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Johnsen EO, Frøen RC, Olstad OK, Nicolaissen B, Petrovski G, Moe MC, Noer A. Proliferative Cells Isolated from the Adult Human Peripheral Retina only Transiently Upregulate Key Retinal Markers upon Induced Differentiation. Curr Eye Res 2017; 43:340-349. [PMID: 29161152 DOI: 10.1080/02713683.2017.1403630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Purpose/Aim: The adult human retina has limited regenerative potential, and severe injury will result in permanent damage. Lower vertebrates handle retinal injury by activating neural stem cells (NSCs) in the ciliary marginal zone (CMZ). Müller glia-like cells expressing markers of NSCs are also present in the peripheral retina (PR) of the adult human eye, leading to the hypothesis that a CMZ-like zone might exists also in humans. In order to shed further light on this hypothesis we investigated the in vitro differentiation potential of proliferative cells isolated from the adult human PR towards a retinal phenotype. MATERIALS AND METHODS Proliferative cells were isolated from the peripheral retina of human eyes (n = 6) within 24 to 48 hours post mortem and further expanded for 2 or 3 passages before being differentiated for 1-3 weeks. Gene expression was analyzed by microarray and qRT-PCR analysis, while protein expression was identified by immunocytochemistry. RESULTS A high density of cells co-staining with markers for progenitor cells and Müller glia was found in situ in the PR. Cells isolated from this region and cultured adherently showed fibrillary processes and were positive for the immature marker Nestin and the glial marker GFAP, while a few co-expressed PAX6. After 7 days of differentiation, there was a transient upregulation of early and mature photoreceptor markers, including NRL, CRX, RHO and RCVRN, as well as the Müller cell and retinal pigmented epithelium (RPE) marker CRALBP, and the early RPE marker MITF. However, the expression of all these markers dropped from Day 14 and onwards. CONCLUSIONS Upon exposure of proliferating cells from the adult human PR to differentiating conditions in culture, there is a widespread change in morphology and gene expression, including the upregulation of key retinal markers. However, this upregulation is only transient and decreases after 14 days of differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik O Johnsen
- a Center for Eye Research, Department of Ophthalmology , Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo , Oslo , Norway.,b Norwegian Center for Stem Cell Research , Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo , Oslo , Norway
| | - Rebecca C Frøen
- a Center for Eye Research, Department of Ophthalmology , Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo , Oslo , Norway.,b Norwegian Center for Stem Cell Research , Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo , Oslo , Norway
| | | | - Bjørn Nicolaissen
- a Center for Eye Research, Department of Ophthalmology , Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo , Oslo , Norway.,b Norwegian Center for Stem Cell Research , Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo , Oslo , Norway
| | - Goran Petrovski
- a Center for Eye Research, Department of Ophthalmology , Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo , Oslo , Norway.,b Norwegian Center for Stem Cell Research , Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo , Oslo , Norway.,d Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine , University of Szeged and Stem Cells and Eye Research LaboratorySzeged, Hungary.,e Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , University of Debrecen , Debrecen , Hungary
| | - Morten C Moe
- a Center for Eye Research, Department of Ophthalmology , Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo , Oslo , Norway.,b Norwegian Center for Stem Cell Research , Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo , Oslo , Norway
| | - Agate Noer
- a Center for Eye Research, Department of Ophthalmology , Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo , Oslo , Norway.,b Norwegian Center for Stem Cell Research , Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo , Oslo , Norway
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Stem cells and genome editing: approaches to tissue regeneration and regenerative medicine. J Hum Genet 2017; 63:165-178. [PMID: 29192237 DOI: 10.1038/s10038-017-0348-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Revised: 08/20/2017] [Accepted: 08/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the basis of regeneration of each tissue and organ, and incorporating this knowledge into clinical treatments for degenerative tissues and organs in patients, are major goals for researchers in regenerative biology. Here we provide an overview of current work, from high-regeneration animal models, to stem cell-based culture models, transplantation technologies, large-animal chimeric models, and programmable nuclease-based genome-editing technologies. Three-dimensional culture generating organoids, which represents intact tissue/organ identity including cell fate and morphology are getting more general approaches in the fields by taking advantage of embryonic stem cells, induced pluripotent stem cells and adult stem cells. The organoid culture system potentially has profound impact on the field of regenerative medicine. We also emphasize that the large animal model, in particular pig model would be a hope to manufacture humanized organs in in vivo empty (vacant) niche, which now potentially allows not only appropriate cell fate identity but nearly the same property as human organs in size. Therefore, integrative and collaborative researches across different fields might be critical to the aims needed in clinical trial.
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Assessment of Safety and Functional Efficacy of Stem Cell-Based Therapeutic Approaches Using Retinal Degenerative Animal Models. Stem Cells Int 2017; 2017:9428176. [PMID: 28928775 PMCID: PMC5592015 DOI: 10.1155/2017/9428176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2017] [Accepted: 06/19/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Dysfunction and death of retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) and or photoreceptors can lead to irreversible vision loss. The eye represents an ideal microenvironment for stem cell-based therapy. It is considered an “immune privileged” site, and the number of cells needed for therapy is relatively low for the area of focused vision (macula). Further, surgical placement of stem cell-derived grafts (RPE, retinal progenitors, and photoreceptor precursors) into the vitreous cavity or subretinal space has been well established. For preclinical tests, assessments of stem cell-derived graft survival and functionality are conducted in animal models by various noninvasive approaches and imaging modalities. In vivo experiments conducted in animal models based on replacing photoreceptors and/or RPE cells have shown survival and functionality of the transplanted cells, rescue of the host retina, and improvement of visual function. Based on the positive results obtained from these animal experiments, human clinical trials are being initiated. Despite such progress in stem cell research, ethical, regulatory, safety, and technical difficulties still remain a challenge for the transformation of this technique into a standard clinical approach. In this review, the current status of preclinical safety and efficacy studies for retinal cell replacement therapies conducted in animal models will be discussed.
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Canto-Soler V, Flores-Bellver M, Vergara MN. Stem Cell Sources and Their Potential for the Treatment of Retinal Degenerations. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2017; 57:ORSFd1-9. [PMID: 27116661 PMCID: PMC6892419 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.16-19127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Stem cells offer unprecedented opportunities for the development of strategies geared toward the treatment of retinal degenerative diseases. A variety of cellular sources have been investigated for various potential clinical applications, including tissue regeneration, disease modeling, and screening for non–cell-based therapeutic agents. As the field transitions from more than a decade of preclinical research to the first phase I/II clinical trials, we provide a concise overview of the stem cell sources most commonly used, weighing their therapeutic potential on the basis of their technical strengths/limitations, their ethical implications, and the extent of the progress achieved to date. This article serves as a framework for further in-depth analyses presented in the following chapters of this Special Issue.
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P-Cadherin is necessary for retinal stem cell behavior in vitro, but not in vivo. Stem Cell Res 2017; 21:141-147. [PMID: 28494434 DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2017.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2016] [Revised: 04/03/2017] [Accepted: 05/01/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Adult retinal stem cells (RSCs) are rare quiescent cells within the ciliary epithelium of the eye, which is made up of non-pigmented N-Cadherin+ve inner and pigmented P-Cadherin+ve outer cell layers. Through FACs and single cell analyses, we have shown that RSCs arise from single cells from within the pigmented CE and express P-Cadherin. However, whether the expression of P-Cadherin is required for maintenance of the stem cell in vivo or in the formation of the clonal stem cell spheres in vitro is not known. Using cadherin functional blocking antibody experiments and a P-Cadherin -/- mouse to test whether the RSC population is affected by the loss of P-Cadherin expression, our experiments demonstrate that the RSCs reside in the pigmented CE layer and express P-Cadherin, which is important to the formation of adherent sphere colonies in vitro, however P-Cadherin is not required for maintenance of RSCs in vivo.
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Tang X, Gao J, Jia X, Zhao W, Zhang Y, Pan W, He J. Bipotent progenitors as embryonic origin of retinal stem cells. J Cell Biol 2017; 216:1833-1847. [PMID: 28465291 PMCID: PMC5461025 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201611057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2016] [Revised: 03/01/2017] [Accepted: 04/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
In lower vertebrates, retinal stem cells (RSCs) capable of producing all retinal cell types are a resource for retinal tissue growth throughout life. However, the embryonic origin of RSCs remains largely elusive. Using a Zebrabow-based clonal analysis, we characterized the RSC niche in the ciliary marginal zone of zebrafish retina and illustrate that blood vessels associated with RSCs are required for the maintenance of actively proliferating RSCs. Full lineage analysis of RSC progenitors reveals lineage patterns of RSC production. Moreover, in vivo lineage analysis demonstrates that these RSC progenitors are the direct descendants of a set of bipotent progenitors in the medial epithelial layer of developing optic vesicles, suggesting the involvement of the mixed-lineage states in the RSC lineage specification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Jianan Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Xinling Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Wencao Zhao
- Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Yijie Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Weijun Pan
- Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Jie He
- State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
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Jones MK, Lu B, Girman S, Wang S. Cell-based therapeutic strategies for replacement and preservation in retinal degenerative diseases. Prog Retin Eye Res 2017; 58:1-27. [PMID: 28111323 PMCID: PMC5441967 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2017.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2016] [Revised: 01/08/2017] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cell-based therapeutics offer diverse options for treating retinal degenerative diseases, such as age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and retinitis pigmentosa (RP). AMD is characterized by both genetic and environmental risks factors, whereas RP is mainly a monogenic disorder. Though treatments exist for some patients with neovascular AMD, a majority of retinal degenerative patients have no effective therapeutics, thus indicating a need for universal therapies to target diverse patient populations. Two main cell-based mechanistic approaches are being tested in clinical trials. Replacement therapies utilize cell-derived retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells to supplant lost or defective host RPE cells. These cells are similar in morphology and function to native RPE cells and can potentially supplant the responsibilities of RPE in vivo. Preservation therapies utilize supportive cells to aid in visual function and photoreceptor preservation partially by neurotrophic mechanisms. The goal of preservation strategies is to halt or slow the progression of disease and maintain remaining visual function. A number of clinical trials are testing the safety of replacement and preservation cell therapies in patients; however, measures of efficacy will need to be further evaluated. In addition, a number of prevailing concerns with regards to the immune-related response, longevity, and functionality of the grafted cells will need to be addressed in future trials. This review will summarize the current status of cell-based preclinical and clinical studies with a focus on replacement and preservation strategies and the obstacles that remain regarding these types of treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa K Jones
- Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Blvd., Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Blvd., Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Bin Lu
- Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Blvd., Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Blvd., Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Sergey Girman
- Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Blvd., Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Blvd., Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Shaomei Wang
- Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Blvd., Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Blvd., Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA; David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, 10833 Le Conte Ave., Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
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Rahmani S, Tabandeh F, Faghihi S, Amoabediny G, Shakibaie M, Noorani B, Yazdian F. Fabrication and characterization of poly(ε-caprolactone)/gelatin nanofibrous scaffolds for retinal tissue engineering. INT J POLYM MATER PO 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/00914037.2017.1297939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shiva Rahmani
- Department of Industrial and Environmental Biotechnology, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Life Science Engineering, Faculty of New Sciences and Technologies, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Tabandeh
- Department of Industrial and Environmental Biotechnology, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shahab Faghihi
- Tissue Engineering and Biomaterials Research Center, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ghassem Amoabediny
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
- Research Center for New Technologies in Life Science Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehdi Shakibaie
- Department of Industrial and Environmental Biotechnology, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Behnam Noorani
- Department of Industrial and Environmental Biotechnology, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Life Science Engineering, Faculty of New Sciences and Technologies, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Yazdian
- Department of Life Science Engineering, Faculty of New Sciences and Technologies, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
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60
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Gokuladhas K, Sivapriya N, Barath M, NewComer CH. Ocular progenitor cells and current applications in regenerative medicines - Review. Genes Dis 2017; 4:88-99. [PMID: 30258910 PMCID: PMC6136601 DOI: 10.1016/j.gendis.2017.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2016] [Accepted: 01/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The recent emerging field of regenerative medicine is to present solutions for chronic diseases which cannot be sufficiently repaired by the body's own mechanisms. Stem cells are undifferentiated biological cells and have the potential to develop into many different cell types in the body during early life and growth. Self renewal and totipotency are the characteristic features of stem cells and it holds a promising result for treating various diseases like diabetic foot ulcer, heart diseases, lung diseases, Autism, Skin diseases, arthritis including eye disease. Failure of complete recovery of eye diseases and complications that follow conventional treatments have shifted search to a new form of regenerative medicine using Stem cells. The ocular progenitor cells are remarkable in stem cell biology and replenishing degenerated cells despite being present in low quantity and quiescence in our body has a high therapeutic value. In this paper we have review the applications on ocular progenitor stem cells in treatment of human eye diseases and address the strategies that have been exploited in an effort to regain visual function in the advance treatment of stem cells without any side effects and also present the significance in advance stem cell research.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Gokuladhas
- World Stem Cell Clinic India LLP (ISO 9001:2015 Certified Clinic), #6, 9th Cross Street, Kapaleeshwar Nagar, Neelankarai, Chennai 600115, India
| | - N Sivapriya
- World Stem Cell Clinic India LLP (ISO 9001:2015 Certified Clinic), #6, 9th Cross Street, Kapaleeshwar Nagar, Neelankarai, Chennai 600115, India
| | - M Barath
- World Stem Cell Clinic India LLP (ISO 9001:2015 Certified Clinic), #6, 9th Cross Street, Kapaleeshwar Nagar, Neelankarai, Chennai 600115, India
| | - Charles H NewComer
- World Stem Cell Clinic India LLP (ISO 9001:2015 Certified Clinic), #6, 9th Cross Street, Kapaleeshwar Nagar, Neelankarai, Chennai 600115, India
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Santos-Ferreira TF, Borsch O, Ader M. Rebuilding the Missing Part-A Review on Photoreceptor Transplantation. Front Syst Neurosci 2017; 10:105. [PMID: 28105007 PMCID: PMC5214672 DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2016.00105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Accepted: 12/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Vision represents one of the main senses for humans to interact with their environment. Our sight relies on the presence of fully functional light sensitive cells – rod and cone photoreceptors — allowing us to see under dim (rods) and bright (cones) light conditions. Photoreceptor degeneration is one of the major causes for vision impairment in industrialized countries and it is highly predominant in the population above the age of 50. Thus, with the continuous increase in life expectancy it will make retinal degeneration reach an epidemic proportion. To date, there is no cure established for photoreceptor loss, but several therapeutic approaches, spanning from neuroprotection, pharmacological drugs, gene therapy, retinal prosthesis, and cell (RPE or photoreceptor) transplantation, have been developed over the last decade with some already introduced in clinical trials. In this review, we focus on current developments in photoreceptor transplantation strategies, its major breakthroughs, current limitations and the next challenges to translate such cell-based approaches toward clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiago F Santos-Ferreira
- DFG-Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden, Cluster of Excellence, Technische Universität Dresden Dresden, Germany
| | - Oliver Borsch
- DFG-Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden, Cluster of Excellence, Technische Universität Dresden Dresden, Germany
| | - Marius Ader
- DFG-Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden, Cluster of Excellence, Technische Universität Dresden Dresden, Germany
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Azedi F, Kazemnejad S, Zarnani AH, Soleimani M, Shojaei A, Arasteh S. Comparative capability of menstrual blood versus bone marrow derived stem cells in neural differentiation. Mol Biol Rep 2016; 44:169-182. [PMID: 27981446 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-016-4095-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2015] [Accepted: 12/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
In order to characterize the potency of menstrual blood stem cells (MenSCs) for future cell therapy of neurological disorders instead of bone marrow stem cells (BMSCs) as a well-known and conventional source of adult stem cells, we examined the in vitro differentiation potential of these stem cells into neural-like cells. The differentiation potential of MenSCs to neural cells in comparison with BMSCs was assessed under two step neural differentiation including conversion to neurosphere-like cells and final differentiation. The expression levels of Nestin, Microtubule-associated protein 2, gamma-aminobutyric acid type B receptor subunit 1 and 2, and Tubulin, beta 3 class III mRNA and/or protein were up-regulated during development of MenSCs into neurosphere-like cells (NSCs) and neural-like cells. The up-regulation level of these markers in differentiated neural-like cells from MenSCs was comparable with differentiated cells from BMSCs. Moreover, both differentiated MenSCs and BMSCs expressed high levels of potassium, calcium and sodium channel genes developing functional channels with electrophysiological recording. For the first time, we demonstrated that MenSCs are a unique cell population with differentiation ability into neural-like cells comparable to BMSCs. In addition, we have introduced an approach to generate NSCs from MenSCs and BMSCs and their further differentiation into neural-like cells in vitro. Our results hold a promise to future stem cell therapy of neurological disorders using NSCs derived from menstrual blood, an accessible source in every woman.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fereshteh Azedi
- Reproductive Biotechnology Research Centre, Avicenna Research Institute, ACECR, P.O. Box: 1177-19615, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of advanced technologies in Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Somaieh Kazemnejad
- Reproductive Biotechnology Research Centre, Avicenna Research Institute, ACECR, P.O. Box: 1177-19615, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Amir Hassan Zarnani
- Department of Immunology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Masoud Soleimani
- Department of Hematology, Faculty of Medical Science, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amir Shojaei
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shaghayegh Arasteh
- Reproductive Biotechnology Research Centre, Avicenna Research Institute, ACECR, P.O. Box: 1177-19615, Tehran, Iran
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Chohan A, Singh U, Kumar A, Kaur J. Müller stem cell dependent retinal regeneration. Clin Chim Acta 2016; 464:160-164. [PMID: 27876464 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2016.11.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2016] [Revised: 11/16/2016] [Accepted: 11/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Müller Stem cells to treat ocular diseases has triggered enthusiasm across all medical and scientific communities. Recent development in the field of stem cells has widened the prospects of applying cell based therapies to regenerate ocular tissues that have been irreversibly damaged by disease or injury. Ocular tissues such as the lens and the retina are now known to possess cell having remarkable regenerative abilities. Recent studies have shown that the Müller glia, a cell found in all vertebrate retinas, is the primary source of new neurons, and therefore are considered as the cellular basis for retinal regeneration in mammalian retinas. Here, we review the current status of retinal regeneration of the human eye by Müller stem cells. This review elucidates the current status of retinal regeneration by Müller stem cells, along with major retinal degenerative diseases where these stem cells play regenerative role in retinal repair and replacement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annu Chohan
- Dr. Rajendra Prasad Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Usha Singh
- Dr. Rajendra Prasad Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Atul Kumar
- Dr. Rajendra Prasad Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Jasbir Kaur
- Dr. Rajendra Prasad Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India.
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Mitos y realidades del uso de las células troncales en la terapia oftalmológica. REVISTA MEXICANA DE OFTALMOLOGÍA 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mexoft.2015.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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65
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Novel Strategies for the Improvement of Stem Cells' Transplantation in Degenerative Retinal Diseases. Stem Cells Int 2016; 2016:1236721. [PMID: 27293444 PMCID: PMC4887645 DOI: 10.1155/2016/1236721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2016] [Revised: 04/17/2016] [Accepted: 05/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Currently, there is no cure for the permanent vision loss caused by degenerative retinal diseases. One of the novel therapeutic strategies aims at the development of stem cells (SCs) based neuroprotective and regenerative medicine. The main sources of SCs for the treatment of retinal diseases are the embryo, the bone marrow, the region of neuronal genesis, and the eye. The success of transplantation depends on the origin of cells, the route of administration, the local microenvironment, and the proper combinative formula of growth factors. The feasibility of SCs based therapies for degenerative retinal diseases was proved in the preclinical setting. However, their translation into the clinical realm is limited by various factors: the immunogenicity of the cells, the stability of the cell phenotype, the predilection of SCs to form tumors in situ, the abnormality of the microenvironment, and the association of a synaptic rewiring. To improve SCs based therapies, nanotechnology offers a smart delivery system for biomolecules, such as growth factors for SCs implantation and differentiation into retinal progenitors. This review explores the main advances in the field of retinal transplantology and applications of nanotechnology in the treatment of retinal diseases, discusses the challenges, and suggests new therapeutic approaches in retinal transplantation.
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Sun J, Mandai M, Kamao H, Hashiguchi T, Shikamura M, Kawamata S, Sugita S, Takahashi M. Protective Effects of Human iPS-Derived Retinal Pigmented Epithelial Cells in Comparison with Human Mesenchymal Stromal Cells and Human Neural Stem Cells on the Degenerating Retina in rd1 mice. Stem Cells 2016; 33:1543-53. [PMID: 25728228 DOI: 10.1002/stem.1960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2014] [Accepted: 12/26/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Retinitis pigmentosa (RP) is a group of visual impairments characterized by progressive rod photoreceptor cell loss due to a genetic background. Pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) predominantly secreted by the retinal pigmented epithelium (RPE) has been reported to protect photoreceptors in retinal degeneration models, including rd1. In addition, clinical trials are currently underway outside Japan using human mesenchymal stromal cells and human neural stem cells to protect photoreceptors in RP and dry age-related macular degeneration, respectively. Thus, this study aimed to investigate the rescue effects of induced pluripotent stem (iPS)-RPE cells in comparison with those types of cells used in clinical trials on photoreceptor degeneration in rd1 mice. Cells were injected into the subretinal space of immune-suppressed 2-week-old rd1 mice. The results demonstrated that human iPS-RPE cells significantly attenuated photoreceptor degeneration on postoperative days (PODs) 14 and 21 and survived longer up to at least 12 weeks after operation than the other two types of graft cells with less immune responses and apoptosis. The mean PEDF concentration in the intraocular fluid in RPE-transplanted eyes was more than 1 µg/ml at PODs 14 and 21, and this may have contributed to the protective effect of RPE transplantation. Our findings suggest that iPS-RPE cells serve as a competent source to delay photoreceptor degeneration through stable survival in degenerating ocular environment and by releasing neuroprotective factors such as PEDF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianan Sun
- Laboratory for Retinal Regeneration, RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology (CDB), Kobe, Japan; Application Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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Jeon S, Oh IH. Regeneration of the retina: toward stem cell therapy for degenerative retinal diseases. BMB Rep 2016; 48:193-9. [PMID: 25560700 PMCID: PMC4436854 DOI: 10.5483/bmbrep.2015.48.4.276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Degenerative retinal diseases affect millions of people worldwide, which can lead to the loss of vision. However, therapeutic approaches that can reverse this process are limited. Recent efforts have allowed the possibility of the stem cell-based regeneration of retinal cells and repair of injured retinal tissues. Although the direct differentiation of pluripotent stem cells into terminally differentiated photoreceptor cells comprises one approach, a series of studies revealed the intrinsic regenerative potential of the retina using endogenous retinal stem cells. Muller glial cells, ciliary pigment epithelial cells, and retinal pigment epithelial cells are candidates for such retinal stem cells that can differentiate into multiple types of retinal cells and be integrated into injured or developing retina. In this review, we explore our current understanding of the cellular identity of these candidate retinal stem cells and their therapeutic potential for cell therapy against degenerative retinal diseases. [BMB Reports 2015; 48(4): 193-199]
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Affiliation(s)
- Sohee Jeon
- Catholic High-Performance Cell Therapy Center & Department of Medical Lifescience; Department of Ophthalmology, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 137-701, Korea
| | - Il-Hoan Oh
- Catholic High-Performance Cell Therapy Center & Department of Medical Lifescience, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 137-701, Korea
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Delplace V, Payne S, Shoichet M. Delivery strategies for treatment of age-related ocular diseases: From a biological understanding to biomaterial solutions. J Control Release 2015; 219:652-668. [PMID: 26435454 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2015.09.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2015] [Revised: 09/28/2015] [Accepted: 09/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Age-related ocular diseases, such as age-related macular degeneration (AMD), diabetic retinopathy, and glaucoma, result in life-long functional deficits and enormous global health care costs. As the worldwide population ages, vision loss has become a major concern for both economic and human health reasons. Due to recent research into biomaterials and nanotechnology major advances have been gained in the field of ocular delivery. This review provides a summary and discussion of the most recent strategies employed for the delivery of both drugs and cells to the eye to treat a variety of age-related diseases. It emphasizes the current challenges and limitations to ocular delivery and how the use of innovative materials can overcome these issues and ultimately provide treatment for age-related degeneration and regeneration of lost tissues. This review also provides critical considerations and an outlook for future studies in the field of ophthalmic delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vianney Delplace
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, 200 College Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3E5, Canada; Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, 164 College Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3G9, Canada
| | - Samantha Payne
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, 200 College Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3E5, Canada; Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, 164 College Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3G9, Canada
| | - Molly Shoichet
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, 200 College Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3E5, Canada; Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, 164 College Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3G9, Canada.
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Stem cell based therapies for age-related macular degeneration: The promises and the challenges. Prog Retin Eye Res 2015; 48:1-39. [DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2015.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2015] [Revised: 06/05/2015] [Accepted: 06/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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70
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Tokuda K, Kuramitsu Y, Byron B, Kitagawa T, Tokuda N, Kobayashi D, Nagayama M, Araki N, Sonoda KH, Nakamura K. Up-regulation of DRP-3 long isoform during the induction of neural progenitor cells by glutamate treatment in the ex vivo rat retina. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2015; 463:593-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.05.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2015] [Accepted: 05/29/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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71
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Zhu J, Lamba DA. Restoring Vision: Where are We with Stem Cells? CURRENT OPHTHALMOLOGY REPORTS 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s40135-015-0078-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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72
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Santos-Carvalho A, Ambrósio AF, Cavadas C. Neuropeptide Y system in the retina: From localization to function. Prog Retin Eye Res 2015; 47:19-37. [DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2015.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2014] [Revised: 03/05/2015] [Accepted: 03/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Zhou PY, Peng GH, Xu H, Yin ZQ. c-Kit+ cells isolated from human fetal retinas represent a new population of retinal progenitor cells. J Cell Sci 2015; 128:2169-78. [PMID: 25918122 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.169086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2015] [Accepted: 04/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT
Definitive surface markers for retinal progenitor cells (RPCs) are still lacking. Therefore, we sorted c-Kit+ and stage-specific embryonic antigen-4− (SSEA4−) retinal cells for further biological characterization. RPCs were isolated from human fetal retinas (gestational age of 12–14 weeks). c-Kit+/SSEA4− RPCs were sorted by fluorescence-activated cell sorting, and their proliferation and differentiation capabilities were evaluated by using immunocytochemistry and flow cytometry. The effectiveness and safety were assessed following injection of c-Kit+/SSEA4− cells into the subretina of Royal College of Surgeons (RCS) rats. c-Kit+ cells were found in the inner part of the fetal retina. Sorted c-Kit+/SSEA4− cells expressed retinal stem cell markers. Our results clearly demonstrate the proliferative potential of these cells. Moreover, c-Kit+/SSEA4− cells differentiated into retinal cells that expressed markers of photoreceptor cells, ganglion cells and glial cells. These cells survived for at least 3 months after transplantation into the host subretinal space. Teratomas were not observed in the c-Kit+/SSEA4−-cell group. Thus, c-Kit can be used as a surface marker for RPCs, and c-Kit+/SSEA4− RPCs exhibit the ability to self-renew and differentiate into retinal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng-Yi Zhou
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, He'nan 450003, China
| | - Guang-Hua Peng
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, He'nan 450003, China
- Department of Ophthalmology, General Hospital of Chinese People's Liberation Army, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Haiwei Xu
- Southwest Hospital/Southwest Eye Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
- Key Lab of Ophthalmology of Chinese People's Liberation Army, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Zheng Qin Yin
- Southwest Hospital/Southwest Eye Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
- Key Lab of Ophthalmology of Chinese People's Liberation Army, Chongqing 400038, China
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74
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Hertsenberg AJ, Funderburgh JL. Stem Cells in the Cornea. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2015; 134:25-41. [PMID: 26310147 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2015.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The cornea is the tough, transparent tissue through which light first enters the eye and functions as a barrier to debris and infection as well as two-thirds of the refractive power of the eye. Corneal damage that is not promptly treated will often lead to scarring and vision impairment. Due to the limited options currently available to treat corneal scars, the identification and isolation of stem cells in the cornea has received much attention, as they may have potential for autologous, cell-based approaches to the treatment of damaged corneal tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Hertsenberg
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - James L Funderburgh
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.
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Rusu MC, Vrapciu AD. The human retinal stem niches could overlap a vascular anatomical pattern. Neural Regen Res 2015; 10:39-40. [PMID: 25788914 PMCID: PMC4357110 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.150651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Mugurel Constantin Rusu
- Division of Anatomy, Faculty of Dental Medicine, "Carol Davila" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest; MEDCENTER, Center of Excellence in Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Bucharest, Romania; International Society of Regenerative Medicine and Surgery (ISRMS), Romania
| | - Alexandra Diana Vrapciu
- Division of Anatomy, Faculty of Dental Medicine, "Carol Davila" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
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Demir MN, Acar U, Sobaci G, Pınarlı FA, Erginturk Acar D, Beyazyıldız E, Yesilyurt A, Delibasi T. The effects of commonly used intravitreal steroids on proliferation index of ciliary body-derived mesenchymal stem cells: an in vitro study. Cutan Ocul Toxicol 2015; 35:53-7. [PMID: 25714111 DOI: 10.3109/15569527.2015.1011746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
AIM To investigate the effects of commonly used intravitreal steroids on survival and proliferation (namely, proliferation index) of ciliary body-derived mesenchymal stem cells (CB-MSC). METHODS CB-MSCs were isolated from newborn rats' eye, and they were expanded in the medium. Commonly used intravitreal steroids such as dexamethasone (Dex) and triamcinolone acetonide (TA) were added into the medium at commonly used concentration in clinical practice (0.1 mg/mL) and at lower concentration (0.01 mg/mL). Proliferation indexes of CB-MSCs were analyzed with the xCELLigence system at nine consecutive times (at 3rd, 6th, 21th, 30th, 45th, 60th, 75th, 90th and 100th h). RESULTS Both TA and Dex at both 0.01 mg/mL and 0.1 mg/mL concentrations had negative effect on proliferation indexes of CB-MSC. Although negative effect of TA on proliferation index of CB-MSC at both concentrations was not statistically significant, statistically significant negative effect of Dex at 0.01 mg/mL concentration started 60th h (p = 0.017) and 0.1 mg/mL concentration started 30th h (p = 0.014). DISCUSSION Even therapeutic doses of intravitreal corticosteroid agents might have negative effects on limited numbers of stem cells. Especially, Dex caused statistically significant toxic effects on CB-MSCs even at lower concentrations of those used clinically. These novel findings deserve further in vivo investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Necati Demir
- a Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine , Yıldırım Beyazıt University , Ankara , Turkey
| | - Ugur Acar
- b Ophthalmology Department, Faculty of Medicine , Hacettepe University , Ankara , Turkey
| | - Gungor Sobaci
- b Ophthalmology Department, Faculty of Medicine , Hacettepe University , Ankara , Turkey
| | - Ferda Alpaslan Pınarlı
- c Center of Cell Research and Genetic Diagnosis, Dıskapı Yıldırım Beyazıt Research and Training Hospital , Ankara , Turkey
| | - Damla Erginturk Acar
- d Ophthalmology Department , Zekai Tahir Burak Women's Health Research and Training Hospital , Ankara , Turkey
| | - Emrullah Beyazyıldız
- e Department of Ophthalmology , Samsun Research and Training Hospital , Samsun , Turkey , and
| | - Ahmet Yesilyurt
- c Center of Cell Research and Genetic Diagnosis, Dıskapı Yıldırım Beyazıt Research and Training Hospital , Ankara , Turkey
| | - Tuncay Delibasi
- f Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism , Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine , Ankara , Turkey
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78
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Generation of a ciliary margin-like stem cell niche from self-organizing human retinal tissue. Nat Commun 2015; 6:6286. [PMID: 25695148 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms7286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 229] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2014] [Accepted: 01/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In the developing neural retina (NR), multipotent stem cells within the ciliary margin (CM) contribute to de novo retinal tissue growth. We recently reported the ability of human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) to self-organize stratified NR using a three-dimensional culture technique. Here we report the emergence of CM-like stem cell niches within human retinal tissue. First, we developed a culture method for selective NR differentiation by timed BMP4 treatment. We then found that inhibiting GSK3 and FGFR induced the transition from NR tissue to retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), and that removing this inhibition facilitated the reversion of this RPE-like tissue back to the NR fate. This step-wise induction-reversal method generated tissue aggregates with RPE at the margin of central-peripherally polarized NR. We demonstrate that the NR-RPE boundary tissue further self-organizes a niche for CM stem cells that functions to expand the NR peripherally by de novo progenitor generation.
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79
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Jayakody SA, Gonzalez-Cordero A, Ali RR, Pearson RA. Cellular strategies for retinal repair by photoreceptor replacement. Prog Retin Eye Res 2015; 46:31-66. [PMID: 25660226 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2015.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2014] [Revised: 01/13/2015] [Accepted: 01/19/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Loss of photoreceptors due to retinal degeneration is a major cause of blindness in the developed world. While no effective treatment is currently available, cell replacement therapy, using pluripotent stem cell-derived photoreceptor precursor cells, may be a feasible future treatment. Recent reports have demonstrated rescue of visual function following the transplantation of immature photoreceptors and we have seen major advances in our ability to generate transplantation-competent donor cells from stem cell sources. Moreover, we are beginning to realise the possibilities of using endogenous populations of cells from within the retina itself to mediate retinal repair. Here, we present a review of our current understanding of endogenous repair mechanisms together with recent progress in the use of both ocular and pluripotent stem cells for the treatment of photoreceptor loss. We consider how our understanding of retinal development has underpinned many of the recent major advances in translation and moved us closer to the goal of restoring vision by cellular means.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujatha A Jayakody
- Gene and Cell Therapy Group, Department of Genetics, UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, 11-43 Bath St, London EC1V 9EL, UK
| | - Anai Gonzalez-Cordero
- Gene and Cell Therapy Group, Department of Genetics, UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, 11-43 Bath St, London EC1V 9EL, UK
| | - Robin R Ali
- Gene and Cell Therapy Group, Department of Genetics, UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, 11-43 Bath St, London EC1V 9EL, UK; NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, City Road, London EC1V 2PD, UK
| | - Rachael A Pearson
- Gene and Cell Therapy Group, Department of Genetics, UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, 11-43 Bath St, London EC1V 9EL, UK.
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80
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Yu WY, Grierson I, Sheridan C, Lo ACY, Wong DSH. Bovine posterior limbus: an evaluation of an alternative source for corneal endothelial and trabecular meshwork stem/progenitor cells. Stem Cells Dev 2014; 24:624-39. [PMID: 25323922 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2014.0257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A growing body of evidence has revealed that stem-like cells in the posterior limbus of the eye between the corneal endothelium (CE) and trabecular meshwork (TM) may be able to rejuvenate these tissues in disease. However, these cells have not been clearly defined and we have named them PET cells (progenitor cells of the endothelium and trabeculum). A good and inexpensive animal model for PET cells is lacking, so we investigated bovine eyes as an effective large tissue source. We showed the presence of stem/progenitor cells in the bovine CE, transition zone, and TM in situ. Floating spheres cultured from the CE and TM showed similar stem cell marker expression patterns. Both the CE and TM spheres were bipotent and highly proliferative, but with limited secondary sphere-forming capability. They were highly prone to differentiate back into the cell type of their tissue of origin. It is speculated that the PET cells become more tissue-specific as they migrate away from their niche. Here, we showed that PET cells are present in the posterior limbus of bovine eyes and that they can be successfully cultured and expanded. PET cells represent an attractive target for developing new treatments to regenerate both the CE and TM, thereby reducing the requirement for donor tissue for corneal transplant and invasive treatments for glaucomatous patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wing Yan Yu
- 1 Department of Ophthalmology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong , Hong Kong, China
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81
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Hsu CC, Peng CH, Hung KH, Lee YY, Lin TC, Jang SF, Liu JH, Chen YT, Woung LC, Wang CY, Tsa CY, Chiou SH, Chen SJ, Chang YL. Stem Cell Therapy for Corneal Regeneration Medicine and Contemporary Nanomedicine for Corneal Disorders. Cell Transplant 2014; 24:1915-30. [PMID: 25506885 DOI: 10.3727/096368914x685744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The ocular surface is the outermost part of the visual system that faces many extrinsic or intrinsic threats, such as chemical burn, infectious pathogens, thermal injury, Stevens-Johnson syndrome, ocular pemphegoid, and other autoimmune diseases. The cornea plays an important role in conducting light into the eyes and protecting intraocular structures. Several ocular surface diseases will lead to the neovascularization or conjunctivalization of corneal epithelium, leaving opacified optical media. It is believed that some corneal limbal cells may present stem cell-like properties and are capable of regenerating corneal epithelium. Therefore, cultivation of limbal cells and reconstruction of the ocular surface with these limbal cell grafts have attracted tremendous interest in the past few years. Currently, stem cells are found to potentiate regenerative medicine by their capability of differentiation into multiple lineage cells. Among these, the most common cell sources for clinical use are embryonic, adult, and induced stem cells. Different stem cells have varied specific advantages and limitations for in vivo and in vitro expansion. Other than ocular surface diseases, culture and transplantation of corneal endothelial cells is another major issue for corneal decompensation and awaits further studies to find out comprehensive solutions dealing with nonregenerative corneal endothelium. Recently, studies of in vitro endothelium culture and ρ-associated kinase (ROCK) inhibitor have gained encouraging results. Some clinical trials have already been finished and achieved remarkable vision recovery. Finally, nanotechnology has shown great improvement in ocular drug delivery systems during the past two decades. Strategies to reconstruct the ocular surface could combine with nanoparticles to facilitate wound healing, drug delivery, and even neovascularization inhibition. In this review article, we summarized the major advances of corneal limbal stem cells, limbal stem cell deficiency, corneal endothelial cell culture/transplantation, and application of nanotechnology on ocular surface reconstruction. We also illustrated potential applications of current knowledge for the future treatment of ocular surface diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Chien Hsu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
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82
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Huang R, Baranov P, Lai K, Zhang X, Ge, J, Young MJ. Functional and morphological analysis of the subretinal injection of human retinal progenitor cells under Cyclosporin A treatment. Mol Vis 2014; 20:1271-80. [PMID: 25352736 PMCID: PMC4168833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2013] [Accepted: 09/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this study is to evaluate the functional and morphological changes in subretinal xenografts of human retinal progenitor cells (hRPCs) in B6 mice treated with Cyclosporin A (CsA; 210 mg/l in drinking water). METHODS The hRPCs from human fetal eyes were isolated and expanded for transplantation. These cells, with green fluorescent protein (GFP) at 11 passages, were transplanted into the subretinal space in B6 mice. A combination of invasive and noninvasive approaches was used to analyze the structural and functional consequences of the subretinal injection of the hRPCs. The process of change was monitored using spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SDOCT), histology, and electroretinography (ERG) at 3 days, 1 week, and 3 weeks after transplantation. Cell counts were used to evaluate the survival rate with a confocal microscope. ERGs were performed to evaluate the physiologic changes, and the structural changes were evaluated using SDOCT and histological examination. RESULTS The results of the histological examination showed that the hRPCs gained a better survival rate in the mice treated with CsA. The SDOCT showed that the bleb size of the retinal detachment was significantly decreased, and the retinal reattachment was nearly complete by 3 weeks. The ERG response amplitudes in the CsA group were less decreased after the injection, when compared with the control group, in the dark-adapted and light-adapted conditions. However, the cone-mediated function in both groups was less affected by the transplantation after 3 weeks than the rod-mediated function. CONCLUSIONS Although significant functional and structural recovery was observed after the subretinal injection of the hRPCs, the effectiveness of CsA in xenotransplantation may be a novel and potential approach for increasing retinal progenitor cell survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Huang
- Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China,Department of Ophthalmology, Schepens Eye Research Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Petr Baranov
- Department of Ophthalmology, Schepens Eye Research Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Kunbei Lai
- Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China,Department of Ophthalmology, Schepens Eye Research Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Xinmei Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Schepens Eye Research Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Jian Ge,
- Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Michael J. Young
- Department of Ophthalmology, Schepens Eye Research Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
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83
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Bray AF, Cevallos RR, Gazarian K, Lamas M. Human dental pulp stem cells respond to cues from the rat retina and differentiate to express the retinal neuronal marker rhodopsin. Neuroscience 2014; 280:142-55. [PMID: 25242642 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2014.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2014] [Revised: 09/05/2014] [Accepted: 09/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Human adult dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs) are self-renewing stem cells that originate from the neural crest during development and remain within the dental pulp niche through adulthood. Due to their multi-lineage differentiation potential and their relative ease of access they represent an exciting alternative for autologous stem cell-based therapies in neurodegenerative diseases. In animal models, DPSCs transplanted into the brain differentiate into functional neurons or astrocytes in response to local environmental cues that appear to influence the fate of the surviving cells. Here we tested the hypothesis that DPSCs might be able to respond to factors present in the retina enabling the regenerative potential of these cells. We evaluated the response of DPSCs to conditioned media from organotypic explants from control and chemically damaged rat retinas. To evaluate cell differentiation, we analyzed the expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), early neuronal and retinal markers (polysialic acid-neural cell adhesion molecule (PSA-NCAM); Pax6; Ascl1; NeuroD1) and the late photoreceptor marker rhodopsin, by immunofluorescence and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Exposure of DPSC cultures to conditioned media from control retinas induced a 39% reduction on the number of DPSCs that expressed GFAP; the expression of Pax6, Ascl1, PSA-NCAM or NeuroD1 was undetectable or did not change significantly. Expression of rhodopsin was not detectable in control or after exposure of the cultures with retinal conditioned media. By contrast, 44% of DPSCs exposed to conditioned media from damaged retinas were immunopositive to this protein. This response could not be reproduced when conditioned media from Müller-enriched primary cultures was used. Finally, quantitative RT-PCR was performed to compare the relative expression of glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF), nerve growth factor (NGF), ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in DPSC co-cultured with retinal organotypic explants, where BDNF mRNA expression was significantly upregulated in retinal-exposed cultures. Our data demonstrate that DPSC cultures respond to cues from the rat retina and differentiate to express retinal neuronal markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- A F Bray
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México D.F., Mexico; Departamento de Farmacobiología, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, México D.F., Mexico
| | - R R Cevallos
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México D.F., Mexico
| | - K Gazarian
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México D.F., Mexico
| | - M Lamas
- Departamento de Farmacobiología, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, México D.F., Mexico.
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Hu Y, Luo M, Ni N, Den Y, Xia J, Chen J, Ji J, Zhou X, Fan X, Gu P. Reciprocal actions of microRNA-9 and TLX in the proliferation and differentiation of retinal progenitor cells. Stem Cells Dev 2014; 23:2771-81. [PMID: 24901604 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2014.0021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent research has demonstrated critical roles of a number of microRNAs (miRNAs) in stem cell proliferation and differentiation. miRNA-9 (miR-9) is a brain-enriched miRNA. Whether miR-9 has a role in retinal progenitor cell (RPC) proliferation and differentiation remains unknown. In this study, we show that miR-9 plays an important role in RPC fate determination. The expression of miR-9 was inversely correlated with that of the nuclear receptor TLX, which is an essential regulator of neural stem cell self-renewal. Overexpression of miR-9 downregulated the TLX levels in RPCs, leading to reduced RPC proliferation and increased neuronal and glial differentiation, and the effect of miR-9 overexpression on RPC proliferation and differentiation was inhibited by the TLX overexpression; knockdown of miR-9 resulted in increased TLX expression as well as enhanced proliferation of RPCs. Furthermore, inhibition of endogenous TLX by small interfering RNA suppressed RPC proliferation and promoted RPCs to differentiate into retinal neuronal and glial cells. These results suggest that miR-9 and TLX form a feedback regulatory loop to coordinate the proliferation and differentiation of retinal progenitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yamin Hu
- 1 Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University , Shanghai, China
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85
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Inzulza Barrientos N, Matus Matus G, Torres Marín R. Meduloepitelioma en el adulto. REVISTA MEXICANA DE OFTALMOLOGÍA 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mexoft.2014.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
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Bertolotti E, Neri A, Camparini M, Macaluso C, Marigo V. Stem cells as source for retinal pigment epithelium transplantation. Prog Retin Eye Res 2014; 42:130-44. [PMID: 24933042 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2014.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2014] [Revised: 05/30/2014] [Accepted: 06/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Inherited maculopathies, age related macular degeneration and some forms of retinitis pigmentosa are associated with impaired function or loss of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). Among potential treatments, transplantation approaches are particularly promising. The arrangement of RPE cells in a well-defined tissue layer makes the RPE amenable to cell or tissue sheet transplantation. Different cell sources have been suggested for RPE transplantation but the development of a clinical protocol faces several obstacles. The source should provide a sufficient number of cells to at least recover the macula area. Secondly, cells should be plastic enough to be able to integrate in the host tissue. Tissue sheets should be considered as well, but the substrate on which RPE cells are cultured needs to be carefully evaluated. Immunogenicity can also be an obstacle for effective transplantation as well as tumorigenicity of not fully differentiated cells. Finally, ethical concerns may represent drawbacks when embryo-derived cells are proposed for RPE transplantation. Here we discuss different cell sources that became available in recent years and their different properties. We also present data on a new source of human RPE. We provide a protocol for RPE differentiation of retinal stem cells derived from adult ciliary bodies of post-mortem donors. We show molecular characterization of the in vitro differentiated RPE tissue and demonstrate its functionality based on a phagocytosis assay. This new source may provide tissue for allogenic transplantation based on best matches through histocompatibility testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelina Bertolotti
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Alberto Neri
- Ophthalmology, S.Bi.Bi.T. Department, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Monica Camparini
- Ophthalmology, S.Bi.Bi.T. Department, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Claudio Macaluso
- Ophthalmology, S.Bi.Bi.T. Department, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Valeria Marigo
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy.
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87
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Balenci L, Wonders C, Coles BLK, Clarke L, van der Kooy D. Bone morphogenetic proteins and secreted frizzled related protein 2 maintain the quiescence of adult mammalian retinal stem cells. Stem Cells 2014; 31:2218-30. [PMID: 23843349 DOI: 10.1002/stem.1470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2012] [Revised: 06/04/2013] [Accepted: 06/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Rare retinal stem cells (RSCs) within the ciliary epithelium at the retinal margin of the adult mouse and human eyes can divide in vitro in the absence of growth factors to generate clonal, self-renewing spheres which can generate all the retinal cell types. Since no regenerative properties are seen in situ in the adult mammalian eye, we sought to determine the factors that are involved in the repression of endogenous RSCs. We discovered that factors secreted by the adult lens and cornea block the proliferation of adult RSCs in vitro. Bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)2, BMP4, and secreted frizzled related protein 2 were identified as principal effectors of the anti-proliferative effects on RSCs. As a similar induced quiescence was observed in vitro on both mouse and human RSCs, targeting these molecules in vivo may reactivate RSCs directly in situ in the eyes of the blind.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Balenci
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Terrence Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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88
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Chiba C. The retinal pigment epithelium: An important player of retinal disorders and regeneration. Exp Eye Res 2014; 123:107-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2013.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2013] [Revised: 07/06/2013] [Accepted: 07/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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89
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Wang N, Zhang W, Cui J, Zhang H, Chen X, Li R, Wu N, Chen X, Wen S, Zhang J, Yin L, Deng F, Liao Z, Zhang Z, Zhang Q, Yan Z, Liu W, Ye J, Deng Y, Wang Z, Qiao M, Luu HH, Haydon RC, Shi LL, Liang H, He TC. The piggyBac transposon-mediated expression of SV40 T antigen efficiently immortalizes mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs). PLoS One 2014; 9:e97316. [PMID: 24845466 PMCID: PMC4028212 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0097316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2013] [Accepted: 04/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) are mesenchymal stem cell (MSC)-like multipotent progenitor cells and can undergo self-renewal and differentiate into to multiple lineages, including bone, cartilage and adipose. Primary MEFs have limited life span in culture, which thus hampers MEFs’ basic research and translational applications. To overcome this challenge, we investigate if piggyBac transposon-mediated expression of SV40 T antigen can effectively immortalize mouse MEFs and that the immortalized MEFs can maintain long-term cell proliferation without compromising their multipotency. Using the piggyBac vector MPH86 which expresses SV40 T antigen flanked with flippase (FLP) recognition target (FRT) sites, we demonstrate that mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) can be efficiently immortalized. The immortalized MEFs (piMEFs) exhibit an enhanced proliferative activity and maintain long-term cell proliferation, which can be reversed by FLP recombinase. The piMEFs express most MEF markers and retain multipotency as they can differentiate into osteogenic, chondrogenic and adipogenic lineages upon BMP9 stimulation in vitro. Stem cell implantation studies indicate that piMEFs can form bone, cartilage and adipose tissues upon BMP9 stimulation, whereas FLP-mediated removal of SV40 T antigen diminishes the ability of piMEFs to differentiate into these lineages, possibly due to the reduced expansion of progenitor populations. Our results demonstrate that piggyBac transposon-mediated expression of SV40 T can effectively immortalize MEFs and that the reversibly immortalized piMEFs not only maintain long-term cell proliferation but also retain their multipotency. Thus, the high transposition efficiency and the potential footprint-free natures may render piggyBac transposition an effective and safe strategy to immortalize progenitor cells isolated from limited tissue supplies, which is essential for basic and translational studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Wang
- Department of Oncology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Wenwen Zhang
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine, and the Affiliated Hospitals of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, the Affiliated Hospital, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Jing Cui
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine, and the Affiliated Hospitals of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hongmei Zhang
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine, and the Affiliated Hospitals of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiang Chen
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Ruidong Li
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine, and the Affiliated Hospitals of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ningning Wu
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine, and the Affiliated Hospitals of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xian Chen
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine, and the Affiliated Hospitals of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Sheng Wen
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine, and the Affiliated Hospitals of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Junhui Zhang
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine, and the Affiliated Hospitals of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Liangjun Yin
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine, and the Affiliated Hospitals of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Fang Deng
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- Department of Cell Biology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhan Liao
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Xiang-Ya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Zhonglin Zhang
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- Department of Surgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Qian Zhang
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine, and the Affiliated Hospitals of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhengjian Yan
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine, and the Affiliated Hospitals of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine, and the Affiliated Hospitals of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jixing Ye
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- School of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Youlin Deng
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine, and the Affiliated Hospitals of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhongliang Wang
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine, and the Affiliated Hospitals of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Min Qiao
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine, and the Affiliated Hospitals of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hue H. Luu
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Rex C. Haydon
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Lewis L. Shi
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Houjie Liang
- Department of Oncology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
- * E-mail: (HL); (TCH)
| | - Tong-Chuan He
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine, and the Affiliated Hospitals of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- * E-mail: (HL); (TCH)
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90
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Migration, integration, survival, and differentiation of stem cell-derived neural progenitors in the retina in a pharmacological model of retinal degeneration. ISRN OPHTHALMOLOGY 2014; 2013:752161. [PMID: 24558604 PMCID: PMC3914245 DOI: 10.1155/2013/752161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2012] [Accepted: 01/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Purpose. The purpose of this work was to evaluate the retinal integration and differentiation of neurospheres formed by stem cells and mouse neural progenitor cells injected intravitreally in mice eyes with retinal injury. Methods. Eight male C57BL mice, 8 weeks old, were submitted to intraperitoneal injection of sodium iodate (2% NaIO3, 50 mg/kg). After 72 hours, 2 μL of solution with mNPC were injected intravitreally (100.000 cells/μL). After 7 days, their eyes were dissected and cryoprotected in 30% sucrose in PB for at least 24 hours at 4°C. The material was analyzed by immunohistochemistry and the following primary antibodies evaluation. Results. The results showed that the grafted cells integrated and survived in the adult mice within the sinner retinal tissue for at least 7 days. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed mature neuronal pattern in some regions. The mNPC population in the transplants was tightly surrounded by neuroretinal cells, suggesting their active role in neuron survival. Notably, the appearance of GFP-positive mNPC was not the result of fusion between donor cells and endogenous neuroretinal cells. Conclusions. Migration, survival, and differentiation of mNPCs were observed after 7 days following a single application with neurosphere method. The results may be clinically relevant for future stem cell therapy to restore retinal degeneration.
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91
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Chitosan feasibility to retain retinal stem cell phenotype and slow proliferation for retinal transplantation. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:287896. [PMID: 24719852 PMCID: PMC3956287 DOI: 10.1155/2014/287896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2013] [Revised: 12/17/2013] [Accepted: 12/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Retinal stem cells (RSCs) are promising in cell replacement strategies for retinal diseases. RSCs can migrate, differentiate, and integrate into retina. However, RSCs transplantation needs an adequate support; chitosan membrane (ChM) could be one, which can carry RSCs with high feasibility to support their integration into retina. RSCs were isolated, evaluated for phenotype, and subsequently grown on sterilized ChM and polystyrene surface for 8 hours, 1, 4, and 11 days for analysing cell adhesion, proliferation, viability, and phenotype. Isolated RSCs expressed GFAP, PKC, isolectin, recoverin, RPE65, PAX-6, cytokeratin 8/18, and nestin proteins. They adhered (28 ± 16%, 8 hours) and proliferated (40 ± 20 cells/field, day 1 and 244 ± 100 cells/field, day 4) significantly low (P < 0.05) on ChM. However, they maintained similar viability (>95%) and phenotype (cytokeratin 8/18, PAX6, and nestin proteins expression, day 11) on both surfaces (ChM and polystyrene). RSCs did not express alpha-SMA protein on both surfaces. RSCs express proteins belonging to epithelial, glial, and neural cells, confirming that they need further stimulus to reach a final destination of differentiation that could be provided in in vivo condition. ChM does not alternate RSCs behaviour and therefore can be used as a cell carrier so that slow proliferating RSCs can migrate and integrate into retina.
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92
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Layer PG, Araki M, Vogel-Höpker A. New concepts for reconstruction of retinal and pigment epithelial tissues. EXPERT REVIEW OF OPHTHALMOLOGY 2014. [DOI: 10.1586/eop.10.42] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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93
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Sheridan C, Krishna Y, Williams R, Mason S, Wong D, Heimann H, Kent D, Grierson I. Transplantation in the treatment of age-related macular degeneration: past, present and future directions. EXPERT REVIEW OF OPHTHALMOLOGY 2014. [DOI: 10.1586/17469899.2.3.497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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94
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Luo J, Baranov P, Patel S, Ouyang H, Quach J, Wu F, Qiu A, Luo H, Hicks C, Zeng J, Zhu J, Lu J, Sfeir N, Wen C, Zhang M, Reade V, Patel S, Sinden J, Sun X, Shaw P, Young M, Zhang K. Human retinal progenitor cell transplantation preserves vision. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:6362-6371. [PMID: 24407289 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.513713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell transplantation is a potential therapeutic strategy for retinal degenerative diseases involving the loss of photoreceptors. However, it faces challenges to clinical translation due to safety concerns and a limited supply of cells. Human retinal progenitor cells (hRPCs) from fetal neural retina are expandable in vitro and maintain an undifferentiated state. This study aimed to investigate the therapeutic potential of hRPCs transplanted into a Royal College of Surgeons (RCS) rat model of retinal degeneration. At 12 weeks, optokinetic response showed that hRPC-grafted eyes had significantly superior visual acuity compared with vehicle-treated eyes. Histological evaluation of outer nuclear layer (ONL) characteristics such as ONL thickness, spread distance, and cell count demonstrated a significantly greater preservation of the ONL in hRPC-treated eyes compared with both vehicle-treated and control eyes. The transplanted hRPCs arrested visual decline over time in the RCS rat and rescued retinal morphology, demonstrating their potential as a therapy for retinal diseases. We suggest that the preservation of visual acuity was likely achieved through host photoreceptor rescue. We found that hRPC transplantation into the subretinal space of RCS rats was well tolerated, with no adverse effects such as tumor formation noted at 12 weeks after treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Luo
- Department of Ophthalmology, Second Xiangya Hospital and International Academy of Translational Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China; Institute for Genomic Medicine and Shiley Eye Center, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093
| | - Petr Baranov
- Schepens Eye Research Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Boston, Massachusetts 02114
| | - Sherrina Patel
- Institute for Genomic Medicine and Shiley Eye Center, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093
| | - Hong Ouyang
- Institute for Genomic Medicine and Shiley Eye Center, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093
| | - John Quach
- Institute for Genomic Medicine and Shiley Eye Center, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093
| | - Frances Wu
- Institute for Genomic Medicine and Shiley Eye Center, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093
| | - Austin Qiu
- Institute for Genomic Medicine and Shiley Eye Center, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093; Molecular Medicine Research Center, West China Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Hongrong Luo
- Institute for Genomic Medicine and Shiley Eye Center, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093; Molecular Medicine Research Center, West China Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Caroline Hicks
- ReNeuron Ltd., Guildford, Surrey GU2 7AF, United Kingdom
| | - Jing Zeng
- Institute for Genomic Medicine and Shiley Eye Center, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093; Department of Ophthalmology, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, China
| | - Jing Zhu
- Institute for Genomic Medicine and Shiley Eye Center, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093; Molecular Medicine Research Center, West China Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Jessica Lu
- Institute for Genomic Medicine and Shiley Eye Center, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093
| | - Nicole Sfeir
- Institute for Genomic Medicine and Shiley Eye Center, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093
| | - Cindy Wen
- Institute for Genomic Medicine and Shiley Eye Center, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093
| | - Meixia Zhang
- Molecular Medicine Research Center, West China Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | | | - Sara Patel
- Molecular Medicine Research Center, West China Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - John Sinden
- Molecular Medicine Research Center, West China Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Xiaodong Sun
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai JiaoTong University, Shanghai 200080, China; Eye Research Institute, Shanghai JiaoTong University, Shanghai 200080, China.
| | - Peter Shaw
- Institute for Genomic Medicine and Shiley Eye Center, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093
| | - Michael Young
- Schepens Eye Research Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Boston, Massachusetts 02114
| | - Kang Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Second Xiangya Hospital and International Academy of Translational Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China; Institute for Genomic Medicine and Shiley Eye Center, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093; Molecular Medicine Research Center, West China Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China; Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, San Diego, California 92161.
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95
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Pearson RA. Advances in repairing the degenerate retina by rod photoreceptor transplantation. Biotechnol Adv 2014; 32:485-91. [PMID: 24412415 PMCID: PMC4070022 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2014.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2013] [Revised: 09/26/2013] [Accepted: 01/01/2014] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Despite very different aetiologies, age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and most inherited retinal disorders culminate in the same final common pathway, loss of the light-sensitive photoreceptors. There are few clinical treatments and none can reverse the loss of vision. Photoreceptor replacement by transplantation is proposed as a broad treatment strategy applicable to all degenerations. The past decade has seen a number of landmark achievements in this field, which together provide strong justification for continuing investigation into photoreceptor replacement strategies. These include proof of principle for restoring vision by rod-photoreceptor transplantation in mice with congenital stationary night blindness and advances in stem cell biology, which have led to the generation of complete optic structures in vitro from embryonic stem cells. The latter represents enormous potential for generating suitable and renewable donor cells with which to achieve the former. However, there are still challenges presented by the degenerating recipient retinal environment that must be addressed as we move to translating these technologies towards clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachael A Pearson
- Department of Genetics, UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, 11-43 Bath Street, London EC1V 9EL, UK.
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96
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Martinez-De Luna RI, Zuber ME. Putting regeneration into regenerative medicine. J Ophthalmic Vis Res 2014; 9:126-33. [PMID: 24982746 PMCID: PMC4074488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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97
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Yip HK. Retinal stem cells and regeneration of vision system. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2013; 297:137-60. [PMID: 24293400 DOI: 10.1002/ar.22800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2013] [Accepted: 09/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The vertebrate retina is a well-characterized model for studying neurogenesis. Retinal neurons and glia are generated in a conserved order from a pool of mutlipotent progenitor cells. During retinal development, retinal stem/progenitor cells (RPC) change their competency over time under the influence of intrinsic (such as transcriptional factors) and extrinsic factors (such as growth factors). In this review, we summarize the roles of these factors, together with the understanding of the signaling pathways that regulate eye development. The information about the interactions between intrinsic and extrinsic factors for retinal cell fate specification is useful to regenerate specific retinal neurons from RPCs. Recent studies have identified RPCs in the retina, which may have important implications in health and disease. Despite the recent advances in stem cell biology, our understanding of many aspects of RPCs in the eye remains limited. PRCs are present in the developing eye of all vertebrates and remain active in lower vertebrates throughout life. In mammals, however, PRCs are quiescent and exhibit very little activity and thus have low capacity for retinal regeneration. A number of different cellular sources of RPCs have been identified in the vertebrate retina. These include PRCs at the retinal margin, pigmented cells in the ciliary body, iris, and retinal pigment epithelium, and Müller cells within the retina. Because PRCs can be isolated and expanded from immature and mature eyes, it is possible now to study these cells in culture and after transplantation in the degenerated retinal tissue. We also examine current knowledge of intrinsic RPCs, and human embryonic stems and induced pluripotent stem cells as potential sources for cell transplant therapy to regenerate the diseased retina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry K Yip
- Department of Anatomy, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Adminstrative Region, People's Republic of China; Research Center of Heart, Brain, Hormone and Healthy Aging, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Adminstrative Region, People's Republic of China; State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Adminstrative Region, People's Republic of China
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98
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Davari M, Soheili ZS, Ahmadieh H, Sanie-Jahromi F, Ghaderi S, Kanavi MR, Samiei S, Akrami H, Haghighi M, Javidi-Azad F. Amniotic fluid promotes the appearance of neural retinal progenitors and neurons in human RPE cell cultures. Mol Vis 2013; 19:2330-42. [PMID: 24265548 PMCID: PMC3834594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2013] [Accepted: 11/15/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells are capable of differentiating into retinal neurons when induced by the appropriate growth factors. Amniotic fluid contains a variety of growth factors that are crucial for the development of a fetus. In this study, the effects of human amniotic fluid (HAF) on primary RPE cell cultures were evaluated. METHODS RPE cells were isolated from the globes of postnatal human cadavers. The isolated cells were plated and grown in DMEM/F12 with 10% fetal bovine serum. To confirm the RPE identity of the cultured cells, they were immunocytochemically examined for the presence of the RPE cell-specific marker RPE65. RPE cultures obtained from passages 2-7 were treated with HAF and examined morphologically for 1 month. To determine whether retinal neurons or progenitors developed in the treated cultures, specific markers for bipolar (protein kinase C isomer α, PKCα), amacrine (cellular retinoic acid-binding protein I, CRABPI), and neural progenitor (NESTIN) cells were sought, and the amount of mRNA was quantified using real-time PCR. RESULTS Treating RPE cells with HAF led to a significant decrease in the number of RPE65-positive cells, while PKCα- and CRABPI-positive cells were detected in the cultures. Compared with the fetal bovine serum-treated cultures, the levels of mRNAs quantitatively increased by 2-, 20- and 22-fold for NESTIN, PKCα, and CRABPI, respectively. The RPE cultures treated with HAF established spheres containing both pigmented and nonpigmented cells, which expressed neural progenitor markers such as NESTIN. CONCLUSIONS This study showed that HAF can induce RPE cells to transdifferentiate into retinal neurons and progenitor cells, and that it provides a potential source for cell-based therapies to treat retinal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maliheh Davari
- National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Hamid Ahmadieh
- Ophthalmic Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Shima Ghaderi
- National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mozhgan Rezaei Kanavi
- Ocular Tissue Engineering Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shahram Samiei
- Iranian Blood Transfusion Organization Research Center, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hassan Akrami
- Department of Biology, School of Science, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran
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Balenci L, van der Kooy D. Notch signaling induces retinal stem-like properties in perinatal neural retina progenitors and promotes symmetric divisions in adult retinal stem cells. Stem Cells Dev 2013; 23:230-44. [PMID: 24050115 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2013.0177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding the mechanisms regulating retinal stem cell (RSC) activity is fundamental for future stem cell-based therapeutic purposes. By combining gain and loss of function approaches, we addressed whether Notch signaling may play a selective role in retinal stem versus retinal progenitor cells in both developing and adult eyes. Inhibition of either Notch or fibroblast growth factor signaling reduced proliferation of retinal stem and retinal progenitor cells, and inhibited RSC self-renewal. Conversely, exogenous Delta-like 3 and direct intrinsic Notch activation stimulated expansionary symmetric divisions in adult RSCs with the concomitant upregulation of Hes5. Knocking down Hes5 expression specifically decreased the numbers, but not the diameters, of adult RSC primary spheres, indicating that HES5 is the downstream effector of Notch receptor in controlling adult RSC proliferation. In addition, constitutive Notch activation induced retinal stem-like asymmetric self-renewal properties, with no expansion (no symmetrical division) in perinatal neural retina progenitor cells. These findings highlight central roles of Notch signaling activity in regulating the modes of division of retinal stem and retinal progenitor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Balenci
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Terrence Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto , Toronto, Canada
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100
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Santos-Carvalho A, Álvaro AR, Martins J, Ambrósio AF, Cavadas C. Emerging novel roles of neuropeptide Y in the retina: from neuromodulation to neuroprotection. Prog Neurobiol 2013; 112:70-9. [PMID: 24184719 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2013.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2012] [Revised: 10/14/2013] [Accepted: 10/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Neuropeptide Y (NPY) and NPY receptors are widely expressed in the central nervous system, including the retina. Retinal cells, in particular neurons, astrocytes, and Müller, microglial and endothelial cells express this peptide and its receptors (Y1, Y2, Y4 and/or Y5). Several studies have shown that NPY is expressed in the retina of various mammalian and non-mammalian species. However, studies analyzing the distribution of NPY receptors in the retina are still scarce. Although the physiological roles of NPY in the retina have not been completely elucidated, its early expression strongly suggests that NPY may be involved in the development of retinal circuitry. NPY inhibits the increase in [Ca(2+)]i triggered by elevated KCl in retinal neurons, protects retinal neural cells against toxic insults and induces the proliferation of retinal progenitor cells. In this review, we will focus on the roles of NPY in the retina, specifically proliferation, neuromodulation and neuroprotection. Alterations in the NPY system in the retina might contribute to the pathogenesis of retinal degenerative diseases, such as diabetic retinopathy and glaucoma, and NPY and its receptors might be viewed as potentially novel therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Santos-Carvalho
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Largo Marquês de Pombal, 3004-517 Coimbra, Portugal; Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Pólo das Ciências da Saúde, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Ana Rita Álvaro
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Largo Marquês de Pombal, 3004-517 Coimbra, Portugal; Department of Biology and Environment, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Apartado 1013, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - João Martins
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Largo Marquês de Pombal, 3004-517 Coimbra, Portugal; Centre of Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences, IBILI, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, Celas, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - António Francisco Ambrósio
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Largo Marquês de Pombal, 3004-517 Coimbra, Portugal; Centre of Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences, IBILI, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, Celas, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; AIBILI-Association for Innovation and Biomedical Research on Light and Image, Azinhaga Santa Comba, Celas, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Cláudia Cavadas
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Largo Marquês de Pombal, 3004-517 Coimbra, Portugal; Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Pólo das Ciências da Saúde, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal.
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