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Zhao YR, Kuang XY, Zheng BB, Li YF, Wang SJ. Equilibrium Geometries, Stabilities, and Electronic Properties of the Bimetallic M2-doped Aun (M = Ag, Cu; n = 1−10) Clusters: Comparison with Pure Gold Clusters. J Phys Chem A 2010; 115:569-76. [PMID: 21192697 DOI: 10.1021/jp108695z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Ru Zhao
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Xiao-Yu Kuang
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
- International Centre for Materials Physics, Academia Sinica, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Bao-Bing Zheng
- Department of Physics, Baoji University of Arts and Science, Baoji 721007, China
| | - Yan-Fang Li
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Su-Juan Wang
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
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52
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Abstract
Gas-phase clusters, which are weakly bound aggregates comprised of either atoms or molecules, often display properties that lie between those of the gaseous and condensed states. Interesting questions arise concerning how large a cluster must be before it will display bulk properties. Currently there is extensive research activity directed toward studies of their formation and varying properties and reactivity as a function of the degree of aggregation. Results serve to elucidate at the molecular level the course of change of a system to be followed from the gas to the condensed state, thereby enabling a spanning of the states of matter.
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53
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Rademann K, Ruppel M, Kaiser B. Clusters of Divalent Elements: Electronic Properties of Cdx-Aggregates. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/bbpc.19920960925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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54
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Rademann K. Photoionization Mass Spectrometry and Valence Photoelectron-Photoion Coincidence Spectroscopy of Isolated Clusters in a Molecular Beam. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/bbpc.19890930604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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55
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56
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Liu XJ, Hamilton IP, Han KL, Tang ZC. Experimental and theoretical study on activation of the C–H bond in pyridine by [Mm]− (M = Cu, Ag, Au, m = 1–3). Phys Chem Chem Phys 2010; 12:10602-9. [DOI: 10.1039/c002503h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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57
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Majer K, Lei M, Hock C, von Issendorff B, Aguado A. Structural and electronic properties of oxidized sodium clusters: A combined photoelectron and density functional study. J Chem Phys 2009; 131:204313. [DOI: 10.1063/1.3267056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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58
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Cramer CJ, Truhlar DG. Density functional theory for transition metals and transition metal chemistry. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2009; 11:10757-816. [PMID: 19924312 DOI: 10.1039/b907148b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1063] [Impact Index Per Article: 70.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
We introduce density functional theory and review recent progress in its application to transition metal chemistry. Topics covered include local, meta, hybrid, hybrid meta, and range-separated functionals, band theory, software, validation tests, and applications to spin states, magnetic exchange coupling, spectra, structure, reactivity, and catalysis, including molecules, clusters, nanoparticles, surfaces, and solids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J Cramer
- Department of Chemistry and Supercomputing Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455-0431, USA.
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59
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Neumark DM. Slow electron velocity-map imaging of negative ions: applications to spectroscopy and dynamics. J Phys Chem A 2009; 112:13287-301. [PMID: 19032143 DOI: 10.1021/jp807182q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Anion photoelectron spectroscopy (PES) has become one of the most versatile techniques in chemical physics. This article briefly reviews the history of anion PES and some of its applications. It describes efforts to improve the resolution of this technique, including anion zero electron kinetic energy (ZEKE) and the recently developed method of slow electron velocity-map imaging (SEVI). Applications of SEVI to studies of vibronic coupling in open-shell systems and the spectroscopy of prereactive van der Waals complexes are then discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel M Neumark
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, and Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA.
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60
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Villalta PW, Leopold DG. A study of the ground and excited states of Al3 and Al3−. I. 488 nm anion photoelectron spectrum. J Chem Phys 2009; 130:024303. [DOI: 10.1063/1.2973625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
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61
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Assadollahzadeh B, Schwerdtfeger P. A systematic search for minimum structures of small gold clusters Au[sub n] (n=2–20) and their electronic properties. J Chem Phys 2009; 131:064306. [PMID: 19691387 DOI: 10.1063/1.3204488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Behnam Assadollahzadeh
- Centre for Theoretical Chemistry and Physics, New Zealand Institute for Advanced Study, Massey University (Albany), Private Bag 102904, North Shore MSC, 0745 Auckland, New Zealand.
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62
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Deka A, Deka RC. Structural and electronic properties of stable Aun (n=2–13) clusters: A density functional study. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theochem.2008.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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63
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Abstract
The experimental and theoretical study of molecular anions has undergone explosive growth over the past 40 years. Advances in techniques used to generate anions in appreciable numbers as well as new ion-storage, ion-optics, and laser spectroscopic tools have been key on the experimental front. Theoretical developments on the electronic structure and molecular dynamics fronts now allow one to achieve higher accuracy and to study electronically metastable states, thus bringing theory in close collaboration with experiment in this field. In this article, many of the experimental and theoretical challenges specific to studying molecular anions are discussed. Results from many research groups on several classes of molecular anions are overviewed, and both literature citations and active (in online html and pdf versions) links to numerous contributing scientists' Web sites are provided. Specific focus is made on the following families of anions: dipole-bound, zwitterion-bound, double-Rydberg, multiply charged, metastable, cluster-based, and biological anions. In discussing each kind of anion, emphasis is placed on the structural, energetic, spectroscopic, and chemical-reactivity characteristics that make these anions novel, interesting, and important.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack Simons
- Chemistry Department, Henry Eyring Center for Theoretical Chemistry, UniVersity of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
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64
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65
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66
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Liu XJ, Yang CL, Zhang X, Han KL, Tang ZC. Theoretical study on the structure and formation mechanism of [C6H5Mm]− (MAg, Au; m = 1-3). J Comput Chem 2008; 29:1667-74. [DOI: 10.1002/jcc.20926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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67
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Neumaier M, Weigend F, Hampe O, Kappes MM. Binding energy and preferred adsorption sites of CO on gold and silver–gold cluster cations: Adsorption kinetics and quantum chemical calculations. Faraday Discuss 2008; 138:393-406; discussion 421-34. [DOI: 10.1039/b705043g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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68
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Liu XJ, Zhang X, Han KL, Xing XP, Sun ST, Tang ZC. Experimental and Theoretical Study on the Structure and Formation Mechanism of [C6H5Cum]- (m = 1−3). J Phys Chem A 2007; 111:3248-55. [PMID: 17419592 DOI: 10.1021/jp066750y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The important intermediate phenyl-copper metal complexes [C(6)H(5)Cu(m)]- (m = 1-3), which are produced from the reactions between copper metal clusters formed by laser ablation and the benzene molecules seeded in argon carrier gas, are studied by photoelectron spectroscopy(PES) and density functional theory (DFT). Their structures and bonding patterns are investigated, which results in the conclusion that C(6)H(5) groups bond perpendicularly on copper clusters through Cu-C sigma bond. The formation mechanism of these complexes has been studied at B3LYP//6-311G(d, p)/Lanl2dz level. Direct insertion reaction between [Cu(m)]- and C(6)H(6) yields intermediate complex [C(6)H(5)Cu(m)H]-, and then eliminates the H atom, or releases the H atom to other neutral Cu atoms or anionic Cu ions via H abstraction reaction. The first step is the rate-limiting step with C-H activation and cleavage, and H abstraction by neutral Cu atom is the most energetically favorable pathway for the final step. Moreover, the complex [C(6)H(5)Cu(2)]- is ascertained to be easier to be generated than [C(6)H(5)Cu(3)]- and [C(6)H(5)Cu]-, which are in excellent agreement with the experimental results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Jing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 11602, China
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69
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Kaldor A, Cox DM, Zakin MR. Molecular Surface Chemistry: Reactions of Gas-Phase Metal Clusters. ADVANCES IN CHEMICAL PHYSICS 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/9780470122693.ch6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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70
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Herman J, Foutch JD, Davico GE. Gas-phase reactivity of selected transition metal cations with CO and CO2 and the formation of metal dications using a sputter ion source. J Phys Chem A 2007; 111:2461-8. [PMID: 17388338 DOI: 10.1021/jp067777k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Reaction products and rates were measured for the gas-phase reactions of selected first row transition metal ions (Ti+, V+, Fe+, Co+, Ni+, Cu+, Zn+) and both CO and CO2 using a flowing afterglow instrument. The formation and description of products formed and reaction mechanisms are presented and discussed as well. Ab initio calculations were used to produce potential-energy surface diagrams for selected reactions as a tool to further understand the reaction mechanisms, thermochemistry, and reaction kinetics. Reactions with CO are slow and typically yield complexes of the form M(CO)n+ (n = 1-2), with the second CO molecule appearing to be added faster than the first one. Reactions with CO2 also yield the formation of clusters; however, in the case of Ti+, the reaction produces the oxide TiO+ ion efficiently. An interesting observation was also the formation of metal doubly charged ions. Some dications were easily obtained as the major ion by changing the ionization conditions in the sputter ion source. We are proposing an ionization mechanism for the formation of the dications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie Herman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Idaho, P.O. Box 442343, Moscow, Idaho 83844, USA
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71
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Calaminici P, Köster AM, Gómez-Sandoval Z. Density Functional Study of the Structure and Properties of Cu9 and Cu9-. J Chem Theory Comput 2007; 3:905-13. [DOI: 10.1021/ct600358a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Patrizia Calaminici
- Departamento de Química, CINVESTAV, Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional 2508, AP 14-740, México D.F. 07000, México
| | - Andreas M. Köster
- Departamento de Química, CINVESTAV, Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional 2508, AP 14-740, México D.F. 07000, México
| | - Zeferino Gómez-Sandoval
- Departamento de Química, CINVESTAV, Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional 2508, AP 14-740, México D.F. 07000, México
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72
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Miller SR, Marcy TP, Millam EL, Leopold DG. Photoelectron Spectroscopic Characterization of the Niobium−Benzene Anion Produced by Reaction of Niobium with Ethylene. J Am Chem Soc 2007; 129:3482-3. [PMID: 17341080 DOI: 10.1021/ja068568g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stephen R Miller
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
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73
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Avdeev VI, Kovalchuk VI, Zhidomirov GM, d’Itri JL. Models of active sites in supported Cu metal catalysts in 1,2-dichloroethane dechlorination. DFT analysis. J STRUCT CHEM+ 2007. [DOI: 10.1007/s10947-007-0159-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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74
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Abstract
Experiments are reviewed in which key problems in chemical dynamics are probed by experiments based on photodetachment and/or photoexcitation of negative ions. Examples include transition state spectroscopy of biomolecular reactions, spectroscopy of open shell van der Waals complexes, photodissociation of free radicals, and time-resolved dynamics in clusters. The experimental methods used in these investigations are described along with representative systems that have been studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel M Neumark
- Department of Chemistry,University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA.
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75
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Neumaier M, Weigend F, Hampe O, Kappes MM. Reactions of mixed silver-gold cluster cations AgmAun+ (m+n=4,5,6) with CO: Radiative association kinetics and density functional theory computations. J Chem Phys 2006; 125:104308. [PMID: 16999527 DOI: 10.1063/1.2348876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Near thermal energy reactive collisions of small mixed metal cluster cations Ag(m)Au(n) (+) (m+n=4, 5, and 6) with carbon monoxide have been studied in the room temperature Penning trap of a Fourier transform ion-cyclotron-resonance mass spectrometer as a function of cluster size and composition. The tetrameric species AgAu(3) (+) and Ag(2)Au(2) (+) are found to react dissociatively by way of Au or Ag atom loss, respectively, to form the cluster carbonyl AgAu(2)CO(+). In contrast, measurements on a selection of pentamers and hexamers show that CO is added with absolute rate constants that decrease with increasing silver content. Experimentally determined absolute rate constants for CO adsorption were analyzed using the radiative association kinetics model to obtain cluster cation-CO binding energies ranging from 0.77 to 1.09 eV. High-level ab initio density functional theory (DFT) computations identifying the lowest-energy cluster isomers and the respective CO adsorption energies are in good agreement with the experimental findings clearly showing that CO binds in a "head-on" fashion to a gold atom in the mixed clusters. DFT exploration of reaction pathways in the case of Ag(2)Au(2) (+) suggests that exoergicities are high enough to access the minimum energy products for all reactive clusters probed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Neumaier
- Institut für Nanotechnologie, Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
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76
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Li S, Alemany MMG, Chelikowsky JR. Real space pseudopotential calculations for copper clusters. J Chem Phys 2006; 125:34311. [PMID: 16863354 DOI: 10.1063/1.2216698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutral and anion clusters of copper, Cu(n) (n=3-11), are examined using real space pseudopotentials constructed within the local spin density approximation. We predict the ground state structure for each cluster, the binding energy, and the corresponding photoelectron spectra, which we compare to experiment. We find strong final state effects in the photoelectron spectra, especially for the smaller clusters. The binding energy as a function of cluster size tracks well with the measured values, although the magnitude of the binding energy exceeds the experimental values by approximately 20%, as expected for the local spin density approximation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shen Li
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
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77
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Analysis of Main Factors Determining the Prediction of Stabilization Energies of Halide-water Clusters. Theor Chem Acc 2006. [DOI: 10.1007/s00214-006-0115-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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78
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Tiznado WA, Fuentealba P, Ortiz JV. Pseudopotential and electron propagator methods for the calculation of the photoelectron spectra of anionic silicon clusters: predictions on Si10-. J Chem Phys 2005; 123:144314. [PMID: 16238398 DOI: 10.1063/1.2048506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Photoelectron spectra of anionic clusters of silicon require reliable theoretical calculations for their assignment and interpretation. Electron propagator calculations in the outer valence Green's-function approximation with two well-characterized, all-electron basis sets on vertical electron detachment energies (VEDEs) of anions are compared to similar calculations that employ Stuttgart pseudopotentials. Tests on Si(n) (-) clusters with n=3-7 exhibit an encouraging agreement between the all-electron and pseudopotentials results and between electron propagator predictions and experiments and values obtained from coupled-cluster calculations. To illustrate the capabilities of the new approach based on a Si pseudopotential and electron propagator methods, VEDE calculations on Si(10) (-) are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- William A Tiznado
- Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Casilla 653, Santiago, Chile.
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79
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Florez E, Tiznado W, Mondragón F, Fuentealba P. Theoretical Study of the Interaction of Molecular Oxygen with Copper Clusters. J Phys Chem A 2005; 109:7815-21. [PMID: 16834159 DOI: 10.1021/jp052245+] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A new method based on frontier orbital theory has been used to investigate the binding site of molecular oxygen to neutral and anion copper clusters. It has been shown that one can make useful predictions of the binding sites based on the knowledge of the donor local reactivity of the cluster using the condensed Fukui function, f(-)(Ff). In this way, it was found that Cu(3), Cu(5), and Cu(5)(-) have the highest reactivity toward molecular oxygen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Florez
- Instituto de Química, Universidad de Antioquia, A.A. 1226, Medellín, Colombia
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80
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Schneider H, Boese AD, Weber JM. Unusual hydrogen bonding behavior in binary complexes of coinage metal anions with water. J Chem Phys 2005; 123:084307. [PMID: 16164291 DOI: 10.1063/1.2006092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We have studied the interaction of atomic coinage metal anions with water molecules by infrared photodissociation spectroscopy of M-.H2O.Ar(n) clusters (M=Cu, Ag, Au; n=1, 2). We compare our observations with calculations on density-functional and coupled cluster levels of theory. The gold anion is bound to the water molecule by a single ionic hydrogen bond, similar to the halide-water complexes. In contrast, zero-point motion in the silver and copper complexes leads to a deviation from this motif.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holger Schneider
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Universität Karlsruhe, D-76128 Karlsruhe, Germany
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81
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Abstract
The strict criterion for metallicity, a finite density of states (DOS) at the Fermi energy (E(F)), cannot be applied to clusters because energy levels are always discrete in a system of finite size. We propose an alternative definition whereby clusters can be considered metallic when the gap between occupied and unoccupied states at E(F) is consistently smaller than or equal to the Kubo band gap delta. We use the experimental findings of photoelectron spectroscopy of anionic clusters to analyze band gaps of various cluster families. Monovalent clusters (alkali and noble metals) grossly follow the shell structure pattern, producing band gaps smaller than delta for most cluster sizes, with some exceptional sizes exhibiting electronic shell closure or symmetry-induced band gaps. Among the bivalent metals, only mercury shows consistent band gap closure with increasing cluster size, that is a simple insulator-metal transition. Other bivalent elements such as Zn and Mg exhibit a much more complicated behavior. We also briefly discuss complex cluster families such as aluminum and transition metals.
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82
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Ayala R, Martínez JM, Pappalardo RR, Sánchez Marcos E. Study of the stabilization energies of halide-water clusters: An application of first-principles interaction potentials based on a polarizable and flexible model. J Chem Phys 2004; 121:7269-75. [PMID: 15473795 DOI: 10.1063/1.1788660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this work is to compute the stabilization energy E(stab)(n) of [X(H(2)O)(n)](-) (X identical with F, Br, and I for n=1-60) clusters from Monte Carlo simulations using first-principles ab initio potentials. Stabilization energy of [X(H(2)O)(n)](-) clusters is defined as the difference between the vertical photodeachment energy of the cluster and the electron affinity of the isolated halide. On one hand, a study about the relation between cluster structure and the E(stab)(n) value, as well as the dependence of the latter with temperature is performed, on the other hand, a test on the reliability of our recently developed first-principles halide ion-water interaction potentials is carried out. Two different approximations were applied: (1) the Koopmans' theorem and (2) calculation of the difference between the interaction energy of [X(H(2)O)(n)](-) and [X(H(2)O)(n)] clusters using the same ab initio interaction potentials. The developed methodology allows for using the same interaction potentials in the case of the ionic and neutral clusters with the proviso that the charge of the halide anion was switched off in the latter. That is, no specific parametrization of the interaction potentials to fit the magnitude under study was done. The good agreement between our predicted E(stab)(n) and experimental data allows us to validate the first-principles interaction potentials developed elsewhere and used in this study, and supports the fact that this magnitude is mainly determined by electrostatic factors, which can be described by our interaction potentials. No relation between the value of E(stab)(n) and the structure of clusters has been found. The diversity of E(stab)(n) values found for different clusters with similar interaction energy indicates the need for statistical information to properly estimate the stabilization energy of the halide anions. The effect of temperature in the prediction of the E(stab)(n) is not significant as long as it was high enough to avoid cluster trapping into local equilibrium configurations which guarantees an appropriate sampling of the configurational space. Parallel tempering method was applied in particular cases to guarantee satisfactory sampling of clusters at low temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Regla Ayala
- Departamento de Química Física, Universidad de Sevilla, 41012 Sevilla, Spain
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83
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Abstract
The static electric dipole polarizabilities of Cu(9)-Cu(61) have been measured via a molecular beam deflection method. The clusters display per-atom polarizabilities that decrease monotonically with size, from approximately 16 A(3) per atom Cu(9-10) to approximately 5 A(3) (Cu(45-61)). Absent are any discernible discontinuities or odd-even alternations due to electronic shell filling or electron pairing effects. For the smallest clusters, the experimental polarizabilities are approximately 3 times larger than those predicted classically for conducting ellipsoids, and approach the classical values only for clusters containing more than approximately 45 atoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark B Knickelbein
- Chemistry Division, Argonne National Laboratory Argonne, Illinois 60439, USA.
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84
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Radcliffe P, Przystawik A, Diederich T, Döppner T, Tiggesbäumker J, Meiwes-Broer KH. Excited-state relaxation of Ag8 clusters embedded in helium droplets. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2004; 92:173403. [PMID: 15169149 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.92.173403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2003] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Neutral silver clusters Ag(N) are grown in ultracold helium nanodroplets. By exploiting a strong absorption resonance recently found for Ag8, first photoelectron spectra of this neutral species are recorded. Variation of the laser photon energy reveals that direct vertical two-photon ionization is hindered by rapid relaxation into the lower edge of a long-living excited state manifold. The analysis of the dynamics gives a precise value of (6.89+/-0.09) eV for the vertical ionization potential of Ag8. The influence of the helium matrix on photoemission is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Radcliffe
- Fachbereich Physik, Universität Rostock, 18051 Rostock, Germany
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85
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Damrauer
- Chemistry Department, University of Colorado at Denver, Denver, Colorado 80217-3364
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86
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Jaque P, Toro-Labbé A. The Formation of Neutral Copper Clusters from Experimental Binding Energies and Reactivity Descriptors. J Phys Chem B 2004. [DOI: 10.1021/jp036260v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Jaque
- Laboratorio de Química Teórica Computacional (QTC), Facultad de Química, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Casilla 306, Correo 22, Santiago, Chile
| | - Alejandro Toro-Labbé
- Laboratorio de Química Teórica Computacional (QTC), Facultad de Química, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Casilla 306, Correo 22, Santiago, Chile
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87
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Weis P, Welz O, Vollmer E, Kappes MM. Structures of mixed gold-silver cluster cations (AgmAun+,m+n<6): Ion mobility measurements and density-functional calculations. J Chem Phys 2004; 120:677-84. [PMID: 15267902 DOI: 10.1063/1.1630568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The collision cross sections of Ag(m)Au(n)+ (m+n)<6 cluster ions were determined. For bimetallic clusters, we observe a significant intracluster charge transfer leaving most of the ions positive charge on the silver atoms. The mixed trimeric ions Ag2Au+ and AgAu2+ are triangular like the pure gold and silver trimers. Most of the tetrameric clusters are rhombus shaped, with the exception of Ag3Au+, which has a Y structure with the gold atom in the center. Among the pentamers we find distorted X structures for all systems. For Ag2Au3+ we find an additional isomer which is a trigonal bipyramid. These findings are in line with predictions based on density-functional theory calculations, i.e., all these structures either represent the global minima or are within less than 0.1 eV of the predicted global minimum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Weis
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Universität Karlsruhe, D-76128 Karlsruhe, Germany
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88
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Chiral clusters in the gas phase. ADVANCES IN PHYSICAL ORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/s0065-3160(04)39004-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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89
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Fabbi JC, Karlsson L, Langenberg JD, Costello QD, Morse MD. Dispersed fluorescence spectroscopy of AlNi, NiAu, and PtCu. J Chem Phys 2003. [DOI: 10.1063/1.1567712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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90
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Gutsev GL, Bauschlicher CW. Chemical Bonding, Electron Affinity, and Ionization Energies of the Homonuclear 3d Metal Dimers. J Phys Chem A 2003. [DOI: 10.1021/jp030146v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 191] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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91
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Armentrout PB. Threshold Collision-Induced Dissociations for the Determination of Accurate Gas-Phase Binding Energies and Reaction Barriers. Top Curr Chem (Cham) 2003. [DOI: 10.1007/3-540-36113-8_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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92
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Furche F, Ahlrichs R, Weis P, Jacob C, Gilb S, Bierweiler T, Kappes MM. The structures of small gold cluster anions as determined by a combination of ion mobility measurements and density functional calculations. J Chem Phys 2002. [DOI: 10.1063/1.1507582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 488] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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93
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Cao Z, Wang Y, Zhu J, Wu W, Zhang Q. Static Polarizabilities of Copper Cluster Monocarbonyls CunCO (n = 2−13) and Selectivity of CO Adsorption on Copper Clusters. J Phys Chem B 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/jp0258098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zexing Cao
- Department of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Yanjin Wang
- Department of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Jun Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Wei Wu
- Department of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Qianer Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
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94
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Jaque P, Toro-Labbé A. Characterization of copper clusters through the use of density functional theory reactivity descriptors. J Chem Phys 2002. [DOI: 10.1063/1.1493178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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95
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Jug K, Zimmermann B, Calaminici P, Köster AM. Structure and stability of small copper clusters. J Chem Phys 2002. [DOI: 10.1063/1.1436465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 201] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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96
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Gilb S, Weis P, Furche F, Ahlrichs R, Kappes MM. Structures of small gold cluster cations (Aun+, n<14): Ion mobility measurements versus density functional calculations. J Chem Phys 2002. [DOI: 10.1063/1.1445121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 418] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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97
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Stowe AC, Kaup JG, Knight LB, Davis JR, McKinley AJ. Matrix-isolation investigation of the diatomic anion radicals of aluminum and gallium (Al2− and Ga2−): An electron spin resonance and ab initio theoretical study. J Chem Phys 2001. [DOI: 10.1063/1.1389841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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98
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Derosa PA, Seminario JM, Balbuena PB. Properties of Small Bimetallic Ni−Cu Clusters. J Phys Chem A 2001. [DOI: 10.1021/jp0104637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pedro A. Derosa
- Department of Electrical Engineering, and Department of Chemical Engineering, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208
| | - Jorge M. Seminario
- Department of Electrical Engineering, and Department of Chemical Engineering, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208
| | - Perla B. Balbuena
- Department of Electrical Engineering, and Department of Chemical Engineering, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208
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99
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Green SME, Alex S, Fleischer NL, Millam EL, Marcy TP, Leopold DG. Negative ion photoelectron spectroscopy of the group 5 metal trimer monoxides V3O, Nb3O, and Ta3O. J Chem Phys 2001. [DOI: 10.1063/1.1333003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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100
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Guided ion beam studies of the reactions of with D2: cluster–deuteride bond energies as a chemical probe of cluster electronic structure. Chem Phys 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s0301-0104(00)00162-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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