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Hocher V, Alloisio N, Auguy F, Fournier P, Doumas P, Pujic P, Gherbi H, Queiroux C, Da Silva C, Wincker P, Normand P, Bogusz D. Transcriptomics of actinorhizal symbioses reveals homologs of the whole common symbiotic signaling cascade. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2011; 156:700-11. [PMID: 21464474 PMCID: PMC3177269 DOI: 10.1104/pp.111.174151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2011] [Accepted: 03/30/2011] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Comparative transcriptomics of two actinorhizal symbiotic plants, Casuarina glauca and Alnus glutinosa, was used to gain insight into their symbiotic programs triggered following contact with the nitrogen-fixing actinobacterium Frankia. Approximately 14,000 unigenes were recovered in roots and 3-week-old nodules of each of the two species. A transcriptomic array was designed to monitor changes in expression levels between roots and nodules, enabling the identification of up- and down-regulated genes as well as root- and nodule-specific genes. The expression levels of several genes emblematic of symbiosis were confirmed by quantitative polymerase chain reaction. As expected, several genes related to carbon and nitrogen exchange, defense against pathogens, or stress resistance were strongly regulated. Furthermore, homolog genes of the common and nodule-specific signaling pathways known in legumes were identified in the two actinorhizal symbiotic plants. The conservation of the host plant signaling pathway is all the more surprising in light of the lack of canonical nod genes in the genomes of its bacterial symbiont, Frankia. The evolutionary pattern emerging from these studies reinforces the hypothesis of a common genetic ancestor of the Fabid (Eurosid I) nodulating clade with a genetic predisposition for nodulation.
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Casabuono A, Petrocelli S, Ottado J, Orellano EG, Couto AS. Structural analysis and involvement in plant innate immunity of Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. citri lipopolysaccharide. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:25628-43. [PMID: 21596742 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.186049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. citri (Xac) causes citrus canker, provoking defoliation and premature fruit drop with concomitant economical damage. In plant pathogenic bacteria, lipopolysaccharides are important virulence factors, and they are being increasingly recognized as major pathogen-associated molecular patterns for plants. In general, three domains are recognized in a lipopolysaccharide: the hydrophobic lipid A, the hydrophilic O-antigen polysaccharide, and the core oligosaccharide, connecting lipid A and O-antigen. In this work, we have determined the structure of purified lipopolysaccharides obtained from Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. citri wild type and a mutant of the O-antigen ABC transporter encoded by the wzt gene. High pH anion exchange chromatography and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrum analysis were performed, enabling determination of the structure not only of the released oligosaccharides and lipid A moieties but also the intact lipopolysaccharides. The results demonstrate that Xac wild type and Xacwzt LPSs are composed mainly of a penta- or tetra-acylated diglucosamine backbone attached to either two pyrophosphorylethanolamine groups or to one pyrophosphorylethanolamine group and one phosphorylethanolamine group. The core region consists of a branched oligosaccharide formed by Kdo₂Hex₆GalA₃Fuc3NAcRha₄ and two phosphate groups. As expected, the presence of a rhamnose homo-oligosaccharide as O-antigen was determined only in the Xac wild type lipopolysaccharide. In addition, we have examined how lipopolysaccharides from Xac function in the pathogenesis process. We analyzed the response of the different lipopolysaccharides during the stomata aperture closure cycle, the callose deposition, the expression of defense-related genes, and reactive oxygen species production in citrus leaves, suggesting a functional role of the O-antigen from Xac lipopolysaccharides in the basal response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Casabuono
- Centro de Investigaciones en Hidratos de Carbono, Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Cs. Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires 1428, Argentina
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53
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Wang YH, Gehring C, Irving HR. Plant natriuretic peptides are apoplastic and paracrine stress response molecules. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2011; 52:837-50. [PMID: 21478192 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcr036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Higher plants contain biologically active proteins that are recognized by antibodies against human atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP). We identified and isolated two Arabidopsis thaliana immunoreactive plant natriuretic peptide (PNP)-encoding genes, AtPNP-A and AtPNP-B, which are distantly related members of the expansin superfamily and have a role in the regulation of homeostasis in abiotic and biotic stresses, and have shown that AtPNP-A modulates the effects of ABA on stomata. Arabidopsis PNP (PNP-A) is mainly expressed in leaf mesophyll cells, and in protoplast assays we demonstrate that it is secreted using AtPNP-A:green fluorescent protein (GFP) reporter constructs and flow cytometry. Transient reporter assays provide evidence that AtPNP-A expression is enhanced by heat, osmotica and salt, and that AtPNP-A itself can enhance its own expression, thereby generating a response signature diagnostic for paracrine action and potentially also autocrine effects. Expression of native AtPNP-A is enhanced by osmotica and transiently by salt. Although AtPNP-A expression is induced by salt and osmotica, ABA does not significantly modulate AtPNP-A levels nor does recombinant AtPNP-A affect reporter expression of the ABA-responsive RD29A gene. Together, these results provide experimental evidence that AtPNP-A is stress responsive, secreted into the apoplastic space and can enhance its own expression. Furthermore, our findings support the idea that AtPNP-A, together with ABA, is an important component in complex plant stress responses and that, much like in animals, peptide signaling molecules can create diverse and modular signals essential for growth, development and defense under rapidly changing environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Hua Wang
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, Vic 3052, Australia
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54
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Moreira LM, Almeida NF, Potnis N, Digiampietri LA, Adi SS, Bortolossi JC, da Silva AC, da Silva AM, de Moraes FE, de Oliveira JC, de Souza RF, Facincani AP, Ferraz AL, Ferro MI, Furlan LR, Gimenez DF, Jones JB, Kitajima EW, Laia ML, Leite RP, Nishiyama MY, Rodrigues Neto J, Nociti LA, Norman DJ, Ostroski EH, Pereira HA, Staskawicz BJ, Tezza RI, Ferro JA, Vinatzer BA, Setubal JC. Novel insights into the genomic basis of citrus canker based on the genome sequences of two strains of Xanthomonas fuscans subsp. aurantifolii. BMC Genomics 2010; 11:238. [PMID: 20388224 PMCID: PMC2883993 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-11-238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2009] [Accepted: 04/13/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Citrus canker is a disease that has severe economic impact on the citrus industry worldwide. There are three types of canker, called A, B, and C. The three types have different phenotypes and affect different citrus species. The causative agent for type A is Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri, whose genome sequence was made available in 2002. Xanthomonas fuscans subsp. aurantifolii strain B causes canker B and Xanthomonas fuscans subsp. aurantifolii strain C causes canker C. RESULTS We have sequenced the genomes of strains B and C to draft status. We have compared their genomic content to X. citri subsp. citri and to other Xanthomonas genomes, with special emphasis on type III secreted effector repertoires. In addition to pthA, already known to be present in all three citrus canker strains, two additional effector genes, xopE3 and xopAI, are also present in all three strains and are both located on the same putative genomic island. These two effector genes, along with one other effector-like gene in the same region, are thus good candidates for being pathogenicity factors on citrus. Numerous gene content differences also exist between the three cankers strains, which can be correlated with their different virulence and host range. Particular attention was placed on the analysis of genes involved in biofilm formation and quorum sensing, type IV secretion, flagellum synthesis and motility, lipopolysacharide synthesis, and on the gene xacPNP, which codes for a natriuretic protein. CONCLUSION We have uncovered numerous commonalities and differences in gene content between the genomes of the pathogenic agents causing citrus canker A, B, and C and other Xanthomonas genomes. Molecular genetics can now be employed to determine the role of these genes in plant-microbe interactions. The gained knowledge will be instrumental for improving citrus canker control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leandro M Moreira
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Instituto de Ciências Exatas e Biológicas, Campus Morro do Cruzeiro, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, MG, Brazil
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Nalvo F Almeida
- Faculdade de Computação, Universidade Federal do Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil
| | - Neha Potnis
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Luciano A Digiampietri
- Escola de Artes, Ciências, e Humanidades, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
- Laboratório de Bioinformática, Instituto de Computação, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Said S Adi
- Faculdade de Computação, Universidade Federal do Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil
| | - Julio C Bortolossi
- Departamento de Tecnologia, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias de Jaboticabal, UNESP - Univ. Estadual Paulista, Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Aline M da Silva
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Fabrício E de Moraes
- Departamento de Tecnologia, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias de Jaboticabal, UNESP - Univ. Estadual Paulista, Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
| | - Julio C de Oliveira
- Departamento de Tecnologia, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias de Jaboticabal, UNESP - Univ. Estadual Paulista, Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Campus de Diadema, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Robson F de Souza
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Agda P Facincani
- Departamento de Tecnologia, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias de Jaboticabal, UNESP - Univ. Estadual Paulista, Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
| | - André L Ferraz
- Departamento de Tecnologia, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias de Jaboticabal, UNESP - Univ. Estadual Paulista, Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
| | - Maria I Ferro
- Departamento de Tecnologia, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias de Jaboticabal, UNESP - Univ. Estadual Paulista, Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
| | - Luiz R Furlan
- Departamento de Melhoramento e Nutrição Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia de Botucatu, UNESP - Univ. Estadual Paulista, SP, Brazil
| | - Daniele F Gimenez
- Departamento de Tecnologia, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias de Jaboticabal, UNESP - Univ. Estadual Paulista, Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
| | - Jeffrey B Jones
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Elliot W Kitajima
- Núcleo de apoio à pesquisa em microscopia eletrônica aplicada à pesquisa agropecuária, Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz, Universidade de São Paulo, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Marcelo L Laia
- Departamento de Tecnologia, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias de Jaboticabal, UNESP - Univ. Estadual Paulista, Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
- Departamento de Engenharia Florestal, Centro de Ciências Agroveterinárias, Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina, Lages, SC, Brazil
| | - Rui P Leite
- Instituto Agronômico do Paraná, Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Milton Y Nishiyama
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Julio Rodrigues Neto
- Laboratório de Bacteriologia Vegetal, Instituto Biológico Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Letícia A Nociti
- Departamento de Tecnologia, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias de Jaboticabal, UNESP - Univ. Estadual Paulista, Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
| | - David J Norman
- Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, Mid-Florida Research & Education Center, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Eric H Ostroski
- Laboratório de Bioinformática, Instituto de Computação, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Haroldo A Pereira
- Departamento de Tecnologia, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias de Jaboticabal, UNESP - Univ. Estadual Paulista, Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
| | - Brian J Staskawicz
- Department of Plant & Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Renata I Tezza
- Departamento de Tecnologia, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias de Jaboticabal, UNESP - Univ. Estadual Paulista, Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
| | - Jesus A Ferro
- Departamento de Tecnologia, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias de Jaboticabal, UNESP - Univ. Estadual Paulista, Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
| | - Boris A Vinatzer
- Department of Plant Pathology, Physiology and Weed Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - João C Setubal
- Virginia Bioinformatics Institute, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA
- Department of Computer Science, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA
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Garavaglia BS, Thomas L, Zimaro T, Gottig N, Daurelio LD, Ndimba B, Orellano EG, Ottado J, Gehring C. A plant natriuretic peptide-like molecule of the pathogen Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. citri causes rapid changes in the proteome of its citrus host. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2010; 10:51. [PMID: 20302677 PMCID: PMC2923525 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2229-10-51] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2009] [Accepted: 03/21/2010] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plant natriuretic peptides (PNPs) belong to a novel class of peptidic signaling molecules that share some structural similarity to the N-terminal domain of expansins and affect physiological processes such as water and ion homeostasis at nano-molar concentrations. The citrus pathogen Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. citri possesses a PNP-like peptide (XacPNP) uniquely present in this bacteria. Previously we observed that the expression of XacPNP is induced upon infection and that lesions produced in leaves infected with a XacPNP deletion mutant were more necrotic and lead to earlier bacterial cell death, suggesting that the plant-like bacterial PNP enables the plant pathogen to modify host responses in order to create conditions favorable to its own survival. RESULTS Here we measured chlorophyll fluorescence parameters and water potential of citrus leaves infiltrated with recombinant purified XacPNP and demonstrate that the peptide improves the physiological conditions of the tissue. Importantly, the proteomic analysis revealed that these responses are mirrored by rapid changes in the host proteome that include the up-regulation of Rubisco activase, ATP synthase CF1 alpha subunit, maturase K, and alpha- and beta-tubulin. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrate that XacPNP induces changes in host photosynthesis at the level of protein expression and in photosynthetic efficiency in particular. Our findings suggest that the biotrophic pathogen can use the plant-like hormone to modulate the host cellular environment and in particular host metabolism and that such modulations weaken host defence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Betiana S Garavaglia
- Molecular Biology Division, Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Suipacha 531, (S2002LRK) Rosario, Argentina
- Consejo de Investigaciones de la Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Ludivine Thomas
- Department of Biotechnology, University of the Western Cape, Bellville 7535, South Africa
| | - Tamara Zimaro
- Molecular Biology Division, Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Suipacha 531, (S2002LRK) Rosario, Argentina
| | - Natalia Gottig
- Molecular Biology Division, Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Suipacha 531, (S2002LRK) Rosario, Argentina
| | - Lucas D Daurelio
- Molecular Biology Division, Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Suipacha 531, (S2002LRK) Rosario, Argentina
| | - Bongani Ndimba
- Department of Biotechnology, University of the Western Cape, Bellville 7535, South Africa
| | - Elena G Orellano
- Molecular Biology Division, Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Suipacha 531, (S2002LRK) Rosario, Argentina
| | - Jorgelina Ottado
- Molecular Biology Division, Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Suipacha 531, (S2002LRK) Rosario, Argentina
| | - Chris Gehring
- Department of Biotechnology, University of the Western Cape, Bellville 7535, South Africa
- CBRC, 4700 King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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56
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Garavaglia BS, Thomas L, Gottig N, Dunger G, Garofalo CG, Daurelio LD, Ndimba B, Orellano EG, Gehring C, Ottado J. A eukaryotic-acquired gene by a biotrophic phytopathogen allows prolonged survival on the host by counteracting the shut-down of plant photosynthesis. PLoS One 2010; 5:e8950. [PMID: 20126632 PMCID: PMC2812515 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0008950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2009] [Accepted: 01/10/2010] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Xanthomonas citri pv. citri, the bacteria responsible for citrus canker posses a biological active plant natriuretic peptide (PNP)-like protein, not present in any other bacteria. PNPs are a class of extracellular, systemically mobile peptides that elicit a number of plant responses important in homeostasis and growth. Previously, we showed that a Xanthomonas citri pv. citri mutant lacking the PNP-like protein XacPNP produced more necrotic lesions in citrus leaves than wild type infections and suggested a role for XacPNP in the regulation of host homeostasis. Here we have analyzed the proteome modifications observed in citrus leaves infected with the wild type and XacPNP deletion mutant bacteria. While both of them cause down-regulation of enzymes related to photosynthesis as well as chloroplastic ribosomal proteins, proteins related to defense responses are up-regulated. However, leaves infiltrated with the XacPNP deletion mutant show a more pronounced decrease in photosynthetic proteins while no reduction in defense related proteins as compared to the wild-type pathogen. This suggests that XacPNP serves the pathogen to maintain host photosynthetic efficiency during pathogenesis. The results from the proteomics analyses are consistent with our chlorophyll fluorescence data and transcript analyses of defense genes that show a more marked reduction in photosynthesis in the mutant but no difference in the induction of genes diagnostic for biotic-stress responses. We therefore conclude that XacPNP counteracts the shut-down of host photosynthesis during infection and in that way maintains the tissue in better conditions, suggesting that the pathogen has adapted a host gene to modify its natural host and render it a better reservoir for prolonged bacterial survival and thus for further colonization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Betiana S. Garavaglia
- Molecular Biology Division, Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Rosario, Argentina
- Consejo de Investigaciones, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Ludivine Thomas
- Department of Biotechnology, University of the Western Cape, Bellville, South Africa
| | - Natalia Gottig
- Molecular Biology Division, Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Germán Dunger
- Molecular Biology Division, Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Cecilia G. Garofalo
- Molecular Biology Division, Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Lucas D. Daurelio
- Molecular Biology Division, Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Bongani Ndimba
- Department of Biotechnology, University of the Western Cape, Bellville, South Africa
| | - Elena G. Orellano
- Molecular Biology Division, Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Chris Gehring
- Department of Biotechnology, University of the Western Cape, Bellville, South Africa
- Computational Bioscience Research Centre, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Jorgelina Ottado
- Molecular Biology Division, Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Rosario, Argentina
- * E-mail:
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57
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Ton J, Flors V, Mauch-Mani B. The multifaceted role of ABA in disease resistance. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2009; 14:310-7. [PMID: 19443266 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2009.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 475] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2009] [Revised: 03/20/2009] [Accepted: 03/23/2009] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Long known only for its role in abiotic stress tolerance, recent evidence shows that abscisic acid (ABA) also has a prominent role in biotic stress. Although it acts as a negative regulator of disease resistance, ABA can also promote plant defense and is involved in a complicated network of synergistic and antagonistic interactions. Its role in disease resistance depends on the type of pathogen, its specific way of entering the host and, hence, the timing of the defense response and the type of affected plant tissue. Here, we discuss the controversial evidence pointing to either a repression or a promotion of resistance by ABA. Furthermore, we propose a model in which both possibilities are integrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jurriaan Ton
- Rothamsted Research, West Common, Harpenden, Herts, AL5 2JQ, UK
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58
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Meier S, Madeo L, Ederli L, Donaldson L, Pasqualini S, Gehring C. Deciphering cGMP signatures and cGMP-dependent pathways in plant defence. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2009; 4:307-9. [PMID: 19794847 PMCID: PMC2664491 DOI: 10.4161/psb.4.4.8066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2009] [Accepted: 02/02/2009] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The second messenger, 3′,5′-cyclic monophosphate (cGMP), is a critical component of many different processes in plants while guanylyl cyclases that catalyse the formation of cGMP from GTP have remained somewhat elusive in higher plants. Consequently, two major aims are the discovery of novel GCs and the identification of cGMP mediated processes. Recently, we have reported temporal signatures of ozone (O3)-induced hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and nitric oxide (NO) generation, their effect on cGMP generation, and consequent transcriptional changes of genes diagnostic for stress responses in tobacco. We demonstrated that O3 and NO induced early transcriptional activation of the scavenger encoding proteins, alternative oxidase (AOX1a ), glutathione peroxidase (GPX ) and the induction of ethylene production through aminocyclopropancarboxylic acid synthase (ACS2 ) are cGMP-independent. By contrast, the early response of the phenylalanine ammonia lyase gene (PALa ) and the late response of the gene encoding the pathogenesis-related protein (PR1a ) show critical dependence on cGMP. Here we show differential cGMP responses to virulent and avirulent Pseudomonas syringae strains and propose that host-pathogen recognition and/or down-stream processes are transduced by complex cGMP signatures. This is in accordance with the identification of a growing number of multi-domain molecules in Arabidopsis that are reported to contain putative functional GC catalytic centers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart Meier
- South African National Institute of Bioinformatics, Bellville, South Africa
| | - Laura Madeo
- Department of Applied Biology; University of Perugia; Perugia, Italy
| | - Luisa Ederli
- Department of Applied Biology; University of Perugia; Perugia, Italy
| | - Lara Donaldson
- Department of Biotechnology; University of the Western Cape; Bellville, South Africa
| | | | - Chris Gehring
- Department of Biotechnology; University of the Western Cape; Bellville, South Africa
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59
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Gottig N, Garavaglia BS, Garofalo CG, Orellano EG, Ottado J. A filamentous hemagglutinin-like protein of Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. citri, the phytopathogen responsible for citrus canker, is involved in bacterial virulence. PLoS One 2009; 4:e4358. [PMID: 19194503 PMCID: PMC2632755 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0004358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2008] [Accepted: 12/29/2008] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. citri, the phytopathogen responsible for citrus canker has a number of protein secretion systems and among them, at least one type V protein secretion system belonging to the two-partner secretion pathway. This system is mainly associated to the translocation of large proteins such as adhesins to the outer membrane of several pathogens. Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. citri possess a filamentous hemagglutinin-like protein in close vicinity to its putative transporter protein, XacFhaB and XacFhaC, respectively. Expression analysis indicated that XacFhaB was induced in planta during plant-pathogen interaction. By mutation analysis of XacFhaB and XacFhaC genes we determined that XacFhaB is involved in virulence both in epiphytic and wound inoculations, displaying more dispersed and fewer canker lesions. Unexpectedly, the XacFhaC mutant in the transporter protein produced an intermediate virulence phenotype resembling wild type infection, suggesting that XacFhaB could be secreted by another partner different from XacFhaC. Moreover, XacFhaB mutants showed a general lack of adhesion and were affected in leaf surface attachment and biofilm formation. In agreement with the in planta phenotype, adhesin lacking cells moved faster in swarming plates. Since no hyperflagellation phenotype was observed in this bacteria, the faster movement may be attributed to the lack of cell-to-cell aggregation. Moreover, XacFhaB mutants secreted more exopolysaccharide that in turn may facilitate its motility. Our results suggest that this hemagglutinin-like protein is required for tissue colonization being mainly involved in surface attachment and biofilm formation, and that plant tissue attachment and cell-to-cell aggregation are dependent on the coordinated action of adhesin molecules and exopolysaccharides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Gottig
- Molecular Biology Division, Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Betiana S. Garavaglia
- Molecular Biology Division, Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Cecilia G. Garofalo
- Molecular Biology Division, Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Elena G. Orellano
- Molecular Biology Division, Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Jorgelina Ottado
- Molecular Biology Division, Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Rosario, Argentina
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