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Arra Y, Auguy F, Stiebner M, Chéron S, Wudick MM, Miras M, Schepler‐Luu V, Köhler S, Cunnac S, Frommer WB, Albar L. Rice Yellow Mottle Virus resistance by genome editing of the Oryza sativa L. ssp. japonica nucleoporin gene OsCPR5.1 but not OsCPR5.2. Plant Biotechnol J 2024; 22:1299-1311. [PMID: 38124291 PMCID: PMC11022797 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.14266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Revised: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Rice yellow mottle virus (RYMV) causes one of the most devastating rice diseases in Africa. Management of RYMV is challenging. Genetic resistance provides the most effective and environment-friendly control. The recessive resistance locus rymv2 (OsCPR5.1) had been identified in African rice (Oryza glaberrima), however, introgression into Oryza sativa ssp. japonica and indica remains challenging due to crossing barriers. Here, we evaluated whether CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing of the two rice nucleoporin paralogs OsCPR5.1 (RYMV2) and OsCPR5.2 can be used to introduce RYMV resistance into the japonica variety Kitaake. Both paralogs had been shown to complement the defects of the Arabidopsis atcpr5 mutant, indicating partial redundancy. Despite striking sequence and structural similarities between the two paralogs, only oscpr5.1 loss-of-function mutants were fully resistant, while loss-of-function oscpr5.2 mutants remained susceptible, intimating that OsCPR5.1 plays a specific role in RYMV susceptibility. Notably, edited lines with short in-frame deletions or replacements in the N-terminal domain (predicted to be unstructured) of OsCPR5.1 were hypersusceptible to RYMV. In contrast to mutations in the single Arabidopsis AtCPR5 gene, which caused severely dwarfed plants, oscpr5.1 and oscpr5.2 single and double knockout mutants showed neither substantial growth defects nor symptoms indicative lesion mimic phenotypes, possibly reflecting functional differentiation. The specific editing of OsCPR5.1, while maintaining OsCPR5.2 activity, provides a promising strategy for generating RYMV-resistance in elite Oryza sativa lines as well as for effective stacking with other RYMV resistance genes or other traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yugander Arra
- Faculty of Mathematics and Natural SciencesInstitute for Molecular Physiology, Heinrich Heine University DüsseldorfDüsseldorfGermany
| | - Florence Auguy
- IRD, CIRAD, INRAEPHIM Plant Health Institute of Montpellier, Institut Agro, University MontpellierMontpellierFrance
| | - Melissa Stiebner
- Faculty of Mathematics and Natural SciencesInstitute for Molecular Physiology, Heinrich Heine University DüsseldorfDüsseldorfGermany
| | - Sophie Chéron
- IRD, CIRAD, INRAEPHIM Plant Health Institute of Montpellier, Institut Agro, University MontpellierMontpellierFrance
| | - Michael M. Wudick
- Faculty of Mathematics and Natural SciencesInstitute for Molecular Physiology, Heinrich Heine University DüsseldorfDüsseldorfGermany
| | - Manuel Miras
- Faculty of Mathematics and Natural SciencesInstitute for Molecular Physiology, Heinrich Heine University DüsseldorfDüsseldorfGermany
| | - Van Schepler‐Luu
- Faculty of Mathematics and Natural SciencesInstitute for Molecular Physiology, Heinrich Heine University DüsseldorfDüsseldorfGermany
| | - Steffen Köhler
- Faculty of Mathematics and Natural SciencesInstitute for Molecular Physiology, Heinrich Heine University DüsseldorfDüsseldorfGermany
- Center for Advanced ImagingHeinrich Heine University DüsseldorfDüsseldorfGermany
| | - Sébastien Cunnac
- IRD, CIRAD, INRAEPHIM Plant Health Institute of Montpellier, Institut Agro, University MontpellierMontpellierFrance
| | - Wolf B. Frommer
- Faculty of Mathematics and Natural SciencesInstitute for Molecular Physiology, Heinrich Heine University DüsseldorfDüsseldorfGermany
- Center for Advanced ImagingHeinrich Heine University DüsseldorfDüsseldorfGermany
- Institute of Transformative Bio‐Molecules (ITbM‐WPI)Nagoya UniversityNagoyaJapan
| | - Laurence Albar
- IRD, CIRAD, INRAEPHIM Plant Health Institute of Montpellier, Institut Agro, University MontpellierMontpellierFrance
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2
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Schepler-Luu V, Sciallano C, Stiebner M, Ji C, Boulard G, Diallo A, Auguy F, Char SN, Arra Y, Schenstnyi K, Buchholzer M, Loo EPI, Bilaro AL, Lihepanyama D, Mkuya M, Murori R, Oliva R, Cunnac S, Yang B, Szurek B, Frommer WB. Genome editing of an African elite rice variety confers resistance against endemic and emerging Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae strains. eLife 2023; 12:e84864. [PMID: 37337668 DOI: 10.7554/elife.84864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacterial leaf blight (BB) of rice, caused by Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo), threatens global food security and the livelihood of small-scale rice producers. Analyses of Xoo collections from Asia, Africa and the Americas demonstrated complete continental segregation, despite robust global rice trade. Here, we report unprecedented BB outbreaks in Tanzania. The causative strains, unlike endemic African Xoo, carry Asian-type TAL effectors targeting the sucrose transporter SWEET11a and iTALes suppressing Xa1. Phylogenomics clustered these strains with Xoo from Southern-China. African rice varieties do not carry effective resistance. To protect African rice production against this emerging threat, we developed a hybrid CRISPR-Cas9/Cpf1 system to edit all known TALe-binding elements in three SWEET promoters of the East African elite variety Komboka. The edited lines show broad-spectrum resistance against Asian and African strains of Xoo, including strains recently discovered in Tanzania. The strategy could help to protect global rice crops from BB pandemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Van Schepler-Luu
- Institute for Molecular Physiology, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Coline Sciallano
- Plant Health Institute of Montpellier, Université Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Melissa Stiebner
- Institute for Molecular Physiology, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Chonghui Ji
- Division of Plant Science and Technology, University of Missouri, Columbia, United States
| | - Gabriel Boulard
- Plant Health Institute of Montpellier, Université Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Amadou Diallo
- Plant Health Institute of Montpellier, Université Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Florence Auguy
- Plant Health Institute of Montpellier, Université Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Si Nian Char
- Division of Plant Science and Technology, University of Missouri, Columbia, United States
| | - Yugander Arra
- Institute for Molecular Physiology, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Kyrylo Schenstnyi
- Institute for Molecular Physiology, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Marcel Buchholzer
- Institute for Molecular Physiology, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Eliza P I Loo
- Institute for Molecular Physiology, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Atugonza L Bilaro
- Tanzania Agricultural Research Institute (TARI)-Uyole Centre, Mbeya, United Republic of Tanzania
| | - David Lihepanyama
- Tanzania Agricultural Research Institute (TARI)-Uyole Centre, Mbeya, United Republic of Tanzania
| | - Mohammed Mkuya
- Eastern and Southern Africa Region, International Rice Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Rosemary Murori
- Africa Regional Office, International Rice Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | | | - Sebastien Cunnac
- Plant Health Institute of Montpellier, Université Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Bing Yang
- Division of Plant Science and Technology, University of Missouri, Columbia, United States
| | - Boris Szurek
- Plant Health Institute of Montpellier, Université Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Wolf B Frommer
- Institute for Molecular Physiology, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
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3
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Sciallano C, Auguy F, Boulard G, Szurek B, Cunnac S. The Complete Genome Resource of Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae CIX2779 Includes the First Sequence of a Plasmid for an African Representative of This Rice Pathogen. Mol Plant Microbe Interact 2023; 36:73-77. [PMID: 36537805 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-09-22-0191-a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The bacterial plant pathogen Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae is responsible for the foliar rice bacterial blight disease. Genetically contrasted, continent-specific, sublineages of this species can cause important damages to rice production both in Asia and Africa. We report on the genome of the CIX2779 strain of this pathogen, previously named NAI1 and originating from Niger. Oxford Nanopore long reads assembly and Illumina short reads polishing produced a genome sequence composed of a 4,725,792-bp circular chromosome and a 39,798-bp-long circular plasmid designated pCIX2779_1. The chromosome structure and base-level sequence are highly related to reference strains of African X. oryzae pv. oryzae and encode identical transcription activator-like effectors for virulence. Importantly, our in silico analysis strongly indicates that pCIX2779_1 is a genuine conjugative plasmid, the first indigenous one sequenced from an African strain of the X. oryzae species. [Formula: see text] Copyright © 2022 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY 4.0 International license.
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Affiliation(s)
- Coline Sciallano
- PHIM Plant Health Institute, Univ Montpellier, IRD, CIRAD, INRAE, Institut Agro, Montpellier, France
| | - Florence Auguy
- PHIM Plant Health Institute, Univ Montpellier, IRD, CIRAD, INRAE, Institut Agro, Montpellier, France
| | - Gabriel Boulard
- PHIM Plant Health Institute, Univ Montpellier, IRD, CIRAD, INRAE, Institut Agro, Montpellier, France
| | - Boris Szurek
- PHIM Plant Health Institute, Univ Montpellier, IRD, CIRAD, INRAE, Institut Agro, Montpellier, France
| | - Sébastien Cunnac
- PHIM Plant Health Institute, Univ Montpellier, IRD, CIRAD, INRAE, Institut Agro, Montpellier, France
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4
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Doucouré H, Auguy F, Blanvillain-Baufumé S, Fabre S, Gabriel M, Thomas E, Dambreville F, Sciallano C, Szurek B, Koita O, Verdier V, Cunnac S. The Rice ILI2 Locus Is a Bidirectional Target of the African Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae Major Transcription Activator-like Effector TalC but Does Not Contribute to Disease Susceptibility. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23105559. [PMID: 35628368 PMCID: PMC9142087 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23105559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Revised: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 04/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo) strains that cause bacterial leaf blight (BLB) limit rice (Oryza sativa) production and require breeding more resistant varieties. Transcription activator-like effectors (TALEs) activate transcription to promote leaf colonization by binding to specific plant host DNA sequences termed effector binding elements (EBEs). Xoo major TALEs universally target susceptibility genes of the SWEET transporter family. TALE-unresponsive alleles of clade III OsSWEET susceptibility gene promoter created with genome editing confer broad resistance on Asian Xoo strains. African Xoo strains rely primarily on the major TALE TalC, which targets OsSWEET14. Although the virulence of a talC mutant strain is severely impaired, abrogating OsSWEET14 induction with genome editing does not confer equivalent resistance on African Xoo. To address this contradiction, we postulated the existence of a TalC target susceptibility gene redundant with OsSWEET14. Bioinformatics analysis identified a rice locus named ATAC composed of the INCREASED LEAF INCLINATION 2 (ILI2) gene and a putative lncRNA that are shown to be bidirectionally upregulated in a TalC-dependent fashion. Gain-of-function approaches with designer TALEs inducing ATAC sequences did not complement the virulence of a Xoo strain defective for SWEET gene activation. While editing the TalC EBE at the ATAC loci compromised TalC-mediated induction, multiplex edited lines with mutations at the OsSWEET14 and ATAC loci remained essentially susceptible to African Xoo strains. Overall, this work indicates that ATAC is a probable TalC off-target locus but nonetheless documents the first example of divergent transcription activation by a native TALE during infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hinda Doucouré
- LBMA, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, University des Sciences Techniques et Technologiques, Bamako E 3206, Mali; (H.D.); (O.K.)
| | - Florence Auguy
- PHIM Plant Health Institute, University Montpellier, IRD, CIRAD, INRAE, Institut Agro, 34398 Montpellier, France; (F.A.); (S.B.-B.); (S.F.); (M.G.); (E.T.); (F.D.); (C.S.); (B.S.); (V.V.)
| | - Servane Blanvillain-Baufumé
- PHIM Plant Health Institute, University Montpellier, IRD, CIRAD, INRAE, Institut Agro, 34398 Montpellier, France; (F.A.); (S.B.-B.); (S.F.); (M.G.); (E.T.); (F.D.); (C.S.); (B.S.); (V.V.)
| | - Sandrine Fabre
- PHIM Plant Health Institute, University Montpellier, IRD, CIRAD, INRAE, Institut Agro, 34398 Montpellier, France; (F.A.); (S.B.-B.); (S.F.); (M.G.); (E.T.); (F.D.); (C.S.); (B.S.); (V.V.)
| | - Marc Gabriel
- PHIM Plant Health Institute, University Montpellier, IRD, CIRAD, INRAE, Institut Agro, 34398 Montpellier, France; (F.A.); (S.B.-B.); (S.F.); (M.G.); (E.T.); (F.D.); (C.S.); (B.S.); (V.V.)
| | - Emilie Thomas
- PHIM Plant Health Institute, University Montpellier, IRD, CIRAD, INRAE, Institut Agro, 34398 Montpellier, France; (F.A.); (S.B.-B.); (S.F.); (M.G.); (E.T.); (F.D.); (C.S.); (B.S.); (V.V.)
| | - Fleur Dambreville
- PHIM Plant Health Institute, University Montpellier, IRD, CIRAD, INRAE, Institut Agro, 34398 Montpellier, France; (F.A.); (S.B.-B.); (S.F.); (M.G.); (E.T.); (F.D.); (C.S.); (B.S.); (V.V.)
| | - Coline Sciallano
- PHIM Plant Health Institute, University Montpellier, IRD, CIRAD, INRAE, Institut Agro, 34398 Montpellier, France; (F.A.); (S.B.-B.); (S.F.); (M.G.); (E.T.); (F.D.); (C.S.); (B.S.); (V.V.)
| | - Boris Szurek
- PHIM Plant Health Institute, University Montpellier, IRD, CIRAD, INRAE, Institut Agro, 34398 Montpellier, France; (F.A.); (S.B.-B.); (S.F.); (M.G.); (E.T.); (F.D.); (C.S.); (B.S.); (V.V.)
| | - Ousmane Koita
- LBMA, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, University des Sciences Techniques et Technologiques, Bamako E 3206, Mali; (H.D.); (O.K.)
| | - Valérie Verdier
- PHIM Plant Health Institute, University Montpellier, IRD, CIRAD, INRAE, Institut Agro, 34398 Montpellier, France; (F.A.); (S.B.-B.); (S.F.); (M.G.); (E.T.); (F.D.); (C.S.); (B.S.); (V.V.)
| | - Sébastien Cunnac
- PHIM Plant Health Institute, University Montpellier, IRD, CIRAD, INRAE, Institut Agro, 34398 Montpellier, France; (F.A.); (S.B.-B.); (S.F.); (M.G.); (E.T.); (F.D.); (C.S.); (B.S.); (V.V.)
- Correspondence:
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5
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Reshetnyak G, Jacobs JM, Auguy F, Sciallano C, Claude L, Medina C, Perez-Quintero AL, Comte A, Thomas E, Bogdanove A, Koebnik R, Szurek B, Dievart A, Brugidou C, Lacombe S, Cunnac S. An atypical class of non-coding small RNAs is produced in rice leaves upon bacterial infection. Sci Rep 2021; 11:24141. [PMID: 34921170 PMCID: PMC8683429 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-03391-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-coding small RNAs (sRNA) act as mediators of gene silencing and regulate plant growth, development and stress responses. Early insights into plant sRNAs established a role in antiviral defense and they are now extensively studied across plant-microbe interactions. Here, sRNA sequencing discovered a class of sRNA in rice (Oryza sativa) specifically associated with foliar diseases caused by Xanthomonas oryzae bacteria. Xanthomonas-induced small RNAs (xisRNAs) loci were distinctively upregulated in response to diverse virulent strains at an early stage of infection producing a single duplex of 20-22 nt sRNAs. xisRNAs production was dependent on the Type III secretion system, a major bacterial virulence factor for host colonization. xisRNA loci overlap with annotated transcripts sequences, with about half of them encoding protein kinase domain proteins. A number of the corresponding rice cis-genes have documented functions in immune signaling and xisRNA loci predominantly coincide with the coding sequence of a conserved kinase motif. xisRNAs exhibit features of small interfering RNAs and their biosynthesis depend on canonical components OsDCL1 and OsHEN1. xisRNA induction possibly mediates post-transcriptional gene silencing but they do not broadly suppress cis-genes expression on the basis of mRNA-seq data. Overall, our results identify a group of unusual sRNAs with a potential role in plant-microbe interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ganna Reshetnyak
- PHIM Plant Health Institute, Univ Montpellier, IRD, CIRAD, INRAE, Institut Agro, Montpellier, France
| | - Jonathan M Jacobs
- PHIM Plant Health Institute, Univ Montpellier, IRD, CIRAD, INRAE, Institut Agro, Montpellier, France
- Department of Plant Pathology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43201, USA
- Infectious Disease Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43201, USA
| | - Florence Auguy
- PHIM Plant Health Institute, Univ Montpellier, IRD, CIRAD, INRAE, Institut Agro, Montpellier, France
| | - Coline Sciallano
- PHIM Plant Health Institute, Univ Montpellier, IRD, CIRAD, INRAE, Institut Agro, Montpellier, France
| | - Lisa Claude
- PHIM Plant Health Institute, Univ Montpellier, IRD, CIRAD, INRAE, Institut Agro, Montpellier, France
| | - Clemence Medina
- PHIM Plant Health Institute, Univ Montpellier, IRD, CIRAD, INRAE, Institut Agro, Montpellier, France
| | - Alvaro L Perez-Quintero
- PHIM Plant Health Institute, Univ Montpellier, IRD, CIRAD, INRAE, Institut Agro, Montpellier, France
| | - Aurore Comte
- PHIM Plant Health Institute, Univ Montpellier, IRD, CIRAD, INRAE, Institut Agro, Montpellier, France
| | - Emilie Thomas
- PHIM Plant Health Institute, Univ Montpellier, IRD, CIRAD, INRAE, Institut Agro, Montpellier, France
| | - Adam Bogdanove
- Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Ralf Koebnik
- PHIM Plant Health Institute, Univ Montpellier, IRD, CIRAD, INRAE, Institut Agro, Montpellier, France
| | - Boris Szurek
- PHIM Plant Health Institute, Univ Montpellier, IRD, CIRAD, INRAE, Institut Agro, Montpellier, France
| | - Anne Dievart
- UMR AGAP Institut, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, Institut Agro, 34398, Montpellier, France
- CIRAD, UMR AGAP Institut, 34398, Montpellier, France
| | - Christophe Brugidou
- PHIM Plant Health Institute, Univ Montpellier, IRD, CIRAD, INRAE, Institut Agro, Montpellier, France
| | - Severine Lacombe
- PHIM Plant Health Institute, Univ Montpellier, IRD, CIRAD, INRAE, Institut Agro, Montpellier, France
| | - Sebastien Cunnac
- PHIM Plant Health Institute, Univ Montpellier, IRD, CIRAD, INRAE, Institut Agro, Montpellier, France.
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Duy PN, Lan DT, Pham Thu H, Thi Thu HP, Nguyen Thanh H, Pham NP, Auguy F, Bui Thi Thu H, Manh TB, Cunnac S, Pham XH. Improved bacterial leaf blight disease resistance in the major elite Vietnamese rice cultivar TBR225 via editing of the OsSWEET14 promoter. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0255470. [PMID: 34499670 PMCID: PMC8428762 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0255470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
TBR225 is one of the most popular commercial rice varieties in Northern Vietnam. However, this variety is highly susceptible to bacterial leaf blight (BLB), a disease caused by Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo) which can lead to important yield losses. OsSWEET14 belongs to the SWEET gene family that encodes sugar transporters. Together with other Clade III members, it behaves as a susceptibility (S) gene whose induction by Asian Xoo Transcription-Activator-Like Effectors (TALEs) is absolutely necessary for disease. In this study, we sought to introduce BLB resistance in the TBR225 elite variety. First, two Vietnamese Xoo strains were shown to up-regulate OsSWEET14 upon TBR225 infection. To investigate if this induction is connected with disease susceptibility, nine TBR225 mutant lines with mutations in the AvrXa7, PthXo3 or TalF TALEs DNA target sequences of the OsSWEET14 promoter were obtained using the CRISPR/Cas9 editing system. Genotyping analysis of T0 and T1 individuals showed that mutations were stably inherited. None of the examined agronomic traits of three transgene-free T2 edited lines were significantly different from those of wild-type TBR225. Importantly, one of these T2 lines, harboring the largest homozygous 6-bp deletion, displayed decreased OsSWEET14 expression as well as a significantly reduced susceptibility to a Vietnamese Xoo strains and complete resistance to another one. Our findings indicate that CRISPR/Cas9 editing conferred an improved BLB resistance to a Vietnamese commercial elite rice variety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phuong Nguyen Duy
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Institute of Agricultural Genetics, Vietnam Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Dai Tran Lan
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Institute of Agricultural Genetics, Vietnam Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hanoi, Vietnam
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Department of Applied Biology and Agriculture, Quynhon University, Quynhon, Vietnam
| | - Hang Pham Thu
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Institute of Agricultural Genetics, Vietnam Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Huong Phung Thi Thu
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Institute of Agricultural Genetics, Vietnam Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Ha Nguyen Thanh
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Institute of Agricultural Genetics, Vietnam Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Ngoc Phuong Pham
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Institute of Agricultural Genetics, Vietnam Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Florence Auguy
- PHIM Plant Health Institute, Univ Montpellier, IRD, CIRAD, INRAE, Institut Agro, Montpellier, France
| | | | | | - Sebastien Cunnac
- PHIM Plant Health Institute, Univ Montpellier, IRD, CIRAD, INRAE, Institut Agro, Montpellier, France
| | - Xuan Hoi Pham
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Institute of Agricultural Genetics, Vietnam Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hanoi, Vietnam
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7
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Oliva R, Ji C, Atienza-Grande G, Huguet-Tapia JC, Perez-Quintero A, Li T, Eom JS, Li C, Nguyen H, Liu B, Auguy F, Sciallano C, Luu VT, Dossa GS, Cunnac S, Schmidt SM, Slamet-Loedin IH, Vera Cruz C, Szurek B, Frommer WB, White FF, Yang B. Broad-spectrum resistance to bacterial blight in rice using genome editing. Nat Biotechnol 2019; 37:1344-1350. [PMID: 31659337 PMCID: PMC6831514 DOI: 10.1038/s41587-019-0267-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 283] [Impact Index Per Article: 56.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial blight of rice is an important disease in Asia and Africa. The pathogen, Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo), secretes one or more of six known transcription-activator-like effectors (TALes) that bind specific promoter sequences and induce, at minimum, one of the three host sucrose transporter genes SWEET11, SWEET13 and SWEET14, the expression of which is required for disease susceptibility. We used CRISPR–Cas9-mediated genome editing to introduce mutations in all three SWEET gene promoters. Editing was further informed by sequence analyses of TALe genes in 63 Xoo strains, which revealed multiple TALe variants for SWEET13 alleles. Mutations were also created in SWEET14, which is also targeted by two TALes from an African Xoo lineage. A total of five promoter mutations were simultaneously introduced into the rice line Kitaake and the elite mega varieties IR64 and Ciherang-Sub1. Paddy trials showed that genome-edited SWEET promoters endow rice lines with robust, broad-spectrum resistance. Genome editing of three SWEET gene promoters endows rice with resistance to all Xanthomonas bacterial blight strains tested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Oliva
- International Rice Research Institute, Metro Manila, Philippines.
| | - Chonghui Ji
- Division of Plant Sciences, Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Genelou Atienza-Grande
- International Rice Research Institute, Metro Manila, Philippines.,College of Agriculture and Food Science, University of the Philippines Los Baños, Los Baños, Philippines
| | | | - Alvaro Perez-Quintero
- IRD, CIRAD, Université Montpellier, IPME, Montpellier, France.,Department of Bioagricultural Sciences and Pest Management, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Ting Li
- Department of Genetics, Development and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Joon-Seob Eom
- Institute for Molecular Physiology and Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Heinrich Heine Universität Düsseldorf and Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Köln, Germany
| | - Chenhao Li
- Division of Plant Sciences, Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Hanna Nguyen
- International Rice Research Institute, Metro Manila, Philippines
| | - Bo Liu
- Division of Plant Sciences, Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Florence Auguy
- IRD, CIRAD, Université Montpellier, IPME, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Van T Luu
- Institute for Molecular Physiology and Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Heinrich Heine Universität Düsseldorf and Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Köln, Germany
| | | | | | - Sarah M Schmidt
- Institute for Molecular Physiology and Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Heinrich Heine Universität Düsseldorf and Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Köln, Germany
| | | | | | - Boris Szurek
- IRD, CIRAD, Université Montpellier, IPME, Montpellier, France
| | - Wolf B Frommer
- Institute for Molecular Physiology and Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Heinrich Heine Universität Düsseldorf and Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Köln, Germany. .,Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University, Aichi, Japan.
| | - Frank F White
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Bing Yang
- Division of Plant Sciences, Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA. .,Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St. Louis, MO, USA.
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8
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Doucouré H, Pérez-Quintero AL, Reshetnyak G, Tekete C, Auguy F, Thomas E, Koebnik R, Szurek B, Koita O, Verdier V, Cunnac S. Functional and Genome Sequence-Driven Characterization of tal Effector Gene Repertoires Reveals Novel Variants With Altered Specificities in Closely Related Malian Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae Strains. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:1657. [PMID: 30127769 PMCID: PMC6088199 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.01657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Rice bacterial leaf blight (BLB) is caused by Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo) which injects Transcription Activator-Like Effectors (TALEs) into the host cell to modulate the expression of target disease susceptibility genes. Xoo major-virulence TALEs universally target susceptibility genes of the SWEET sugar transporter family. TALE-unresponsive alleles of OsSWEET genes have been identified in the rice germplasm or created by genome editing and confer resistance to BLB. In recent years, BLB has become one of the major biotic constraints to rice cultivation in Mali. To inform the deployment of alternative sources of resistance in this country, rice lines carrying alleles of OsSWEET14 unresponsive to either TalF (formerly Tal5) or TalC, two important TALEs previously identified in West African Xoo, were challenged with a panel of strains recently isolated in Mali and were found to remain susceptible to these isolates. The characterization of TALE repertoires revealed that talF and talC specific molecular markers were simultaneously present in all surveyed Malian strains, suggesting that the corresponding TALEs are broadly deployed by Malian Xoo to redundantly target the OsSWEET14 gene promoter. Consistent with this, the capacity of most Malian Xoo to induce OsSWEET14 was unaffected by either talC- or talF-unresponsive alleles of this gene. Long-read sequencing and assembly of eight Malian Xoo genomes confirmed the widespread occurrence of active TalF and TalC variants and provided a detailed insight into the diversity of TALE repertoires. All sequenced strains shared nine evolutionary related tal effector genes. Notably, a new TalF variant that is unable to induce OsSWEET14 was identified. Furthermore, two distinct TalB variants were shown to have lost the ability to simultaneously induce two susceptibility genes as previously reported for the founding members of this group from strains MAI1 and BAI3. Yet, both new TalB variants retained the ability to induce one or the other of the two susceptibility genes. These results reveal molecular and functional differences in tal repertoires and will be important for the sustainable deployment of broad-spectrum and durable resistance to BLB in West Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hinda Doucouré
- IRD, Cirad, Université de Montpellier, IPME, Montpellier, France
- Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire Appliquée, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université des Sciences Techniques et Technologiques de Bamako, Bamako, Mali
| | | | - Ganna Reshetnyak
- IRD, Cirad, Université de Montpellier, IPME, Montpellier, France
| | - Cheick Tekete
- IRD, Cirad, Université de Montpellier, IPME, Montpellier, France
- Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire Appliquée, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université des Sciences Techniques et Technologiques de Bamako, Bamako, Mali
| | - Florence Auguy
- IRD, Cirad, Université de Montpellier, IPME, Montpellier, France
| | - Emilie Thomas
- IRD, Cirad, Université de Montpellier, IPME, Montpellier, France
| | - Ralf Koebnik
- IRD, Cirad, Université de Montpellier, IPME, Montpellier, France
| | - Boris Szurek
- IRD, Cirad, Université de Montpellier, IPME, Montpellier, France
| | - Ousmane Koita
- Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire Appliquée, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université des Sciences Techniques et Technologiques de Bamako, Bamako, Mali
| | - Valérie Verdier
- IRD, Cirad, Université de Montpellier, IPME, Montpellier, France
| | - Sébastien Cunnac
- IRD, Cirad, Université de Montpellier, IPME, Montpellier, France
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9
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Blanvillain‐Baufumé S, Reschke M, Solé M, Auguy F, Doucoure H, Szurek B, Meynard D, Portefaix M, Cunnac S, Guiderdoni E, Boch J, Koebnik R. Targeted promoter editing for rice resistance to Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae reveals differential activities for SWEET14-inducing TAL effectors. Plant Biotechnol J 2017; 15:306-317. [PMID: 27539813 PMCID: PMC5316920 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.12613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2016] [Revised: 08/12/2016] [Accepted: 08/12/2016] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
As a key virulence strategy to cause bacterial leaf blight, Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo) injects into the plant cell DNA-binding proteins called transcription activator-like effectors (TALEs) that bind to effector-binding elements (EBEs) in a sequence-specific manner, resulting in host gene induction. TALEs AvrXa7, PthXo3, TalC and Tal5, found in geographically distant Xoo strains, all target OsSWEET14, thus considered as a pivotal TALE target acting as major susceptibility factor during rice-Xoo interactions. Here, we report the generation of an allele library of the OsSWEET14 promoter through stable expression of TALE-nuclease (TALEN) constructs in rice. The susceptibility level of lines carrying mutations in AvrXa7, Tal5 or TalC EBEs was assessed. Plants edited in AvrXa7 or Tal5 EBEs were resistant to bacterial strains relying on the corresponding TALE. Surprisingly, although indels within TalC EBE prevented OsSWEET14 induction in response to BAI3 wild-type bacteria relying on TalC, loss of TalC responsiveness failed to confer resistance to this strain. The TalC EBE mutant line was, however, resistant to a strain expressing an artificial SWEET14-inducing TALE whose EBE was also edited in this line. This work offers the first set of alleles edited in TalC EBE and uncovers a distinct, broader range of activities for TalC compared to AvrXa7 or Tal5. We propose the existence of additional targets for TalC beyond SWEET14, suggesting that TALE-mediated plant susceptibility may result from induction of several, genetically redundant, host susceptibility genes by a single effector.
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Affiliation(s)
- Servane Blanvillain‐Baufumé
- UMR Interactions Plantes Microorganismes Environnement (IPME)IRD‐CIRAD‐UniversitéMontpellierFrance
- Present address: LabEx CeMEBUniversité de MontpellierMontpellierFrance
| | - Maik Reschke
- Institut für BiologieInstitutsbereich GenetikMartin‐Luther‐Universität Halle‐WittenbergHalle (Saale)Germany
- Present address: Institut für PflanzengenetikLeibniz Universität HannoverHannoverGermany
| | - Montserrat Solé
- Institut für BiologieInstitutsbereich GenetikMartin‐Luther‐Universität Halle‐WittenbergHalle (Saale)Germany
- Present address: Sustainable Agro Solutions S.A.Almacelles (Lleida)Spain
| | - Florence Auguy
- UMR Interactions Plantes Microorganismes Environnement (IPME)IRD‐CIRAD‐UniversitéMontpellierFrance
| | - Hinda Doucoure
- UMR Interactions Plantes Microorganismes Environnement (IPME)IRD‐CIRAD‐UniversitéMontpellierFrance
| | - Boris Szurek
- UMR Interactions Plantes Microorganismes Environnement (IPME)IRD‐CIRAD‐UniversitéMontpellierFrance
| | - Donaldo Meynard
- CIRADUMR AGAP (Amélioration génétique et Adaptation des Plantes)MontpellierFrance
| | - Murielle Portefaix
- CIRADUMR AGAP (Amélioration génétique et Adaptation des Plantes)MontpellierFrance
| | - Sébastien Cunnac
- UMR Interactions Plantes Microorganismes Environnement (IPME)IRD‐CIRAD‐UniversitéMontpellierFrance
| | - Emmanuel Guiderdoni
- CIRADUMR AGAP (Amélioration génétique et Adaptation des Plantes)MontpellierFrance
| | - Jens Boch
- Institut für BiologieInstitutsbereich GenetikMartin‐Luther‐Universität Halle‐WittenbergHalle (Saale)Germany
- Present address: Institut für PflanzengenetikLeibniz Universität HannoverHannoverGermany
| | - Ralf Koebnik
- UMR Interactions Plantes Microorganismes Environnement (IPME)IRD‐CIRAD‐UniversitéMontpellierFrance
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10
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Auguy F, Fahr M, Moulin P, El Mzibri M, Smouni A, Filali-Maltouf A, Béna G, Doumas P. Transcriptome Changes in Hirschfeldia incana in Response to Lead Exposure. Front Plant Sci 2016; 6:1231. [PMID: 26793211 PMCID: PMC4710698 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.01231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2015] [Accepted: 12/19/2015] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Hirschfeldia incana, a pseudometallophyte belonging to the Brassicaceae family and widespread in the Mediterranean region, was selected for its ability to grow on soils contaminated by lead (Pb). The global comparison of gene expression using microarrays between a plant susceptible to Pb (Arabidopsis thaliana) and a Pb tolerant plant (H. incana) enabled the identification of a set of specific genes expressed in response to lead exposure. Three groups of genes were particularly over-represented by the Pb exposure in the biological processes categorized as photosynthesis, cell wall, and metal handling. Each of these gene groups was shown to be directly involved in tolerance or in protection mechanisms to the phytotoxicity associated with Pb. Among these genes, we demonstrated that MT2b, a metallothionein gene, was involved in lead accumulation, confirming the important role of metallothioneins in the accumulation and the distribution of Pb in leaves. On the other hand, several genes involved in biosynthesis of ABA were shown to be up-regulated in the roots and shoots of H. incana treated with Pb, suggesting that ABA-mediated signaling is a possible mechanism in response to Pb treatment in H. incana. This latest finding is an important research direction for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florence Auguy
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, UMR DIADE, Equipe RhizogenèseMontpellier, France
| | - Mouna Fahr
- Centre National de l’Energie, des Sciences et des Techniques Nucléaires, Laboratoire de Biotechnologie des Plantes, UBRM-DSVRabat, Morocco
| | - Patricia Moulin
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Laboratoire de Microbiologie et Biologie Moléculaire, Faculté des Sciences, Université Mohammed V-RabatRabat, Morocco
| | - Mohamed El Mzibri
- Centre National de l’Energie, des Sciences et des Techniques Nucléaires, Laboratoire de Biotechnologie des Plantes, UBRM-DSVRabat, Morocco
| | - Abdelaziz Smouni
- Laboratoire de Physiologie et Biotechnologie Végétale, Faculté des Sciences, Université Mohammed V-RabatRabat, Morocco
| | - Abdelkarim Filali-Maltouf
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie et Biologie Moléculaire, Faculté des Sciences, Université Mohammed V-RabatRabat, Morocco
| | - Gilles Béna
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, UMR IPME, Equipe ABIPMontpellier, France
| | - Patrick Doumas
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, UMR Biochimie et Physiologie Moléculaire des PlantesMontpellier, France
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11
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Clavijo F, Diedhiou I, Vaissayre V, Brottier L, Acolatse J, Moukouanga D, Crabos A, Auguy F, Franche C, Gherbi H, Champion A, Hocher V, Barker D, Bogusz D, Tisa LS, Svistoonoff S. The Casuarina NIN gene is transcriptionally activated throughout Frankia root infection as well as in response to bacterial diffusible signals. New Phytol 2015; 208:887-903. [PMID: 26096779 DOI: 10.1111/nph.13506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2015] [Accepted: 05/06/2015] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Root nodule symbioses (RNS) allow plants to acquire atmospheric nitrogen by establishing an intimate relationship with either rhizobia, the symbionts of legumes or Frankia in the case of actinorhizal plants. In legumes, NIN (Nodule INception) genes encode key transcription factors involved in nodulation. Here we report the characterization of CgNIN, a NIN gene from the actinorhizal tree Casuarina glauca using both phylogenetic analysis and transgenic plants expressing either ProCgNIN::reporter gene fusions or CgNIN RNAi constructs. We have found that CgNIN belongs to the same phylogenetic group as other symbiotic NIN genes and CgNIN is able to complement a legume nin mutant for the early steps of nodule development. CgNIN expression is correlated with infection by Frankia, including preinfection stages in developing root hairs, and is induced by culture supernatants. Knockdown mutants were impaired for nodulation and early root hair deformation responses were severely affected. However, no mycorrhizal phenotype was observed and no induction of CgNIN expression was detected in mycorrhizas. Our results indicate that elements specifically required for nodulation include NIN and possibly related gene networks derived from the nitrate signalling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Clavijo
- Unité Mixte de Recherche Diversité Adaptation et Développement des plantes (IRD Université Montpellier), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), 911 avenue Agropolis, F-34394, Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Issa Diedhiou
- Unité Mixte de Recherche Diversité Adaptation et Développement des plantes (IRD Université Montpellier), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), 911 avenue Agropolis, F-34394, Montpellier Cedex 5, France
- Laboratoire mixte international Adaptation des Plantes et microorganismes associés aux Stress Environnementaux (LAPSE), Centre de Recherche de Bel Air, CP 18524, Dakar, Sénégal
- Laboratoire Commun de Microbiologie (LCM), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement/Institut Sénégalais des Recherches Agricoles (ISRA)/Université Cheikh Anta Diop (UCAD), BP 1386, Dakar, Sénégal
| | - Virginie Vaissayre
- Unité Mixte de Recherche Diversité Adaptation et Développement des plantes (IRD Université Montpellier), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), 911 avenue Agropolis, F-34394, Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Laurent Brottier
- Unité Mixte de Recherche Diversité Adaptation et Développement des plantes (IRD Université Montpellier), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), 911 avenue Agropolis, F-34394, Montpellier Cedex 5, France
- Laboratoire des Symbioses Tropicales et Méditerranéennes (LSTM IRD/INRA/CIRAD/Université Montpellier/Supagro) Campus International de Baillarguet, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), 34398, Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Jennifer Acolatse
- Unité Mixte de Recherche Diversité Adaptation et Développement des plantes (IRD Université Montpellier), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), 911 avenue Agropolis, F-34394, Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Daniel Moukouanga
- Unité Mixte de Recherche Diversité Adaptation et Développement des plantes (IRD Université Montpellier), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), 911 avenue Agropolis, F-34394, Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Amandine Crabos
- Unité Mixte de Recherche Diversité Adaptation et Développement des plantes (IRD Université Montpellier), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), 911 avenue Agropolis, F-34394, Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Florence Auguy
- Unité Mixte de Recherche Diversité Adaptation et Développement des plantes (IRD Université Montpellier), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), 911 avenue Agropolis, F-34394, Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Claudine Franche
- Unité Mixte de Recherche Diversité Adaptation et Développement des plantes (IRD Université Montpellier), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), 911 avenue Agropolis, F-34394, Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Hassen Gherbi
- Unité Mixte de Recherche Diversité Adaptation et Développement des plantes (IRD Université Montpellier), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), 911 avenue Agropolis, F-34394, Montpellier Cedex 5, France
- Laboratoire des Symbioses Tropicales et Méditerranéennes (LSTM IRD/INRA/CIRAD/Université Montpellier/Supagro) Campus International de Baillarguet, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), 34398, Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Antony Champion
- Unité Mixte de Recherche Diversité Adaptation et Développement des plantes (IRD Université Montpellier), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), 911 avenue Agropolis, F-34394, Montpellier Cedex 5, France
- Laboratoire mixte international Adaptation des Plantes et microorganismes associés aux Stress Environnementaux (LAPSE), Centre de Recherche de Bel Air, CP 18524, Dakar, Sénégal
- Laboratoire Commun de Microbiologie (LCM), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement/Institut Sénégalais des Recherches Agricoles (ISRA)/Université Cheikh Anta Diop (UCAD), BP 1386, Dakar, Sénégal
| | - Valerie Hocher
- Unité Mixte de Recherche Diversité Adaptation et Développement des plantes (IRD Université Montpellier), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), 911 avenue Agropolis, F-34394, Montpellier Cedex 5, France
- Laboratoire des Symbioses Tropicales et Méditerranéennes (LSTM IRD/INRA/CIRAD/Université Montpellier/Supagro) Campus International de Baillarguet, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), 34398, Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - David Barker
- Laboratory of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (UMR 441), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (UMR 2594), Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Didier Bogusz
- Unité Mixte de Recherche Diversité Adaptation et Développement des plantes (IRD Université Montpellier), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), 911 avenue Agropolis, F-34394, Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Louis S Tisa
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH, 03824-2617, USA
| | - Sergio Svistoonoff
- Unité Mixte de Recherche Diversité Adaptation et Développement des plantes (IRD Université Montpellier), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), 911 avenue Agropolis, F-34394, Montpellier Cedex 5, France
- Laboratoire mixte international Adaptation des Plantes et microorganismes associés aux Stress Environnementaux (LAPSE), Centre de Recherche de Bel Air, CP 18524, Dakar, Sénégal
- Laboratoire Commun de Microbiologie (LCM), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement/Institut Sénégalais des Recherches Agricoles (ISRA)/Université Cheikh Anta Diop (UCAD), BP 1386, Dakar, Sénégal
- Laboratoire des Symbioses Tropicales et Méditerranéennes (LSTM IRD/INRA/CIRAD/Université Montpellier/Supagro) Campus International de Baillarguet, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), 34398, Montpellier Cedex 5, France
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12
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Auguy F, Fahr M, Moulin P, Brugel A, Laplaze L, Mzibri ME, Filali-Maltouf A, Doumas P, Smouni A. Lead tolerance and accumulation in Hirschfeldia incana, a Mediterranean Brassicaceae from metalliferous mine spoils. PLoS One 2013; 8:e61932. [PMID: 23667449 PMCID: PMC3646990 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0061932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2012] [Accepted: 03/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Lead is a heavy metal of particular concern with respect to environmental quality and health. The lack of plant species that accumulate and tolerate Pb is a limiting factor to understand the molecular mechanisms involved in Pb tolerance. In this study we identified Hirschfeldia incana, a Brassicaceae collected from metalliferous mine spoils in Morocco, as a Pb accumulator plant. H. incana exhibited high Pb accumulation in mine soils and in hydroponic cultures. Major Pb accumulation occurred in the roots and a part of Pb translocated from the roots to the shoots, even to the siliques. These findings demonstrated that H. incana is a Pb accumulator species. The expression of several candidate genes after Pb-exposure was measured by quantitative PCR and two of them, HiHMA4 and HiMT2a, coding respectively for a P1B-type ATPase and a metallothionein, were particularly induced by Pb-exposure in both roots and leaves. The functional characterization of HiHMA4 and HiMT2a was achieved using Arabidopsis T-DNA insertional mutants. Pb content and primary root growth analysis confirmed the role of these two genes in Pb tolerance and accumulation. H. incana could be considered as a good experimental model to identify genes involved in lead tolerance and accumulation in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florence Auguy
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Unité Mixte de Recherche Diversité Adaptation et Développement des Plantes, Montpellier, France
- Centre National de l’Energie, des Sciences et des Techniques Nucléaires, Laboratoire de Biotechnologie des Plantes, Rabat, Maroc
- Laboratoire Mixte International, Université Mohammed V - Agdal, Rabat, Maroc
| | - Mouna Fahr
- Centre National de l’Energie, des Sciences et des Techniques Nucléaires, Laboratoire de Biotechnologie des Plantes, Rabat, Maroc
- Laboratoire Mixte International, Université Mohammed V - Agdal, Rabat, Maroc
- Laboratoire de Physiologie et Biotechnologie Végétale, Université Mohammed V - Agdal, Rabat, Maroc
| | - Patricia Moulin
- Laboratoire Mixte International, Université Mohammed V - Agdal, Rabat, Maroc
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Unité de Service Instrumentation, Moyens Analytiques, Observatoires en Géophysique et Océanographie, Laboratoire de Microbiologie et Biologie Moléculaire, Université Mohammed V - Agdal, Rabat, Maroc
| | - Anaïs Brugel
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Unité Mixte de Recherche Diversité Adaptation et Développement des Plantes, Montpellier, France
| | - Laurent Laplaze
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Unité Mixte de Recherche Diversité Adaptation et Développement des Plantes, Montpellier, France
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Laboratoire mixte international Adaptation des Plantes et microorganismes associés aux Stress Environnementaux, Laboratoire Commun de Microbiologie, Dakar, Sénégal
| | - Mohamed El Mzibri
- Centre National de l’Energie, des Sciences et des Techniques Nucléaires, Laboratoire de Biotechnologie des Plantes, Rabat, Maroc
- Laboratoire Mixte International, Université Mohammed V - Agdal, Rabat, Maroc
| | - Abdelkarim Filali-Maltouf
- Laboratoire Mixte International, Université Mohammed V - Agdal, Rabat, Maroc
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie et Biologie Moléculaire, Université Mohammed V - Agdal, Rabat, Maroc
| | - Patrick Doumas
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Unité Mixte de Recherche Diversité Adaptation et Développement des Plantes, Montpellier, France
- Centre National de l’Energie, des Sciences et des Techniques Nucléaires, Laboratoire de Biotechnologie des Plantes, Rabat, Maroc
- Laboratoire Mixte International, Université Mohammed V - Agdal, Rabat, Maroc
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Unité Mixte de Recherche Biochimie et Physiologie Moléculaire des Plantes, Montpellier, France
| | - Abdelaziz Smouni
- Centre National de l’Energie, des Sciences et des Techniques Nucléaires, Laboratoire de Biotechnologie des Plantes, Rabat, Maroc
- Laboratoire de Physiologie et Biotechnologie Végétale, Université Mohammed V - Agdal, Rabat, Maroc
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13
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Auguy F, Abdel-Lateif K, Doumas P, Badin P, Guerin V, Bogusz D, Hocher V. Activation of the isoflavonoid pathway in actinorhizal symbioses. Funct Plant Biol 2011; 38:690-696. [PMID: 32480924 DOI: 10.1071/fp11014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2011] [Accepted: 04/11/2011] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the involvement of flavonoids in the actinorhizal nodulation process resulting from the interaction between the tropical tree Casuarina glauca Sieb. ex Spreng. and the actinomycete Frankia. Eight C. glauca genes involved in flavonoid biosynthesis: chalcone synthase (CHS), chalcone isomerase (CHI), isoflavone reductase (IFR), flavonoid-3-hydroxylase (F3H), flavonoid 3'-hydroxylase (F3'H), flavonoid 3',5' hydroxylase (F3'5'H), dihydroflavonol 4-reductase (DFR) and flavonol synthase (FLS), were identified from a unigene database and gene expression patterns were monitored by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) during the nodulation time course. Results showed that FLS and F3'5'H transcripts accumulated in mature nodules whereas CHI and IFR transcripts accumulated preferentially early after inoculation with Frankia. Comparison of IFR and CHI expression in inoculated plants and in control plants cultivated with or without nitrogen confirmed that early expression of IFR is specifically linked to symbiosis. Taken together, these data suggest for the first time that isoflavonoids are implicated in actinorhizal nodulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florence Auguy
- Equipe Rhizogenèse, UMR DIADE (IRD, UM2), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, 911 Avenue Agropolis, BP64501, 34 394 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Khalid Abdel-Lateif
- Equipe Rhizogenèse, UMR DIADE (IRD, UM2), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, 911 Avenue Agropolis, BP64501, 34 394 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Patrick Doumas
- Equipe Rhizogenèse, UMR DIADE (IRD, UM2), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, 911 Avenue Agropolis, BP64501, 34 394 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Pablo Badin
- Equipe Rhizogenèse, UMR DIADE (IRD, UM2), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, 911 Avenue Agropolis, BP64501, 34 394 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Vanessa Guerin
- Equipe Rhizogenèse, UMR DIADE (IRD, UM2), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, 911 Avenue Agropolis, BP64501, 34 394 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Didier Bogusz
- Equipe Rhizogenèse, UMR DIADE (IRD, UM2), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, 911 Avenue Agropolis, BP64501, 34 394 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Valérie Hocher
- Equipe Rhizogenèse, UMR DIADE (IRD, UM2), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, 911 Avenue Agropolis, BP64501, 34 394 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
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Hocher V, Alloisio N, Auguy F, Fournier P, Doumas P, Pujic P, Gherbi H, Queiroux C, Da Silva C, Wincker P, Normand P, Bogusz D. Transcriptomics of actinorhizal symbioses reveals homologs of the whole common symbiotic signaling cascade. Plant Physiol 2011; 156:700-11. [PMID: 21464474 PMCID: PMC3177269 DOI: 10.1104/pp.111.174151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2011] [Accepted: 03/30/2011] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Comparative transcriptomics of two actinorhizal symbiotic plants, Casuarina glauca and Alnus glutinosa, was used to gain insight into their symbiotic programs triggered following contact with the nitrogen-fixing actinobacterium Frankia. Approximately 14,000 unigenes were recovered in roots and 3-week-old nodules of each of the two species. A transcriptomic array was designed to monitor changes in expression levels between roots and nodules, enabling the identification of up- and down-regulated genes as well as root- and nodule-specific genes. The expression levels of several genes emblematic of symbiosis were confirmed by quantitative polymerase chain reaction. As expected, several genes related to carbon and nitrogen exchange, defense against pathogens, or stress resistance were strongly regulated. Furthermore, homolog genes of the common and nodule-specific signaling pathways known in legumes were identified in the two actinorhizal symbiotic plants. The conservation of the host plant signaling pathway is all the more surprising in light of the lack of canonical nod genes in the genomes of its bacterial symbiont, Frankia. The evolutionary pattern emerging from these studies reinforces the hypothesis of a common genetic ancestor of the Fabid (Eurosid I) nodulating clade with a genetic predisposition for nodulation.
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Svistoonoff S, Gherbi H, Nambiar-Veetil M, Zhong C, Michalak Z, Laplaze L, Vaissayre V, Auguy F, Hocher V, Doumas P, Bonneau J, Bogusz D, Franche C. Contribution of transgenic Casuarinaceae to our knowledge of the actinorhizal symbioses. Symbiosis 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s13199-009-0036-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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16
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Gherbi H, Nambiar-Veetil M, Zhong C, Félix J, Autran D, Girardin R, Vaissayre V, Auguy F, Bogusz D, Franche C. Post-transcriptional gene silencing in the root system of the actinorhizal tree Allocasuarina verticillata. Mol Plant Microbe Interact 2008; 21:518-524. [PMID: 18393611 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-21-5-0518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, RNA interference has been exploited as a tool for investigating gene function in plants. We tested the potential of double-stranded RNA interference technology for silencing a transgene in the actinorhizal tree Allocasuarina verticillata. The approach was undertaken using stably transformed shoots expressing the beta-glucuronidase (GUS) gene under the control of the constitutive promoter 35S; the shoots were further transformed with the Agrobacterium rhizogenes A4RS containing hairpin RNA (hpRNA) directed toward the GUS gene, and driven by the 35S promoter. The silencing and control vectors contained the reporter gene of the green fluorescent protein (GFP), thus allowing a screening of GUS-silenced composite plantlets for autofluorescence. With this rapid procedure, histochemical data established that the reporter gene was strongly silenced in both fluorescent roots and actinorhizal nodules. Fluorometric data further established that the level of GUS silencing was usually greater than 90% in the hairy roots containing the hairpin GUS sequences. We found that the silencing process of the reporter gene did not spread to the aerial part of the composite A. verticillata plants. Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction showed that GUS mRNAs were substantially reduced in roots and, thereby, confirmed the knock-down of the GUS transgene in the GFP(+) hairy roots. The approach described here will provide a versatile tool for the rapid assessment of symbiotically related host genes in actinorhizal plants of the Casuarinaceae family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassen Gherbi
- Equipe Rhizogenèse, UMR DIA PC, IRD (Institut de Recherche pour le Développement), Montpellier Cedex 5, France
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17
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Gherbi H, Markmann K, Svistoonoff S, Estevan J, Autran D, Giczey G, Auguy F, Péret B, Laplaze L, Franche C, Parniske M, Bogusz D. SymRK defines a common genetic basis for plant root endosymbioses with arbuscular mycorrhiza fungi, rhizobia, and Frankiabacteria. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2008; 105:4928-32. [PMID: 18316735 PMCID: PMC2290763 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0710618105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2007] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Root endosymbioses vitally contribute to plant nutrition and fitness worldwide. Nitrogen-fixing root nodulation, confined to four plant orders, encompasses two distinct types of associations, the interaction of legumes (Fabales) with rhizobia bacteria and actinorhizal symbioses, where the bacterial symbionts are actinomycetes of the genus Frankia. Although several genetic components of the host-symbiont interaction have been identified in legumes, the genetic basis of actinorhiza formation is unknown. Here, we show that the receptor-like kinase gene SymRK, which is required for nodulation in legumes, is also necessary for actinorhiza formation in the tree Casuarina glauca. This indicates that both types of nodulation symbiosis share genetic components. Like several other legume genes involved in the interaction with rhizobia, SymRK is also required for the interaction with arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM) fungi. We show that SymRK is involved in AM formation in C. glauca as well and can restore both nodulation and AM symbioses in a Lotus japonicus symrk mutant. Taken together, our results demonstrate that SymRK functions as a vital component of the genetic basis for both plant-fungal and plant-bacterial endosymbioses and is conserved between legumes and actinorhiza-forming Fagales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassen Gherbi
- *Equipe Rhizogenèse, Unité Mixte de Recherche Diversité et Adaptation des Plantes Cultivées (DIAPC), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), 911 Avenue Agropolis, 34394 Montpellier Cedex 5, France; and
| | - Katharina Markmann
- Department of Biology, Genetics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Maria-Ward-Strasse 1a, 80638 Munich, Germany
| | - Sergio Svistoonoff
- *Equipe Rhizogenèse, Unité Mixte de Recherche Diversité et Adaptation des Plantes Cultivées (DIAPC), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), 911 Avenue Agropolis, 34394 Montpellier Cedex 5, France; and
| | - Joan Estevan
- *Equipe Rhizogenèse, Unité Mixte de Recherche Diversité et Adaptation des Plantes Cultivées (DIAPC), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), 911 Avenue Agropolis, 34394 Montpellier Cedex 5, France; and
| | - Daphné Autran
- *Equipe Rhizogenèse, Unité Mixte de Recherche Diversité et Adaptation des Plantes Cultivées (DIAPC), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), 911 Avenue Agropolis, 34394 Montpellier Cedex 5, France; and
| | - Gabor Giczey
- Department of Biology, Genetics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Maria-Ward-Strasse 1a, 80638 Munich, Germany
| | - Florence Auguy
- *Equipe Rhizogenèse, Unité Mixte de Recherche Diversité et Adaptation des Plantes Cultivées (DIAPC), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), 911 Avenue Agropolis, 34394 Montpellier Cedex 5, France; and
| | - Benjamin Péret
- *Equipe Rhizogenèse, Unité Mixte de Recherche Diversité et Adaptation des Plantes Cultivées (DIAPC), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), 911 Avenue Agropolis, 34394 Montpellier Cedex 5, France; and
| | - Laurent Laplaze
- *Equipe Rhizogenèse, Unité Mixte de Recherche Diversité et Adaptation des Plantes Cultivées (DIAPC), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), 911 Avenue Agropolis, 34394 Montpellier Cedex 5, France; and
| | - Claudine Franche
- *Equipe Rhizogenèse, Unité Mixte de Recherche Diversité et Adaptation des Plantes Cultivées (DIAPC), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), 911 Avenue Agropolis, 34394 Montpellier Cedex 5, France; and
| | - Martin Parniske
- Department of Biology, Genetics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Maria-Ward-Strasse 1a, 80638 Munich, Germany
| | - Didier Bogusz
- *Equipe Rhizogenèse, Unité Mixte de Recherche Diversité et Adaptation des Plantes Cultivées (DIAPC), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), 911 Avenue Agropolis, 34394 Montpellier Cedex 5, France; and
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Péret B, Svistoonoff S, Lahouze B, Auguy F, Santi C, Doumas P, Laplaze L. A Role for auxin during actinorhizal symbioses formation? Plant Signal Behav 2008; 3:34-5. [PMID: 19704764 PMCID: PMC2633954 DOI: 10.4161/psb.3.1.4816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2007] [Accepted: 08/02/2007] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The symbiotic interaction between the soil bacteria Frankia and actinorhizal plants leads to the formation of nitrogen-fixing nodules resembling modified lateral roots. Little is known about the signals exchanged between the two partners during the establishment of these endosymbioses. However, a role for plant hormones has been suggested.Recently, we studied the role of auxin influx activity during actinorhizal symbioses. An inhibitor of auxin influx was shown to perturb nodule formation. Moreover we identified a functional auxin influx carrier that is produced specifically in Frankia-infected cells. These results together with previous data showing auxin production by Frankia lead us to propose a model of auxin action during the symbiotic infection process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Péret
- Institut de Recheche pour le Développement; UMR DIA-PC (SupAgro.M/INRA/IRD/UM2); équipe rhizogenèse; Montpellier, France
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19
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Obertello M, Wall L, Laplaze L, Nicole M, Auguy F, Gherbi H, Bogusz D, Franche C. Functional analysis of the metallothionein gene cgMT1 isolated from the actinorhizal tree Casuarina glauca. Mol Plant Microbe Interact 2007; 20:1231-40. [PMID: 17918625 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-20-10-1231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
cgMT1 is a metallothionein (MT)-like gene that was isolated from a cDNA library of young nitrogen-fixing nodules resulting from the symbiotic interaction between Frankia spp. and the actinorhizal tree Casuarina glauca. cgMT1 is highly transcribed in the lateral roots and nitrogen-fixing cells of actinorhizal nodules; it encodes a class I type 1 MT. To obtain insight into the function of cgMT1, we studied factors regulating the expression of the MT promoter region (PcgMT1) using a beta-glucuronidase (gus) fusion approach in transgenic plants of Arabidopsis thaliana. We found that copper, zinc, and cadmium ions had no significant effect on the regulation of PcgMT1-gus expression whereas wounding and H2O2 treatments led to an increase in reporter gene activity in transgenic leaves. Strong PcgMT1-gus expression also was observed when transgenic plants were inoculated with a virulent strain of the bacterial pathogen Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris. Transgenic Arabidopsis plants expressing cgMT1 under the control of the constitutive 35S promoter were characterized by reduced accumulation of H2O2 when leaves were wounded and by increased susceptibility to the bacterial pathogen X. campestris. These results suggest that cgMT1 could play a role during the oxidative response linked to biotic and abiotic stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Obertello
- Groupe Rhizogénèse Symbiotique, UMR 1098, IRD (Institut de Recherche pour le D6veloppement), 911 avenue Agropolis, BP 5045, 34394 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
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Péret B, Swarup R, Jansen L, Devos G, Auguy F, Collin M, Santi C, Hocher V, Franche C, Bogusz D, Bennett M, Laplaze L. Auxin influx activity is associated with Frankia infection during actinorhizal nodule formation in Casuarina glauca. Plant Physiol 2007; 144:1852-62. [PMID: 17556507 PMCID: PMC1949887 DOI: 10.1104/pp.107.101337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Plants from the Casuarinaceae family enter symbiosis with the actinomycete Frankia leading to the formation of nitrogen-fixing root nodules. We observed that application of the auxin influx inhibitor 1-naphtoxyacetic acid perturbs actinorhizal nodule formation. This suggests a potential role for auxin influx carriers in the infection process. We therefore isolated and characterized homologs of the auxin influx carrier (AUX1-LAX) genes in Casuarina glauca. Two members of this family were found to share high levels of deduced protein sequence identity with Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) AUX-LAX proteins. Complementation of the Arabidopsis aux1 mutant revealed that one of them is functionally equivalent to AUX1 and was named CgAUX1. The spatial and temporal expression pattern of CgAUX1 promoter:beta-glucuronidase reporter was analyzed in Casuarinaceae. We observed that CgAUX1 was expressed in plant cells infected by Frankia throughout the course of actinorhizal nodule formation. Our data suggest that auxin plays an important role during plant cell infection in actinorhizal symbioses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Péret
- Unité Mixte de Recherche Diversité et Adaptation des Plantes Cultivées , Equipe Rhizogenèse, 34394 Montpellier cedex 5, France
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21
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Hocher V, Auguy F, Argout X, Laplaze L, Franche C, Bogusz D. Expressed sequence-tag analysis in Casuarina glauca actinorhizal nodule and root. New Phytol 2006; 169:681-8. [PMID: 16441749 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2006.01644.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The present study aimed to identify and assess the frequency and tissue specificity of plant genes in the actinorhizal Casuarina glauca-Frankia symbiosis through expressed sequence tag (EST) analysis. Using a custom analysis pipeline for raw sequences of C. glauca uninfected roots and nodules, we obtained an EST databank web interface. Gene expression was studied in nodules vs roots using comparative quantitative real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). From roots and nodules, 2028 ESTs were created and clustered in 242 contigs and 1429 singletons, giving a total of 1616 unique genes. Half the nodule transcripts showed no similarity to previously identified genes. Genes of primary metabolism, protein synthesis, cell division and defence were highly represented in the nodule library. Differential expression was observed between roots and nodules for several genes linked to primary metabolism and flavonoid biosynthesis. This comparative EST-based study provides the first picture of the set of genes expressed during actinorhizal symbiosis. We consider our database to be a flexible tool that can be used for the management of EST data from other actinorhizal symbioses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valérie Hocher
- UMR 1098, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), BP 64501, 911 avenue Agropolis, 34394 Montpellier cedex 5, France.
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Obertello M, Santi C, Sy MO, Laplaze L, Auguy F, Bogusz D, Franche C. Comparison of four constitutive promoters for the expression of transgenes in the tropical nitrogen-fixing tree Allocasuarina verticillata. Plant Cell Rep 2005; 24:540-8. [PMID: 15940528 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-005-0963-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2004] [Revised: 03/01/2005] [Accepted: 03/08/2005] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Allocasuarina verticillata is an actinorhizal tree that lives in symbiotic association with a nitrogen fixing actinomycete called Frankia. In the search for promoters that drive strong constitutive expression in this tropical tree, we studied the organ specificity of four different constitutive promoters (CaMV 35S, e35S, e35S-4ocs and UBQ1 from Arabidopsis thaliana) in stably transformed A. verticillata plants. The ss-glucuronidase (gus) gene was used as a reporter and expression studies were carried out by histochemical analyses on shoots, roots and actinorhizal nodules. While the 35S promoter was poorly expressed in the shoot apex and lateral roots, both the e35S and e35S-4ocs were found to drive high constitutive expression in the transgenic non-nodulated plants. In contrast, the UBQ1 promoter was very poorly expressed and appeared unsuitable for A. verticillata. We also showed that none of the promoters studied were active in the nodule infected cells, whatever the developmental stage studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Obertello
- Groupe Rhizogénèse Symbiotique, UMR 1098, IRD (Institut de Recherche pour le Développement), 911 avenue Agropolis, BP 5045, 34394 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
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Laplaze L, Parizot B, Baker A, Ricaud L, Martinière A, Auguy F, Franche C, Nussaume L, Bogusz D, Haseloff J. GAL4-GFP enhancer trap lines for genetic manipulation of lateral root development in Arabidopsis thaliana. J Exp Bot 2005; 56:2433-42. [PMID: 16043452 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eri236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Lateral root development occurs throughout the life of the plant and is responsible for the plasticity of the root system. In Arabidopsis thaliana, lateral root founder cells originate from pericycle cells adjacent to xylem poles. In order to study the mechanisms of lateral root development, a population of Arabidopsis GAL4-GFP enhancer trap lines were screened and two lines were isolated with GAL4 expression in root xylem-pole pericycle cells (J0121), i.e. in cells competent to become lateral root founder cells, and in young lateral root primordia (J0192). These two enhancer trap lines are very useful tools with which to study the molecular and cellular bases of lateral root development using targeted gene expression. These lines were used for genetic ablation experiments by targeting the expression of a toxin-encoding gene. Moreover, the molecular bases of the enhancer trap expression pattern were characterized. These results suggest that the lateral-root-specific GAL4 expression pattern in J0192 is due to a strong enhancer in the promoter of the LOB-domain protein gene LBD16.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Laplaze
- UMR 1098, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, 911 Avenue Agropolis, F-34394 Montpellier cedex 5, France.
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Svistoonoff S, Laplaze L, Liang J, Ribeiro A, Gouveia MC, Auguy F, Fevereiro P, Franche C, Bogusz D. Infection-related activation of the cg12 promoter is conserved between actinorhizal and legume-rhizobia root nodule symbiosis. Plant Physiol 2004; 136:3191-7. [PMID: 15466224 PMCID: PMC523378 DOI: 10.1104/pp.104.048967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2004] [Revised: 07/30/2004] [Accepted: 08/07/2004] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Two nitrogen-fixing root nodule symbioses between soil bacteria and higher plants have been described: the symbiosis between legume and rhizobia and actinorhizal symbioses between plants belonging to eight angiosperm families and the actinomycete Frankia. We have recently shown that the subtilisin-like Ser protease gene cg12 (isolated from the actinorhizal plant Casuarina glauca) is specifically expressed during plant cell infection by Frankia. Here we report on the study of C. glauca cg12 promoter activity in the transgenic legume Medicago truncatula. We found that cg12 promoter activation is associated with plant cell infection by Sinorhizobium meliloti. Furthermore, applications of purified Nod factors and mycorrhizal inoculation failed to trigger expression of the cg12-reporter gene construct. This indicates that at least part of the transcriptional environment in plant cells infected by endosymbiotic nitrogen-fixing bacteria is conserved between legume and actinorhizal plants. These results are discussed in view of recent data concerning molecular phylogeny that suggest a common evolutionary origin of all plants entering nitrogen-fixing root nodule symbioses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Svistoonoff
- Unité Mixte de Recherche 1098, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, BP 64501, 34394 Montpellier cedex 5, France
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Santi C, von Groll U, Ribeiro A, Chiurazzi M, Auguy F, Bogusz D, Franche C, Pawlowski K. Comparison of nodule induction in legume and actinorhizal symbioses: the induction of actinorhizal nodules does not involve ENOD40. Mol Plant Microbe Interact 2003; 16:808-816. [PMID: 12971604 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi.2003.16.9.808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Two types of root nodule symbioses are known for higher plants, legume and actinorhizal symbioses. In legume symbioses, bacterial signal factors induce the expression of ENOD40 genes. We isolated an ENOD40 promoter from an actinorhizal plant, Casuarina glauca, and compared its expression pattern in a legume (Lotus japonicus) and an actinorhizal plant (Allocasuarina verticillata) with that of an ENOD40 promoter from the legume soybean (GmENOD40-2). In the actinorhizal Allocasuarina sp., CgENOD40-GUS and GmENOD40-2-GUS showed similar expression patterns in both vegetative and symbiotic development, and neither promoter was active during nodule induction. The nonsymbiotic expression pattern of CgENOD40-GUS in the legume genus Lotus resembled the nonsymbiotic expression patterns of legume ENOD40 genes; however, in contrast to GmENOD40-2-GUS, CgENOD40-GUS was not active during nodule induction. The fact that only legume, not actinorhizal, ENOD40 genes are induced during legume nodule induction can be linked to the phloem unloading mechanisms established in the zones of nodule induction in the roots of both types of host plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carole Santi
- Equipe Rhizogenèse, UMR 1098, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, 911 Avenue Agropolis, BP 64501, 34394 Montpellier cedex 5, France
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Svistoonoff S, Laplaze L, Auguy F, Runions J, Duponnois R, Haseloff J, Franche C, Bogusz D. cg12 expression is specifically linked to infection of root hairs and cortical cells during Casuarina glauca and Allocasuarina verticillata actinorhizal nodule development. Mol Plant Microbe Interact 2003; 16:600-607. [PMID: 12848425 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi.2003.16.7.600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
cg12 is an early actinorhizal nodulin gene from Casuarina glauca encoding a subtilisin-like serine protease. Using transgenic Casuarinaceae plants carrying cg12-gus and cg12-gfp fusions, we have studied the expression pattern conferred by the cg12 promoter region after inoculation with Frankia. cg12 was found to be expressed in root hairs and in root and nodule cortical cells containing Frankia infection threads. cg12 expression was also monitored after inoculation with ineffective Frankia strains, during mycorrhizae formation, and after diverse hormonal treatments. None of these treatments was able to induce its expression, therefore suggesting that cg12 expression is linked to plant cell infection by Frankia strains. Possible roles of cg12 in actinorhizal symbiosis are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Svistoonoff
- Equipe Rhizogenèse, UMR 1098, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, BP 64501, 34394 Montpellier cedex 5, France
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Ahmadi N, Dellerme S, Laplaze L, Guermache F, Auguy F, Duhoux E, Bogusz D, Guiderdoni E, Franche C. The promoter of a metallothionein-like gene from the tropical tree Casuarina glauca is active in both annual dicotyledonous and monocotyledonous plants. Transgenic Res 2003; 12:271-81. [PMID: 12779116 DOI: 10.1023/a:1023365003210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
A chimeric gene consisting of the beta-glucuronidase (gusA) reporter gene under the control of the metallothionein-like promoter cgMT1 from the tropical tree Casuarina glauca was introduced into Nicotiana tabacum via Agrobacterium tumefaciens and into Oryza sativa by particle bombardment. The strongest histochemical staining for GUS activity was observed in the root system of the transgenic plants, and especially in lateral roots. In contrast, a relatively low level of reporter gene expression was seen in the aerial tissues and GUS staining was located mainly in the plant vascular system. The average ratio of GUS activity between root and leaf was found to be 13:1 in tobacco and 1.5:1 in rice. The pattern of cgMT1 promoter activity in floral organs was found to be different in tobacco and rice. High levels of gusA gene expression were detected in the ovules, pollen grains and tapetum, whereas in rice PcgMT1 directs expression to the vascular system of the floral organs. These results suggest that PcgMT1 is potentially useful in molecular breeding to express genes of interest whose products are preferentially needed in roots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nour Ahmadi
- Calim and Biotrop Programmes, CIRAD, Avenue Agropolis, 34398 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
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Laplaze L, Gherbi H, Duhoux E, Pawlowski K, Auguy F, Guermache F, Franche C, Bogusz D. Symbiotic and non-symbiotic expression of cgMT1, a metallothionein-like gene from the actinorhizal tree Casuarina glauca. Plant Mol Biol 2002; 49:81-92. [PMID: 12008901 DOI: 10.1023/a:1014415003714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
A clone for a type 1 metallothionein (cgMT1) was isolated from a Casuarina glauca nodule cDNA library. The corresponding gene belongs to a small family and is highly expressed in roots and nitrogen-fixing nodules, whereas low expression was observed in aerial parts of the plant. The promoter region of cgMT1 was isolated and fused to the beta-glucuronidase (gus) gene. Transgenic Casuarinaceae plants showed that the cgMT1 promoter was most active in roots and in the oldest region of the shoot. In situ hybridization indicated that in nodules cgMT1 transcript is present in mature Frankia-infected cells and in the pericycle. Possible roles for cgMT1 in symbiotic and nonsymbiotic tissues are discussed.
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MESH Headings
- 5' Flanking Region/genetics
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Base Sequence
- Blotting, Northern
- DNA, Complementary/chemistry
- DNA, Complementary/genetics
- DNA, Complementary/isolation & purification
- DNA, Plant/chemistry
- DNA, Plant/genetics
- Gene Expression Regulation, Plant
- Glucuronidase/genetics
- Glucuronidase/metabolism
- Histocytochemistry
- In Situ Hybridization
- Magnoliopsida/genetics
- Metallothionein/genetics
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Plant Roots/genetics
- Plants, Genetically Modified
- RNA, Plant/genetics
- RNA, Plant/metabolism
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/genetics
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism
- Sequence Alignment
- Sequence Analysis, DNA
- Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
- Symbiosis/genetics
- Transcription, Genetic
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Smouni A, Laplaze L, Bogusz D, Guermache F, Auguy F, Duhoux E, Franche C. Research note: The 35S promoter is not constitutively expressed in the transgenic tropical actinorhizal tree Casuarina glauca. Funct Plant Biol 2002; 29:649-656. [PMID: 32689510 DOI: 10.1071/pp01121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The tropical nitrogen-fixing tree, Casuarina glauca Sieb. ex Spreng. was genetically transformed using Agrobacterium tumefaciens C58C1(pGV2260; pBIN19GUSINT). We report on the expression pattern conferred by the cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV) 35S promoter in transgenic C. glauca plants grown in vitro, and for one year in a greenhouse. Histochemical assays in shoots from in vitro plants revealed β-glucuronidase (GUS) staining in apical and axillary buds, and in nearly all tissues near the base of the stem. In roots, the CaMV 35S drove strong GUS expression in the apex and vascular tissue. In 1-year old plants grown in a greenhouse, the CaMV 35S promoter was highly active, except in peripheral suberized tissues. Transgenic C. glauca plants were nodulated by the actinomycete Frankia. Histochemical assays on vibratome sections of transgenic nodules demonstrated intense GUS activity in the vascular bundle, the phellogen, and in strands of uninfected cells filled with polyphenols. GUS expression was undetectable in Frankia-infected cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aziz Smouni
- Groupe Rhizogénèse Symbiotique, UR Biologie du Développement des Plantes Pérennes Tropicales, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (ex. Office de Recherche Scientifique et Technique d'Outre Mer), 911 avenue Agropolis, BP 5045, 34032 Montpellier Cedex 1, France. Present address: Université Mohammed V, Faculté des Sciences, Microbiologie, Battouta Street, BP 1014 Rabat, Morocco
| | - Laurent Laplaze
- Groupe Rhizogénèse Symbiotique, UR Biologie du Développement des Plantes Pérennes Tropicales, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (ex. Office de Recherche Scientifique et Technique d'Outre Mer), 911 avenue Agropolis, BP 5045, 34032 Montpellier Cedex 1, France
| | - Didier Bogusz
- Groupe Rhizogénèse Symbiotique, UR Biologie du Développement des Plantes Pérennes Tropicales, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (ex. Office de Recherche Scientifique et Technique d'Outre Mer), 911 avenue Agropolis, BP 5045, 34032 Montpellier Cedex 1, France
| | - Fathia Guermache
- Groupe Rhizogénèse Symbiotique, UR Biologie du Développement des Plantes Pérennes Tropicales, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (ex. Office de Recherche Scientifique et Technique d'Outre Mer), 911 avenue Agropolis, BP 5045, 34032 Montpellier Cedex 1, France
| | - Florence Auguy
- Groupe Rhizogénèse Symbiotique, UR Biologie du Développement des Plantes Pérennes Tropicales, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (ex. Office de Recherche Scientifique et Technique d'Outre Mer), 911 avenue Agropolis, BP 5045, 34032 Montpellier Cedex 1, France
| | - Emile Duhoux
- Groupe Rhizogénèse Symbiotique, UR Biologie du Développement des Plantes Pérennes Tropicales, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (ex. Office de Recherche Scientifique et Technique d'Outre Mer), 911 avenue Agropolis, BP 5045, 34032 Montpellier Cedex 1, France
| | - Claudine Franche
- Groupe Rhizogénèse Symbiotique, UR Biologie du Développement des Plantes Pérennes Tropicales, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (ex. Office de Recherche Scientifique et Technique d'Outre Mer), 911 avenue Agropolis, BP 5045, 34032 Montpellier Cedex 1, France.Corresponding author;
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Duhoux E, Rinaudo G, Diem HG, Auguy F, Fernandez D, Bogusz D, Franche C, Dommergues Y, Huguenin B. Angiosperm Gymnostoma trees produce root nodules colonized by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi related to Glomus. New Phytol 2001; 149:115-125. [PMID: 33853231 DOI: 10.1046/j.1469-8137.2001.00005.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
• Structure and fungal composition is presented here for 'mycorrhizal' nodules of two angiosperms of the genus Gymnostoma (Casuarinaceae), G. deplancheanum and G. nodiflorum. These species are endemic to New Caledonia, where they grow on ultramafic soils. The mycorrhizal nodules, which are modified lateral roots invaded by an arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus, occur in addition to N2 -fixing nodules. • Techniques included PCR amplification of extracted DNA, for species identification, and histological studies to compare the developmental pathway of Gymnostoma mycorrhizal nodules with that of actinorhizal nodules. • The fungal DNA suggested that the strain belongs to the genus Glomus (Glomales). The endophytic mycelium also contained typical Glomus arbuscules and hyphal coils. Structurally, Gymnostoma mycorrhizal nodules are similar to those described in some Coniferales and in Caesalpinioideae trees of French Guyana. • The mycorrhizal nodules of G. deplancheanum and G. nodiflorum contain a fungus belonging to the Glomales. The role of the nodules might be linked to the ecological situation of the host plants, which are pioneers in exposed and rocky habitats.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Duhoux
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement-GeneTrop, BP 5045, 34032 Montpellier Cedex, France
| | - G Rinaudo
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Laboratoire de Microbiologie, BP A5 Nouméa Cedex, Nouvelle Calédonie, France
| | - H G Diem
- Institut Fédératif d'Ecologie Fondamentale et Appliquée et Direction des Relations Internationales, CNRS, 3 rue Michel-Ange, 75794 Paris, France
| | - F Auguy
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement-GeneTrop, BP 5045, 34032 Montpellier Cedex, France
| | - D Fernandez
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement-GeneTrop, BP 5045, 34032 Montpellier Cedex, France
| | - D Bogusz
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement-GeneTrop, BP 5045, 34032 Montpellier Cedex, France
| | - C Franche
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement-GeneTrop, BP 5045, 34032 Montpellier Cedex, France
| | | | - B Huguenin
- 28 Boulevard A. Thomas, 44000 Nantes, France
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Laplaze L, Ribeiro A, Franche C, Duhoux E, Auguy F, Bogusz D, Pawlowski K. Characterization of a Casuarina glauca nodule-specific subtilisin-like protease gene, a homolog of Alnus glutinosa ag12. Mol Plant Microbe Interact 2000; 13:113-7. [PMID: 10656592 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi.2000.13.1.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
In search of plant genes expressed during early interactions between Casuarina glauca and Frankia, we have isolated and characterized a C. glauca gene that has strong homology to subtilisin-like protease gene families of several plants including the actinorhizal nodulin gene ag12 of another actinorhizal plant, Alnus glutinosa. Based on the expression pattern of cg12 in the course of nodule development, it represents an early actinorhizal nodulin gene. Our results suggest that subtilisin-like proteases may be a common element in the process of infection of plant cells by Frankia in both Betulaceae (Alnus glutinosa) and Casuarinaceae (Casuarina glauca) symbioses.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Laplaze
- Physiologie Cellulaire et Moléculaire des Arbres, Laboratoire GeneTrop, IRD, Montpellier, France
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Laplaze L, Gherbi H, Frutz T, Pawlowski K, Franche C, Macheix JJ, Auguy F, Bogusz D, Duhoux E. Flavan-containing cells delimit Frankia-infected compartments in Casuarina glauca nodules. Plant Physiol 1999; 121:113-22. [PMID: 10482666 PMCID: PMC59359 DOI: 10.1104/pp.121.1.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the involvement of polyphenols in the Casuarina glauca-Frankia symbiosis. Histological analysis revealed a cell-specific accumulation of phenolics in C. glauca nodule lobes, creating a compartmentation in the cortex. Histochemical and biochemical analyses indicated that these phenolic compounds belong to the flavan class of flavonoids. We show that the same compounds were synthesized in nodules and uninfected roots. However, the amount of each flavan was dramatically increased in nodules compared with uninfected roots. The use of in situ hybridization established that chalcone synthase transcripts accumulate in flavan-containing cells at the apex of the nodule lobe. Our findings are discussed in view of the possible role of flavans in plant-microbe interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Laplaze
- Physiologie Cellulaire et Moléculaire des Arbres, GeneTrop Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, 911 Avenue Agropolis, 34032 Montpellier cedex 1, France
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