China.,South China Research Center for Stem Cell & Regenerative Medicine, AMMS, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Yan Xie
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Lab, Beijing Institute of Transfusion Medicine, Beijing, China.,South China Research Center for Stem Cell & Regenerative Medicine, AMMS, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Mei Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Dong
- Department of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Ying-Chen Xu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Li-Juan He
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Lab, Beijing Institute of Transfusion Medicine, Beijing, China.,South China Research Center for Stem Cell & Regenerative Medicine, AMMS, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wen Yue
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Lab, Beijing Institute of Transfusion Medicine, Beijing, China.,South China Research Center for Stem Cell & Regenerative Medicine, AMMS, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xue-Tao Pei
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Lab, Beijing Institute of Transfusion Medicine, Beijing, China.,South China Research Center for Stem Cell & Regenerative Medicine, AMMS, Guangzhou, China
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63
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Quinn JF, Patel T, Wong D, Das S, Freedman JE, Laurent LC, Carter BS, Hochberg F, Van Keuren-Jensen K, Huentelman M, Spetzler R, Kalani MYS, Arango J, Adelson PD, Weiner HL, Gandhi R, Goilav B, Putterman C, Saugstad JA. Extracellular RNAs: development as biomarkers of human disease. J Extracell Vesicles 2015; 4:27495. [PMID: 26320940 PMCID: PMC4553262 DOI: 10.3402/jev.v4.27495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2015] [Revised: 05/08/2015] [Accepted: 07/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Ten ongoing studies designed to test the possibility that extracellular RNAs may serve as biomarkers in human disease are described. These studies, funded by the NIH Common Fund Extracellular RNA Communication Program, examine diverse extracellular body fluids, including plasma, serum, urine and cerebrospinal fluid. The disorders studied include hepatic and gastric cancer, cardiovascular disease, chronic kidney disease, neurodegenerative disease, brain tumours, intracranial haemorrhage, multiple sclerosis and placental disorders. Progress to date and the plans for future studies are outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph F Quinn
- Department of Neurology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA;
| | - Tushar Patel
- Departments of Transplantation and Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - David Wong
- School of Dentistry, Department of Head and Neck Surgery, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Saumya Das
- Division of Cardiology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jane E Freedman
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Louise C Laurent
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, University of California at San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Bob S Carter
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of California at San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Fred Hochberg
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of California at San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Robert Spetzler
- Barrow Neurological Institute, Department of Neurological Surgery, St. Joseph's Hospital & Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - M Yashar S Kalani
- Barrow Neurological Institute, Department of Neurological Surgery, St. Joseph's Hospital & Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Jorge Arango
- Barrow Neurological Institute at Phoenix Children's Hospital, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - P David Adelson
- Barrow Neurological Institute at Phoenix Children's Hospital, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Howard L Weiner
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Disease, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Roopali Gandhi
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Disease, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Beatrice Goilav
- Division of Pediatric Nephrology, Children's Hospital at Montefiore, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Chaim Putterman
- Division of Rheumatology and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Julie A Saugstad
- Department of Anesthesiology & Perioperative Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA;
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An F, Olaru AV, Mezey E, Xie Q, Li L, Piontek KB, Selaru FM. MicroRNA-224 Induces G1/S Checkpoint Release in Liver Cancer. J Clin Med 2015; 4:1713-28. [PMID: 26343737 PMCID: PMC4600154 DOI: 10.3390/jcm4091713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2015] [Revised: 08/03/2015] [Accepted: 08/12/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Profound changes in microRNA (miR) expression levels are frequently found in liver cancers compared to the normal liver. In this study, we evaluate the expression of miR-224 in human HCC and CCA, as well as its downstream targets and affected pathways. We show that miR-224 is upregulated in a large cohort of human CCA, similar to its upregulation in human HCC. For the purpose of studying the roles of miR-224 in HCC and CCA, we enforced miR-224 expression in cells. mRNA arrays followed by Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA)-identified putative molecules and pathways downstream of miR-224. Phenotypically, we report that enforced expression of miR-224 increases the growth rate of normal cholangiocytes, CCA cell lines, and HCC cell lines. In addition, we identified, in an unbiased fashion, that one of the major biologic processes affected by miR-224 is Gap1 (G1) to Synthesis (S) transition checkpoint release. We next identified p21, p15, and CCNE1 as downstream targets of miR-224 and confirmed the coordinated downregulation results in the increased phosphorylation of Retinoblastoma (Rb) with resulting G1/S checkpoint release. Our data suggest that miR-224 is a master regulator of cell cycle progression, and that its overexpression results in G1/S checkpoint release followed by accelerated cell growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangmei An
- Department of Gastroenterology, Wuxi People's Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214002, China.
| | - Alexandru V Olaru
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.
| | - Esteban Mezey
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.
| | - Qing Xie
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China.
| | - Ling Li
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.
| | - Klaus B Piontek
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.
| | - Florin M Selaru
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA.
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65
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Lyra-González I, Flores-Fong LE, González-García I, Medina-Preciado D, Armendáriz-Borunda J. MicroRNAs dysregulation in hepatocellular carcinoma: Insights in genomic medicine. World J Hepatol 2015; 7:1530-1540. [PMID: 26085912 PMCID: PMC4462691 DOI: 10.4254/wjh.v7.i11.1530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2014] [Revised: 12/22/2014] [Accepted: 05/11/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the leading primary liver cancer and its clinical outcome is still poor. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have demonstrated an interesting potential to regulate gene expression at post-transcriptional level. Current findings suggest that miRNAs deregulation in cancer is caused by genetic and/or epigenetic, transcriptional and post-transcriptional modifications resulting in abnormal expression and hallmarks of malignant transformation: aberrant cell growth, cell death, differentiation, angiogenesis, invasion and metástasis. The important role of miRNAs in the development and progression of HCC has increased the efforts to understand and develop mechanisms of control overt this single-stranded RNAs. Several studies have analyzed tumoral response to the regulation and control of deregulated miRNAs with good results in vitro and in vivo, proving that targeting aberrant expression of miRNAs is a powerful anticancer therapeutic. Identification of up and/or down regulated miRNAs related to HCC has led to the discovery of new potential application for detection of their presence in the affected organism. MiRNAs represent a relevant new target for diagnosis, prognosis and treatment in a wide variety of pathologic entities, including HCC. This manuscript intends to summarize current knowledge regarding miRNAs and their role in HCC development.
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66
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Ghidini M, Braconi C. Non-Coding RNAs in Primary Liver Cancer. Front Med (Lausanne) 2015; 2:36. [PMID: 26131450 PMCID: PMC4469108 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2015.00036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2015] [Accepted: 05/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a primary malignancy of the liver with poor prognosis and limited therapeutic options. Over the past few years, many studies have evaluated the role of non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) in hepatocarcinogenesis and tumor progression. ncRNAs were shown to have diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic potential in HCC. In this manuscript, we review the latest major discoveries concerning microRNAs and long ncRNAs in HCC pathogenesis, and discuss the potentials and the limitations for their use in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Ghidini
- Division of Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research , London , UK ; Cancer Center, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center , Milano , Italy
| | - Chiara Braconi
- Division of Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research , London , UK ; The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust , London , UK
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67
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Marrone AK, Shpyleva S, Chappell G, Tryndyak V, Uehara T, Tsuchiya M, Beland FA, Rusyn I, Pogribny IP. Differentially expressed MicroRNAs provide mechanistic insight into fibrosis-associated liver carcinogenesis in mice. Mol Carcinog 2015; 55:808-17. [PMID: 25865624 DOI: 10.1002/mc.22323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2015] [Revised: 03/16/2015] [Accepted: 03/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most prevalent human cancers, with a rising incidence worldwide. The molecular mechanisms associated with the development of HCC are complex and include multiple interconnected molecular alterations with mounting evidence indicating an important role of microRNAs (miRNAs) in the pathogenesis of HCC. In humans, the development of HCC is commonly associated with liver cirrhosis. To study fibrosis-associated liver carcinogenesis, we used a mouse model designed to emulate the development of HCC in cirrhotic liver. Specifically, we were interested in evaluating the role of miRNAs in the molecular pathogenesis of liver carcinogenesis in male B6C3F1/J mice treated with N-nitrosodiethylamine (DEN) or carbon tetrachloride (CCl4 ) alone or a combination of DEN and CCl4 and characterized by a differential tumor incidence that increased in the following order: DEN<CCl4 <DEN+CCl4 . Treatment with DEN alone had negligible effect on hepatic miRNA expression. In contrast, treatment with either CCl4 alone or a combination of DEN and CCl4 resulted in major changes in miRNA expression. The analysis of miRNA profiles demonstrated an involvement of dysregulated miRNAs in major processes associated with the development of liver tumors, including inflammation, fibrosis, and stem cell activation. Importantly, the greatest incidence of liver tumors in mice treated with DEN+CCl4 was accompanied by a distinct over-expression of miRNAs suggesting that miRNA alterations may be responsible, at least in part, for the high tumor incidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- April K Marrone
- Division of Biochemical Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, Jefferson, Arkansas
| | - Svitlana Shpyleva
- Division of Biochemical Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, Jefferson, Arkansas
| | - Grace Chappell
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
| | - Volodymyr Tryndyak
- Division of Biochemical Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, Jefferson, Arkansas
| | - Takeki Uehara
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
| | - Masato Tsuchiya
- First Department of Surgery, University of Yamanashi, Chuo, Japan
| | - Frederick A Beland
- Division of Biochemical Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, Jefferson, Arkansas
| | - Ivan Rusyn
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
| | - Igor P Pogribny
- Division of Biochemical Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, Jefferson, Arkansas
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68
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MicroRNA-21 promotes cell proliferation in human hepatocellular carcinoma partly by targeting HEPN1. Tumour Biol 2015; 36:5467-72. [DOI: 10.1007/s13277-015-3213-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2014] [Accepted: 02/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
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Chen Z, Huang Z, Ye Q, Ming Y, Zhang S, Zhao Y, Liu L, Wang Q, Cheng K. Prognostic significance and anti-proliferation effect of microRNA-365 in hepatocellular carcinoma. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL PATHOLOGY 2015; 8:1705-1711. [PMID: 25973057 PMCID: PMC4396306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2014] [Accepted: 01/28/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
MircroRNA functions as tumor suppressor or promoter in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Researchers have found that miR-365 expression was lower in HCC tissues compared with that in adjacent normal tissues. However, its prognostic significance and anti-proliferation effect in HCC remain to be clarified. In this study, we firstly found that miR-365 expression was lower in HCC tissues compared with that in adjacent normal tissues. Then, we analyzed miR-365 expression level and its clinicopathological and prognostic significance. Finally, overexpression of miR-365 inhibits HCC cell proliferation and migration in vitro. Our findings suggest that miR-365 expression was an independent poor prognostic factor for HCC patient overall survival and suppressed tumor cell growth. Therefore, miR-365 may serve as a valuable prognostic marker and promising target for HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhizhao Chen
- Transplantation Center of The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University Changsha 410013, China
| | - Zufa Huang
- Transplantation Center of The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University Changsha 410013, China
| | - Qifa Ye
- Transplantation Center of The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University Changsha 410013, China
| | - Yingzi Ming
- Transplantation Center of The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University Changsha 410013, China
| | - Sheng Zhang
- Transplantation Center of The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University Changsha 410013, China
| | - Yujun Zhao
- Transplantation Center of The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University Changsha 410013, China
| | - Lian Liu
- Transplantation Center of The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University Changsha 410013, China
| | - Qiang Wang
- Transplantation Center of The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University Changsha 410013, China
| | - Ke Cheng
- Transplantation Center of The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University Changsha 410013, China
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Abstract
Recent studies have suggested that noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) contribute to the pathogenesis and progression of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). These RNA genes may be involved in various pathobiological processes such as cell proliferation, apoptosis, angiogenesis, invasion, and metastasis. Aberrant expression of ncRNA resulting from deregulated epigenetic, transcriptional, or posttranscriptional activity has been described in several studies. ncRNAs are comprised of a highly diverse group of transcripts that include microRNAs (miRNAs) and long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) as well as several other types of RNA genes. Understanding the molecular mechanisms by which ncRNA contribute to hepatocarcinogenesis may enable the design of ncRNA-based therapeutics for HCC. In this review, the authors provide a perspective on therapeutic applications based on the emerging evidence of a contributory role of miRNAs and lncRNAs to the pathogenesis and progression of HCC. In addition, ncRNAs that are deregulated in expression in HCC may have utility as potential prognostic or diagnostic markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph George
- Research Associate, Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic, 4500 San Pablo Road, Jacksonville, FL 32224. Tel 904-956-3257
| | - Tushar Patel
- Professor of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, 4500 San Pablo Road, Jacksonville, FL 32224, 904-953-3257
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Role of Extracellular Damage-Associated Molecular Pattern Molecules (DAMPs) as Mediators of Persistent Pain. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2015; 131:251-79. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2014.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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72
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Song J, Gao L, Yang G, Tang S, Xie H, Wang Y, Wang J, Zhang Y, Jin J, Gou Y, Yang Z, Chen Z, Wu K, Liu J, Fan D. MiR-199a regulates cell proliferation and survival by targeting FZD7. PLoS One 2014; 9:e110074. [PMID: 25313882 PMCID: PMC4196968 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0110074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2014] [Accepted: 09/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A growing amount of evidence indicates that miRNAs are important regulators of multiple cellular processes and, when expressed aberrantly in different types of cancer such as hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), play significant roles in tumorigenesis and progression. Aberrant expression of miR-199a-5p (also called miR-199a) was found to contribute to carcinogenesis in different types of cancer, including HCC. However, the precise molecular mechanism is not yet fully understood. The present study showed that miR-199a is frequently down-regulated in HCC tissues and cells. Importantly, lower expression of miR-199a was significantly correlated with the malignant potential and poor prognosis of HCC, and restoration of miR-199a in HCC cells led to inhibition of the cell proliferation and cell cycle in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, Frizzled type 7 receptor (FZD7), the most important Wnt receptor involved in cancer development and progression, was identified as a functional target of miR-199a. In addition, these findings were further strengthened by results showing that expression of FZD7 was inversely correlated with miR-199a in both HCC tissues and cells and that over-expression of miR-199a could significantly down-regulate the expression of genes downstream of FZD7, including β-catenin, Jun, Cyclin D1 and Myc. In conclusion, these findings not only help us to better elucidate the molecular mechanisms of hepatocarcinogenesis from a fresh perspective but also provide a new theoretical basis to further investigate miR-199a as a potential biomarker and a promising approach for HCC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiugang Song
- Department of Gastroenterology, the 309th Hospital of Chinese People's Liberation Army, Beijing, PR China
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, PR China
| | - Liucun Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, PR China
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, PR China
| | - Guang Yang
- Department of XiShan Outpatient Clinic, the 309th Hospital of Chinese People's Liberation Army, Beijing, PR China
| | - Shanhong Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, PR China
- Department of Digestion, General Hospital of Chengdu Military Command, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, PR China
| | - Huahong Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, PR China
| | - Yongji Wang
- Department of Medical, the 309th Hospital of Chinese People's Liberation Army, Beijing, PR China
| | - Jingbo Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, PR China
| | - Yanping Zhang
- Asian Games Village Clinic of Logistics Department, the General Armament Department of PLA, Beijing, PR China
| | - Jiang Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, PR China
| | - Yawen Gou
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, PR China
| | - Zhiping Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, PR China
| | - Zheng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, PR China
| | - Kaichun Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, PR China
| | - Jie Liu
- Department of Digestive Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Daiming Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, PR China
- * E-mail:
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Bishayee A. The role of inflammation and liver cancer. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2014; 816:401-35. [PMID: 24818732 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-0348-0837-8_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Persistent inflammation is known to promote and exacerbate malignancy. Primary liver cancer, mostly hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), is a clear example of inflammation-related cancer as more than 90 % of HCCs arise in the context of hepatic injury and inflammation. HCC represents the fifth most common malignancy and the third leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide with about one million new cases diagnosed every year with almost an equal number of deaths. Chronic unresolved inflammation is associated with persistent hepatic injury and concurrent regeneration, leading to sequential development of fibrosis, cirrhosis, and eventually HCC. Irrespective of the intrinsic differences among various etiological factors, a common denominator at the origin of HCC is the perpetuation of a wound-healing response activated by parenchymal cell death and the resulting inflammatory cascade. Hence, the identification of fundamental inflammatory signaling pathways causing transition from chronic liver injury to dysplasia and HCC could depict new predictive biomarkers and targets to identify and treat patients with chronic liver inflammation. This chapter critically discusses the roles of several major cytokines, chemokines, growth factors, transcription factors, and enzymes as well as a distinct network of inflammatory signaling pathways in the development and progression of HCC. It also highlights and analyzes preclinical animal studies showing innovative approaches of targeting inflammatory mediators and signaling by a variety of natural compounds and synthetic agents to achieve effective therapy as well as prevention of hepatic malignancy. Additionally, current limitations and potential challenges associated with the inhibition of inflammatory signaling as well as future directions of research to accelerate clinical development of anti-inflammatory agents to prevent and treat liver cancer are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anupam Bishayee
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, American University of Health Sciences, 1600 East Hill Street, Signal Hill, CA, 90755, USA,
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74
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Vincent R, Sanyal A. Recent Advances in Understanding of NASH: MicroRNAs as Both Biochemical Markers and Players. CURRENT PATHOBIOLOGY REPORTS 2014; 2:109-115. [PMID: 25574453 DOI: 10.1007/s40139-014-0049-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and nonalcoholic steatohepatis (NASH) are becoming the dominant liver diseases in the US and Western World. Extensive work is being done to diagnose, understand, and explore the pathogenesis of these multivariable complex diseases. Recently a new avenue of biologic regulation is being explored. MicroRNAs are non-coding RNAs that modulate the expression of multiple genes and have been implicated in multiple diseases. Recently there is a growing body of evidence supporting a significant role of microRNAs in NAFLD pathogenesis and progression to NASH, and hinting at their use as targets, biomarkers and potential therapeutic tools. This review is designed to highlight some of the recent work on a few of the key microRNAs involved in the pathogenesis of NAFLD and NASH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Vincent
- Virginia Common Wealth University, Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology. 1250 West Marshall Richmond VA, 23228
| | - Arun Sanyal
- Virginia Common Wealth University, Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology. 1250 West Marshall Richmond VA, 23228
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75
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Lu S, Gao Y, Huang X, Wang X. Cantharidin exerts anti-hepatocellular carcinoma by miR-214 modulating macrophage polarization. Int J Biol Sci 2014; 10:415-25. [PMID: 24719559 PMCID: PMC3979994 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.8002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2013] [Accepted: 02/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Norcantharidin (NCTD), a demethylated form of cantharidin, has been used as a routine anticancer drug in China. In this study, the effect and mechanism of NCTD on anti-hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) was examined. In vivo antitumor activity was investigated in hepatoma-bearing mice by intraperitoneal injection of different concentration of NCTD. The levels of MicroRNAs (miRNAs) and mRNA were detected by real-time PCR. The concentrations of IL-10 and IL-12 in BMDMs, Raw 264.7 cells or tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) were measured with ELISA kit. The effects of TAMs on H22 cell survival and invasion were assayed via the CCK-8 and tumor invasion assay, respectively. Anti-miR-214 or pre-miR-214 was used to down-regulate or up-regulated miR-214 expression. The results showed that NCTD drastically impaired tumor growth in hepatoma-bearing mice, correlating with increased anti-tumor activity of TAMs. Moreover, NCTD stimulation led to an alteration of HCC microenvironment, reflected by a decrease in a shift from M2 to M1 polarization and the populations of CD4+/CD25+Foxp3 T cells. The activation of STAT3 was inhibited in TAMs from hepatoma-bearing mice injected with NCTD. Addition of NCTD to treat RAW264.7 or TAMs enhanced M1 polarization through increase of miR-214 expression. NCTD significantly inhibited β-catenin expression, which could be reversed by miR-214 inhibitor. Conditioned media from TAMs in hepatoma-bearing mice treated with NCTD or TAMs transfected with pre-miR-214 inhibited survival and invasion of H22 cells. This finding reveals a novel role for NCTD on inhibition of HCC through miR-214 modulating macrophage polarization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sen Lu
- Center of Liver Transplantation, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, The Key Laboratory of Living Donor Liver Transplantation, Ministry of Health, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Yun Gao
- Center of Liver Transplantation, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, The Key Laboratory of Living Donor Liver Transplantation, Ministry of Health, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Xinli Huang
- Center of Liver Transplantation, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, The Key Laboratory of Living Donor Liver Transplantation, Ministry of Health, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Xuehao Wang
- Center of Liver Transplantation, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, The Key Laboratory of Living Donor Liver Transplantation, Ministry of Health, Nanjing 210029, China
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Valencia-Quintana R, Sánchez-Alarcón J, Tenorio-Arvide MG, Deng Y, Montiel-González JMR, Gómez-Arroyo S, Villalobos-Pietrini R, Cortés-Eslava J, Flores-Márquez AR, Arenas-Huertero F. The microRNAs as potential biomarkers for predicting the onset of aflatoxin exposure in human beings: a review. Front Microbiol 2014; 5:102. [PMID: 24672518 PMCID: PMC3957091 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2014.00102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2013] [Accepted: 02/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The identification of aflatoxins as human carcinogens has stimulated extensive research efforts, which continue to the present, to assess potential health hazards resulting from contamination of the human food supply and to minimize exposure. The use of biomarkers that are mechanistically supported by toxicological studies will be important tools for identifying stages in the progression of development of the health effects of environmental agents. miRNAs are small non-coding mRNAs that regulate post-transcriptional gene expression. Also, they are molecular markers of cellular responses to various chemical agents. Growing evidence has demonstrated that environmental chemicals can induce changes in miRNA expression. miRNAs are good biomarkers because they are well defined, chemically uniform, restricted to a manageable number of species, and stable in cells and in the circulation. miRNAs have been used as serological markers of HCC and other tumors. The expression patterns of different miRNAs can distinguish among HCC-hepatitis viruses related, HCC cirrhosis-derivate, and HCC unrelated to either of them. The main objective of this review is to find unreported miRNAs in HCC related to other causes, so that they can be used as specific molecular biomarkers in populations exposed to aflatoxins and as early markers of exposure, damage/presence of HCC. Until today specific miRNAs as markers for aflatoxins-exposure and their reliability are currently lacking. Based on their elucidated mechanisms of action, potential miRNAs that could serve as possible markers of HCC by exposure to aflatoxins are miR-27a, miR-27b, miR-122, miR-148, miR-155, miR-192, miR-214, miR-221, miR-429, and miR-500. Future validation for all of these miRNAs will be needed to assess their prognostic significance and confirm their relationship with the induction of HCC due to aflatoxin exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Valencia-Quintana
- Evaluación de Riesgos Ambientales, Facultad de Agrobiología, Universidad Autónoma de Tlaxcala Tlaxcala, México
| | - Juana Sánchez-Alarcón
- Evaluación de Riesgos Ambientales, Facultad de Agrobiología, Universidad Autónoma de Tlaxcala Tlaxcala, México
| | - María G Tenorio-Arvide
- Departamento de Investigación en Ciencias Agrícolas, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla Puebla, México
| | - Youjun Deng
- Department of Soil and Crop Sciences, Texas AgriLife, Texas A&M University College Station, TX, USA
| | - José M R Montiel-González
- Evaluación de Riesgos Ambientales, Facultad de Agrobiología, Universidad Autónoma de Tlaxcala Tlaxcala, México
| | - Sandra Gómez-Arroyo
- Departamento de Ciencias Ambientales, Centro de Ciencias de la Atmósfera, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Distrito Federal, México
| | - Rafael Villalobos-Pietrini
- Departamento de Ciencias Ambientales, Centro de Ciencias de la Atmósfera, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Distrito Federal, México
| | - Josefina Cortés-Eslava
- Departamento de Ciencias Ambientales, Centro de Ciencias de la Atmósfera, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Distrito Federal, México
| | - Ana R Flores-Márquez
- Departamento de Ciencias Ambientales, Centro de Ciencias de la Atmósfera, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Distrito Federal, México
| | - Francisco Arenas-Huertero
- Laboratorio de Patología Experimental, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez Distrito Federal, México
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Gyugos M, Lendvai G, Kenessey I, Schlachter K, Halász J, Nagy P, Garami M, Jakab Z, Schaff Z, Kiss A. MicroRNA expression might predict prognosis of epithelial hepatoblastoma. Virchows Arch 2014; 464:419-27. [PMID: 24570391 DOI: 10.1007/s00428-014-1549-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2013] [Revised: 12/28/2013] [Accepted: 01/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Hepatoblastoma (HB) is the most common primary liver cancer in childhood. The fetal and mixed embryonal/fetal epithelial subtypes of HB differ not only in grade of differentiation but probably also in prognosis. We aimed to determine microRNA (miRNA) expression patterns of the main subtypes of epithelial HBs to reveal differences and relate them to survival. We studied 20 cases of epithelial HB, subtyped as pure fetal (n = 12) or embryonal/fetal (n = 8). Tissues were sampled according to subtype to arrive at 15 purely fetal and eight purely embryonal samples (n = 8) and 15 samples of non-tumorous surrounding liver (SL). Relative expression of miR-17-5p, miR-18a, miR-21, miR-34a, miR-96, miR-122, miR-181a, miR-195, miR-210, miR-214, miR-221, miR-222, miR-223, and miR-224 was determined by TaqMan MicroRNA Assays applying miR-140 as reference. A higher level of miR-18a (p < 0.01) was found in embryonal samples than in fetal samples. Lower miR-17-5p, miR-195, miR-210, miR-214, and higher miR-221 levels were detected in fetal samples (p < 0.02) in comparison with SL samples, whereas a lower miR-122 level was observed in embryonal samples (p < 0.003). Histological subtype did not correlate with survival; however, high miR-21, low miR-222, and low miR-224 levels proved to be independently prognostic for HB with significantly increased overall survival (p < 0.03). The fetal and embryonal components of epithelial HB, as well as SL, revealed different miRNA expression patterns. Furthermore, miR-21, miR-222, and miR-224 levels predict overall survival of HB patients regardless of epithelial subtype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mónika Gyugos
- 2nd Department of Pathology, Semmelweis University, Üllői út 93, Budapest, 1091, Hungary
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Qi F, Huang M, Pan Y, Liu Y, Liu J, Wen J, Xie K, Shen H, Ma H, Miao Y, Hu Z. A genetic variant in the promoter region of miR-106b-25 cluster predict clinical outcome of HBV-related hepatocellular carcinoma in Chinese. PLoS One 2014; 9:e85394. [PMID: 24416400 PMCID: PMC3885710 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0085394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2013] [Accepted: 12/04/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background MiR-106b-25 cluster, hosted in intron 13 of MCM7, may play integral roles in diverse processes including immune response, tumorigenesis and progression. A single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP), rs999885, is located in the promoter region of MCM7. Our previous study showed that the A to G base change of rs999885 may provide an increased risk for HCC in HBV persistent carriers by altering the expression of the miR-106b-25 cluster. However, it is unknown whether rs999885 is associated with prognosis of intermediate or advanced HBV-related hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients. Methods The SNP, rs999885, was genotyped by using the TaqMan allelic discrimination Assay in 414 intermediate or advanced HCC patients. Log-rank test and Cox proportional hazard models were used for survival analysis. Results The variant genotypes of rs999885 were associated with a significantly decreased risk of death for intermediate or advanced HCC [additive model: adjusted hazard ratio (HR) = 0.76,95% confidence intervals (CI) = 0.59–0.97]. Further stepwise regression analysis suggested that rs999885 was an independently protective factor for the prognosis of HCC in the final model (additive model: adjusted HR = 0.72, 95% CI = 0.56–0.91, P = 0.007). Conclusions These findings indicate that the A to G base change of rs999885 may provide a protective effect on the prognosis of intermediate or advanced HCC in Chinese.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuzhen Qi
- Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, Huai'an First People's Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Huai'an, Jiangsu, China
| | - Mingde Huang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Huai'an First People's Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Huai'an, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yun Pan
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Jiangsu Key Lab of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Cancer Center, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yao Liu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Jiangsu Key Lab of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Cancer Center, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jibin Liu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Nantong Tumor Hospital, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Juan Wen
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Jiangsu Key Lab of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Cancer Center, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Kaipeng Xie
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Jiangsu Key Lab of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Cancer Center, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hongbing Shen
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Jiangsu Key Lab of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Cancer Center, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hongxia Ma
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Jiangsu Key Lab of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Cancer Center, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- * E-mail: (HM); (YM); (ZH)
| | - Yi Miao
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- * E-mail: (HM); (YM); (ZH)
| | - Zhibin Hu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Jiangsu Key Lab of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Cancer Center, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- * E-mail: (HM); (YM); (ZH)
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Frau M, Feo CF, Feo F, Pascale RM. New insights on the role of epigenetic alterations in hepatocellular carcinoma. J Hepatocell Carcinoma 2014; 1:65-83. [PMID: 27508177 PMCID: PMC4918272 DOI: 10.2147/jhc.s44506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Emerging evidence assigns to epigenetic mechanisms heritable differences in gene function that come into being during cell development or via the effect of environmental factors. Epigenetic deregulation is strongly involved in the development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). It includes changes in methionine metabolism, promoter hypermethylation, or increased proteasomal degradation of oncosuppressors, as well as posttranscriptional deregulation by microRNA or messenger RNA (mRNA) binding proteins. Alterations in the methylation of the promoter of methyl adenosyltransferase MAT1A and MAT2A genes in HCC result in decreased S-adenosylmethionine levels, global DNA hypomethylation, and deregulation of signal transduction pathways linked to methionine metabolism and methyl adenosyltransferases activity. Changes in S-adenosylmethionine levels may also depend on MAT1A mRNA destabilization associated with MAT2A mRNA stabilization by specific proteins. Decrease in MAT1A expression has also been attributed to miRNA upregulation in HCC. A complex deregulation of miRNAs is also strongly involved in hepatocarcinogenesis, with up-regulation of different miRNAs targeting oncosuppressor genes and down-regulation of miRNAs targeting genes involved in cell-cycle and signal transduction control. Oncosuppressor gene down-regulation in HCC is also induced by promoter hypermethylation or posttranslational deregulation, leading to proteasomal degradation. The role of epigenetic changes in hepatocarcinogenesis has recently suggested new promising therapeutic approaches for HCC on the basis of the administration of methylating agents, inhibition of methyl adenosyltransferases, and restoration of the expression of tumor-suppressor miRNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maddalena Frau
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Division of Experimental Pathology and Oncology, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Claudio F Feo
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Division of Surgery, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Francesco Feo
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Division of Experimental Pathology and Oncology, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Rosa M Pascale
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Division of Experimental Pathology and Oncology, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
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Liu WH, Chen CH, Yeh KH, Li CL, Wu YJ, Chen DS, Chen PJ, Yeh SH. ADAR2-mediated editing of miR-214 and miR-122 precursor and antisense RNA transcripts in liver cancers. PLoS One 2013; 8:e81922. [PMID: 24386085 PMCID: PMC3873926 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0081922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2013] [Accepted: 10/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A growing list of microRNAs (miRNAs) show aberrant expression patterns in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), but the regulatory mechanisms largely remain unclear. RNA editing catalyzed by members of the adenosine deaminase acting on the RNA (ADAR) family could target the miRNA precursors and affect the biogenesis process. Therefore, we investigate whether RNA editing could be one mechanism contributing to the deregulation of specific miRNAs in HCC. By overexpression of individual ADARs in hepatoma cells, RNA editing on the precursors of 16 miRNAs frequently deregulated in HCC was screened by a sensitive high-resolution melting platform. The results identified RNA precursors of miR-214 and miR-122 as potential targets edited by ADAR2. A subset of HCC showing elevated ADAR2 verified the major editings identified in ARAR2 overexpressed hepatoma cells, either with A-to-I or U-to-C changes. The unusual U-to-C editing at specific residues was demonstrated as being attributed to the A-to-I editing on the RNA transcripts complementary to the pri-miRNAs. The editing event caused a decrease of the RNA transcript complementary to pri-miR-214, which led to the decrease of pri-miR-214 and miR-214 and resulted in the increased protein level of its novel target gene Rab15. In conclusion, the current study discovered ADAR2-mediated editing of the complementary antisense transcripts as a novel mechanism for regulating the biogenesis of specific miRNAs during hepatocarcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan-Hsin Liu
- Department of Microbiology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
- National Taiwan University Center for Genomic Medicine, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chao-Hung Chen
- Department of Microbiology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kun-Huei Yeh
- Department of Oncology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chiao-Ling Li
- Department of Microbiology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Jinn Wu
- Department of Microbiology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ding-Shinn Chen
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Jer Chen
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shiou-Hwei Yeh
- Department of Microbiology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
- National Taiwan University Center for Genomic Medicine, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- * E-mail:
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81
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MicroRNA-124 suppresses growth of human hepatocellular carcinoma by targeting STAT3. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2013; 441:873-9. [PMID: 24211205 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2013.10.157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2013] [Accepted: 10/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The aberrant expression of microRNAs is associated with development and progression of cancers. Down-regulation of miR-124 has been demonstrated in the hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), but the underlying mechanism by which miR-124 suppresses tumorigenesis in HCC remains elusive. In this study, we found that miR-124 suppresses the tumor growth of HCC through targeting the signal transducers and activators of transcription 3 (STAT3). Overexpression of miR-124 suppressed proliferation and induced apoptosis in HepG-2 cells. Luciferase assay confirmed that miR-124 binding to the 3'-UTR region of STAT3 inhibited the expression of STAT3 and phosphorylated STAT3 proteins in HepG-2 cells. Knockdown of STAT3 by siRNA in HepG-2 cells mimicked the effect induced by miR-124. Overexpression of STAT3 in miR-124-transfected HepG-2 cells effectively rescued the inhibition of cell proliferation caused by miR-124. Furthermore, miR-124 suppressed xenograft tumor growth in nude mice implanted with HepG-2 cells by reducing STAT3 expression. Taken together, our findings show that miR-124 functions as tumor suppressor in HCC by targeting STAT3, and miR-124 may therefore serve as a biomarker for diagnosis and therapeutics in HCC.
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82
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Chen P, Zhao X, Ma L. Downregulation of microRNA-100 correlates with tumor progression and poor prognosis in hepatocellular carcinoma. Mol Cell Biochem 2013; 383:49-58. [PMID: 23842624 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-013-1753-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2013] [Accepted: 07/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Increasing evidence suggests that dysregulation of microRNAs is correlated with malignant transformation and tumor development. miR-100, a potential tumor suppressor, is downregulated by many human cancers. However, the expression and functions of miR-100 in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) are still unclear. The aim of this study was to detect the expression of miR-100 in HCC tissues and investigate its clinicopathological and prognostic significance. Also, the effects of miR-100 on growth and apoptosis of HCC cells and its potential molecular mechanisms were analyzed. Results showed that the expression level of miR-100 in HCC tissues was significantly lower than that in matched non-cancerous liver tissues. Also, low-miR-100 expression was observed to be significantly correlated with higher tumor grade, higher incidence of lymph node metastasis, advanced TNM stage and higher incidence of tumor recurrence in HCC patients. Multivariate survival analyses suggested that low-miR-100 expression was an independent prognostic factor for HCC patients (HR = 1.66, 95 % CI 1.32-2.82, P = 0.019). In addition, we found that upregulation of miR-100 could inhibit growth and increase apoptosis of HCC cells by downregulating polo-like kinase 1 (plk1). In HCC tissues, miR-100 expression was inversely correlated with the expression of plk1 protein (r = -0.418; P = 0.029). Therefore, downregulation of miR-100 was correlated with progressive pathological feature and poor prognosis in HCC patients, and miR-100 could function as a tumor suppressor by targeting plk1. miR-100 may serve as a prognostic marker and molecular therapeutic target in HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Chen
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First People's Hospital of Yancheng, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, Medical School of Nantong University, No. 14 Yuehe Road, Tinghu District, Yancheng, 224001, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China,
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83
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Song K, Han C, Zhang J, Lu D, Dash S, Feitelson M, Lim K, Wu T. Epigenetic regulation of MicroRNA-122 by peroxisome proliferator activated receptor-gamma and hepatitis b virus X protein in hepatocellular carcinoma cells. Hepatology 2013; 58:1681-92. [PMID: 23703729 PMCID: PMC3773012 DOI: 10.1002/hep.26514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2012] [Revised: 03/12/2013] [Accepted: 05/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED MicroRNA-122 (miR-122), a pivotal liver-specific miRNA, has been implicated in several liver diseases including hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and hepatitis C and B viral infection. This study aimed to explore epigenetic regulation of miR-122 in human HCC cells and to examine the effect of hepatitis C virus (HCV) and hepatitis B virus (HBV). We performed microRNA microarray analysis and identified miR-122 as the most up-regulated miRNA (6-fold) in human HCC cells treated with 5'aza-2'deoxycytidine (5-Aza-CdR, DNA methylation inhibitor) and 4-phenylbutyric acid (PBA, histone deacetylation inhibitor). Real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis verified significant up-regulation of miR-122 by 5'aza and PBA in HCC cells, and to a lesser extent in primary hepatocytes. Peroxisome proliferator activated receptor-gamma (PPARγ) and retinoid X receptor alpha (RXRα) complex was found to be associated with the DR1 and DR2 consensus site in the miR-122 gene promoter which enhanced miR-122 gene transcription. 5-Aza-CdR and PBA treatment increased the association of PPARγ/RXRα, but decreased the association of its corepressors (N-CoR and SMRT), with the miR-122 DR1 and DR2 motifs. The aforementioned DNA-protein complex also contains SUV39H1, an H3K9 histone methyl transferase, which down-regulates miR-122 expression. CONCLUSIONS These findings establish a novel role of the PPARγ binding complex for epigenetic regulation of miR-122 in human HCC cells. Moreover, we show that hepatitis B virus X protein binds PPARγ and inhibits the transcription of miR-122, whereas hepatitis C viral particles exhibited no significant effect; these findings provide mechanistic insight into reduction of miR-122 in patients with HBV but not with HCV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoungsub Song
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112
| | - Chang Han
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112
| | - Jinqiang Zhang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112
| | - Dongdong Lu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112
| | - Srikanta Dash
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112
| | - Mark Feitelson
- Department of Biology, College of Science and Technology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122
| | - Kyu Lim
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Cancer Research Institute and Infection Signaling Network Research Center, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Tong Wu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112
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Abstract
Small, noncoding microRNAs (miRNAs) regulate diverse biological functions in the liver and increasing evidence suggests that they have a role in liver pathology. This Review summarizes advances in the field of miRNAs in liver diseases, inflammation and cirrhosis. MicroRNA-122, the most abundant miRNA in hepatocytes, has well-defined roles in HCV replication, and data indicate that it also serves as a viable therapeutic target. The role of miR-122 is also emerging in other liver diseases. Ample evidence exists for the important regulatory potential of other miRNAs in conditions associated with liver inflammation related to alcohol use, the metabolic syndrome or autoimmune processes. In addition, a broad array of miRNAs have been associated with the development of liver fibrosis both in animal models and human studies. The significance of the function and cellular distribution of miRNAs in the liver and the potential of miRNAs as a means of communication between cells and organs is discussed as well as the emerging utility of circulating miRNAs as biomarkers of different forms of liver damage and as early markers of disease and progression in hepatocellular carcinoma. Importantly, miRNA modulation in the liver represents a new therapeutic approach in the treatment armamentarium of hepatologists in the future.
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85
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Xia H, Ooi LLPJ, Hui KM. MicroRNA-216a/217-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition targets PTEN and SMAD7 to promote drug resistance and recurrence of liver cancer. Hepatology 2013; 58:629-41. [PMID: 23471579 DOI: 10.1002/hep.26369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 315] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2012] [Accepted: 02/22/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Tumor recurrence and metastases are the major obstacles to improving the prognosis of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). To identify novel risk factors associated with HCC recurrence and metastases, we have established a panel of recurrence-associated microRNAs (miRNAs) by comparing miRNA expression in recurrent and nonrecurrent human HCC tissue samples using microarrays (recurrence is defined as recurrent disease occurring within a 2-year time point of the original treatment). Among the panel, expression of the miR-216a/217 cluster was consistently and significantly up-regulated in HCC tissue samples and cell lines associated with early tumor recurrence, poor disease-free survival, and an epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) phenotype. Stable overexpression of miR-216a/217-induced EMT increased the stem-like cell population, migration, and metastatic ability of epithelial HCC cells. Phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) and mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 7 (SMAD7) were subsequently identified as two functional targets of miR-216a/217, and both PTEN and SMAD7 were down-regulated in HCC. Ectopic expression of PTEN or SMAD7 partially rescued miR-216a/217-mediated EMT, cell migration, and stem-like properties of HCC cells. Previously, SMAD7 was shown to be a transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) type 1 receptor antagonist. Here, we further demonstrated that overexpression of miR-216a/217 acted as a positive feedback regulator for the TGF-β pathway and the canonical pathway involved in the activation of phosphoinositide 3-kinase/protein kinase K (PI3K/Akt) signaling in HCC cells. Additionally, activation of the TGF-β- and PI3K/Akt-signaling pathways in HCC cells resulted in an acquired resistance to sorafenib, whereas blocking activation of the TGF-β pathway overcame miR-216a/217-induced sorafenib resistance and prevented tumor metastases in HCC. CONCLUSION Overexpression of miR-216a/217 activates the PI3K/Akt and TGF-β pathways by targeting PTEN and SMAD7, contributing to hepatocarcinogenesis and tumor recurrence in HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongping Xia
- Laboratory of Cancer Genomics, Division of Cellular and Molecular Research, Humphrey Oei Institute of Cancer Research, National Cancer Center, Singapore, Singapore
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86
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Hepatitis B Virus-Encoded X Protein Downregulates EGFR Expression via Inducing MicroRNA-7 in Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cells. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2013; 2013:682380. [PMID: 23840262 PMCID: PMC3693120 DOI: 10.1155/2013/682380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2012] [Accepted: 05/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection accounts for over a half of cases of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), the most frequent malignant tumor of the liver. HBV-encoded X (HBx) plays critical roles in HBV-associated hepatocarcinogenesis. However, it is unclear whether and how HBx regulates the expression of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), an important gene for cell growth. Therefore, the study aimed to investigate the association between HBx and EGFR expression. In this study, we found that HBx upregulates miR-7 expression to target 3′UTR of EGFR mRNA, which in turn results in the reduction of EGFR protein expression in HCC cells. HBx-mediated EGFR suppression renders HCC cells a slow-growth behavior. Deprivation of HBx or miR-7 expression or restoration of EGFR expression can increase the growth rate of HCC cells. Our data showed the miR-7-dependent EGFR suppression by HBx, supporting an inhibitory role of HBx in the cell growth of HCC. These findings not only identify miR-7 as a novel regulatory target of HBx, but also suggest HBx-miR-7-EGFR as a critical signaling in controlling the growth rate of HCC cells.
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87
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Aravalli RN. Development of MicroRNA Therapeutics for Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Diagnostics (Basel) 2013; 3:170-91. [PMID: 26835673 PMCID: PMC4665582 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics3010170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2013] [Revised: 03/01/2013] [Accepted: 03/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common form of liver cancer and is the third leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. Treatment options for HCC are very limited, as it is often diagnosed at a late stage. Recent studies have demonstrated that microRNAs (miRNAs), a class of non-coding RNAs, are aberrantly expressed in HCC. Some of these were shown to be functionally involved in carcinogenesis and tumor progression, suggesting that miRNAs can serve as novel molecular targets for HCC therapy. Several promising studies have recently demonstrated the therapeutic potential of miRNAs in animal models and in reducing the viral load in hepatitis C patients. In this review, these advances and strategies for modulating miRNAs for in vivo therapeutic delivery and replacement therapy are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajagopal N Aravalli
- Department of Radiology, University of Minnesota Medical School, MMC 292 Mayo Memorial Building, 420 Delaware Street S.E., Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
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Calvisi DF, Frau M, Tomasi ML, Feo F, Pascale RM. Deregulation of signalling pathways in prognostic subtypes of hepatocellular carcinoma: novel insights from interspecies comparison. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2013; 1826:215-37. [PMID: 23393659 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2012.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma is a frequent and fatal disease. Recent researches on rodent models and human hepatocarcinogenesis contributed to unravel the molecular mechanisms of hepatocellular carcinoma dedifferentiation and progression, and allowed the discovery of several alterations underlying the deregulation of cell cycle and signalling pathways. This review provides an interpretive analysis of the results of these studies. Mounting evidence emphasises the role of up-regulation of RAS/ERK, P13K/AKT, IKK/NF-kB, WNT, TGF-ß, NOTCH, Hedgehog, and Hippo signalling pathways as well as of aberrant proteasomal activity in hepatocarcinogenesis. Signalling deregulation often occurs in preneoplastic stages of rodent and human hepatocarcinogenesis and progressively increases in carcinomas, being most pronounced in more aggressive tumours. Numerous changes in signalling cascades are involved in the deregulation of carbohydrate, lipid, and methionine metabolism, which play a role in the maintenance of the transformed phenotype. Recent studies on the role of microRNAs in signalling deregulation, and on the interplay between signalling pathways led to crucial achievements in the knowledge of the network of signalling cascades, essential for the development of adjuvant therapies of liver cancer. Furthermore, the analysis of the mechanisms involved in signalling deregulation allowed the identification of numerous putative prognostic markers and novel therapeutic targets of specific hepatocellular carcinoma subtypes associated with different biologic and clinical features. This is of prime importance for the selection of patient subgroups that are most likely to obtain clinical benefit and, hence, for successful development of targeted therapies for liver cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego F Calvisi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Division of Experimental Pathology and Oncology, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
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89
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Hu M, Zhao L, Hu S, Yang J. The association between two common polymorphisms in MicroRNAs and hepatocellular carcinoma risk in Asian population. PLoS One 2013; 8:e57012. [PMID: 23437296 PMCID: PMC3577770 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0057012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2012] [Accepted: 01/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Emerging evidence has shown that microRNAs (miRNAs) participate in human carcinogenesis as tumor suppressors or oncogenes. Single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) located in the miRNAs may influence the function of mature miRNAs and then affect the processing of carcinogenesis. It has been suggested that two common SNPs rs2910164 in miR-146a and rs3746444 in miR-499 are associated with susceptibility to hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, published results are inconsistent and inconclusive. To acquire a more precise effect of the association between these polymorphisms and HCC risk, we performed this meta-analysis. Methodology/Principal Findings We have conducted a search of case-control studies on the associations of SNPs rs2910164 and/or rs3746444 with susceptibility to HCC in PubMed, ScienceDirect, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, and Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure databases for the period up to Sep 10th, 2012. A total of 6 studies were identified with 2071 cases and 2350 controls for miR-146a rs2910164 polymorphism, 667 cases and 1006 controls for miR-499 rs3746444 polymorphism. It was found that neither allele frequency nor genotype distribution of the two polymorphisms was associated with risk of HCC in all genetic models. Similarly, subgroup analysis in Asian population showed no associations between the two SNPs and the susceptibility to HCC. Conclusions/Significance This meta-analysis suggests that miR-146a rs2910164 and miR-499 rs3746444 polymorphisms may not be associated with the risk of HCC, especially for Asian population. However, well-designed studies with larger sample size and more detailed data are needed to confirm these conclusions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao Hu
- Department of Geriatrics, Changzhou NO 2 People's Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou, China.
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90
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Control of mitogenic and motogenic pathways by miR-198, diminishing hepatoma cell growth and migration. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2013; 1833:1190-8. [PMID: 23391410 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2013.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2012] [Revised: 01/09/2013] [Accepted: 01/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the leading causes of cancer deaths, worldwide. MicroRNAs, inhibiting gene expression by targeting various transcripts, are involved in genomic dysregulation during hepatocellular tumorigenesis. In previous studies, microRNA-198 (miR-198) was shown to be significantly downregulated in HCV-positive hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Herein, the function of miR-198 in hepatocellular carcinoma cell growth and gene expression was studied. In hepatoma cell-types with low levels of liver-specific transcription factor HNF1α indicating a low differentiation grade, miR-198 expression was most downregulated. However, miR-198 treatment did not restore the expression of the liver-specific transcription factors HNF1α or HNF4α. Importantly, overexpression of miR-198 in Pop10 hepatoma cells markedly reduced cell growth. In agreement, comprehensive gene expression profiling by microarray hybridisation and real-time quantification revealed that central signal transducers of proliferation pathways were downregulated by miR-198. In contrast, genes mediating cellular adherence were highly upregulated by miR-198. Thus, the low expression of E-cadherin and claudin-1, involved in cell adhesion and cell-cell contacts, was abolished in hepatoma cells after miR-198 overexpression. This definite induction of both proteins by miR-198 was shown to be accompanied by a significantly impaired migration activity of hepatoma Pop10 cells. In conclusion, miR-198 acts as a tumor suppressor by repression of mitogenic and motogenic pathways diminishing cell growth and migration.
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91
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Murakami Y, Toyoda H, Tanahashi T, Tanaka J, Kumada T, Yoshioka Y, Kosaka N, Ochiya T, Taguchi YH. Comprehensive miRNA expression analysis in peripheral blood can diagnose liver disease. PLoS One 2012; 7:e48366. [PMID: 23152743 PMCID: PMC3485241 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0048366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2012] [Accepted: 09/24/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background miRNAs circulating in the blood in a cell-free form have been acknowledged for their potential as readily accessible disease markers. Presently, histological examination is the golden standard for diagnosing and grading liver disease, therefore non-invasive options are desirable. Here, we investigated if miRNA expression profile in exosome rich fractionated serum could be useful for determining the disease parameters in patients with chronic hepatitis C (CHC). Methodology Exosome rich fractionated RNA was extracted from the serum of 64 CHC and 24 controls with normal liver (NL). Extracted RNA was subjected to miRNA profiling by microarray and real-time qPCR analysis. The miRNA expression profiles from 4 chronic hepatitis B (CHB) and 12 non alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) patients were also established. The resulting miRNA expression was compared to the stage or grade of CHC determined by blood examination and histological inspection. Principal Findings miRNAs implicated in chronic liver disease and inflammation showed expression profiles that differed from those in NL and varied among the types and grades of liver diseases. Using the expression patterns of nine miRNAs, we classified CHC and NL with 96.59% accuracy. Additionally, we could link miRNA expression pattern with liver fibrosis stage and grade of liver inflammation in CHC. In particular, the miRNA expression pattern for early fibrotic stage differed greatly from that observed in high inflammation grades. Conclusions We demonstrated that miRNA expression pattern in exosome rich fractionated serum shows a high potential as a biomarker for diagnosing the grade and stage of liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiki Murakami
- Department of Hepatology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka City University, Osaka, Japan.
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92
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Blair LP, Yan Q. Epigenetic mechanisms in commonly occurring cancers. DNA Cell Biol 2012; 31 Suppl 1:S49-61. [PMID: 22519822 PMCID: PMC3460614 DOI: 10.1089/dna.2012.1654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2012] [Revised: 03/20/2012] [Accepted: 03/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is a collection of very complex diseases that share many traits while differing in many ways as well. This makes a universal cure difficult to attain, and it highlights the importance of understanding each type of cancer at a molecular level. Although many strides have been made in identifying the genetic causes for some cancers, we now understand that simple changes in the primary DNA sequence cannot explain the many steps that are necessary to turn a normal cell into a rouge cancer cell. In recent years, some research has shifted to focusing on detailing epigenetic contributions to the development and progression of cancer. These changes occur apart from primary genomic sequences and include DNA methylation, histone modifications, and miRNA expression. Since these epigenetic modifications are reversible, drugs targeting epigenetic changes are becoming more common in clinical settings. Daily discoveries elucidating these complex epigenetic processes are leading to advances in the field of cancer research. These advances, however, come at a rapid and often overwhelming pace. This review specifically summarizes the main epigenetic mechanisms currently documented in solid tumors common in the United States and Europe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren P Blair
- Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8023, USA.
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93
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Cellular and molecular mechanisms of hepatocellular carcinoma: an update. Arch Toxicol 2012; 87:227-47. [PMID: 23007558 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-012-0931-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2012] [Accepted: 08/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common primary malignant tumor that accounts for ~80 % of all liver cancer cases worldwide. It is a multifactorial disease caused by a variety of risk factors and often develops in the background of underlying cirrhosis. A number of cellular phenomena, such as tumor microenvironment, inflammation, oxidative stress, and hypoxia act in concert with various molecular events to facilitate tumor initiation, progression, and metastasis. The emergence of microRNAs and molecular-targeted therapies adds a new dimension in our efforts to combat this deadly disease. Intense research in this multitude of areas has led to significant progress in our understanding of cellular processes and molecular mechanisms that occur during multistage events that lead to hepatocarcinogenesis. In this review, we discuss the current knowledge of HCC, focusing mainly on advances that have occurred during the past 5 years and on the development of novel therapeutics for liver cancer.
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94
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Abstract
The details of molecular alterations occurring during hepatocarcinogenesis have not been revealed yet. Nevertheless, it is known that microRNAs (miRNA), these short RNA molecules regulating gene expression mainly in a negative way, are also involved in this process. Altered miRNA expression levels are present in liver diseases when compared with normal liver tissue, and the observed alterations depend mainly on which is more advantegous for the disease: activation or inhibition of the genes (e.g. oncogenes or tumor suppressor genes) regulated by the altered miRNAs. The miRNA expression pattern described in hepatocellular carcinoma seems to differ the most from that found in the normal liver; however, remarkable alterations at miRNA levels have been published in early stages of hepatic tumor progression such as fibrosis and chronic hepatitis. For example, the expression of miR-21, miR-221, miR-222 and miR-199a showing characteristic alterations in hepatocellular carcinoma also displayed deregulated expressions in these two early stages. The liver characteristic miRNA, miR-122, usually exhibits a decreased expression level upon liver injury as well as miR-122 expression tends to decrease as hepatic carcinogenesis progresses. Besides, miR-122 enhances the replication of hepatitis C virus and the initial low or high level of miR-122 seems to influence the efficiency of interferon therapy. Recently, statistically significant differences have been detected in the expression of several miRNAs being present in the serum of patients with chronic hepatitis, chirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma when compared with normal controls. It suggests that serum miRNAs could be potential biomarkers. In this article, the major and recent alterations of microRNA expression patterns in stages of hepatocarcinogenesis such as fibrosis, viral infections (hepatitis), cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gábor Lendvai
- Semmelweis Egyetem, Általános Orvostudományi Kar II. Patológiai Intézet Budapest Üllői út 93. 1091
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95
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Kwiecinski M, Elfimova N, Noetel A, Töx U, Steffen HM, Hacker U, Nischt R, Dienes HP, Odenthal M. Expression of platelet-derived growth factor-C and insulin-like growth factor I in hepatic stellate cells is inhibited by miR-29. J Transl Med 2012; 92:978-87. [PMID: 22565577 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.2012.70] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs are short noncoding, endogenous RNA species that posttranscriptionally inhibit gene expression by targeting the untranslated region (UTR) of mRNAs. Recently, it was shown that miR-29 inhibits expression of extracellular matrix proteins such as collagens, suggesting an antifibrotic function of miR-29. In the present study, we now investigated the role of miR-29 in profibrogenic growth factor expression as a further central mechanism of fibrosis. Screening of databases revealed putative miR-29 target sequences in the mRNA of platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-B, PDGF-B receptor, PDGF-C, vascular endothelial growth factor-A, and insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I. To analyze miR-29 interaction with the predicted binding sites, we cloned the 3'-UTR sequences of the putative targets in fusion to the luciferase-reporter coding sequence. Functional miR-29 binding to PDGF-C and IGF-I mRNA sequences, but not to the corresponding mutants, was then proven by reporter assays. Hepatic stellate cells (HSC) that transdifferentiate into myofibroblasts, producing extracellular matrix proteins and profibrogenic growth factors, for example, the members of the PDGF family, are crucial for liver fibrosis. Myofibroblastic transition of primary HSC resulted in the loss of miR-29, but in a significant increase of PDGF-C and IGF-I. Compensation of reduced miR-29 levels by miR-29 overexpression in myofibroblastic HSC was followed by a definitive repression of IGF-I and PDGF-C synthesis. After experimental fibrosis, induced by bile-duct occlusion, miR-29 expression was shown to be reduced, but IGF-I and PDGF-C expression was upregulated, correlating inversely to the miR-29 pattern. Thus, we conclude that miR-29, downregulated during fibrosis, acts as an antifibrogenic mediator not only by targeting collagen biosynthesis, but also by interfering with profibrogenic cell communication via PDGF-C and IGF-I.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Kwiecinski
- Institute for Pathology, University Hospital of Cologne, Koeln, Germany
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96
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Wang Z, Cao Y, Jiang C, Yang G, Wu J, Ding Y. Lack of association of two common polymorphisms rs2910164 and rs11614913 with susceptibility to hepatocellular carcinoma: a meta-analysis. PLoS One 2012; 7:e40039. [PMID: 22768213 PMCID: PMC3386926 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0040039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2012] [Accepted: 05/30/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in microRNA-coding genes may participate in the process of carcinogenesis by altering the expression of tumor-related microRNAs. It has been suggested that two common SNPs rs2910164 in miR-146a and rs11614913 in miR-196a2 are associated with susceptibility to hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, published results are inconsistent and inconclusive. In the present study, we performed a meta-analysis to systematically summarize the possible association between the two SNPs and the risk for HCC. Methodology/Principal Findings We conducted a search of case-control studies on the associations of SNPs rs2910164 and/or rs11614913 with susceptibility to HCC in PubMed, EMBASE, ISI Web of Science, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, ScienceDirect, Wiley Online Library and Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure databases. Data from eligible studies were extracted for meta-analysis. HCC risk associated with the two polymorphisms was estimated by pooled odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs). 5 studies on rs2910164 and 4 studies on rs11614913 were included in our meta-analysis. Our results showed that neither allele frequency nor genotype distribution of the two polymorphisms was associated with risk for HCC in all genetic models. Similarly, subgroup analysis in Chinese population showed no association between the two SNPs and the susceptibility to HCC. Conclusions/Significance This meta-analysis suggests that two common SNPs rs2910164 and rs11614913 are not associated with the risk of HCC. Well-designed studies with larger sample size and more ethnic groups are required to further validate the results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongxia Wang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
- Jiangsu Province’s Key Medical Center for Hepatobiliary Surgery, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yin Cao
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
- Jiangsu Province’s Key Medical Center for Hepatobiliary Surgery, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Chunping Jiang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
- Jiangsu Province’s Key Medical Center for Hepatobiliary Surgery, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Guang Yang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
- Jiangsu Province’s Key Medical Center for Hepatobiliary Surgery, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Junhua Wu
- School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yitao Ding
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
- Jiangsu Province’s Key Medical Center for Hepatobiliary Surgery, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
- * E-mail:
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97
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Zheng Y, Yin L, Chen H, Yang S, Pan C, Lu S, Miao M, Jiao B. miR-376a suppresses proliferation and induces apoptosis in hepatocellular carcinoma. FEBS Lett 2012; 586:2396-403. [PMID: 22684007 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2012.05.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2012] [Revised: 05/26/2012] [Accepted: 05/29/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
MicroRNAs are known to be involved in the pathogenesis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). This study aims to explore the potential biological function of miR-376a, which was found to be inhibited after partial hepatectomy, in HCC. We discovered that miR-376a was frequently down-regulated in HCC cell lines and HCC tissues, while higher relative level of miR-376a was significantly associated with high serum AFP level. Over-expression of miR-376a not only inhibited proliferation but induced apoptosis in Huh7 cells. Additionally, p85α (PIK3R1) was identified as a direct and functional target of miR-376a in Huh7 cells. Moreover, we confirmed that p85α and miR-376a were inversely correlated in HCC. These findings suggest that down-regulation of miR-376a may contribute to the development of HCC by targeting p85α.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongxia Zheng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
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98
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Kasinski AL, Slack FJ. Arresting the Culprit: Targeted Antagomir Delivery to Sequester Oncogenic miR-221 in HCC. MOLECULAR THERAPY. NUCLEIC ACIDS 2012; 1:e12. [PMID: 23343881 PMCID: PMC3381591 DOI: 10.1038/mtna.2012.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea L Kasinski
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
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99
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Reis EM, Verjovski-Almeida S. Perspectives of Long Non-Coding RNAs in Cancer Diagnostics. Front Genet 2012; 3:32. [PMID: 22408643 PMCID: PMC3297063 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2012.00032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2011] [Accepted: 02/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) transcribed from intergenic and intronic regions of the human genome constitute a broad class of cellular transcripts that are under intensive investigation. While only a handful of lncRNAs have been characterized, their involvement in fundamental cellular processes that control gene expression highlights a central role in cell homeostasis. Not surprisingly, aberrant expression of regulatory lncRNAs has been increasingly documented in different types of cancer, where they can mediate both oncogenic or tumor suppressor effects. Interaction with chromatin remodeling complexes that promote silencing of specific genes or modulation of splicing factor proteins seem to be two general modes of lncRNA regulation, but it is conceivable that additional mechanisms of action are yet to be unveiled. LncRNAs show greater tissue specificity compared to protein-coding mRNAs making them attractive in the search of novel diagnostics/prognostics cancer biomarkers in body fluid samples. In fact, lncRNA prostate cancer antigen 3 can be detected in urine samples and has been shown to improve diagnosis of prostate cancer. We suggest that an unbiased screening of the presence of RNAs in easily accessible body fluids such as serum and urine might reveal novel circulating lncRNAs as potential biomarkers in many types of cancer. Annotation and functional characterization of the lncRNA complement of the cancer transcriptome will conceivably provide new venues for early diagnosis and treatment of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo M Reis
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo São Paulo, Brasil
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100
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Watch the GAP: Emerging Roles for IQ Motif-Containing GTPase-Activating Proteins IQGAPs in Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Int J Hepatol 2012; 2012:958673. [PMID: 22973521 PMCID: PMC3438877 DOI: 10.1155/2012/958673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2012] [Revised: 07/25/2012] [Accepted: 08/03/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
IQ motif-containing GTPase-activating proteins IQGAP1 and IQGAP2 are highly homologous multidomain scaffolding proteins. Their major function consists of integration of Rho GTPase and Ca(2+)/calmodulin signals with cell adhesive and cytoskeletal reorganizational events. Recent studies showed that they play an important role in carcinogenesis. There is growing evidence that IQGAP2 is a novel tumor suppressor counteracting the effects of IQGAP1, an oncogene, in several cancers, especially in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). While HCC is highly prevalent and one of the deadliest cancers worldwide, the signaling pathways involved are not fully understood and treatment of advanced disease still represents an area of high unmet medical need. This paper compiles various findings from studies in mouse models, cell lines, and patient samples that support future development of IQGAPs into new therapeutic targets. It also discusses distinct features of IQGAP2 in an attempt to provide insight into the mechanism of the seemingly paradoxical opposing roles of the two very similar IQGAP proteins in carcinogenesis.
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