51
|
Dennis ML, Newman J, Dolezal O, Hattarki M, Surjadi RN, Nuttall SD, Pham T, Nebl T, Camerino M, Khoo PS, Monahan BJ, Peat TS. Crystal structures of human ENPP1 in apo and bound forms. Acta Crystallogr D Struct Biol 2020; 76:889-898. [PMID: 32876064 PMCID: PMC7466750 DOI: 10.1107/s2059798320010505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is one of the leading causes of mortality in humans, and recent work has focused on the area of immuno-oncology, in which the immune system is used to specifically target cancerous cells. Ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase 1 (ENPP1) is an emerging therapeutic target in human cancers owing to its role in degrading cyclic GMP-AMP (cGAMP), an agonist of the stimulator of interferon genes (STING). The available structures of ENPP1 are of the mouse enzyme, and no structures are available with anything other than native nucleotides. Here, the first X-ray crystal structures of the human ENPP1 enzyme in an apo form, with bound nucleotides and with two known inhibitors are presented. The availability of these structures and a robust crystallization system will allow the development of structure-based drug-design campaigns against this attractive cancer therapeutic target.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew L. Dennis
- Biomedical Manufacturing Program, CSIRO, 343 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
- Cancer Therapeutics CRC, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Janet Newman
- Biomedical Manufacturing Program, CSIRO, 343 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Olan Dolezal
- Biomedical Manufacturing Program, CSIRO, 343 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Meghan Hattarki
- Biomedical Manufacturing Program, CSIRO, 343 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Regina N. Surjadi
- Biomedical Manufacturing Program, CSIRO, 343 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Stewart D. Nuttall
- Biomedical Manufacturing Program, CSIRO, 343 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Tam Pham
- Biomedical Manufacturing Program, CSIRO, 343 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Tom Nebl
- Biomedical Manufacturing Program, CSIRO, 343 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Michelle Camerino
- Cancer Therapeutics CRC, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
- Medicinal Chemistry Theme, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Poh Sim Khoo
- Cancer Therapeutics CRC, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
- Children’s Cancer Institute, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, UNSW, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Brendon J. Monahan
- Cancer Therapeutics CRC, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Thomas S. Peat
- Biomedical Manufacturing Program, CSIRO, 343 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
52
|
Ahmad H, Ullah S, Rahman F, Saeed A, Pelletier J, Sévigny J, Hassan A, Iqbal J. Synthesis of biphenyl oxazole derivatives via Suzuki coupling and biological evaluations as nucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase-1 and -3 inhibitors. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 208:112759. [PMID: 32883636 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.112759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Revised: 08/09/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Oxazole derivatives are important medicinal compounds which are inhibitors of various enzymes such as NPP1, NPP2, NPP3, tyrosine kinase, dipeptidyl-peptidase IV, cyclooxygenase-2, and protein tyrosine phosphatase. In this study, an extensive range of new biologically active biphenyl oxazole derivatives was synthesized in high to excellent yields (57-93%) through Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling of bromophenyloxazole with different boronic acids. The reaction was carried out in wet toluene under mild conditions. Overexpression of nucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase-1 (NPP1) and NPP3 has been associated with various health disorders including chondrocalcinosis, cancer, osteoarthritis, and type 2 diabetes. We evaluated the inhibitory potential and selectivity of the synthesized compounds (3a-3q) towards NPP1 and NPP3 at 100 μM concentrations. We found two compounds that were selective and potent inhibitors of these two enzymes on the artificial substrate thymidine 5'-monophosphate para-nitrophenyl ester: compound 3n inhibited NPP1 with an IC50 of 0.15 μM, and compound 3f inhibited NPP3 with an IC50 value of 0.17 μM. The compounds with promising inhibitory potential were docked inside the proteins of NPP1 and NPP3 isozymes to get insight into the plausible binding interactions with active site residues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haseen Ahmad
- Department of Chemistry, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, 45320, Pakistan
| | - Saif Ullah
- Centre for Advanced Drug Research, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus, Abbottabad, 22060, Pakistan
| | - Fouzia Rahman
- Department of Chemistry, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, 45320, Pakistan
| | - Aamer Saeed
- Department of Chemistry, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, 45320, Pakistan
| | - Julie Pelletier
- Centre de Recherche Du CHU de Québec - Université Laval, Québec, QC, G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Jean Sévigny
- Centre de Recherche Du CHU de Québec - Université Laval, Québec, QC, G1V 4G2, Canada; Département de Microbiologie-infectiologie et D'immunologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Abbas Hassan
- Department of Chemistry, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, 45320, Pakistan.
| | - Jamshed Iqbal
- Centre for Advanced Drug Research, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus, Abbottabad, 22060, Pakistan.
| |
Collapse
|
53
|
Szeri F, Lundkvist S, Donnelly S, Engelke UFH, Rhee K, Williams CJ, Sundberg JP, Wevers RA, Tomlinson RE, Jansen RS, van de Wetering K. The membrane protein ANKH is crucial for bone mechanical performance by mediating cellular export of citrate and ATP. PLoS Genet 2020; 16:e1008884. [PMID: 32639996 PMCID: PMC7371198 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1008884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The membrane protein ANKH was known to prevent pathological mineralization of joints and was thought to export pyrophosphate (PPi) from cells. This did not explain, however, the presence of ANKH in tissues, such as brain, blood vessels and muscle. We now report that in cultured cells ANKH exports ATP, rather than PPi, and, unexpectedly, also citrate as a prominent metabolite. The extracellular ATP is rapidly converted into PPi, explaining the role of ANKH in preventing ankylosis. Mice lacking functional Ank (Ankank/ank mice) had plasma citrate concentrations that were 65% lower than those detected in wild type control animals. Consequently, citrate excretion via the urine was substantially reduced in Ankank/ank mice. Citrate was even undetectable in the urine of a human patient lacking functional ANKH. The hydroxyapatite of Ankank/ank mice contained dramatically reduced levels of both, citrate and PPi and displayed diminished strength. Our results show that ANKH is a critical contributor to extracellular citrate and PPi homeostasis and profoundly affects bone matrix composition and, consequently, bone quality.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Flora Szeri
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology, Jefferson Institute of Molecular Medicine and PXE International Center of Excellence in Research and Clinical Care, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Stefan Lundkvist
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology, Jefferson Institute of Molecular Medicine and PXE International Center of Excellence in Research and Clinical Care, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Sylvia Donnelly
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology, Jefferson Institute of Molecular Medicine and PXE International Center of Excellence in Research and Clinical Care, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Udo F. H. Engelke
- Translational Metabolic Laboratory, Department Laboratory Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Kyu Rhee
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Charlene J. Williams
- Cooper Medical School of Rowan University, Camden, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - John P. Sundberg
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, Maine, United States of America
| | - Ron A. Wevers
- Translational Metabolic Laboratory, Department Laboratory Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Ryan E. Tomlinson
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Robert S. Jansen
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Koen van de Wetering
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology, Jefferson Institute of Molecular Medicine and PXE International Center of Excellence in Research and Clinical Care, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
54
|
Mardjuki RE, Carozza JA, Li L. Development of cGAMP-Luc, a sensitive and precise coupled enzyme assay to measure cGAMP in complex biological samples. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:4881-4892. [PMID: 32127400 PMCID: PMC7152770 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.012170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Revised: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
2',5'/3',5'-cGMP-AMP (cGAMP) is a second messenger produced in response to cytosolic dsDNA that activates the stimulator of interferon genes (STING) pathway. We recently discovered that cGAMP is exported by cancer cells and that this extracellular signal is an immunotransmitter key to tumor detection and elimination by the innate immune system. The enhancement of extracellular cGAMP levels therefore holds great promise for managing cancer. However, there is still much more to understand about the basic biology of cGAMP before its full therapeutic potential can be realized. To answer these questions, we must be able to detect and quantitate cGAMP with an assay that is high-throughput, sensitive, and precise. Existing assays fall short of these needs. Here, we describe the development of cGAMP-Luc, a coupled enzyme assay that relies on the degradation of cGAMP to AMP by ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase phosphodiesterase 1 (ENPP1) and an optimized assay for the detection of AMP by luciferase. We also developed STING-CAP, a STING-mediated method to concentrate and purify cGAMP from any type of biological sample. We conclude that cGAMP-Luc is an economical high-throughput assay that matches the accuracy of and surpasses the detection limit of MS, the current gold standard of cGAMP quantitation. We propose that cGAMP-Luc is a powerful tool that may enable discoveries that advance insights into extracellular cGAMP levels in healthy and diseased tissues, such as cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rachel E Mardjuki
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94306
| | - Jacqueline A Carozza
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94306
- Stanford ChEM-H, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94306
| | - Lingyin Li
- Stanford ChEM-H, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94306
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94306
| |
Collapse
|
55
|
Carozza JA, Böhnert V, Nguyen KC, Skariah G, Shaw KE, Brown JA, Rafat M, von Eyben R, Graves EE, Glenn JS, Smith M, Li L. Extracellular cGAMP is a cancer cell-produced immunotransmitter involved in radiation-induced anti-cancer immunity. NATURE CANCER 2020; 1:184-196. [PMID: 33768207 PMCID: PMC7990037 DOI: 10.1038/s43018-020-0028-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
2'3'-cyclic GMP-AMP (cGAMP) is an intracellular second messenger that is synthesized in response to cytosolic double-stranded DNA and activates the innate immune STING pathway. Our previous discovery of its extracellular hydrolase ENPP1 hinted at the existence of extracellular cGAMP. Here, we detected that cGAMP is continuously exported but then efficiently cleared by ENPP1, explaining why it has previously escaped detection. By developing potent, specific, and cell impermeable ENPP1 inhibitors, we found that cancer cells continuously export cGAMP in culture at steady state and at higher levels when treated with ionizing radiation (IR). In mouse tumors, depletion of extracellular cGAMP decreased tumor-associated immune cell infiltration and abolished the curative effect of IR. Boosting extracellular cGAMP with ENPP1 inhibitors synergized with IR to delay tumor growth. In conclusion, extracellular cGAMP is an anti-cancer immunotransmitter that could be harnessed to treat cancers with low immunogenicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline A Carozza
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Stanford ChEM-H, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Volker Böhnert
- Stanford ChEM-H, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University, School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Khanh C Nguyen
- Departments of Medicine and Microbiology & Immunology, Stanford University, School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Gemini Skariah
- Stanford ChEM-H, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University, School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Kelsey E Shaw
- Stanford ChEM-H, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University, School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Jenifer A Brown
- Stanford ChEM-H, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Biophysics Program, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Marjan Rafat
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University, School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Rie von Eyben
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University, School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Edward E Graves
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University, School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Jeffrey S Glenn
- Departments of Medicine and Microbiology & Immunology, Stanford University, School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Mark Smith
- Stanford ChEM-H, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Lingyin Li
- Stanford ChEM-H, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University, School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
56
|
Abstract
Numerous zinc ectoenzymes are folded and activated in the compartments of the early secretory pathway, such as the ER and the Golgi apparatus, before reaching their final destination. During this process, zinc must be incorporated into the active site; therefore, metalation of the nascent protein is indispensable for the expression of the active enzyme. However, to date, the molecular mechanism underlying this process has been poorly investigated. This is in sharp contrast to the physiological and pathophysiological roles of zinc ectoenzymes, which have been extensively investigated over the past decades. This manuscript concisely outlines the present understanding of zinc ectoenzyme activation through metalation by zinc and compares this with copper ectoenzyme activation, in which elaborate copper metalation mechanisms are known. Moreover, based on the comparison, several hypotheses are discussed. Approximately 80 years have passed since the first zinc enzyme was identified; therefore, it is necessary to improve our understanding of zinc ectoenzymes from a biochemical perspective, which will further our understanding of their biological roles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Taiho Kambe
- Division of Integrated Life Science, Graduate School of Biostudies , Kyoto University , Kyoto 606-8502 , Japan
| |
Collapse
|
57
|
Onyedibe KI, Wang M, Sintim HO. ENPP1, an Old Enzyme with New Functions, and Small Molecule Inhibitors-A STING in the Tale of ENPP1. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24224192. [PMID: 31752288 PMCID: PMC6891441 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24224192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Revised: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase I (ENPP1) was identified several decades ago as a type II transmembrane glycoprotein with nucleotide pyrophosphatase and phosphodiesterase enzymatic activities, critical for purinergic signaling. Recently, ENPP1 has emerged as a critical phosphodiesterase that degrades the stimulator of interferon genes (STING) ligand, cyclic GMP-AMP (cGAMP). cGAMP or analogs thereof have emerged as potent immunostimulatory agents, which have potential applications in immunotherapy. This emerging role of ENPP1 has placed this "old" enzyme at the frontier of immunotherapy. This review highlights the roles played by ENPP1, the mechanism of cGAMP hydrolysis by ENPP1, and small molecule inhibitors of ENPP1 with potential applications in diverse disease states, including cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth I. Onyedibe
- Chemistry Department, Institute for Drug Discovery, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; (K.I.O.); (M.W.)
- Purdue Institute for Inflammation, Immunology, and Infectious Diseases, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Modi Wang
- Chemistry Department, Institute for Drug Discovery, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; (K.I.O.); (M.W.)
| | - Herman O. Sintim
- Chemistry Department, Institute for Drug Discovery, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; (K.I.O.); (M.W.)
- Purdue Institute for Inflammation, Immunology, and Infectious Diseases, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
- Purdue University Center for Cancer Research, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-(765)-496-6078; Fax: +1-(765)-494-0239
| |
Collapse
|
58
|
Kawaguchi M, Han X, Hisada T, Nishikawa S, Kano K, Ieda N, Aoki J, Toyama T, Nakagawa H. Development of an ENPP1 Fluorescence Probe for Inhibitor Screening, Cellular Imaging, and Prognostic Assessment of Malignant Breast Cancer. J Med Chem 2019; 62:9254-9269. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b01213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mitsuyasu Kawaguchi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, 3-1 Tanabe-dori, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 467-8603, Japan
| | - Xiang Han
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, 3-1 Tanabe-dori, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 467-8603, Japan
| | - Tomoka Hisada
- Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Department of Breast Surgery, Nagoya City University, 1 Kawasumi, Mizuho-cho, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya 467-8601, Japan
| | - Sayaka Nishikawa
- Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Department of Breast Surgery, Nagoya City University, 1 Kawasumi, Mizuho-cho, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya 467-8601, Japan
| | - Kuniyuki Kano
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, 6-3 Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8578, Japan
| | - Naoya Ieda
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, 3-1 Tanabe-dori, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 467-8603, Japan
| | - Junken Aoki
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, 6-3 Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8578, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Toyama
- Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Department of Breast Surgery, Nagoya City University, 1 Kawasumi, Mizuho-cho, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya 467-8601, Japan
| | - Hidehiko Nakagawa
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, 3-1 Tanabe-dori, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 467-8603, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
59
|
Lightman SM, Utley A, Lee KP. Survival of Long-Lived Plasma Cells (LLPC): Piecing Together the Puzzle. Front Immunol 2019; 10:965. [PMID: 31130955 PMCID: PMC6510054 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Durable humoral immunity is dependent upon the generation of antigen-specific antibody titers, produced by non-proliferating bone marrow resident long-lived plasma cells (LLPC). Longevity is the hallmark of LLPC, but why and how they survive and function for years after antigen exposure is only beginning to be understood. LLPC are not intrinsically long-lived; they require continuous signals from the LLPC niche to survive. Signals unique to LLPC survival (vs. PC survival in general) most notably include those that upregulate the anti-apoptotic factor Mcl-1 and activation of the CD28 receptor expressed on LLPC. Other potential factors include expression of BCMA, upregulation of the transcription factor ZBTB20, and upregulation of the enzyme ENPP1. Metabolic fitness is another key component of LLPC longevity, facilitating the diversion of glucose to generate pyruvate during times of stress to facilitate long term survival. A third major component of LLPC survival is the microenvironment/LLPC niche itself. Cellular partners such as stromal cells, dendritic cells, and T regulatory cells establish a niche for LLPC and drive survival signaling by expressing ligands such as CD80/CD86 for CD28 and producing soluble and stromal factors that contribute to LLPC longevity. These findings have led to the current paradigm wherein both intrinsic and extrinsic mechanisms are required for the survival of LLPC. Here we outline this diverse network of signals and highlight the mechanisms thought to regulate and promote the survival of LLPC. Understanding this network of signals has direct implications in increasing our basic understanding of plasma cell biology, but also in vaccine and therapeutic drug development to address the pathologies that can arise from this subset.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shivana M Lightman
- Department of Immunology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Adam Utley
- Department of Immunology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Kelvin P Lee
- Department of Immunology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, United States
| |
Collapse
|
60
|
Othman Z, Fernandes H, Groot AJ, Luider TM, Alcinesio A, Pereira DDM, Guttenplan APM, Yuan H, Habibovic P. The role of ENPP1/PC-1 in osteoinduction by calcium phosphate ceramics. Biomaterials 2019; 210:12-24. [PMID: 31048198 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2019.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Revised: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
In the past decade, calcium phosphate (CaP) ceramics have emerged as alternatives to autologous bone grafts for the treatment of large, critical-sized bone defects. In order to be effective in the regeneration of such defects, ceramics must show osteoinductive behaviour, defined as the ability to induce de novo heterotopic bone formation. While a set of osteoinductive CaP ceramics has been developed, the exact processes underlying osteoinduction, and the role of the physical and chemical properties of the ceramics, remain largely unknown. Previous studies have focused on the role of the transcriptome to shed light on the mechanism of osteoinduction at the mRNA level. To complement these studies, a proteomic analysis was performed to study the behaviour of hMSCs on osteoinductive and non-osteoinductive CaPs. The results of this analysis suggest that plasma cell glycoprotein 1 (PC-1), encoded by the ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase 1 (ENPP1) gene, plays a key role in the process of osteoinduction by CaP ceramics. Validation experiments have confirmed that indeed, the mRNA expression of ENPP1 and the production of PC-1 are higher on osteoinductive than on non-osteoinductive CaP ceramics, a trend that was also observed for other osteogenic markers such as bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP2) and osteopontin (OPN), but not for alkaline phosphatase (ALP). Our results also showed that the expression of PC-1 is restricted to those cells which are in direct contact with the CaP ceramic surface, plausibly due to the localised depletion of calcium and inorganic phosphate ions from the supersaturated cell culture medium as CaP crystallises on the ceramic surface. Replicating the surface of the osteoinductive ceramic in polystyrene resulted in a significant decrease in ENPP1 expression, suggesting that surface structural properties alone are not sufficient to induce ENPP1 expression. Finally, knocking down ENPP1 expression in hMSCs resulted in increased BMP2 expression, both at the mRNA and protein level, suggesting that ENPP1 is a negative regulator of BMP-2 signalling. Taken together, this study shows, for the first time, that ENPP1/PC-1 plays an important role in CaP-induced osteogenic differentiation of hMSCs and thus possibly osteoinduction by CaP ceramics. Furthermore, we have identified a crucial role for the interfacial (chemical) events occurring on the CaP ceramic surface in the process of osteoinduction. This knowledge can contribute to the development of new bone graft substitutes, with improved osteoinductive potential.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ziryan Othman
- Department of Instructive Biomaterials Engineering, MERLN Institute for Technology-Inspired Regenerative Medicine, Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 40, 6229 ER, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Hugo Fernandes
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Health Science Campus, Central Unit, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-354, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Arjan J Groot
- Department of Radiation Oncology (MaastRO), GROW - School for Oncology & Developmental Biology, Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 50, 6229 ER Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Theo M Luider
- Laboratory of Neuro-Oncology and Clinical and Cancer Proteomics, Department of Neurology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Dr. Molewaterplein 50, 3015 GE Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Alessandro Alcinesio
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Rd, OX1 3TA, Oxford, UK
| | - Daniel de Melo Pereira
- Department of Instructive Biomaterials Engineering, MERLN Institute for Technology-Inspired Regenerative Medicine, Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 40, 6229 ER, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Alexander P M Guttenplan
- Department of Instructive Biomaterials Engineering, MERLN Institute for Technology-Inspired Regenerative Medicine, Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 40, 6229 ER, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Huipin Yuan
- Department of Instructive Biomaterials Engineering, MERLN Institute for Technology-Inspired Regenerative Medicine, Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 40, 6229 ER, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Pamela Habibovic
- Department of Instructive Biomaterials Engineering, MERLN Institute for Technology-Inspired Regenerative Medicine, Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 40, 6229 ER, Maastricht, the Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
61
|
ENPP1 in the Regulation of Mineralization and Beyond. Trends Biochem Sci 2019; 44:616-628. [PMID: 30799235 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2019.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2018] [Revised: 01/26/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
ENPP1 is well known for its role in regulating skeletal and soft tissue mineralization. It primarily exerts its function through the generation of pyrophosphate, a key inhibitor of hydroxyapatite formation. Several previous studies have suggested that ENPP1 also contributes to a range of human diseases including diabetes, cancer, cardiovascular disease, and osteoarthritis. In this review, we summarize the pathological roles of ENPP1 in mineralization and these soft tissue disorders. We also discuss the underlying mechanisms through which ENPP1 exerts its pathological effects. A fuller understanding of the pathways through which ENPP1 acts may help to develop novel therapeutic strategies for these commonly diagnosed morbidities.
Collapse
|
62
|
Brown ZP, Takagi J. The PA Tag: A Versatile Peptide Tagging System in the Era of Integrative Structural Biology. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1105:59-76. [PMID: 30617824 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-13-2200-6_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/21/2023]
Abstract
We have recently developed a novel protein tagging system based on the high affinity interaction between an antibody NZ-1 and its antigen PA peptide, a dodecapeptide that forms a β-turn in the binding pocket of NZ-1. This unique conformation allows for the PA peptide to be inserted into turn-forming loops within a folded protein domain and the system has been variously used in general applications including protein purification, Western blotting and flow cytometry, or in more specialized applications such as reporting protein conformational change, and identifying subunits of macromolecular complexes with electron microscopy. Thus the small and "portable" nature of the PA tag system offers a versatile and powerful tool that can be implemented in various aspects of integrative structural biology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zuben P Brown
- Laboratory of Protein Synthesis and Expression, Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Junichi Takagi
- Laboratory of Protein Synthesis and Expression, Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
63
|
Hu M, Guo W, Liao Y, Xu D, Sun B, Song H, Wang T, Kuang Y, Jing B, Li K, Ling J, Yao F, Deng J. Dysregulated ENPP1 increases the malignancy of human lung cancer by inducing epithelial-mesenchymal transition phenotypes and stem cell features. Am J Cancer Res 2019; 9:134-144. [PMID: 30755817 PMCID: PMC6356920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Induction of cancer stem cell (CSC) characters and epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT) features are crucial in tumor initiation, progression and metastasis. However, underlying mechanisms remain incompletely understood. Here, we showed that ENPP1 plays an important role in inducing and maintaining EMT phenotypes and CSC features in lung cancer. ENPP1 is upregulated in lung cancer cells. ENPP1-knockdown in lung cancer HCC827 cells and A549 cells resulted in suppressed colonogenic formation, anchorage-independent growth in vitro, and tumorigenicity in vivo. ENPP1-knockdown also reduced expression of CSC makers, including ABCG2, SOX2, NANOG, and CD44. Moreover, ENPP1-knockdown reversed TGFβ-induced EMT phenotypes, including cell migration, E-cadherin repression and vimentin induction. Finally, upregulated ENPP1 was identified in majority of human lung tumor tissues compared to adjacent normal lung tissues. Taken together, our study demonstrates that dysregulated ENPP1 contributes to increased malignancy of human lung cancer by inducing CSC-features, and EMT-like phenotypes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Min Hu
- Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Minister of Education, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Tumor Microenvironment and Inflammation, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghai, China
| | - Wenzheng Guo
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of MedicineShanghai, China
| | - Yueling Liao
- Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Minister of Education, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Tumor Microenvironment and Inflammation, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghai, China
| | - Dongliang Xu
- Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Minister of Education, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Tumor Microenvironment and Inflammation, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghai, China
| | - Beibei Sun
- Translational Medical Research Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghai, China
| | - Hongyong Song
- Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Minister of Education, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Tumor Microenvironment and Inflammation, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghai, China
| | - Tong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Minister of Education, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Tumor Microenvironment and Inflammation, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghai, China
| | - Yanbin Kuang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical UniversityDalian, China
| | - Bo Jing
- Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Minister of Education, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Tumor Microenvironment and Inflammation, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghai, China
| | - Kaimi Li
- Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Minister of Education, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Tumor Microenvironment and Inflammation, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghai, China
| | - Jing Ling
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghai, China
| | - Feng Yao
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghai, China
| | - Jiong Deng
- Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Minister of Education, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Tumor Microenvironment and Inflammation, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghai, China
- Translational Medical Research Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|
64
|
Döhler C, Zebisch M, Krinke D, Robitzki A, Sträter N. Crystallization of ectonucleotide phosphodiesterase/pyrophosphatase-3 and orientation of the SMB domains in the full-length ectodomain. Acta Crystallogr F Struct Biol Commun 2018; 74:696-703. [PMID: 30387774 PMCID: PMC6213977 DOI: 10.1107/s2053230x18011111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2018] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Ectonucleotide phosphodiesterase/pyrophosphatase-3 (NPP3, ENPP3) is an ATP-hydrolyzing glycoprotein that is located in the extracellular space. The full-length ectodomain of rat NPP3 was expressed in HEK293S GntI- cells, purified using two chromatographic steps and crystallized. Its structure at 2.77 Å resolution reveals that the active-site zinc ions are missing and a large part of the active site and the surrounding residues are flexible. The SMB-like domains have the same orientation in all four molecules in the asymmetric unit. The SMB2 domain is oriented as in NPP2, but the SMB1 domain does not interact with the PDE domain but extends further away from the PDE domain. Deletion of the SMB domains resulted in crystals that diffracted to 2.4 Å resolution and are suitable for substrate-binding studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Döhler
- Institute of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Center for Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Leipzig University, Deutscher Platz 5, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Matthias Zebisch
- Institute of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Center for Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Leipzig University, Deutscher Platz 5, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- Division of Structural Biology, Evotec, 114 Innovation Drive, Milton Park, Abingdon OX14 4RZ, England
| | - Dana Krinke
- Division of Molecular Biological–Biochemical Processing Technology, Center for Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Leipzig University, Deutscher Platz 5, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Andrea Robitzki
- Division of Molecular Biological–Biochemical Processing Technology, Center for Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Leipzig University, Deutscher Platz 5, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Norbert Sträter
- Institute of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Center for Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Leipzig University, Deutscher Platz 5, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
65
|
Kato K, Nishimasu H, Oikawa D, Hirano S, Hirano H, Kasuya G, Ishitani R, Tokunaga F, Nureki O. Structural insights into cGAMP degradation by Ecto-nucleotide pyrophosphatase phosphodiesterase 1. Nat Commun 2018; 9:4424. [PMID: 30356045 PMCID: PMC6200793 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-06922-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 10/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
ENPP1 (Ecto-nucleotide pyrophosphatase phosphodiesterase 1), a type II transmembrane glycoprotein, hydrolyzes ATP to produce AMP and diphosphate, thereby inhibiting bone mineralization. A recent study showed that ENPP1 also preferentially hydrolyzes 2′3′-cGAMP (cyclic GMP-AMP) but not its linkage isomer 3′3′-cGAMP, and negatively regulates the cGAS-STING pathway in the innate immune system. Here, we present the high-resolution crystal structures of ENPP1 in complex with 3′3′-cGAMP and the reaction intermediate pA(3′,5′)pG. The structures revealed that the adenine and guanine bases of the dinucleotides are recognized by nucleotide- and guanine-pockets, respectively. Furthermore, the structures indicate that 2′3′-cGAMP, but not 3′3′-cGAMP, binds to the active site in a conformation suitable for catalysis, thereby explaining the specific degradation of 2′3′-cGAMP by ENPP1. Our findings provide insights into how ENPP1 hydrolyzes both ATP and cGAMP to participate in the two distinct biological processes. Ecto-nucleotide pyrophosphatase phosphodiesterase 1 (ENPP1) is a type II transmembrane glycoprotein that hydrolyzes both ATP and cGAMP. Here the authors present the crystal structures of the extracellular domain of mouse ENPP1 in complex with 3′3′-cGAMP and the reaction intermediate pA(3′,5′)pG and discuss mechanistic implications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kazuki Kato
- Department of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Nishimasu
- Department of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan.
| | - Daisuke Oikawa
- Department of Pathobiochemistry, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka City University, 1-4-3 Asahi-machi, Abeno-ku, Osaka, 545-8585, Japan
| | - Seiichi Hirano
- Department of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Hisato Hirano
- Department of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Go Kasuya
- Department of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Ryuichiro Ishitani
- Department of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Fuminori Tokunaga
- Department of Pathobiochemistry, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka City University, 1-4-3 Asahi-machi, Abeno-ku, Osaka, 545-8585, Japan
| | - Osamu Nureki
- Department of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
66
|
Takeda TA, Miyazaki S, Kobayashi M, Nishino K, Goto T, Matsunaga M, Ooi M, Shirakawa H, Tani F, Kawamura T, Komai M, Kambe T. Zinc deficiency causes delayed ATP clearance and adenosine generation in rats and cell culture models. Commun Biol 2018; 1:113. [PMID: 30271993 PMCID: PMC6123718 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-018-0118-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Zinc deficiency causes myriad pathophysiological symptoms, but why distinct phenotypes are generated by zinc deficiency remains unclear. Considering that several ectoenzymes involved in purinergic signaling through extracellular adenine-nucleotide hydrolysis possess zinc ions in their active sites, and disorders in purinergic signaling result in diverse diseases that are frequently similar to those caused by zinc deficiency, herein we examine whether zinc deficiency affects extracellular adenine-nucleotide metabolism. Zinc deficiency severely impairs the activities of major ectoenzymes (ENPP1, ENPP3, NT5E/CD73, and TNAP), and also strongly suppresses adenine-nucleotide hydrolysis in cell-membrane preparations or rat plasma, thereby increasing ATP and ADP levels and decreasing adenosine levels. Thus, zinc deficiency delays both extracellular ATP clearance and adenosine generation, and zinc modulates extracellular adenine-nucleotide metabolism. Since the finely tuned balance between extracellular adenine nucleotides and adenosine is critical for purinergic signaling, these findings provide a novel insight into why zinc deficiency results in diverse symptoms. Taka-aki Takeda et al. find that zinc deficiency impairs adenine nucleotide metabolism in both cell and rat models leading to delays in extracellular ATP clearance and adenosine generation. The results show that zinc deficiency affects purinergic signaling and may explain why zinc deficiency in humans results in diverse symptoms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Taka-Aki Takeda
- Division of Integrated Life Science, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Shiho Miyazaki
- Division of Integrated Life Science, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Miki Kobayashi
- Division of Integrated Life Science, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Katsutoshi Nishino
- Division of Integrated Life Science, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Tomoko Goto
- Department of Science of Food Function and Health, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, 980-8572, Japan.,Faculty of Human Life Science, Miyagi Gakuin Women's University, Sendai, 981-8557, Japan
| | - Mayu Matsunaga
- Division of Integrated Life Science, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Minami Ooi
- Department of Science of Food Function and Health, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, 980-8572, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Shirakawa
- Department of Science of Food Function and Health, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, 980-8572, Japan
| | - Fumito Tani
- Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Tatsuyoshi Kawamura
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, 409-3898, Japan
| | - Michio Komai
- Department of Science of Food Function and Health, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, 980-8572, Japan
| | - Taiho Kambe
- Division of Integrated Life Science, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
67
|
Crystal structure and substrate binding mode of ectonucleotide phosphodiesterase/pyrophosphatase-3 (NPP3). Sci Rep 2018; 8:10874. [PMID: 30022031 PMCID: PMC6052110 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-28814-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Ectonucleotide phosphodiesterase/pyrophosphatase-3 (NPP3) is a membrane-bound glycoprotein that regulates extracellular levels of nucleotides. NPP3 is known to contribute to the immune response on basophils by hydrolyzing ATP and to regulate the glycosyltransferase activity in Neuro2a cells. Here, we report on crystal structures of the nuclease and phosphodiesterase domains of rat NPP3 in complex with different substrates, products and substrate analogs giving insight into details of the catalytic mechanism. Complex structures with a phosphate ion, the product AMP and the substrate analog AMPNPP provide a consistent picture of the coordination of the substrate in which one zinc ion activates the threonine nucleophile whereas the other zinc ion binds the phosphate group. Co-crystal structures with the dinucleotide substrates Ap4A and UDPGlcNAc reveal a binding pocket for the larger leaving groups of these substrates. The crystal structures as well as mutational and kinetic analysis demonstrate that the larger leaving groups interact only weakly with the enzyme such that the substrate affinity is dominated by the interactions of the first nucleoside group. For this moiety, the nucleobase is stacked between Y290 and F207 and polar interactions with the protein are only formed via water molecules thus explaining the limited nucleobase selectivity.
Collapse
|
68
|
Sharafshah A, Keshavarz P, Rezaei S, Farhadian N. Association and in silico studies of ENPP1 gene variants with type 2 diabetes mellitus in a Northern Iranian population. Gene 2018; 675:225-232. [PMID: 29958952 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2018.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Revised: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
In the current study, a sample population of Northern Iranians was selected to investigate the association of K121Q, rs1799774, rs7754561, and rs997509 ENPP1 gene variants and their haplotypes with T2DM. Genomic DNAs of 978 samples were extracted by Salting Out standard technique and then genotyped by the TaqMan assay. The results show significant differences between study groups for K121Q (p = 0.0004) under a Dominant and rs7754561 (p = 0.002) under a co-dominant hereditary model. Based on allele frequency, there was a significant difference between two study groups at K121Q and rs7754561 variants (p = 0.010 and p = 0.01, respectively). There was no evidence for an association between ENPP1 haplotypes and overall risk of T2DM. Genotype-phenotype sub-analyses showed no significant relationship of four studied polymorphisms with age, gender, FBS, and systolic and diastolic blood pressures. Homology modeling and molecular docking of ENPP1 in K173 and Q173 models with ATP, AMP, and 2'3'-cGAMP as ligands revealed that all ligands had a more binding affinity to Lys173 protein model, and 2'3'-cGAMP had a higher affinity to both ENPP1 protein models compared to ATP and AMP. These findings suggest that ENPP1 gene variants may have a potential impact on the occurrence of T2DM in Northern Iranians.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Sharafshah
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
| | - Parvaneh Keshavarz
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran.
| | - Sajjad Rezaei
- Department of Psychology, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran
| | - Nastaran Farhadian
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
69
|
Gorelik A, Randriamihaja A, Illes K, Nagar B. Structural basis for nucleotide recognition by the ectoenzyme CD203c. FEBS J 2018; 285:2481-2494. [PMID: 29717535 DOI: 10.1111/febs.14489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Revised: 04/21/2018] [Accepted: 04/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The ecto-nucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase (NPP) enzyme family modulates purinergic signaling by degrading extracellular nucleotides. CD203c (NPP3, ENPP3) regulates the inflammatory response of basophils via ATP hydrolysis and is a marker for allergen sensitivity on the surface of these cells. Multiple other roles and substrates have also been proposed for this protein. In order to gain insight into its molecular functions, we determined the crystal structure of human NPP3 as well as its complex with an ATP analog. The enzyme exhibits little preference for nucleobase type, and forms specific contacts with the alpha and beta phosphate groups of its ligands. Dimerization of the protein does not affect its catalytic activity. These findings expand our understanding of substrate recognition within the NPP family. DATABASE Structural data are available in the Protein Data Bank under the accession numbers 6C01 (human NPP3) and 6C02 (human NPP3 T205A N594S with AMPCPP).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexei Gorelik
- Department of Biochemistry and Groupe de Recherche Axé sur la Structure des Protéines, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Antsa Randriamihaja
- Department of Biochemistry and Groupe de Recherche Axé sur la Structure des Protéines, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Katalin Illes
- Department of Biochemistry and Groupe de Recherche Axé sur la Structure des Protéines, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Bhushan Nagar
- Department of Biochemistry and Groupe de Recherche Axé sur la Structure des Protéines, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
70
|
Lim HM, Heo W, Han JW, Lee MG, Kim JY. NPP1 is responsible for potent extracellular ATP hydrolysis as NTPDase1 in primary cultured murine microglia. Purinergic Signal 2018. [PMID: 29516286 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-018-9601-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The movement of microglia is regulated mainly by P1 and P2 purinergic receptors, which are activated by various nucleotides and their metabolites. Recently, such purinergic signalling has been spotlighted because of potential roles in the pathophysiologies of neurodegenerative and neuropsychiatric disorders. To understand the characteristics of microglia in relation of P1 and P2 signalling, we investigated the ectoenzymes expressed in microglia. At first, we profiled the expression of all known ectoenzymes in cultured microglia. We found that, like NTPDase1 (ectonucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase 1, CD39), NPP1 (ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase 1, PC-1) is also highly expressed in primary cultured murine microglia. Knockdown of NPP1 significantly reduced ATP hydrolysis and Pi production in cultured microglia. In addition, the knockdown of NPP1 enhanced basal nucleotide-stimulating responses of cultured microglia, such as phagocytosis and cell migration, and these results were very similar to NTPDase1 knockdown results. Moreover, inhibition of the adenosine receptors by caffeine treatment reduced phagocytosis of NPP1 knock downed-cultured microglia. In conclusion, we suggest that these potent ectoenzymes of primary cultured murine microglia, NPP1 together with CD73 (ecto-5'-nucleotidase) maintain the adenosine levels for triggering nucleotide-stimulating responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hye Min Lim
- Department of Pharmacology and Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, 120-752, Republic of Korea
| | - Woon Heo
- Department of Pharmacology and Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, 120-752, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Woo Han
- Department of Pharmacology and Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, 120-752, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Goo Lee
- Department of Pharmacology and Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, 120-752, Republic of Korea
| | - Joo Young Kim
- Department of Pharmacology and Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, 120-752, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
71
|
Ultrastructure and biological function of matrix vesicles in bone mineralization. Histochem Cell Biol 2018; 149:289-304. [DOI: 10.1007/s00418-018-1646-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/30/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
72
|
Jablonska J, Matelska D, Steczkiewicz K, Ginalski K. Systematic classification of the His-Me finger superfamily. Nucleic Acids Res 2017; 45:11479-11494. [PMID: 29040665 PMCID: PMC5714182 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkx924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2017] [Accepted: 09/29/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The His-Me finger endonucleases, also known as HNH or ββα-metal endonucleases, form a large and diverse protein superfamily. The His-Me finger domain can be found in proteins that play an essential role in cells, including genome maintenance, intron homing, host defense and target offense. Its overall structural compactness and non-specificity make it a perfectly-tailored pathogenic module that participates on both sides of inter- and intra-organismal competition. An extremely low sequence similarity across the superfamily makes it difficult to identify and classify new His-Me fingers. Using state-of-the-art distant homology detection methods, we provide an updated and systematic classification of His-Me finger proteins. In this work, we identified over 100 000 proteins and clustered them into 38 groups, of which three groups are new and cannot be found in any existing public domain database of protein families. Based on an analysis of sequences, structures, domain architectures, and genomic contexts, we provide a careful functional annotation of the poorly characterized members of this superfamily. Our results may inspire further experimental investigations that should address the predicted activity and clarify the potential substrates, to provide more detailed insights into the fundamental biological roles of these proteins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jagoda Jablonska
- Laboratory of Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, Centre of New Technologies, University of Warsaw, Zwirki i Wigury 93, 02-089 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Dorota Matelska
- Laboratory of Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, Centre of New Technologies, University of Warsaw, Zwirki i Wigury 93, 02-089 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Kamil Steczkiewicz
- Laboratory of Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, Centre of New Technologies, University of Warsaw, Zwirki i Wigury 93, 02-089 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Ginalski
- Laboratory of Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, Centre of New Technologies, University of Warsaw, Zwirki i Wigury 93, 02-089 Warsaw, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
73
|
Gorelik A, Randriamihaja A, Illes K, Nagar B. A key tyrosine substitution restricts nucleotide hydrolysis by the ectoenzyme NPP5. FEBS J 2017; 284:3718-3726. [PMID: 28898552 DOI: 10.1111/febs.14266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2017] [Revised: 08/28/2017] [Accepted: 09/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The ecto-nucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase (NPP) family of proteins mediates purinergic signaling by degrading extracellular nucleotides and also participates in phospholipid metabolism. NPP5 (ENPP5) is the least characterized member of this group and its specific role is unknown. This enzyme does not display activity on certain nucleotides and on other typical NPP substrates. In order to gain insights into its function, we determined the crystal structure of human and murine NPP5. Structural comparison with close homologs revealed a key phenylalanine to tyrosine substitution that prevents efficient hydrolysis of nucleotide diphosphates and triphosphates; reversal of this mutation enabled degradation of these molecules. Interestingly, NPP5 is able to cleave nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD), suggesting a potential role of this enzyme in NAD-based neurotransmission. An NPP5-specific metal binding motif is found adjacent to the active site, although its significance is unclear. These findings expand our understanding of substrate specificity within the NPP family. DATABASE Structural data are available in the Protein Data Bank under the accession numbers 5VEM, 5VEN, and 5VEO.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexei Gorelik
- Department of Biochemistry and Groupe de Recherche Axé sur la Structure des Protéines, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Antsa Randriamihaja
- Department of Biochemistry and Groupe de Recherche Axé sur la Structure des Protéines, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Katalin Illes
- Department of Biochemistry and Groupe de Recherche Axé sur la Structure des Protéines, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Bhushan Nagar
- Department of Biochemistry and Groupe de Recherche Axé sur la Structure des Protéines, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
74
|
Shi C, Uda Y, Dedic C, Azab E, Sun N, Hussein AI, Petty CA, Fulzele K, Mitterberger-Vogt MC, Zwerschke W, Pereira R, Wang K, Pajevic PD. Carbonic anhydrase III protects osteocytes from oxidative stress. FASEB J 2017; 32:440-452. [PMID: 28928248 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201700485rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Osteocytes are master orchestrators of bone remodeling; they control osteoblast and osteoclast activities both directly via cell-to-cell communication and indirectly via secreted factors, and they are the main postnatal source of sclerostin and RANKL (receptor activator of NF-kB ligand), two regulators of osteoblast and osteoclast function. Despite progress in understanding osteocyte biology and function, much remains to be elucidated. Recently developed osteocytic cell lines-together with new genome editing tools-has allowed a closer look at the biology and molecular makeup of these cells. By using single-cell cloning, we identified genes that are associated with high Sost/sclerostin expression and analyzed their regulation and function. Unbiased transcriptome analysis of high- vs. low-Sost/sclerostin-expressing cells identified known and novel genes. Dmp1 (dentin matrix protein 1), Dkk1 (Dickkopf WNT signaling pathway inhibitor 1), and Phex were among the most up-regulated known genes, whereas Srpx2, Cd200, and carbonic anhydrase III (CAIII) were identified as novel markers of differentiated osteocytes. Aspn, Enpp2, Robo2, Nov, and Serpina3g were among the transcripts that were most significantly suppressed in high-Sost cells. Considering that CAII was recently identified as being regulated by Sost/sclerostin and capable of controlling mineral homeostasis, we focused our attention on CAIII. Here, we report that CAIII is highly expressed in osteocytes, is regulated by parathyroid hormone both in vitro and in vivo, and protects osteocytes from oxidative stress.-Shi, C., Uda, Y., Dedic, C., Azab, E., Sun, N., Hussein, A. I., Petty, C. A., Fulzele, K., Mitterberger-Vogt, M. C., Zwerschke, W., Pereira, R., Wang, K., Divieti Pajevic, P. Carbonic anhydrase III protects osteocytes from oxidative stress.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chao Shi
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.,Molecular and Cell Biology, Henry M. Goldman School of Dental Medicine, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Yuhei Uda
- Molecular and Cell Biology, Henry M. Goldman School of Dental Medicine, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Christopher Dedic
- Molecular and Cell Biology, Henry M. Goldman School of Dental Medicine, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ehab Azab
- Molecular and Cell Biology, Henry M. Goldman School of Dental Medicine, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ningyuan Sun
- Molecular and Cell Biology, Henry M. Goldman School of Dental Medicine, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Amira I Hussein
- Department of Orthopedics, School of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Christopher A Petty
- Molecular and Cell Biology, Henry M. Goldman School of Dental Medicine, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Keertik Fulzele
- Molecular and Cell Biology, Henry M. Goldman School of Dental Medicine, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Werner Zwerschke
- Cell Metabolism and Differentiation Research Group, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Renata Pereira
- David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Kunzheng Wang
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China;
| | - Paola Divieti Pajevic
- Molecular and Cell Biology, Henry M. Goldman School of Dental Medicine, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA;
| |
Collapse
|
75
|
Morishita S, Suzuki T, Niwa Y, Dohmae N, Simizu S. Dpy-19 like 3-mediated C-mannosylation and expression levels of RPE-spondin in human tumor cell lines. Oncol Lett 2017; 14:2537-2544. [PMID: 28781692 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2017.6465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2017] [Accepted: 05/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
C-mannosylation is a unique type of protein glycosylation with a mannose attached to the tryptophan residue via the C-C linkage. Our previous study revealed that dpy-19 like 3 (DPY19L3) acts as a C-mannosyltransferase in human cells. The present study hypothesized that RPE-spondin (RPESP) may be a substrate protein of DPY19L3-mediated C-mannosylation. RPESP has unknown biological functions and has two putative C-mannosylation sites at the W80 and W83 residues; however, to the best of our knowledge, C-mannosylation of RPESP has not previously been investigated. The present study suggested that RPESP is C-mannosylated at W80 and W83 in human cells, whereas gain-of-function experiments using S2 cells revealed that human DPY19L3 catalyzed the C-mannosylation of RPESP at W83 but not W80, which suggested substrate specificity. In addition, the present study detected mRNA expression levels of RPESP in various types of cancer cell lines and high expression levels of RPESP were revealed in certain colorectal cancer cell lines, suggesting that RPESP may have an association with the malignancy of colorectal cancers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shohei Morishita
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, Yokohama, Kanagawa 223-8522, Japan
| | - Takehiro Suzuki
- Biomolecular Characterization Unit, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Yuki Niwa
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, Yokohama, Kanagawa 223-8522, Japan
| | - Naoshi Dohmae
- Biomolecular Characterization Unit, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Siro Simizu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, Yokohama, Kanagawa 223-8522, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
76
|
Lee SY, Müller CE. Nucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase 1 (NPP1) and its inhibitors. MEDCHEMCOMM 2017; 8:823-840. [PMID: 30108800 PMCID: PMC6072468 DOI: 10.1039/c7md00015d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2017] [Accepted: 02/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Ecto-nucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase 1 (NPP1, EC 3.1.4.1) is a metalloenzyme that belongs to the NPP family, which comprises seven subtypes (NPP1-7). NPP1 hydrolyzes a wide range of phosphodiester bonds, e.g. in nucleoside triphosphates, (cyclic) dinucleotides, and nucleotide sugars yielding nucleoside 5'-monophosphates as products. Its main substrate is ATP which is cleaved to AMP and diphosphate. The enzyme is involved in various biological processes including bone mineralization, soft-tissue calcification, insulin receptor signalling, cancer cell proliferation and immune modulation. Therefore, NPP1 inhibitors have potential as novel drugs, e.g. for (immuno)oncology. In the last two decades several inhibitors of NPP1 derived from nucleotide- or non-nucleotide scaffolds have been developed. The most potent and selective NPP1-inhibitory substrate analog is adenosine 5'-α,β-methylene-γ-thiotriphosphate (Ki = 20 nM vs. p-Nph-5'-TMP, human membrane-bound NPP1). Non-nucleotide-derived NPP1 inhibitors comprise polysulfonates, polysaccharides, polyoxometalates and small heterocyclic compounds. The polyoxometalate [TiW11CoO40]8- (PSB-POM141) is the most potent and selective NPP1 inhibitor described to date (Ki = 1.46 nM vs. ATP, human soluble NPP1); it displays an allosteric mechanism of inhibition and represents a useful pharmacological tool for evaluating the potential of NPP1 as a novel drug target.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Yong Lee
- PharmaCenter Bonn , Pharmaceutical Institute , Pharmaceutical Chemistry I , University of Bonn , An der Immenburg 4 , D-53121 Bonn , Germany . ; ; Tel: +49 228 73 2480
| | - Christa E Müller
- PharmaCenter Bonn , Pharmaceutical Institute , Pharmaceutical Chemistry I , University of Bonn , An der Immenburg 4 , D-53121 Bonn , Germany . ; ; Tel: +49 228 73 2480
| |
Collapse
|
77
|
Gorelik A, Liu F, Illes K, Nagar B. Crystal structure of the human alkaline sphingomyelinase provides insights into substrate recognition. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:7087-7094. [PMID: 28292932 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.769273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2016] [Revised: 03/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Absorption of dietary sphingomyelin (SM) requires its initial degradation into ceramide, a process catalyzed by the intestinal enzyme alkaline sphingomyelinase (alk-SMase, NPP7, ENPP7). alk-SMase belongs to the nucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase (NPP) family, the members of which hydrolyze nucleoside phosphates, phospholipids, and other related molecules. NPP7 is the only paralog that can cleave SM, and its activity requires the presence of bile salts, a class of physiological anionic detergents. To elucidate the mechanism of substrate recognition, we determined the crystal structure of human alk-SMase in complex with phosphocholine, a reaction product. Although the overall fold and catalytic center are conserved relative to other NPPs, alk-SMase recognizes the choline moiety of its substrates via an NPP7-specific aromatic box composed of tyrosine residues. Mutational analysis and enzymatic activity assays identified features on the surface of the protein-a cationic patch and a unique hydrophobic loop-that are essential for accessing SM in bile salt micelles. These results shed new light on substrate specificity determinants within the NPP enzyme family.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexei Gorelik
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Groupe de Recherche Axé sur la Structure des Protéines, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3G 0B1, Canada
| | - Fangyu Liu
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Groupe de Recherche Axé sur la Structure des Protéines, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3G 0B1, Canada
| | - Katalin Illes
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Groupe de Recherche Axé sur la Structure des Protéines, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3G 0B1, Canada
| | - Bhushan Nagar
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Groupe de Recherche Axé sur la Structure des Protéines, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3G 0B1, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
78
|
Lee SY, Sarkar S, Bhattarai S, Namasivayam V, De Jonghe S, Stephan H, Herdewijn P, El-Tayeb A, Müller CE. Substrate-Dependence of Competitive Nucleotide Pyrophosphatase/Phosphodiesterase1 (NPP1) Inhibitors. Front Pharmacol 2017; 8:54. [PMID: 28261095 PMCID: PMC5309242 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2017.00054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2016] [Accepted: 01/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Nucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase type 1 (NPP1) is a membrane glycoprotein involved in the hydrolysis of extracellular nucleotides. Its major substrate is ATP which is converted to AMP and diphosphate. NPP1 was proposed as a new therapeutic target in brain cancer and immuno-oncology. Several NPP1 inhibitors have been reported to date, most of which were evaluated vs. the artificial substrate p-nitrophenyl 5′-thymidine monophosphate (p-Nph-5′-TMP). Recently, we observed large discrepancies in inhibitory potencies for a class of competitive NPP1 inhibitors when tested vs. the artificial substrate p-Nph-5′-TMP as compared to the natural substrate ATP. Therefore, the goal of the present study was to investigate whether inhibitors of human NPP1 generally display substrate-dependent inhibitory potency. Systematic evaluation of nucleotidic as well as non-nucleotidic NPP1 inhibitors revealed significant differences in determined Ki values for competitive, but not for non- and un-competitive inhibitors when tested vs. the frequently used artificial substrate p-Nph-5′-TMP as compared to ATP. Allosteric modulation of NPP1 by p-Nph-5′-TMP may explain these discrepancies. Results obtained using the AMP derivative p-nitrophenyl 5′-adenosine monophosphate (p-Nph-5′-AMP) as an alternative artificial substrate correlated much better with those employing the natural substrate ATP.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Yong Lee
- PharmaCenter Bonn, Pharmaceutical Institute, Pharmaceutical Chemistry I, University of Bonn Bonn, Germany
| | - Soumya Sarkar
- PharmaCenter Bonn, Pharmaceutical Institute, Pharmaceutical Chemistry I, University of Bonn Bonn, Germany
| | - Sanjay Bhattarai
- PharmaCenter Bonn, Pharmaceutical Institute, Pharmaceutical Chemistry I, University of Bonn Bonn, Germany
| | - Vigneshwaran Namasivayam
- PharmaCenter Bonn, Pharmaceutical Institute, Pharmaceutical Chemistry I, University of Bonn Bonn, Germany
| | - Steven De Jonghe
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, KU Leuven, Rega Institute for Medical Research Leuven, Belgium
| | - Holger Stephan
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research Dresden, Germany
| | - Piet Herdewijn
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, KU Leuven, Rega Institute for Medical Research Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ali El-Tayeb
- PharmaCenter Bonn, Pharmaceutical Institute, Pharmaceutical Chemistry I, University of Bonn Bonn, Germany
| | - Christa E Müller
- PharmaCenter Bonn, Pharmaceutical Institute, Pharmaceutical Chemistry I, University of Bonn Bonn, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
79
|
Hluska T, Šebela M, Lenobel R, Frébort I, Galuszka P. Purification of Maize Nucleotide Pyrophosphatase/Phosphodiesterase Casts Doubt on the Existence of Zeatin Cis- Trans Isomerase in Plants. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:1473. [PMID: 28878803 PMCID: PMC5572937 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.01473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Accepted: 08/08/2017] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Almost 25 years ago, an enzyme named zeatin cis-trans isomerase from common bean has been described by Bassil et al. (1993). The partially purified enzyme required an external addition of FAD and dithiothreitol for the conversion of cis-zeatin to its trans- isomer that occurred only under light. Although an existence of this important enzyme involved in the metabolism of plant hormones cytokinins was generally accepted by plant biologists, the corresponding protein and encoding gene have not been identified to date. Based on the original paper, we purified and identified an enzyme from maize, which shows the described zeatin cis-trans isomerase activity. The enzyme belongs to nucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase family, which is well characterized in mammals, but less known in plants. Further experiments with the recombinant maize enzyme obtained from yeast expression system showed that rather than the catalytic activity of the enzyme itself, a non-enzymatic flavin induced photoisomerization is responsible for the observed zeatin cis-trans interconversion in vitro. An overexpression of the maize nucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase gene led to decreased FAD and increased FMN and riboflavin contents in transgenic Arabidopsis plants. However, neither contents nor the ratio of zeatin isomers was altered suggesting that the enzyme is unlikely to catalyze the interconversion of zeatin isomers in vivo. Using enhanced expression of a homologous gene, functional nucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase was also identified in rice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tomáš Hluska
- Department of Molecular Biology, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University OlomoucOlomouc, Czechia
| | - Marek Šebela
- Department of Protein Biochemistry and Proteomics, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University OlomoucOlomouc, Czechia
| | - René Lenobel
- Department of Protein Biochemistry and Proteomics, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University OlomoucOlomouc, Czechia
| | - Ivo Frébort
- Department of Molecular Biology, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University OlomoucOlomouc, Czechia
| | - Petr Galuszka
- Department of Molecular Biology, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University OlomoucOlomouc, Czechia
- *Correspondence: Petr Galuszka,
| |
Collapse
|
80
|
Barbeau X, Mathieu P, Paquin JF, Lagüe P. Characterization of the structure, dynamics and allosteric pathways of human NPP1 in its free form and substrate-bound complex from molecular modeling. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2017; 13:1058-1069. [DOI: 10.1039/c7mb00095b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Here we report 3D structure modeling and extensive molecular dynamics simulations of NPP1 complemented with a dynamical network analysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xavier Barbeau
- Department of Chemistry
- Faculty of Science and Engineering
- Université Laval
- Québec (Québec)
- Canada
| | | | - Jean-François Paquin
- Department of Chemistry
- Faculty of Science and Engineering
- Université Laval
- Québec (Québec)
- Canada
| | - Patrick Lagüe
- PROTEO
- The Quebec Network for Research on Protein Function
- Engineering
- and Applications
- Canada
| |
Collapse
|
81
|
Namasivayam V, Lee SY, Müller CE. The promiscuous ectonucleotidase NPP1: molecular insights into substrate binding and hydrolysis. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2016; 1861:603-614. [PMID: 28011303 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2016.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2016] [Revised: 12/16/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vigneshwaran Namasivayam
- PharmaCenter Bonn, Pharmaceutical Institute, Pharmaceutical Sciences Bonn (PSB), Pharmaceutical Chemistry I, University of Bonn, Germany
| | - Sang-Yong Lee
- PharmaCenter Bonn, Pharmaceutical Institute, Pharmaceutical Sciences Bonn (PSB), Pharmaceutical Chemistry I, University of Bonn, Germany
| | - Christa E Müller
- PharmaCenter Bonn, Pharmaceutical Institute, Pharmaceutical Sciences Bonn (PSB), Pharmaceutical Chemistry I, University of Bonn, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
82
|
Hasegawa T, Yamamoto T, Tsuchiya E, Hongo H, Tsuboi K, Kudo A, Abe M, Yoshida T, Nagai T, Khadiza N, Yokoyama A, Oda K, Ozawa H, de Freitas PHL, Li M, Amizuka N. Ultrastructural and biochemical aspects of matrix vesicle-mediated mineralization. JAPANESE DENTAL SCIENCE REVIEW 2016; 53:34-45. [PMID: 28479934 PMCID: PMC5405202 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdsr.2016.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2016] [Revised: 09/14/2016] [Accepted: 09/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Matrix vesicle-mediated mineralization is an orchestrated sequence of ultrastructural and biochemical events that lead to crystal nucleation and growth. The influx of phosphate ions into the matrix vesicle is mediated by several proteins such as TNAP, ENPP1, Pit1, annexin and so forth. The catalytic activity of ENPP1 generates pyrophosphate (PPi) using extracellular ATPs as a substrate, and the resultant PPi prevents crystal overgrowth. However, TNAP hydrolyzes PPi into phosphate ion monomers, which are then transported into the matrix vesicle through Pit1. Accumulation of Ca2+ and PO43− inside matrix vesicles then induces crystalline nucleation, with calcium phosphate crystals budding off radially, puncturing the matrix vesicle’s membrane and finally growing out of it to form mineralized nodules.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tomoka Hasegawa
- Department of Developmental Biology of Hard Tissue, Graduate School of Dental Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Tomomaya Yamamoto
- Department of Developmental Biology of Hard Tissue, Graduate School of Dental Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Erika Tsuchiya
- Department of Developmental Biology of Hard Tissue, Graduate School of Dental Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.,Department of Oral Diagnosis and Medicine, Graduate School of Dental Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Hiromi Hongo
- Department of Developmental Biology of Hard Tissue, Graduate School of Dental Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Kanako Tsuboi
- Department of Developmental Biology of Hard Tissue, Graduate School of Dental Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.,Department of Oral Diagnosis and Medicine, Graduate School of Dental Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Ai Kudo
- Department of Developmental Biology of Hard Tissue, Graduate School of Dental Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Miki Abe
- Department of Developmental Biology of Hard Tissue, Graduate School of Dental Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Taiji Yoshida
- Department of Developmental Biology of Hard Tissue, Graduate School of Dental Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Tomoya Nagai
- Department of Developmental Biology of Hard Tissue, Graduate School of Dental Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.,Department of Oral Functional Prothodontics, Graduate School of Dental Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Naznin Khadiza
- Department of Developmental Biology of Hard Tissue, Graduate School of Dental Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.,Department of Dentistry for Children and Disabled Person, Graduate School of Dental Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Ayako Yokoyama
- Department of Developmental Biology of Hard Tissue, Graduate School of Dental Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.,Department of Gerodontology, Graduate School of Dental Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Kimimitsu Oda
- Division of Biochemistry, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Hidehiro Ozawa
- Institute for Oral Science, Graduate School of Oral Medicine, Matsumoto Dental University, Shiojiri, Japan
| | | | - Minqi Li
- Division of Basic Science of Stomatology, The School of Stomatology, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Norio Amizuka
- Department of Developmental Biology of Hard Tissue, Graduate School of Dental Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
83
|
Palazzo L, Daniels CM, Nettleship JE, Rahman N, McPherson RL, Ong S, Kato K, Nureki O, Leung AKL, Ahel I. ENPP1 processes protein ADP-ribosylation in vitro. FEBS J 2016; 283:3371-88. [PMID: 27406238 PMCID: PMC5030157 DOI: 10.1111/febs.13811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Revised: 06/27/2016] [Accepted: 07/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
ADP-ribosylation is a conserved post-translational protein modification that plays a role in all major cellular processes, particularly DNA repair, transcription, translation, stress response and cell death. Hence, dysregulation of ADP-ribosylation is linked to the physiopathology of several human diseases including cancers, diabetes and neurodegenerative disorders. Protein ADP-ribosylation can be reversed by the macrodomain-containing proteins PARG, TARG1, MacroD1 and MacroD2, which hydrolyse the ester bond known to link proteins to ADP-ribose as well as consecutive ADP-ribose subunits; targeting this bond can thus result in the complete removal of the protein modification or the conversion of poly(ADP-ribose) to mono(ADP-ribose). Recently, proteins containing the NUDIX domain - namely human NUDT16 and bacterial RppH - have been shown to process in vitro protein ADP-ribosylation through an alternative mechanism, converting it into protein-conjugated ribose-5'-phosphate (R5P, also known as pR). Though this protein modification was recently identified in mammalian tissues, its physiological relevance and the mechanism of generating protein phosphoribosylation are currently unknown. Here, we identified ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase 1 (ENPP1) as the first known mammalian enzyme lacking a NUDIX domain to generate pR from ADP-ribose on modified proteins in vitro. Thus, our data show that at least two enzyme families - Nudix and ENPP/NPP - are able to metabolize protein-conjugated ADP-ribose to pR in vitro, suggesting that pR exists and may be conserved from bacteria to mammals. We also demonstrate the utility of ENPP1 for converting protein-conjugated mono(ADP-ribose) and poly(ADP-ribose) into mass spectrometry-friendly pR tags, thus facilitating the identification of ADP-ribosylation sites.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luca Palazzo
- Sir William Dunn School of PathologyUniversity of OxfordUK
| | - Casey M. Daniels
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyBloomberg School of Public HealthJohns Hopkins UniversityBaltimoreMDUSA,Present address: Laboratory of Systems BiologyNational Institute of Allergy and Infectious DiseasesNational Institutes of HealthBethesdaMD20892USA
| | - Joanne E. Nettleship
- OPPF‐UKThe Research Complex at HarwellRutherford Appleton LaboratoryHarwell OxfordUK,Division of Structural BiologyHenry Wellcome Building for Genomic MedicineUniversity of OxfordUK
| | - Nahid Rahman
- OPPF‐UKThe Research Complex at HarwellRutherford Appleton LaboratoryHarwell OxfordUK,Division of Structural BiologyHenry Wellcome Building for Genomic MedicineUniversity of OxfordUK
| | - Robert Lyle McPherson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyBloomberg School of Public HealthJohns Hopkins UniversityBaltimoreMDUSA
| | - Shao‐En Ong
- Department of PharmacologyUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWAUSA
| | - Kazuki Kato
- Department of Biophysics and BiochemistryGraduate School of ScienceThe University of TokyoJapan
| | - Osamu Nureki
- Department of Biophysics and BiochemistryGraduate School of ScienceThe University of TokyoJapan
| | - Anthony K. L. Leung
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyBloomberg School of Public HealthJohns Hopkins UniversityBaltimoreMDUSA,Department of OncologyJohns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMDUSA
| | - Ivan Ahel
- Sir William Dunn School of PathologyUniversity of OxfordUK
| |
Collapse
|
84
|
Stella J, Buers I, van de Wetering K, Höhne W, Rutsch F, Nitschke Y. Effects of Different Variants in the ENPP1 Gene on the Functional Properties of Ectonucleotide Pyrophosphatase/Phosphodiesterase Family Member 1. Hum Mutat 2016; 37:1190-1201. [PMID: 27467858 DOI: 10.1002/humu.23057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2016] [Accepted: 07/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase family member 1 (E-NPP1), encoded by ENPP1, is a plasma membrane protein that generates inorganic pyrophosphate (PPi ), a physiologic inhibitor of hydroxyapatite formation. In humans, variants in ENPP1 are associated with generalized arterial calcification of infancy, an autosomal-recessive condition causing premature onset of arterial calcification and intimal proliferation resulting in stenoses. ENPP1 variants also cause pseudoxanthoma elasticum characterized by ectopic calcification of soft connective tissues. To determine the functional impact of ENPP1 missense variants, we analyzed 13 putative pathogenic variants in vitro regarding their functional properties, that is, activity, localization, and PPi generation. Transfection of eight of the 13 variants led to complete loss of NPP activity, whereas four mutants (c.1412A > G, p.Tyr471Cys; c.1510A > C, p.Ser504Arg; c.1976A > G, p.Tyr659Cys; c.2330A > G, p.His777Arg) showed residual activity compared with wild-type E-NPP1. One putative pathologic variant (c.2462 G > A, p.Arg821His) showed normal activity. The five mutants with normal or residual E-NPP1 enzyme activity were still able to generate PPi and localized in the plasma membrane. In this study, we identified a functional ENPP1 polymorphism, which was expected to be pathogenic till now. Furthermore, we identified four mutants (p.Tyr471Cys, p.Ser504Arg, p.Tyr659Cys, p.His777Arg) with residual E-NPP1 function, which would be potential therapeutical targets for conformational-stabilizing agents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline Stella
- Department of General Pediatrics, Muenster University Children's Hospital, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, Muenster, 48149, Germany
| | - Insa Buers
- Department of General Pediatrics, Muenster University Children's Hospital, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, Muenster, 48149, Germany
| | - Koen van de Wetering
- Division of Molecular Oncology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, 1066 CX, The Netherlands
| | - Wolfgang Höhne
- Cologne Center of Genomics, Koeln University, Zuelpicher Strasse 47, Koeln, 50674, Germany
| | - Frank Rutsch
- Department of General Pediatrics, Muenster University Children's Hospital, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, Muenster, 48149, Germany.
| | - Yvonne Nitschke
- Department of General Pediatrics, Muenster University Children's Hospital, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, Muenster, 48149, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
85
|
Biswas A, Jasti S, Jeyakanthan J, Sekar K. Role of sequence evolution and conformational dynamics in the substrate specificity and oligomerization mode of thymidylate kinases. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2016; 35:2136-2154. [PMID: 27376462 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2016.1207563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Thymidylate kinase (TMK) is a key enzyme for the synthesis of DNA, making it an important target for the development of anticancer, antibacterial, and antiparasitic drugs. TMK homologs exhibit significant variations in sequence, residue conformation, substrate specificity, and oligomerization mode. However, the influence of sequence evolution and conformational dynamics on its quaternary structure and function has not been studied before. Based on extensive sequence and structure analyses, our study detected several non-conserved residues which are linked by co-evolution and are implicated in the observed variations in flexibility, oligomeric assembly, and substrate specificity among the homologs. These lead to differences in the pattern of interactions at the active site in TMKs of different specificity. The method was further tested on TMK from Sulfolobus tokodaii (StTMK) which has substantial differences in sequence and structure compared to other TMKs. Our analyses pointed to a more flexible dTMP-binding site in StTMK compared to the other homologs. Binding assays proved that the protein can accommodate both purine and pyrimidine nucleotides at the dTMP binding site with comparable affinity. Additionally, the residues responsible for the narrow specificity of Brugia malayi TMK, whose three-dimensional structure is unavailable, were detected. Our study provides a residue-level understanding of the differences observed among TMK homologs in previous experiments. It also illustrates the correlation among sequence evolution, conformational dynamics, oligomerization mode, and substrate recognition in TMKs and detects co-evolving residues that affect binding, which should be taken into account while designing novel inhibitors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ansuman Biswas
- a Department of Physics , Indian Institute of Science , Bangalore 560012 , India
| | - Subbarao Jasti
- b Centre for Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine , Bangalore 560065 , India
| | | | - Kanagaraj Sekar
- d Department of Computational and Data Sciences , Indian Institute of Science , Bangalore 560012 , India
| |
Collapse
|
86
|
Opoku-Temeng C, Zhou J, Zheng Y, Su J, Sintim HO. Cyclic dinucleotide (c-di-GMP, c-di-AMP, and cGAMP) signalings have come of age to be inhibited by small molecules. Chem Commun (Camb) 2016; 52:9327-42. [PMID: 27339003 DOI: 10.1039/c6cc03439j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Bacteria utilize nucleotide-based second messengers to regulate a myriad of physiological processes. Cyclic dinucleotides have emerged as central regulators of bacterial physiology, controlling processes ranging from cell wall homeostasis to virulence production, and so far over thousands of manuscripts have provided biological insights into c-di-NMP signaling. The development of small molecule inhibitors of c-di-NMP signaling has significantly lagged behind. Recent developments in assays that allow for high-throughput screening of inhibitors suggest that the time is right for a concerted effort to identify inhibitors of these fascinating second messengers. Herein, we review c-di-NMP signaling and small molecules that have been developed to inhibit cyclic dinucleotide-related enzymes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Clement Opoku-Temeng
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Drug Discovery, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
87
|
Steroid binding to Autotaxin links bile salts and lysophosphatidic acid signalling. Nat Commun 2016; 7:11248. [PMID: 27075612 PMCID: PMC4834639 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms11248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2015] [Accepted: 03/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Autotaxin (ATX) generates the lipid mediator lysophosphatidic acid (LPA). ATX-LPA signalling is involved in multiple biological and pathophysiological processes, including vasculogenesis, fibrosis, cholestatic pruritus and tumour progression. ATX has a tripartite active site, combining a hydrophilic groove, a hydrophobic lipid-binding pocket and a tunnel of unclear function. We present crystal structures of rat ATX bound to 7α-hydroxycholesterol and the bile salt tauroursodeoxycholate (TUDCA), showing how the tunnel selectively binds steroids. A structure of ATX simultaneously harbouring TUDCA in the tunnel and LPA in the pocket, together with kinetic analysis, reveals that bile salts act as partial non-competitive inhibitors of ATX, thereby attenuating LPA receptor activation. This unexpected interplay between ATX-LPA signalling and select steroids, notably natural bile salts, provides a molecular basis for the emerging association of ATX with disorders associated with increased circulating levels of bile salts. Furthermore, our findings suggest potential clinical implications in the use of steroid drugs. Autotaxin generates the bioactive lipid lysophosphatidic acid to regulate diverse biological processes. Here, the authors identify a role for bile salts as direct allosteric inhibitors of autotaxin activity, suggesting that steroids may function as regulators of lysophosphatidic acid signalling.
Collapse
|
88
|
Morita J, Kano K, Kato K, Takita H, Sakagami H, Yamamoto Y, Mihara E, Ueda H, Sato T, Tokuyama H, Arai H, Asou H, Takagi J, Ishitani R, Nishimasu H, Nureki O, Aoki J. Structure and biological function of ENPP6, a choline-specific glycerophosphodiester-phosphodiesterase. Sci Rep 2016; 6:20995. [PMID: 26888014 PMCID: PMC4757880 DOI: 10.1038/srep20995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2015] [Accepted: 01/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Choline is an essential nutrient for all living cells and is produced extracellularly by sequential degradation of phosphatidylcholine (PC). However, little is known about how choline is produced extracellularly. Here, we report that ENPP6, a choline-specific phosphodiesterase, hydrolyzes glycerophosphocholine (GPC), a degradation product of PC, as a physiological substrate and participates in choline metabolism. ENPP6 is highly expressed in liver sinusoidal endothelial cells and developing oligodendrocytes, which actively incorporate choline and synthesize PC. ENPP6-deficient mice exhibited fatty liver and hypomyelination, well known choline-deficient phenotypes. The choline moiety of GPC was incorporated into PC in an ENPP6-dependent manner both in vivo and in vitro. The crystal structure of ENPP6 in complex with phosphocholine revealed that the choline moiety of the phosphocholine is recognized by a choline-binding pocket formed by conserved aromatic and acidic residues. The present study provides the molecular basis for ENPP6-mediated choline metabolism at atomic, cellular and tissue levels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Junko Morita
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 2-11-16, Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0032, Japan
| | - Kuniyuki Kano
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, 6-3, Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8578, Japan
| | - Kazuki Kato
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 2-11-16, Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0032, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Takita
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, 6-3, Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8578, Japan
| | - Hideki Sakagami
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bumkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Yasuo Yamamoto
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, 6-3, Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8578, Japan
| | - Emiko Mihara
- Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, 3-2, Yamadaoka, Suita-shi, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Ueda
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, 6-3, Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8578, Japan
| | - Takanao Sato
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, 6-3, Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8578, Japan
| | - Hidetoshi Tokuyama
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, 6-3, Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8578, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Arai
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bumkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Asou
- Center for Kampo Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, 35, Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-0016, Japan
| | - Junichi Takagi
- Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, 3-2, Yamadaoka, Suita-shi, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Ryuichiro Ishitani
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 2-11-16, Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0032, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Nishimasu
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 2-11-16, Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0032, Japan.,PRESTO (Precursory Research for Embryonic Science and Technology), JST (Japan Science and Technology Agency), 4-1-8, Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama, 332-0012, Japan
| | - Osamu Nureki
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 2-11-16, Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0032, Japan.,AMED (Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development)-CREST (Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology), 1-7-1, Otemachi, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 100-0004, Japan
| | - Junken Aoki
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, 6-3, Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8578, Japan.,AMED (Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development)-CREST (Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology), 1-7-1, Otemachi, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 100-0004, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
89
|
Yan D, Han W, Dong Z, Liu Q, Jin Z, Chu D, Tian Y, Zhang J, Song D, Wang D, Zhu X. Homology modeling and docking studies of ENPP4: a BCG activated tumoricidal macrophage protein. Lipids Health Dis 2016; 15:19. [PMID: 26823374 PMCID: PMC4730737 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-016-0189-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2015] [Accepted: 01/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The 3D structure and functions of ENPP4, a protein expressed on the surface of Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG)-activated macrophages, are unknown. In this study, we analyzed the 3D structure of ENPP4 and determined its tumoricidal effects on MCA207 cells. RESULTS Homology modeling showed that Arg305, Tyr341, Asn291, and Asn295 are important residues in substrate, adenosine triphosphate (ATP), binding. A molecular dynamics study was also carried out to study the stability of ENPP4 (including zinc atoms) as well as its ligand-enzyme complex. BCG increased ENPP4 expression in macrophages, and specific blocking of ENPP4 in BCG-activated macrophages (BAMs) significantly reduced their cytotoxicity against MCA207 cells. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that zinc remains inside the ENPP4 protein, a BCG activated tumoricidal macrophage protein, throughout the simulation. Important information for the design of new inhibitors was obtained.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dongmei Yan
- Department of Immunology, College of basic Medical sciences, Jilin University, Xinmin Street 126#, Changchun City, Jilin Province, China.
| | - Weiwei Han
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Qianjin Street 2699#, Changchun City, Jilin Province, China.
| | - Zehua Dong
- Intensive Care Unit, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Jiangsu Road 16#, Qingdao, China.
| | - Qihui Liu
- Department of Immunology, College of basic Medical sciences, Jilin University, Xinmin Street 126#, Changchun City, Jilin Province, China.
| | - Zheng Jin
- Department of Immunology, College of basic Medical sciences, Jilin University, Xinmin Street 126#, Changchun City, Jilin Province, China.
| | - Dong Chu
- Department of Immunology, College of basic Medical sciences, Jilin University, Xinmin Street 126#, Changchun City, Jilin Province, China.
| | - Yuan Tian
- Department of Immunology, College of basic Medical sciences, Jilin University, Xinmin Street 126#, Changchun City, Jilin Province, China.
| | - Jinpei Zhang
- Department of Immunology, College of basic Medical sciences, Jilin University, Xinmin Street 126#, Changchun City, Jilin Province, China.
| | - Dandan Song
- Department of Immunology, College of basic Medical sciences, Jilin University, Xinmin Street 126#, Changchun City, Jilin Province, China.
| | - Dunhuang Wang
- Department of Immunology, College of basic Medical sciences, Jilin University, Xinmin Street 126#, Changchun City, Jilin Province, China.
| | - Xun Zhu
- Department of Immunology, College of basic Medical sciences, Jilin University, Xinmin Street 126#, Changchun City, Jilin Province, China.
| |
Collapse
|
90
|
Loss of microRNA-27b contributes to breast cancer stem cell generation by activating ENPP1. Nat Commun 2015; 6:7318. [PMID: 26065921 PMCID: PMC4490376 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms8318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2014] [Accepted: 04/28/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) have been identified in various types of cancer; however, the mechanisms by which cells acquire CSC properties such as drug resistance and tumour seeding ability are not fully understood. Here, we identified microRNA-27b (miR-27b) as a key regulator for the generation of a side-population in breast cancer cells that showed CSC properties, and also found that the anti-type II diabetes (T2D) drug metformin reduced this side-population via miR-27b-mediated repression of ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase family member 1 (ENPP1), which is involved in T2D development. ENPP1 induced the generation of the side-population via upregulation of the ABCG2 transporter. ENPP1 was also identified as a substrate of the 26S proteasome, the activity of which is downregulated in CSCs. Overall, these results demonstrate that a T2D-associated gene plays an important role in tumour development and that its expression is strictly controlled at the mRNA and protein levels. MicroRNAs have a role in the acquisition of stem cell-like properties of cancer cells. Here the authors show that microRNA-27b mediates generation of a side-population of breast cancer stem cells, in part by regulating the protein ENPP1, which has been previously linked to the development of diabetes.
Collapse
|
91
|
Takeda K, Tsai SH, Kayama H. Regulation of immune responses by ATP-hydrolyzing ecto-enzymes. Inflamm Regen 2015. [DOI: 10.2492/inflammregen.35.172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Kiyoshi Takeda
- Laboratory of Immune Regulation, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
- Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Saitama, Japan
| | - Shih Han Tsai
- Laboratory of Immune Regulation, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hisako Kayama
- Laboratory of Immune Regulation, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
92
|
Li L, Yin Q, Kuss P, Maliga Z, Millán JL, Wu H, Mitchison TJ. Hydrolysis of 2'3'-cGAMP by ENPP1 and design of nonhydrolyzable analogs. Nat Chem Biol 2014; 10:1043-8. [PMID: 25344812 PMCID: PMC4232468 DOI: 10.1038/nchembio.1661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 320] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2014] [Accepted: 08/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Agonists of mouse STING (TMEM173) shrink and even cure solid tumors by activating innate immunity; human STING (hSTING) agonists are needed to test this therapeutic hypothesis in humans. The endogenous STING agonist is 2'3'-cGAMP, a second messenger that signals the presence of cytosolic double-stranded DNA. We report activity-guided partial purification and identification of ecto-nucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase (ENPP1) to be the dominant 2'3'-cGAMP hydrolyzing activity in cultured cells. The hydrolysis activity of ENPP1 was confirmed using recombinant protein and was depleted in tissue extracts and plasma from Enpp1(-/-) mice. We synthesized a hydrolysis-resistant bisphosphothioate analog of 2'3'-cGAMP (2'3'-cG(s)A(s)MP) that has similar affinity for hSTING in vitro and is ten times more potent at inducing IFN-β secretion from human THP1 monocytes. Studies in mouse Enpp1(-/-) lung fibroblasts indicate that resistance to hydrolysis contributes substantially to its higher potency. 2'3'-cG(s)A(s)MP is therefore improved over natural 2'3'-cGAMP as a model agonist and has potential as a vaccine adjuvant and cancer therapeutic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lingyin Li
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Qian Yin
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Pia Kuss
- Sanford Children's Health Research Center, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Zoltan Maliga
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - José L. Millán
- Sanford Children's Health Research Center, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Hao Wu
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
93
|
Zebrick B, Teeramongkolgul T, Nicot R, Horton MJ, Raoul G, Ferri J, Vieira AR, Sciote JJ. ACTN3 R577X genotypes associate with Class II and deepbite malocclusions. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2014; 146:603-11. [PMID: 25439211 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajodo.2014.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2014] [Revised: 07/01/2014] [Accepted: 07/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION α-Actinins are myofibril anchor proteins that influence the contractile properties of skeletal muscles. ACTN2 is expressed in slow type I and fast type II fibers, whereas ACTN3 is expressed only in fast fibers. ACTN3 homozygosity for the 577X stop codon (ie, changing 577RR to 577XX, the R577X polymorphism) results in the absence of α-actinin-3 in about 18% of Europeans, diminishes fast contractile ability, enhances endurance performance, and reduces bone mass or bone mineral density. We have examined ACTN3 expression and genetic variation in the masseter muscle of orthognathic surgery patients to determine the genotype associations with malocclusion. METHODS Clinical information, masseter muscle biopsies, and saliva samples were obtained from 60 subjects. Genotyping for ACTN3 single nucleotide polymorphisms, real-time polymerase chain reaction quantitation of muscle gene message, and muscle morphometric fiber type properties were compared to determine statistical differences between genotype and phenotype. RESULTS Muscle mRNA expression level was significantly different for ACTN3 single nucleotide polymorphism genotypes (P <0.01). The frequency of ACTN3 genotypes was significantly different for the sagittal and vertical classifications of malocclusion, with the clearest association being elevated 577XX genotype in skeletal Class II malocclusion (P = 0.003). This genotype also resulted in significantly smaller diameters of fast type II fibers in masseter muscles (P = 0.002). CONCLUSION ACTN3 577XX is overrepresented in subjects with skeletal Class II malocclusion, suggesting a biologic influence during bone growth. ACTN3 577XX is underrepresented in subjects with deepbite malocclusion, suggesting that muscle differences contribute to variations in vertical facial dimensions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brian Zebrick
- Resident, Department of Orthodontics, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pa
| | | | - Romain Nicot
- Resident, Oral and Maxillofacial Department, Université Lille Nord de France, Lille, France
| | - Michael J Horton
- Research assistant professor, Department of Orthodontics, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pa
| | - Gwenael Raoul
- Professor, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial, Université Lille Nord de France, Lille, France; UDSL, Roger Salengro Hospital, CHU; and INSERM U 1008, Controlled Drug Delivery Systems and Biomaterials, Lille, France
| | - Joel Ferri
- Professor and head, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Université Lille Nord de France, Lille, France; UDSL, Roger Salengro Hospital, CHU; and INSERM U 1008, Controlled Drug Delivery Systems and Biomaterials, Lille, France
| | - Alexandre R Vieira
- Associate professor, Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pa
| | - James J Sciote
- Professor, Department of Orthodontics, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pa.
| |
Collapse
|
94
|
Greiner-Tollersrud OK. The non-classical N-glycan processing pathway of bovine brain ecto-nucleotide phosphodiesterase/pyrophosphatase 6 (eNPP6) is brain specific and not due to mannose-6-phosphorylation. Neurochem Res 2014; 39:2025-9. [PMID: 25142936 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-014-1412-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2014] [Accepted: 08/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Ecto-nucleotide phosphodiesterase/pyrophosphatase 6 (eNPP6) is a glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored alkaline lysophospholipase C which is predominantly expressed in brain myelin and kidney. Due to shedding of the GPI-anchor eNPP6 occurs also as a soluble isoform (s-eNPP6). eNPP 6 consists of two identical monomers of 55 kDa joined by a disulfide bridge, and possesses four N-glycans in each monomer. In brain s-eNPP6 the N-glycans are mainly hybrid and high mannose type structures, reminiscent of processed mannose-6-phosphorylated glycans. Here we completed characterization of the site-specific glycan structures of bovine brain s-eNPP6, and determined the endo H-sensitivity glycan profiles of s-eNPP6 from bovine liver and kidney. Whereas in brain s-eNPP6 all of the N-glycans were endo H-sensitive, in liver and kidney only one of the glycosylation sites was occupied by an endo H-sensitive glycan, likely N406, which is located within the cleft formed by the dimer interface. Thus, the non-classical glycan processing pathway of brain eNPP 6 is not due to mannose-6-phosphorylation, suggesting that there is an alternative Golgi glycan-processing pathway of eNPP6 in brain. The resulting brain-specific expression of accessible hybrid and oligomannosidic glycans may be physiologically important within the cell-cell communication system of the brain.
Collapse
|
95
|
Airola MV, Tumolo JM, Snider J, Hannun YA. Identification and biochemical characterization of an acid sphingomyelinase-like protein from the bacterial plant pathogen Ralstonia solanacearum that hydrolyzes ATP to AMP but not sphingomyelin to ceramide. PLoS One 2014; 9:e105830. [PMID: 25144372 PMCID: PMC4140839 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0105830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2014] [Accepted: 07/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Acid sphingomyelinase (aSMase) is a human enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of sphingomyelin to generate the bioactive lipid ceramide and phosphocholine. ASMase deficiency is the underlying cause of the genetic diseases Niemann-Pick Type A and B and has been implicated in the onset and progression of a number of other human diseases including cancer, depression, liver, and cardiovascular disease. ASMase is the founding member of the aSMase protein superfamily, which is a subset of the metallophosphatase (MPP) superfamily. To date, MPPs that share sequence homology with aSMase, termed aSMase-like proteins, have been annotated and presumed to function as aSMases. However, none of these aSMase-like proteins have been biochemically characterized to verify this. Here we identify RsASML, previously annotated as RSp1609: acid sphingomyelinase-like phosphodiesterase, as the first bacterial aSMase-like protein from the deadly plant pathogen Ralstonia solanacearum based on sequence homology with the catalytic and C-terminal domains of human aSMase. A biochemical characterization of RsASML does not support a role in sphingomyelin hydrolysis but rather finds RsASML capable of acting as an ATP diphosphohydrolase, catalyzing the hydrolysis of ATP and ADP to AMP. In addition, RsASML displays a neutral, not acidic, pH optimum and prefers Ni2+ or Mn2+, not Zn2+, for catalysis. This alters the expectation that all aSMase-like proteins function as acid SMases and expands the substrate possibilities of this protein superfamily to include nucleotides. Overall, we conclude that sequence homology with human aSMase is not sufficient to predict substrate specificity, pH optimum for catalysis, or metal dependence. This may have implications to the biochemically uncharacterized human aSMase paralogs, aSMase-like 3a (aSML3a) and aSML3b, which have been implicated in cancer and kidney disease, respectively, and assumed to function as aSMases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael V. Airola
- Department of Medicine and the Stony Brook University Cancer Center, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
| | - Jessica M. Tumolo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, United States of America
| | - Justin Snider
- Department of Medicine and the Stony Brook University Cancer Center, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
| | - Yusuf A. Hannun
- Department of Medicine and the Stony Brook University Cancer Center, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
96
|
Quarona V, Ferri V, Chillemi A, Bolzoni M, Mancini C, Zaccarello G, Roato I, Morandi F, Marimpietri D, Faccani G, Martella E, Pistoia V, Giuliani N, Horenstein AL, Malavasi F. Unraveling the contribution of ectoenzymes to myeloma life and survival in the bone marrow niche. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2014; 1335:10-22. [DOI: 10.1111/nyas.12485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Quarona
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics; Department of Medical Sciences and CeRMS; University of Torino; Torino Italy
| | - Valentina Ferri
- Hematology and Blood and Marrow Transplantation (BMT) Center; University of Parma; Parma Italy
| | - Antonella Chillemi
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics; Department of Medical Sciences and CeRMS; University of Torino; Torino Italy
| | - Marina Bolzoni
- Hematology and Blood and Marrow Transplantation (BMT) Center; University of Parma; Parma Italy
| | - Cristina Mancini
- Anatomia e Istologia Patologica; Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Parma; Parma Italy
| | - Gianluca Zaccarello
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics; Department of Medical Sciences and CeRMS; University of Torino; Torino Italy
| | - Ilaria Roato
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics; Department of Medical Sciences and CeRMS; University of Torino; Torino Italy
| | - Fabio Morandi
- Laboratorio di Oncologia; Istituto Giannina Gaslini; Genova Italy
| | | | | | - Eugenia Martella
- Anatomia e Istologia Patologica; Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Parma; Parma Italy
| | - Vito Pistoia
- Laboratorio di Oncologia; Istituto Giannina Gaslini; Genova Italy
| | - Nicola Giuliani
- Hematology and Blood and Marrow Transplantation (BMT) Center; University of Parma; Parma Italy
| | - Alberto L. Horenstein
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics; Department of Medical Sciences and CeRMS; University of Torino; Torino Italy
| | - Fabio Malavasi
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics; Department of Medical Sciences and CeRMS; University of Torino; Torino Italy
- Transplantation Immunology; Città della Salute e della Scienza; Torino Italy
| |
Collapse
|
97
|
Apschner A, Huitema LFA, Ponsioen B, Peterson-Maduro J, Schulte-Merker S. Zebrafish enpp1 mutants exhibit pathological mineralization, mimicking features of generalized arterial calcification of infancy (GACI) and pseudoxanthoma elasticum (PXE). Dis Model Mech 2014; 7:811-22. [PMID: 24906371 PMCID: PMC4073271 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.015693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years it has become clear that, mechanistically, biomineralization is a process that has to be actively inhibited as a default state. This inhibition must be released in a rigidly controlled manner in order for mineralization to occur in skeletal elements and teeth. A central aspect of this concept is the tightly controlled balance between phosphate, a constituent of the biomineral hydroxyapatite, and pyrophosphate, a physiochemical inhibitor of mineralization. Here, we provide a detailed analysis of a zebrafish mutant, dragonfish (dgf), which is mutant for ectonucleoside pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase 1 (Enpp1), a protein that is crucial for supplying extracellular pyrophosphate. Generalized arterial calcification of infancy (GACI) is a fatal human disease, and the majority of cases are thought to be caused by mutations in ENPP1. Furthermore, some cases of pseudoxanthoma elasticum (PXE) have recently been linked to ENPP1. Similar to humans, we show here that zebrafish enpp1 mutants can develop ectopic calcifications in a variety of soft tissues - most notably in the skin, cartilage elements, the heart, intracranial space and the notochord sheet. Using transgenic reporter lines, we demonstrate that ectopic mineralizations in these tissues occur independently of the expression of typical osteoblast or cartilage markers. Intriguingly, we detect cells expressing the osteoclast markers Trap and CathepsinK at sites of ectopic calcification at time points when osteoclasts are not yet present in wild-type siblings. Treatment with the bisphosphonate etidronate rescues aspects of the dgf phenotype, and we detected deregulated expression of genes that are involved in phosphate homeostasis and mineralization, such as fgf23, npt2a, entpd5 and spp1 (also known as osteopontin). Employing a UAS-GalFF approach, we show that forced expression of enpp1 in blood vessels or the floorplate of mutant embryos is sufficient to rescue the notochord mineralization phenotype. This indicates that enpp1 can exert its function in tissues that are remote from its site of expression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Apschner
- Hubrecht Institute - KNAW & UMC Utrecht, 3548CT Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Leonie F A Huitema
- Hubrecht Institute - KNAW & UMC Utrecht, 3548CT Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Bas Ponsioen
- Hubrecht Institute - KNAW & UMC Utrecht, 3548CT Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Stefan Schulte-Merker
- Hubrecht Institute - KNAW & UMC Utrecht, 3548CT Utrecht, The Netherlands. WUR, Experimental Zoology, 3700AH Wageningen, The Netherlands. Institute of Cardiovascular Organogenesis and Regeneration, Faculty of Medicine, University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
98
|
Morita J, Kato K, Mihara E, Ishitani R, Takagi J, Nishimasu H, Aoki J, Nureki O. Expression, purification, crystallization and preliminary X-ray crystallographic analysis of Enpp6. ACTA CRYSTALLOGRAPHICA SECTION F-STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY COMMUNICATIONS 2014; 70:794-9. [PMID: 24915096 DOI: 10.1107/s2053230x14008929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2014] [Accepted: 04/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Enpp (ectonucleotide phosphodiesterase/pyrophosphatase) 6 is a membrane-bound glycoprotein that hydrolyzes choline-containing compounds such as lysophosphatidylcholine and glycerophosphorylcholine, and presumably participates in choline metabolism. The catalytic domain of mouse Enpp6 was expressed in HEK293T cells, purified using the TARGET tag/P20.1-Sepharose system and crystallized. An X-ray diffraction data set was collected to 1.8 Å resolution. The crystal belonged to space group P1, with unit-cell parameters a=63.7, b=68.8, c=69.7 Å, α=60.6, β=87.0, γ=68.1°. Assuming the presence of two protein molecules per asymmetric unit, the solvent content was estimated to be 49.5%.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Junko Morita
- Department of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 2-11-16 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0032, Japan
| | - Kazuki Kato
- Department of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 2-11-16 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0032, Japan
| | - Emiko Mihara
- Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, 3-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Ryuichiro Ishitani
- Department of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 2-11-16 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0032, Japan
| | - Junichi Takagi
- Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, 3-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Nishimasu
- Department of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 2-11-16 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0032, Japan
| | - Junken Aoki
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, 6-3 Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8578, Japan
| | - Osamu Nureki
- Department of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 2-11-16 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0032, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
99
|
Abstract
The insulin receptor (IR) is an important hub in insulin signaling and its activation is tightly regulated. Upon insulin stimulation, IR is activated through autophosphorylation, and consequently phosphorylates several insulin receptor substrate (IRS) proteins, including IRS1-6, Shc and Gab1. Certain adipokines have also been found to activate IR. On the contrary, PTP, Grb and SOCS proteins, which are responsible for the negative regulation of IR, are characterized as IR inhibitors. Additionally, many other proteins have been identified as IR substrates and participate in the insulin signaling pathway. To provide a more comprehensive understanding of the signals mediated through IR, we reviewed the upstream and downstream signal molecules of IR, summarized the positive and negative modulators of IR, and discussed the IR substrates and interacting adaptor proteins. We propose that the molecular events associated with IR should be integrated to obtain a better understanding of the insulin signaling pathway and diabetes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yipeng Du
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | | |
Collapse
|
100
|
Perrakis A, Moolenaar WH. Autotaxin: structure-function and signaling. J Lipid Res 2014; 55:1010-8. [PMID: 24548887 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.r046391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Autotaxin (ATX), or ecto-nucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase-2, is a secreted lysophospholipase D (lysoPLD) that hydrolyzes extracellular lysophospholipids into the lipid mediator lysophosphatidic acid (LPA), a ligand for specific G protein-coupled receptors. ATX-LPA signaling is essential for development and has been implicated in a great diversity of (patho)physiological processes, ranging from lymphocyte homing to tumor progression. Structural and functional studies have revealed what makes ATX a unique lysoPLD, and how secreted ATX binds to its target cells. The ATX catalytic domain shows a characteristic bimetallic active site followed by a shallow binding groove that can accommodate nucleotides as well as the glycerol moiety of lysophospholipids, and by a deep lipid-binding pocket. In addition, the catalytic domain has an open tunnel of unknown function adjacent to the active site. Here, we discuss our current understanding of ATX structure-function relationships and signaling mechanisms, and how ATX isoforms use distinct mechanisms to target LPA production to the plasma membrane, notably binding to integrins and heparan sulfate proteoglycans. We also briefly discuss the development of drug-like inhibitors of ATX.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anastassis Perrakis
- Divisions of Biochemistry, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, 1066CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Wouter H Moolenaar
- Cell Biology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, 1066CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|