51
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Budaitis BG, Jariwala S, Rao L, Yue Y, Sept D, Verhey KJ, Gennerich A. Pathogenic mutations in the kinesin-3 motor KIF1A diminish force generation and movement through allosteric mechanisms. J Cell Biol 2021; 220:211720. [PMID: 33496723 PMCID: PMC7844421 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202004227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The kinesin-3 motor KIF1A functions in neurons, where its fast and superprocessive motility facilitates long-distance transport, but little is known about its force-generating properties. Using optical tweezers, we demonstrate that KIF1A stalls at an opposing load of ~3 pN but more frequently detaches at lower forces. KIF1A rapidly reattaches to the microtubule to resume motion due to its class-specific K-loop, resulting in a unique clustering of force generation events. To test the importance of neck linker docking in KIF1A force generation, we introduced mutations linked to human neurodevelopmental disorders. Molecular dynamics simulations predict that V8M and Y89D mutations impair neck linker docking. Indeed, both mutations dramatically reduce the force generation of KIF1A but not the motor’s ability to rapidly reattach to the microtubule. Although both mutations relieve autoinhibition of the full-length motor, the mutant motors display decreased velocities, run lengths, and landing rates and delayed cargo transport in cells. These results advance our understanding of how mutations in KIF1A can manifest in disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Breane G Budaitis
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Shashank Jariwala
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Lu Rao
- Department of Anatomy and Structural Biology and Gruss-Lipper Biophotonics Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Yang Yue
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - David Sept
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Kristen J Verhey
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI.,Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Arne Gennerich
- Department of Anatomy and Structural Biology and Gruss-Lipper Biophotonics Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY
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52
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Nijenhuis W, van Grinsven MMP, Kapitein LC. An optimized toolbox for the optogenetic control of intracellular transport. J Cell Biol 2020; 219:133834. [PMID: 32328628 PMCID: PMC7147098 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201907149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Revised: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular functioning relies on active transport of organelles by molecular motors. To explore how intracellular organelle distributions affect cellular functions, several optogenetic approaches enable organelle repositioning through light-inducible recruitment of motors to specific organelles. Nonetheless, robust application of these methods in cellular populations without side effects has remained challenging. Here, we introduce an improved toolbox for optogenetic control of intracellular transport that optimizes cellular responsiveness and limits adverse effects. To improve dynamic range, we employed improved optogenetic heterodimerization modules and engineered a photosensitive kinesin-3, which is activated upon blue light–sensitive homodimerization. This opto-kinesin prevented motor activation before experimental onset, limited dark-state activation, and improved responsiveness. In addition, we adopted moss kinesin-14 for efficient retrograde transport with minimal adverse effects on endogenous transport. Using this optimized toolbox, we demonstrate robust reversible repositioning of (endogenously tagged) organelles within cellular populations. More robust control over organelle motility will aid in dissecting spatial cell biology and transport-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilco Nijenhuis
- Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Biophysics, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Mariëlle M P van Grinsven
- Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Biophysics, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Lukas C Kapitein
- Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Biophysics, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
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53
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Zaniewski TM, Gicking AM, Fricks J, Hancock WO. A kinetic dissection of the fast and superprocessive kinesin-3 KIF1A reveals a predominant one-head-bound state during its chemomechanical cycle. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:17889-17903. [PMID: 33082143 PMCID: PMC7939386 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra120.014961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Revised: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The kinesin-3 family contains the fastest and most processive motors of the three neuronal transport kinesin families, yet the sequence of states and rates of kinetic transitions that comprise the chemomechanical cycle and give rise to their unique properties are poorly understood. We used stopped-flow fluorescence spectroscopy and single-molecule motility assays to delineate the chemomechanical cycle of the kinesin-3, KIF1A. Our bacterially expressed KIF1A construct, dimerized via a kinesin-1 coiled-coil, exhibits fast velocity and superprocessivity behavior similar to WT KIF1A. We established that the KIF1A forward step is triggered by hydrolysis of ATP and not by ATP binding, meaning that KIF1A follows the same chemomechanical cycle as established for kinesin-1 and -2. The ATP-triggered half-site release rate of KIF1A was similar to the stepping rate, indicating that during stepping, rear-head detachment is an order of magnitude faster than in kinesin-1 and kinesin-2. Thus, KIF1A spends the majority of its hydrolysis cycle in a one-head-bound state. Both the ADP off-rate and the ATP on-rate at physiological ATP concentration were fast, eliminating these steps as possible rate-limiting transitions. Based on the measured run length and the relatively slow off-rate in ADP, we conclude that attachment of the tethered head is the rate-limiting transition in the KIF1A stepping cycle. Thus, KIF1A's activity can be explained by a fast rear-head detachment rate, a rate-limiting step of tethered-head attachment that follows ATP hydrolysis, and a relatively strong electrostatic interaction with the microtubule in the weakly bound post-hydrolysis state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylor M Zaniewski
- Department of Chemistry, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Allison M Gicking
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Bioengineering Graduate Program, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - John Fricks
- School of Mathematical and Statistical Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
| | - William O Hancock
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Bioengineering Graduate Program, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA.
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54
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Klobusicky JJ, Fricks J, Kramer PR. Effective behavior of cooperative and nonidentical molecular motors. RESEARCH IN THE MATHEMATICAL SCIENCES 2020; 7:29. [PMID: 33870090 PMCID: PMC8049358 DOI: 10.1007/s40687-020-00230-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Analytical formulas for effective drift, diffusivity, run times, and run lengths are derived for an intracellular transport system consisting of a cargo attached to two cooperative but not identical molecular motors (for example, kinesin-1 and kinesin-2) which can each attach and detach from a microtubule. The dynamics of the motor and cargo in each phase are governed by stochastic differential equations, and the switching rates depend on the spatial configuration of the motor and cargo. This system is analyzed in a limit where the detached motors have faster dynamics than the cargo, which in turn has faster dynamics than the attached motors. The attachment and detachment rates are also taken to be slow relative to the spatial dynamics. Through an application of iterated stochastic averaging to this system, and the use of renewal-reward theory to stitch together the progress within each switching phase, we obtain explicit analytical expressions for the effective drift, diffusivity, and processivity of the motor-cargo system. Our approach accounts in particular for jumps in motor-cargo position that occur during attachment and detachment events, as the cargo tracking variable makes a rapid adjustment due to the averaged fast scales. The asymptotic formulas are in generally good agreement with direct stochastic simulations of the detailed model based on experimental parameters for various pairings of kinesin-1 and kinesin-2 under assisting, hindering, or no load.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - John Fricks
- Arizona State University, School of Mathematical and Statistical Sciences, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Peter R Kramer
- Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Mathematical Science Department, Troy, NY, USA
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55
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Serra-Marques A, Martin M, Katrukha EA, Grigoriev I, Peeters CAE, Liu Q, Hooikaas PJ, Yao Y, Solianova V, Smal I, Pedersen LB, Meijering E, Kapitein LC, Akhmanova A. Concerted action of kinesins KIF5B and KIF13B promotes efficient secretory vesicle transport to microtubule plus ends. eLife 2020; 9:e61302. [PMID: 33174839 PMCID: PMC7710357 DOI: 10.7554/elife.61302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Intracellular transport relies on multiple kinesins, but it is poorly understood which kinesins are present on particular cargos, what their contributions are and whether they act simultaneously on the same cargo. Here, we show that Rab6-positive secretory vesicles are transported from the Golgi apparatus to the cell periphery by kinesin-1 KIF5B and kinesin-3 KIF13B, which determine the location of secretion events. KIF5B plays a dominant role, whereas KIF13B helps Rab6 vesicles to reach freshly polymerized microtubule ends, to which KIF5B binds poorly, likely because its cofactors, MAP7-family proteins, are slow in populating these ends. Sub-pixel localization demonstrated that during microtubule plus-end directed transport, both kinesins localize to the vesicle front and can be engaged on the same vesicle. When vesicles reverse direction, KIF13B relocates to the middle of the vesicle, while KIF5B shifts to the back, suggesting that KIF5B but not KIF13B undergoes a tug-of-war with a minus-end directed motor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Serra-Marques
- Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Biophysics, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht UniversityUtrechtNetherlands
| | - Maud Martin
- Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Biophysics, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht UniversityUtrechtNetherlands
| | - Eugene A Katrukha
- Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Biophysics, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht UniversityUtrechtNetherlands
| | - Ilya Grigoriev
- Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Biophysics, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht UniversityUtrechtNetherlands
| | - Cathelijn AE Peeters
- Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Biophysics, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht UniversityUtrechtNetherlands
| | - Qingyang Liu
- Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Biophysics, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht UniversityUtrechtNetherlands
| | - Peter Jan Hooikaas
- Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Biophysics, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht UniversityUtrechtNetherlands
| | - Yao Yao
- Departments of Medical Informatics and Radiology, Biomedical Imaging Group Rotterdam, Erasmus University Medical CenterRotterdamNetherlands
| | - Veronika Solianova
- Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Biophysics, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht UniversityUtrechtNetherlands
| | - Ihor Smal
- Departments of Medical Informatics and Radiology, Biomedical Imaging Group Rotterdam, Erasmus University Medical CenterRotterdamNetherlands
| | - Lotte B Pedersen
- Department of Biology, Section of Cell Biology and Physiology, the August Krogh Building, University of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
| | - Erik Meijering
- Departments of Medical Informatics and Radiology, Biomedical Imaging Group Rotterdam, Erasmus University Medical CenterRotterdamNetherlands
| | - Lukas C Kapitein
- Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Biophysics, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht UniversityUtrechtNetherlands
| | - Anna Akhmanova
- Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Biophysics, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht UniversityUtrechtNetherlands
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56
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GSK3β Impairs KIF1A Transport in a Cellular Model of Alzheimer's Disease but Does Not Regulate Motor Motility at S402. eNeuro 2020; 7:ENEURO.0176-20.2020. [PMID: 33067366 PMCID: PMC7768277 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0176-20.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Revised: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Impairment of axonal transport is an early pathologic event that precedes neurotoxicity in Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Soluble amyloid-β oligomers (AβOs), a causative agent of AD, activate intracellular signaling cascades that trigger phosphorylation of many target proteins, including tau, resulting in microtubule destabilization and transport impairment. Here, we investigated how KIF1A, a kinesin-3 family motor protein required for the transport of neurotrophic factors, is impaired in mouse hippocampal neurons treated with AβOs. By live cell imaging, we observed that AβOs inhibit transport of KIF1A-GFP similarly in wild-type and tau knock-out neurons, indicating that tau is not required for this effect. Pharmacological inhibition of glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK3β), a kinase overactivated in AD, prevented the transport defects. By mass spectrometry on KIF1A immunoprecipitated from transgenic AD mouse brain, we detected phosphorylation at S402, which conforms to a highly conserved GSK3β consensus site. We confirmed that this site is phosphorylated by GSK3β in vitro. Finally, we tested whether a phosphomimic of S402 could modulate KIF1A motility in control and AβO-treated mouse neurons and in a Golgi dispersion assay devoid of endogenous KIF1A. In both systems, transport driven by mutant motors was similar to that of WT motors. In conclusion, GSK3β impairs KIF1A transport but does not regulate motor motility at S402. Further studies are required to determine the specific phosphorylation sites on KIF1A that regulate its cargo binding and/or motility in physiological and disease states.
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57
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Montenegro-Garreaud X, Hansen AW, Khayat MM, Chander V, Grochowski CM, Jiang Y, Li H, Mitani T, Kessler E, Jayaseelan J, Shen H, Gezdirici A, Pehlivan D, Meng Q, Rosenfeld JA, Jhangiani SN, Madan-Khetarpal S, Scott DA, Abarca-Barriga H, Trubnykova M, Gingras MC, Muzny DM, Posey JE, Liu P, Lupski JR, Gibbs RA. Phenotypic expansion in KIF1A-related dominant disorders: A description of novel variants and review of published cases. Hum Mutat 2020; 41:2094-2104. [PMID: 32935419 DOI: 10.1002/humu.24118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
KIF1A is a molecular motor for membrane-bound cargo important to the development and survival of sensory neurons. KIF1A dysfunction has been associated with several Mendelian disorders with a spectrum of overlapping phenotypes, ranging from spastic paraplegia to intellectual disability. We present a novel pathogenic in-frame deletion in the KIF1A molecular motor domain inherited by two affected siblings from an unaffected mother with apparent germline mosaicism. We identified eight additional cases with heterozygous, pathogenic KIF1A variants ascertained from a local data lake. Our data provide evidence for the expansion of KIF1A-associated phenotypes to include hip subluxation and dystonia as well as phenotypes observed in only a single case: gelastic cataplexy, coxa valga, and double collecting system. We review the literature and suggest that KIF1A dysfunction is better understood as a single neuromuscular disorder with variable involvement of other organ systems than a set of discrete disorders converging at a single locus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ximena Montenegro-Garreaud
- Servicio de Genética y Errores Innatos del Metabolismo, Instituto Nacional de Salud del Niño, Lima, Perú.,División de Investigación, Instituto de Medicina Genética, Lima, Perú.,Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Adam W Hansen
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA.,Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Michael M Khayat
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA.,Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Varuna Chander
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA.,Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | | | - Yunyun Jiang
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - He Li
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Tadahiro Mitani
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Elena Kessler
- Division of Medical Genetics, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Joy Jayaseelan
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Hua Shen
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Alper Gezdirici
- Department of Medical Genetics, Kanuni Sultan Suleyman Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Davut Pehlivan
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA.,Section of Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Qingchang Meng
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Jill A Rosenfeld
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Shalini N Jhangiani
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Suneeta Madan-Khetarpal
- Division of Medical Genetics, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Daryl A Scott
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA.,Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Hugo Abarca-Barriga
- Servicio de Genética y Errores Innatos del Metabolismo, Instituto Nacional de Salud del Niño, Lima, Perú.,Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Medicina Humana, Universidad Científica del Sur, Lima, Perú
| | - Milana Trubnykova
- Servicio de Genética y Errores Innatos del Metabolismo, Instituto Nacional de Salud del Niño, Lima, Perú.,Area Preclínica, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas, Lima, Perú
| | - Marie-Claude Gingras
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA.,Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA.,Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Donna M Muzny
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA.,Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Jennifer E Posey
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Pengfei Liu
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA.,Baylor Genetics, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - James R Lupski
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA.,Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Richard A Gibbs
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA.,Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
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58
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Kaur S, Van Bergen NJ, Verhey KJ, Nowell CJ, Budaitis B, Yue Y, Ellaway C, Brunetti-Pierri N, Cappuccio G, Bruno I, Boyle L, Nigro V, Torella A, Roscioli T, Cowley MJ, Massey S, Sonawane R, Burton MD, Schonewolf-Greulich B, Tümer Z, Chung WK, Gold WA, Christodoulou J. Expansion of the phenotypic spectrum of de novo missense variants in kinesin family member 1A (KIF1A). Hum Mutat 2020; 41:1761-1774. [PMID: 32652677 DOI: 10.1002/humu.24079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Revised: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Defects in the motor domain of kinesin family member 1A (KIF1A), a neuron-specific ATP-dependent anterograde axonal transporter of synaptic cargo, are well-recognized to cause a spectrum of neurological conditions, commonly known as KIF1A-associated neurological disorders (KAND). Here, we report one mutation-negative female with classic Rett syndrome (RTT) harboring a de novo heterozygous novel variant [NP_001230937.1:p.(Asp248Glu)] in the highly conserved motor domain of KIF1A. In addition, three individuals with severe neurodevelopmental disorder along with clinical features overlapping with KAND are also reported carrying de novo heterozygous novel [NP_001230937.1:p.(Cys92Arg) and p.(Pro305Leu)] or previously reported [NP_001230937.1:p.(Thr99Met)] variants in KIF1A. In silico tools predicted these variants to be likely pathogenic, and 3D molecular modeling predicted defective ATP hydrolysis and/or microtubule binding. Using the neurite tip accumulation assay, we demonstrated that all novel KIF1A variants significantly reduced the ability of the motor domain of KIF1A to accumulate along the neurite lengths of differentiated SH-SY5Y cells. In vitro microtubule gliding assays showed significantly reduced velocities for the variant p.(Asp248Glu) and reduced microtubule binding for the p.(Cys92Arg) and p.(Pro305Leu) variants, suggesting a decreased ability of KIF1A to move along microtubules. Thus, this study further expanded the phenotypic characteristics of KAND individuals with pathogenic variants in the KIF1A motor domain to include clinical features commonly seen in RTT individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simranpreet Kaur
- Brain and Mitochondrial Research Group, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Nicole J Van Bergen
- Brain and Mitochondrial Research Group, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Kristen J Verhey
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Cameron J Nowell
- Drug Discover Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Breane Budaitis
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Program, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Yang Yue
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Carolyn Ellaway
- Discipline of Genomic Medicine, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Western Sydney Genetics Program, Children's Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Nicola Brunetti-Pierri
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy.,Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine, Pozzuoli, Italy
| | - Gerarda Cappuccio
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy.,Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine, Pozzuoli, Italy
| | - Irene Bruno
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Lia Boyle
- Division of Molecular Genetics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Vincenzo Nigro
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Annalaura Torella
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Tony Roscioli
- New South Wales Health Pathology, Randwick, New South Wales, Australia.,Neuroscience Research Australia, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Mark J Cowley
- Kinghorn Centre for Clinical Genomics, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,St Vincent's Clinical School, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Children's Cancer Institute, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, UNSW, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Sean Massey
- Brain and Mitochondrial Research Group, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Rhea Sonawane
- Faculty of Science, Engineering and Built Environment, Deakin University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Matthew D Burton
- Flow Cytometry and Imaging Facility, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Bitten Schonewolf-Greulich
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Kennedy Center, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark
| | - Zeynep Tümer
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Kennedy Center, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark
| | - Wendy K Chung
- Departments of Paediatrics and Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Wendy A Gold
- Molecular Neurobiology Research Laboratory, Kids Research, Children's Hospital at Westmead, and The Children's Medical Research Institute, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia.,Kids Neuroscience Centre, Kids Research, Children's Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia.,School of Medical Sciences and Discipline of Child and Adolescent Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - John Christodoulou
- Brain and Mitochondrial Research Group, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Discipline of Genomic Medicine, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Victorian Clinical Genetics Services, Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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59
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Zhernov I, Diez S, Braun M, Lansky Z. Intrinsically Disordered Domain of Kinesin-3 Kif14 Enables Unique Functional Diversity. Curr Biol 2020; 30:3342-3351.e5. [PMID: 32649913 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2020.06.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Revised: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In addition to their force-generating motor domains, kinesin motor proteins feature various accessory domains enabling them to fulfill a variety of functions in the cell. Human kinesin-3, Kif14, localizes to the midbody of the mitotic spindle and is involved in the progression of cytokinesis. The specific motor properties enabling Kif14's cellular functions, however, remain unknown. Here, we show in vitro that the intrinsically disordered N-terminal domain of Kif14 enables unique functional diversity of the kinesin. Using single molecule TIRF microscopy, we found that Kif14 exists either as a diffusible monomer or as processive dimer and that the disordered domain (1) enables diffusibility of the monomeric Kif14, (2) renders the dimeric Kif14 super-processive and enables the kinesin to pass through highly crowded areas, (3) enables robust, autonomous Kif14 tracking of growing microtubule tips, independent of microtubule end-binding (EB) proteins, and (4) is sufficient to enable crosslinking of parallel microtubules and necessary to enable Kif14-driven sliding of antiparallel ones. We explain these features of Kif14 by the observed diffusible interaction of the disordered domain with the microtubule lattice and the observed increased affinity of the disordered domain for GTP-bound tubulin. We suggest that the disordered domain tethers the motor domain to the microtubule providing a diffusible foothold and a regulatory hub, tuning the kinesin's interaction with microtubules. Our findings thus exemplify pliable protein tethering as a fundamental mechanism of molecular motor regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilia Zhernov
- Institute of Biotechnology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, BIOCEV, Prumyslova 595, 252 50 Vestec, Prague West, Czech Republic; Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Charles University, Ke Karlovu 3, 121 16 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Stefan Diez
- B CUBE - Center for Molecular Bioengineering, TU Dresden, Tatzberg 41, 01307 Dresden, Germany; Cluster of Excellence Physics of Life, TU Dresden, Tatzberg 47/49, 01307 Dresden, Germany; Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Pfotenhauerstr. 108, Dresden 01307, Germany
| | - Marcus Braun
- Institute of Biotechnology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, BIOCEV, Prumyslova 595, 252 50 Vestec, Prague West, Czech Republic.
| | - Zdenek Lansky
- Institute of Biotechnology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, BIOCEV, Prumyslova 595, 252 50 Vestec, Prague West, Czech Republic.
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60
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Hunter B, Allingham JS. These motors were made for walking. Protein Sci 2020; 29:1707-1723. [PMID: 32472639 DOI: 10.1002/pro.3895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Revised: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Kinesins are a diverse group of adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-dependent motor proteins that transport cargos along microtubules (MTs) and change the organization of MT networks. Shared among all kinesins is a ~40 kDa motor domain that has evolved an impressive assortment of motility and MT remodeling mechanisms as a result of subtle tweaks and edits within its sequence. Several elegant studies of different kinesin isoforms have exposed the purpose of structural changes in the motor domain as it engages and leaves the MT. However, few studies have compared the sequences and MT contacts of these kinesins systematically. Along with clever strategies to trap kinesin-tubulin complexes for X-ray crystallography, new advancements in cryo-electron microscopy have produced a burst of high-resolution structures that show kinesin-MT interfaces more precisely than ever. This review considers the MT interactions of kinesin subfamilies that exhibit significant differences in speed, processivity, and MT remodeling activity. We show how their sequence variations relate to their tubulin footprint and, in turn, how this explains the molecular activities of previously characterized mutants. As more high-resolution structures become available, this type of assessment will quicken the pace toward establishing each kinesin's design-function relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byron Hunter
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - John S Allingham
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
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61
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Braun M, Diez S, Lansky Z. Cytoskeletal organization through multivalent interactions. J Cell Sci 2020; 133:133/12/jcs234393. [PMID: 32540925 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.234393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The cytoskeleton consists of polymeric protein filaments with periodic lattices displaying identical binding sites, which establish a multivalent platform for the binding of a plethora of filament-associated ligand proteins. Multivalent ligand proteins can tether themselves to the filaments through one of their binding sites, resulting in an enhanced reaction kinetics for the remaining binding sites. In this Opinion, we discuss a number of cytoskeletal phenomena underpinned by such multivalent interactions, namely (1) generation of entropic forces by filament crosslinkers, (2) processivity of molecular motors, (3) spatial sorting of proteins, and (4) concentration-dependent unbinding of filament-associated proteins. These examples highlight that cytoskeletal filaments constitute the basis for the formation of microenvironments, which cytoskeletal ligand proteins can associate with and, once engaged, can act within at altered reaction kinetics. We thus argue that multivalency is one of the properties crucial for the functionality of the cytoskeleton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus Braun
- Institute of Biotechnology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, BIOCEV, 25250 Vestec, Prague West, Czech Republic
| | - Stefan Diez
- B CUBE - Center for Molecular Bioengineering, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden 01307, Germany .,Cluster of Excellence Physics of Life, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden 01307, Germany.,Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden 01307, Germany
| | - Zdenek Lansky
- Institute of Biotechnology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, BIOCEV, 25250 Vestec, Prague West, Czech Republic
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62
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Radler MR, Suber A, Spiliotis ET. Spatial control of membrane traffic in neuronal dendrites. Mol Cell Neurosci 2020; 105:103492. [PMID: 32294508 PMCID: PMC7317674 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2020.103492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Revised: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuronal dendrites are highly branched and specialized compartments with distinct structures and secretory organelles (e.g., spines, Golgi outposts), and a unique cytoskeletal organization that includes microtubules of mixed polarity. Dendritic membranes are enriched with proteins, which specialize in the formation and function of the post-synaptic membrane of the neuronal synapse. How these proteins partition preferentially in dendrites, and how they traffic in a manner that is spatiotemporally accurate and regulated by synaptic activity are long-standing questions of neuronal cell biology. Recent studies have shed new insights into the spatial control of dendritic membrane traffic, revealing new classes of proteins (e.g., septins) and cytoskeleton-based mechanisms with dendrite-specific functions. Here, we review these advances by revisiting the fundamental mechanisms that control membrane traffic at the levels of protein sorting and motor-driven transport on microtubules and actin filaments. Overall, dendrites possess unique mechanisms for the spatial control of membrane traffic, which might have specialized and co-evolved with their highly arborized morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan R Radler
- Department of Biology, Drexel University, 3245 Chestnut St, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Ayana Suber
- Department of Biology, Drexel University, 3245 Chestnut St, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Elias T Spiliotis
- Department of Biology, Drexel University, 3245 Chestnut St, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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63
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PX Domain-Containing Kinesin KIF16B and Microtubule-Dependent Intracellular Movements. J Membr Biol 2020; 253:101-108. [PMID: 32140737 DOI: 10.1007/s00232-020-00110-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 02/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
As a member of the kinesin-3 family, kinesin family member 16B (KIF16B) has a characteristic PhoX homology (PX) domain that binds to membranes containing phosphatidylinositol-3-phosphate (PI(3)P) and moves along microtubule filaments to the plus end via a process regulated by coiled coils in the stalk region in various cell types. The physiological function of KIF16B supports the transport of intracellular cargo and the formation of endosomal tubules. Ras-related protein (Rab) coordinates many steps of membrane transport and are involved in the regulation of KIF16B-mediated vesicle trafficking. Data obtained from clinical research suggest that KIF16B has a potential effect on the disease processes in intellectual disability, abnormal lipid metabolism, and tumor brain metastasis. In this review, we summarize recent advances in the structural and physiological characteristics of KIF16B as well as diseases associated with KIF16B disorders, and speculating its role as a potential adaptor for intracellular cholesterol trafficking.
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64
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Smart motors and cargo steering drive kinesin-mediated selective transport. Mol Cell Neurosci 2020; 103:103464. [PMID: 31972342 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2019.103464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Revised: 12/27/2019] [Accepted: 12/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurons are polarized cells, with dendrites and axons that require different complements of membrane proteins to fulfill their specialized functions. Membrane proteins are synthesized in the somatodendritic domain and delivered to their target membranes via long-range vesicle transport. Most anterograde vesicle transport is mediated by kinesin motors, but it is unclear how kinesins are targeted to axons or dendrites. Two main models have been proposed to explain kinesin selectivity. In the smart motor model, kinesin selectivity is conferred by a preference of the kinesin motor domain for specific subsets of microtubules. In the cargo steering model, kinesin selectivity is modulated by the vesicular cargo to which the motor is bound. We evaluate the evidence for both models and conclude that while the smart motor model may explain axonal selectivity, cargo steering is required for dendritic selectivity. Future work will determine the relative contributions of these models to polarized transport in living neurons.
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65
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Microtubule binding kinetics of membrane-bound kinesin-1 predicts high motor copy numbers on intracellular cargo. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:26564-26570. [PMID: 31822619 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1916204116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Bidirectional vesicle transport along microtubules is necessary for cell viability and function, particularly in neurons. When multiple motors are attached to a vesicle, the distance a vesicle travels before dissociating is determined by the race between detachment of the bound motors and attachment of the unbound motors. Motor detachment rate constants (k off) can be measured via single-molecule experiments, but motor reattachment rate constants (k on) are generally unknown, as they involve diffusion through the bilayer, geometrical considerations of the motor tether length, and the intrinsic microtubule binding rate of the motor. To understand the attachment dynamics of motors bound to fluid lipid bilayers, we quantified the microtubule accumulation rate of fluorescently labeled kinesin-1 motors in a 2-dimensional (2D) system where motors were linked to a supported lipid bilayer. From the first-order accumulation rate at varying motor densities, we extrapolated a k off that matched single-molecule measurements and measured a 2D k on for membrane-bound kinesin-1 motors binding to the microtubule. This k on is consistent with kinesin-1 being able to reach roughly 20 tubulin subunits when attaching to a microtubule. By incorporating cholesterol to reduce membrane diffusivity, we demonstrate that this k on is not limited by the motor diffusion rate, but instead is determined by the intrinsic motor binding rate. For intracellular vesicle trafficking, this 2D k on predicts that long-range transport of 100-nm-diameter vesicles requires 35 kinesin-1 motors, suggesting that teamwork between different motor classes and motor clustering may play significant roles in long-range vesicle transport.
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66
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Imaging mitochondria and plasma membrane in live cells using solvatochromic styrylpyridines. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2019; 203:111732. [PMID: 31864089 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2019.111732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Revised: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Investigating the dynamics of different biomolecules in the cellular milieu through microscopic imaging has gained paramount importance in the last decade. Continuous developments in the field of microscopy are paralleled by the design and synthesis of fluorophores that target specific compartments within a cell. In this study, we have synthesized four fluorescent styrene derivatives, a neutral styrylpridine, three cationic styrylpyridinium probes with and without cholesterol tether, and investigated their absorption, emission, and cellular imaging properties. The fluorophores show solvatochromic emission attributed to intramolecular charge transfer from donor to acceptor with an emission range of 500-600 nm. The fluorescent cholesterol conjugate labels plasma membrane effectively while the fluorophores devoid of the cholesterol tether label mitochondria. Cholesterol conjugate also shows strong interaction with liposome membrane. Furthermore, the fluorophores alsotrack the mitochondria in live cells with high specificity. Cell viability assay showed overall non-toxic nature of the probes even at higher fluorophore concentrations. Through sidearm modifications, keeping the fluorescent core intact, we successfully targeted specific subcellular compartments of neuronal (N2a) and non-neuronal (HeLa) mammalian cell lines. This strategy of using a single molecular scaffold with subtle substitutions could be ideal in generating a variety of fluorophores targeting other subcellular compartments.
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67
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Run length distribution of dimerized kinesin-3 molecular motors: comparison with dimeric kinesin-1. Sci Rep 2019; 9:16973. [PMID: 31740721 PMCID: PMC6861319 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-53550-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Kinesin-3 and kinesin-1 molecular motors are two families of the kinesin superfamily. It has been experimentally revealed that in monomeric state kinesin-3 is inactive in motility and cargo-mediated dimerization results in superprocessive motion, with an average run length being more than 10-fold longer than that of kinesin-1. In contrast to kinesin-1 showing normally single-exponential distribution of run lengths, dimerized kinesin-3 shows puzzlingly Gaussian distribution of run lengths. Here, based on our proposed model, we studied computationally the dynamics of kinesin-3 and compared with that of kinesin-1, explaining quantitatively the available experimental data and revealing the origin of superprocessivity and Gaussian run length distribution of kinesin-3. Moreover, predicted results are provided on ATP-concentration dependence of run length distribution and force dependence of mean run length and dissociation rate of kinesin-3.
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68
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Bhan P, Muthaiyan Shanmugam M, Wang D, Bayansan O, Chen C, Wagner OI. Characterization of TAG‐63 and its role on axonal transport inC.elegans. Traffic 2019; 21:231-249. [DOI: 10.1111/tra.12706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Revised: 10/13/2019] [Accepted: 10/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Prerana Bhan
- Department of Life ScienceNational Tsing Hua University, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology Hsinchu Taiwan, ROC
- Research Center for Healthy AgingChina Medical University Taichung Taiwan, ROC
| | - Muniesh Muthaiyan Shanmugam
- Department of Life ScienceNational Tsing Hua University, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology Hsinchu Taiwan, ROC
| | - Ding Wang
- Department of Life ScienceNational Tsing Hua University, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology Hsinchu Taiwan, ROC
| | - Odvogmed Bayansan
- Department of Life ScienceNational Tsing Hua University, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology Hsinchu Taiwan, ROC
| | - Chih‐Wei Chen
- Department of Life ScienceNational Tsing Hua University, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology Hsinchu Taiwan, ROC
| | - Oliver I. Wagner
- Department of Life ScienceNational Tsing Hua University, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology Hsinchu Taiwan, ROC
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69
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Gabrych DR, Lau VZ, Niwa S, Silverman MA. Going Too Far Is the Same as Falling Short †: Kinesin-3 Family Members in Hereditary Spastic Paraplegia. Front Cell Neurosci 2019; 13:419. [PMID: 31616253 PMCID: PMC6775250 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2019.00419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 09/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Proper intracellular trafficking is essential for neuronal development and function, and when any aspect of this process is dysregulated, the resulting "transportopathy" causes neurological disorders. Hereditary spastic paraplegias (HSPs) are a family of such diseases attributed to over 80 spastic gait genes (SPG), specifically characterized by lower extremity spasticity and weakness. Multiple genes in the trafficking pathway such as those relating to microtubule structure and function and organelle biogenesis are representative disease loci. Microtubule motor proteins, or kinesins, are also causal in HSP, specifically mutations in Kinesin-I/KIF5A (SPG10) and two kinesin-3 family members; KIF1A (SPG30) and KIF1C (SPG58). KIF1A is a motor enriched in neurons, and involved in the anterograde transport of a variety of vesicles that contribute to pre- and post-synaptic assembly, autophagic processes, and neuron survival. KIF1C is ubiquitously expressed and, in addition to anterograde cargo transport, also functions in retrograde transport between the Golgi and the endoplasmic reticulum. Only a handful of KIF1C cargos have been identified; however, many have crucial roles such as neuronal differentiation, outgrowth, plasticity and survival. HSP-related kinesin-3 mutants are characterized mainly as loss-of-function resulting in deficits in motility, regulation, and cargo binding. Gain-of-function mutants are also seen, and are characterized by increased microtubule-on rates and hypermotility. Both sets of mutations ultimately result in misdelivery of critical cargos within the neuron. This likely leads to deleterious cell biological cascades that likely underlie or contribute to HSP clinical pathology and ultimately, symptomology. Due to the paucity of histopathological or cell biological data assessing perturbations in cargo localization, it has been difficult to positively link these mutations to the outcomes seen in HSPs. Ultimately, the goal of this review is to encourage future academic and clinical efforts to focus on "transportopathies" through a cargo-centric lens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik R Gabrych
- Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
| | - Victor Z Lau
- Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
| | - Shinsuke Niwa
- Frontier Research Institute for Interdisciplinary Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Michael A Silverman
- Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada.,Centre for Cell Biology, Development, and Disease, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
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70
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KIF1A variants are a frequent cause of autosomal dominant hereditary spastic paraplegia. Eur J Hum Genet 2019; 28:40-49. [PMID: 31488895 PMCID: PMC6906463 DOI: 10.1038/s41431-019-0497-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Revised: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 08/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Variants in the KIF1A gene can cause autosomal recessive spastic paraplegia 30, autosomal recessive hereditary sensory neuropathy, or autosomal (de novo) dominant mental retardation type 9. More recently, variants in KIF1A have also been described in a few cases with autosomal dominant spastic paraplegia. Here, we describe 20 KIF1A variants in 24 patients from a clinical exome sequencing cohort of 347 individuals with a mostly ‘pure’ spastic paraplegia. In these patients, spastic paraplegia was slowly progressive and mostly pure, but with a highly variable disease onset (0–57 years). Segregation analyses showed a de novo occurrence in seven cases, and a dominant inheritance pattern in 11 families. The motor domain of KIF1A is a hotspot for disease causing variants in autosomal dominant spastic paraplegia, similar to mental retardation type 9 and recessive spastic paraplegia type 30. However, unlike these allelic disorders, dominant spastic paraplegia was also caused by loss-of-function variants outside this domain in six families. Finally, three missense variants were outside the motor domain and need further characterization. In conclusion, KIF1A variants are a frequent cause of autosomal dominant spastic paraplegia in our cohort (6–7%). The identification of KIF1A loss-of-function variants suggests haploinsufficiency as a possible mechanism in autosomal dominant spastic paraplegia.
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71
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Reinkemeier CD, Girona GE, Lemke EA. Designer membraneless organelles enable codon reassignment of selected mRNAs in eukaryotes. Science 2019; 363:363/6434/eaaw2644. [PMID: 30923194 DOI: 10.1126/science.aaw2644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Accepted: 02/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Nature regulates interference between cellular processes-allowing more complexity of life-by confining specific functions to organelles. Inspired by this concept, we designed an artificial organelle dedicated to protein engineering. We generated a membraneless organelle to translate only one type of messenger RNA-by recruiting an RNA-targeting system, stop codon-suppression machinery, and ribosomes-by means of phase separation and spatial targeting. This enables site-specific protein engineering with a tailored noncanonical function in response to one specific codon in the entire genome only in the protein of choice. Our results demonstrate a simple yet effective approach to the generation of artificial organelles that provides a route toward customized orthogonal translation and protein engineering in semisynthetic eukaryotic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher D Reinkemeier
- Biocentre, Departments of Biology and Chemistry, Pharmacy and Geosciences, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Hanns-Dieter-Hüsch-Weg 15, 55128 Mainz, Germany.,Institute of Molecular Biology, Ackermannweg 4, 55128 Mainz, Germany.,Structural and Computational Biology Unit and Cell Biology and Biophysics Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Meyerhofstrasse 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Gemma Estrada Girona
- Structural and Computational Biology Unit and Cell Biology and Biophysics Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Meyerhofstrasse 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Edward A Lemke
- Biocentre, Departments of Biology and Chemistry, Pharmacy and Geosciences, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Hanns-Dieter-Hüsch-Weg 15, 55128 Mainz, Germany. .,Institute of Molecular Biology, Ackermannweg 4, 55128 Mainz, Germany.,Structural and Computational Biology Unit and Cell Biology and Biophysics Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Meyerhofstrasse 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
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72
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Magaletta ME, Perkins KJ, Deuchler CP, Pieczynski JN. The Kinesin-3 motor, KLP-4, mediates axonal organization and cholinergic signaling in Caenorhabditis elegans. FASEB Bioadv 2019; 1:450-460. [PMID: 32123843 PMCID: PMC6996341 DOI: 10.1096/fba.2019-00019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Microtubule plus-end directed trafficking is dominated by kinesin motors, yet kinesins differ in terms of cargo identity, movement rate, and distance travelled. Functional diversity of kinesins is especially apparent in polarized neurons, where long distance trafficking is required for efficient signal transduction-behavioral response paradigms. The Kinesin-3 superfamily are expressed in neurons and are hypothesized to have significant roles in neuronal signal transduction due to their high processivity. Although much is known about Kinesin-3 motors mechanistically in vitro, there is little known about their mechanisms in vivo. Here, we analyzed KLP-4, the Caenorhabditis elegans homologue of human KIF13A and KIF13B. Like other Kinesin-3 superfamily motors, klp-4 is highly expressed in the ventral nerve cord command interneurons of the animal, suggesting it might have a role in controlling movement of the animal. We characterized an allele of klp-4 that contains are large indel in the cargo binding domain of the motor, however, the gene still appears to be expressed. Behavioral analysis demonstrated that klp-4 mutants have defects in locomotive signaling, but not the strikingly uncoordinated movements such as those found in unc-104/KIF1A mutants. Animals with this large deletion are hypersensitive to the acetylcholinesterase inhibitor aldicarb but are unaffected by exogenous serotonin. Interestingly, this large klp-4 indel does not affect gross neuronal development but does lead to aggregation and disorganization of RAB-3 at synapses. Taken together, these data suggest a role for KLP-4 in modulation of cholinergic signaling in vivo and shed light on possible in vivo mechanisms of Kinesin-3 motor regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret E. Magaletta
- Department of BiologyRollins CollegeWinter ParkFlorida
- Program in Molecular Medicine, Diabetes Center of ExcellenceUniversity of Massachusetts Medical SchoolWorcesterMassachusetts
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73
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Mickolajczyk KJ, Cook ASI, Jevtha JP, Fricks J, Hancock WO. Insights into Kinesin-1 Stepping from Simulations and Tracking of Gold Nanoparticle-Labeled Motors. Biophys J 2019; 117:331-345. [PMID: 31301807 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2019.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2018] [Revised: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
High-resolution tracking of gold nanoparticle-labeled proteins has emerged as a powerful technique for measuring the structural kinetics of processive enzymes and other biomacromolecules. These techniques use point spread function (PSF) fitting methods borrowed from single-molecule fluorescence imaging to determine molecular positions below the diffraction limit. However, compared to fluorescence, gold nanoparticle tracking experiments are performed at significantly higher frame rates and utilize much larger probes. In the current work, we use Brownian dynamics simulations of nanoparticle-labeled proteins to investigate the regimes in which the fundamental assumptions of PSF fitting hold and where they begin to break down. We find that because gold nanoparticles undergo tethered diffusion around their anchor point, PSF fitting cannot be extended to arbitrarily fast frame rates. Instead, camera exposure times that allow the nanoparticle to fully populate its stationary positional distribution achieve a spatial averaging that increases fitting precision. We furthermore find that changes in the rotational freedom of the tagged protein can lead to artifactual translations in the fitted particle position. Finally, we apply these lessons to dissect a standing controversy in the kinesin field over the structure of a dimer in the ATP waiting state. Combining new experiments with simulations, we determine that the rear kinesin head in the ATP waiting state is unbound but not displaced from its previous microtubule binding site and that apparent differences in separately published reports were simply due to differences in the gold nanoparticle attachment position. Our results highlight the importance of gold conjugation decisions and imaging parameters to high-resolution tracking results and will serve as a useful guide for the design of future gold nanoparticle tracking experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith J Mickolajczyk
- Department of Biomedical Engineering; Intercollege Graduate Degree Program in Bioengineering
| | - Annan S I Cook
- Department of Biomedical Engineering; Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania
| | | | - John Fricks
- School of Mathematical and Statistical Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona
| | - William O Hancock
- Department of Biomedical Engineering; Intercollege Graduate Degree Program in Bioengineering.
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74
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Siddiqui N, Zwetsloot AJ, Bachmann A, Roth D, Hussain H, Brandt J, Kaverina I, Straube A. PTPN21 and Hook3 relieve KIF1C autoinhibition and activate intracellular transport. Nat Commun 2019; 10:2693. [PMID: 31217419 PMCID: PMC6584639 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-10644-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The kinesin-3 KIF1C is a fast organelle transporter implicated in the transport of dense core vesicles in neurons and the delivery of integrins to cell adhesions. Here we report the mechanisms of autoinhibition and release that control the activity of KIF1C. We show that the microtubule binding surface of KIF1C motor domain interacts with its stalk and that these autoinhibitory interactions are released upon binding of protein tyrosine phosphatase PTPN21. The FERM domain of PTPN21 stimulates dense core vesicle transport in primary hippocampal neurons and rescues integrin trafficking in KIF1C-depleted cells. In vitro, human full-length KIF1C is a processive, plus-end directed motor. Its landing rate onto microtubules increases in the presence of either PTPN21 FERM domain or the cargo adapter Hook3 that binds the same region of KIF1C tail. This autoinhibition release mechanism allows cargo-activated transport and might enable motors to participate in bidirectional cargo transport without undertaking a tug-of-war.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nida Siddiqui
- Centre for Mechanochemical Cell Biology, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Alexander James Zwetsloot
- Centre for Mechanochemical Cell Biology, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
- MRC-DTP in Interdisciplinary Biomedical Research, Warwick Medical School, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Alice Bachmann
- Centre for Mechanochemical Cell Biology, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Daniel Roth
- Centre for Mechanochemical Cell Biology, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Hamdi Hussain
- Centre for Mechanochemical Cell Biology, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Jonathan Brandt
- Centre for Mechanochemical Cell Biology, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Irina Kaverina
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, 37232, TN, USA
| | - Anne Straube
- Centre for Mechanochemical Cell Biology, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK.
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK.
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75
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Budaitis BG, Jariwala S, Reinemann DN, Schimert KI, Scarabelli G, Grant BJ, Sept D, Lang MJ, Verhey KJ. Neck linker docking is critical for Kinesin-1 force generation in cells but at a cost to motor speed and processivity. eLife 2019; 8:44146. [PMID: 31084716 PMCID: PMC6533058 DOI: 10.7554/elife.44146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Kinesin force generation involves ATP-induced docking of the neck linker (NL) along the motor core. However, the roles of the proposed steps of NL docking, cover-neck bundle (CNB) and asparagine latch (N-latch) formation, during force generation are unclear. Furthermore, the necessity of NL docking for transport of membrane-bound cargo in cells has not been tested. We generated kinesin-1 motors impaired in CNB and/or N-latch formation based on molecular dynamics simulations. The mutant motors displayed reduced force output and inability to stall in optical trap assays but exhibited increased speeds, run lengths, and landing rates under unloaded conditions. NL docking thus enhances force production but at a cost to speed and processivity. In cells, teams of mutant motors were hindered in their ability to drive transport of Golgi elements (high-load cargo) but not peroxisomes (low-load cargo). These results demonstrate that the NL serves as a mechanical element for kinesin-1 transport under physiological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Breane G Budaitis
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, United States
| | - Shashank Jariwala
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, United States
| | - Dana N Reinemann
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, United States
| | | | - Guido Scarabelli
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, United States
| | - Barry J Grant
- Division of Biological Sciences, Section of Molecular Biology, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, United States
| | - David Sept
- Biophysics Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, United States.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, United States.,Center for Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, United States
| | - Matthew J Lang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, United States.,Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, United States
| | - Kristen J Verhey
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, United States.,Biophysics Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, United States.,Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, United States
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76
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Arpağ G, Norris SR, Mousavi SI, Soppina V, Verhey KJ, Hancock WO, Tüzel E. Motor Dynamics Underlying Cargo Transport by Pairs of Kinesin-1 and Kinesin-3 Motors. Biophys J 2019; 116:1115-1126. [PMID: 30824116 PMCID: PMC6428962 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2019.01.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Revised: 05/25/2018] [Accepted: 01/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Intracellular cargo transport by kinesin family motor proteins is crucial for many cellular processes, particularly vesicle transport in axons and dendrites. In a number of cases, the transport of specific cargo is carried out by two classes of kinesins that move at different speeds and thus compete during transport. Despite advances in single-molecule characterization and modeling approaches, many questions remain regarding the effect of intermotor tension on motor attachment/reattachment rates during cooperative multimotor transport. To understand the motor dynamics underlying multimotor transport, we analyzed the complexes of kinesin-1 and kinesin-3 motors attached through protein scaffolds moving on immobilized microtubules in vitro. To interpret the observed behavior, simulations were carried out using a model that incorporated motor stepping, attachment/detachment rates, and intermotor force generation. In single-molecule experiments, isolated kinesin-3 motors moved twofold faster and had threefold higher landing rates than kinesin-1. When the positively charged loop 12 of kinesin-3 was swapped with that of kinesin-1, the landing rates reversed, indicating that this "K-loop" is a key determinant of the motor reattachment rate. In contrast, swapping loop 12 had negligible effects on motor velocities. Two-motor complexes containing one kinesin-1 and one kinesin-3 moved at different speeds depending on the identity of their loop 12, indicating the importance of the motor reattachment rate on the cotransport speed. Simulations of these loop-swapped motors using experimentally derived motor parameters were able to reproduce the experimental results and identify best fit parameters for the motor reattachment rates for this geometry. Simulation results also supported previous work, suggesting that kinesin-3 microtubule detachment is very sensitive to load. Overall, the simulations demonstrate that the transport behavior of cargo carried by pairs of kinesin-1 and -3 motors are determined by three properties that differ between these two families: the unloaded velocity, the load dependence of detachment, and the motor reattachment rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Göker Arpağ
- Department of Physics, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, Massachusetts
| | - Stephen R Norris
- Department of Biophysics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - S Iman Mousavi
- Department of Physics, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, Massachusetts
| | | | - Kristen J Verhey
- Department of Biophysics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - William O Hancock
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, State College, Pennsylvania.
| | - Erkan Tüzel
- Department of Physics, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, Massachusetts.
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77
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Abstract
Kinesin motor proteins that drive intracellular transport share an overall architecture of two motor domain-containing subunits that dimerize through a coiled-coil stalk. Dimerization allows kinesins to be processive motors, taking many steps along the microtubule track before detaching. However, whether dimerization is required for intracellular transport remains unknown. Here, we address this issue using a combination of in vitro and cellular assays to directly compare dimeric motors across the kinesin-1, -2, and -3 families to their minimal monomeric forms. Surprisingly, we find that monomeric motors are able to work in teams to drive peroxisome dispersion in cells. However, peroxisome transport requires minimal force output, and we find that most monomeric motors are unable to disperse the Golgi complex, a high-load cargo. Strikingly, monomeric versions of the kinesin-2 family motors KIF3A and KIF3B are able to drive Golgi dispersion in cells, and teams of monomeric KIF3B motors can generate over 8 pN of force in an optical trap. We find that intracellular transport and force output by monomeric motors, but not dimeric motors, are significantly decreased by the addition of longer and more flexible motor-to-cargo linkers. Together, these results suggest that dimerization of kinesin motors is not required for intracellular transport; however, it enables motor-to-motor coordination and high force generation regardless of motor-to-cargo distance. Dimerization of kinesin motors is thus critical for cellular events that require an ability to generate or withstand high forces.
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78
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Gicking AM, Wang P, Liu C, Mickolajczyk KJ, Guo L, Hancock WO, Qiu W. The Orphan Kinesin PAKRP2 Achieves Processive Motility via a Noncanonical Stepping Mechanism. Biophys J 2019; 116:1270-1281. [PMID: 30902363 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2019.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Revised: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Phragmoplast-associated kinesin-related protein 2 (PAKRP2) is an orphan kinesin in Arabidopsis thaliana that is thought to transport vesicles along phragmoplast microtubules for cell plate formation. Here, using single-molecule fluorescence microscopy, we show that PAKRP2 is the first orphan kinesin to exhibit processive plus-end-directed motility on single microtubules as individual homodimers. Our results show that PAKRP2 processivity is achieved despite having an exceptionally long (32 residues) neck linker. Furthermore, using high-resolution nanoparticle tracking, we find that PAKRP2 steps via a hand-over-hand mechanism that includes frequent side steps, a prolonged diffusional search of the tethered head, and tight coupling of the ATP hydrolysis cycle to the forward-stepping cycle. Interestingly, truncating the PAKRP2 neck linker to 14 residues decreases the run length of PAKRP2; thus, the long neck linker enhances the processive behavior. Based on the canonical model of kinesin stepping, such a long neck linker is expected to decrease the processivity and disrupt the coupling of ATP hydrolysis to forward stepping. Therefore, we conclude that PAKRP2 employs a noncanonical strategy for processive motility, wherein a long neck linker is coupled with a slow ATP hydrolysis rate to allow for an extended diffusional search during each step without sacrificing processivity or efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pan Wang
- Department of Physics, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon; School of Physics and Electronics, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, China
| | - Chun Liu
- Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Guangzhou, China
| | - Keith J Mickolajczyk
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Penn State University, University Park, Pennsylvania; Intercollege Graduate Degree Program in Bioengineering, Penn State University, University Park, Pennsylvania
| | - Lijun Guo
- School of Physics and Electronics, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, China
| | - William O Hancock
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Penn State University, University Park, Pennsylvania; Intercollege Graduate Degree Program in Bioengineering, Penn State University, University Park, Pennsylvania
| | - Weihong Qiu
- Department of Physics, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon; Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon.
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79
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Etoh K, Fukuda M. Rab10 regulates tubular endosome formation through KIF13A and KIF13B motors. J Cell Sci 2019; 132:jcs.226977. [PMID: 30700496 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.226977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2018] [Accepted: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Recycling endosomes are stations that sort endocytic cargoes to their appropriate destinations. Tubular endosomes have been characterized as a recycling endosomal compartment for clathrin-independent cargoes. However, the molecular mechanism by which tubular endosome formation is regulated is poorly understood. In this study, we identified Rab10 as a novel protein localized at tubular endosomes by using a comprehensive localization screen of EGFP-tagged Rab small GTPases. Knockout of Rab10 completely abolished tubular endosomal structures in HeLaM cells. We also identified kinesin motors KIF13A and KIF13B as novel Rab10-interacting proteins by means of in silico screening. The results of this study demonstrated that both the Rab10-binding homology domain and the motor domain of KIF13A are required for Rab10-positive tubular endosome formation. Our findings provide insight into the mechanism by which the Rab10-KIF13A (or KIF13B) complex regulates tubular endosome formation. This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kan Etoh
- Laboratory of Membrane Trafficking Mechanisms, Department of Integrative Life Sciences, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Aobayama, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8578, Japan
| | - Mitsunori Fukuda
- Laboratory of Membrane Trafficking Mechanisms, Department of Integrative Life Sciences, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Aobayama, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8578, Japan
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80
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Lessard DV, Zinder OJ, Hotta T, Verhey KJ, Ohi R, Berger CL. Polyglutamylation of tubulin's C-terminal tail controls pausing and motility of kinesin-3 family member KIF1A. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:6353-6363. [PMID: 30770469 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.005765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2018] [Revised: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The kinesin-3 family member KIF1A plays a critical role in site-specific neuronal cargo delivery during axonal transport. KIF1A cargo is mislocalized in many neurodegenerative diseases, indicating that KIF1A's highly efficient, superprocessive motility along axonal microtubules needs to be tightly regulated. One potential regulatory mechanism may be through posttranslational modifications (PTMs) of axonal microtubules. These PTMs often occur on the C-terminal tails of the microtubule tracks, act as molecular "traffic signals" helping to direct kinesin motor cargo delivery, and include C-terminal tail polyglutamylation important for KIF1A cargo transport. KIF1A initially interacts with microtubule C-terminal tails through its K-loop, a positively charged surface loop of the KIF1A motor domain. However, the role of the K-loop in KIF1A motility and response to perturbations in C-terminal tail polyglutamylation is underexplored. Using single-molecule imaging, we present evidence that KIF1A pauses on different microtubule lattice structures, linking multiple processive segments together and contributing to KIF1A's characteristic superprocessive run length. Furthermore, modifications of the KIF1A K-loop or tubulin C-terminal tail polyglutamylation reduced KIF1A pausing and overall run length. These results suggest a new mechanism to regulate KIF1A motility via pauses mediated by K-loop/polyglutamylated C-terminal tail interactions, providing further insight into KIF1A's role in axonal transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominique V Lessard
- From the Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont 05405 and
| | - Oraya J Zinder
- From the Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont 05405 and
| | - Takashi Hotta
- the Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Kristen J Verhey
- the Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Ryoma Ohi
- the Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Christopher L Berger
- From the Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont 05405 and
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81
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Guedes-Dias P, Nirschl JJ, Abreu N, Tokito MK, Janke C, Magiera MM, Holzbaur ELF. Kinesin-3 Responds to Local Microtubule Dynamics to Target Synaptic Cargo Delivery to the Presynapse. Curr Biol 2019; 29:268-282.e8. [PMID: 30612907 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2018.11.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2018] [Revised: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 11/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Neurons in the CNS establish thousands of en passant synapses along their axons. Robust neurotransmission depends on the replenishment of synaptic components in a spatially precise manner. Using live-cell microscopy and single-molecule reconstitution assays, we find that the delivery of synaptic vesicle precursors (SVPs) to en passant synapses in hippocampal neurons is specified by an interplay between the kinesin-3 KIF1A motor and presynaptic microtubules. Presynaptic sites are hotspots of dynamic microtubules rich in GTP-tubulin. KIF1A binds more weakly to GTP-tubulin than GDP-tubulin and competes with end-binding (EB) proteins for binding to the microtubule plus end. A disease-causing mutation within KIF1A that reduces preferential binding to GDP- versus GTP-rich microtubules disrupts SVP delivery and reduces presynaptic release upon neuronal stimulation. Thus, the localized enrichment of dynamic microtubules along the axon specifies a localized unloading zone that ensures the accurate delivery of SVPs, controlling presynaptic strength in hippocampal neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Guedes-Dias
- Department of Physiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6085, USA; The Pennsylvania Muscle Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6085, USA
| | - Jeffrey J Nirschl
- Department of Physiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6085, USA; The Pennsylvania Muscle Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6085, USA
| | - Nohely Abreu
- Department of Physiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6085, USA; The Pennsylvania Muscle Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6085, USA
| | - Mariko K Tokito
- Department of Physiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6085, USA
| | - Carsten Janke
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS UMR3348, Orsay, France; Université Paris Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS UMR3348, Orsay, France
| | - Maria M Magiera
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS UMR3348, Orsay, France; Université Paris Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS UMR3348, Orsay, France
| | - Erika L F Holzbaur
- Department of Physiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6085, USA; The Pennsylvania Muscle Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6085, USA.
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82
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Malleable folding of coiled-coils regulates kinesin-3 dimerization. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:12845-12847. [PMID: 30530652 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1818758115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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83
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Coiled-coil 1-mediated fastening of the neck and motor domains for kinesin-3 autoinhibition. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:E11933-E11942. [PMID: 30463954 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1811209115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
In kinesin-3, the coiled-coil 1 (CC1) can sequester the preceding neck coil (NC) for autoinhibition, but the underlying mechanism is poorly understood. Here, we determined the structures of the uninhibited motor domain (MD)-NC dimer and inhibited MD-NC-CC1 monomer of kinesin-3 KIF13B. In the MD-NC-CC1 monomer, CC1 is broken into two short helices that unexpectedly interact with both the NC and the MD. Compared with the MD-NC dimer, the CC1-mediated integration of NC and MD not only blocks the NC dimer formation, but also prevents the neck linker (NL) undocking and the ADP release from the MD. Mutations of the essential residues in the interdomain interaction interface in the MD-NC-CC1 monomer restored the MD activity. Thus, CC1 fastens the neck domain and MD and inhibits both NC and NL. This CC1-mediated lockdown of the entire neck domain may represent a paradigm for kinesin autoinhibition that could be applicable to other kinesin-3 motors.
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84
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Chen C, Peng Y, Yen Y, Bhan P, Muthaiyan Shanmugam M, Klopfenstein DR, Wagner OI. Insights on UNC‐104‐dynein/dynactin interactions and their implications on axonal transport in
Caenorhabditis elegans. J Neurosci Res 2018; 97:185-201. [DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Revised: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chih‐Wei Chen
- Department of Life Science, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology National Tsing Hua University Hsinchu Taiwan
| | - Yu‐Fei Peng
- Department of Life Science, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology National Tsing Hua University Hsinchu Taiwan
| | - Ying‐Cheng Yen
- Department of Life Science, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology National Tsing Hua University Hsinchu Taiwan
| | - Prerana Bhan
- Department of Life Science, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology National Tsing Hua University Hsinchu Taiwan
| | - Muniesh Muthaiyan Shanmugam
- Department of Life Science, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology National Tsing Hua University Hsinchu Taiwan
| | | | - Oliver I. Wagner
- Department of Life Science, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology National Tsing Hua University Hsinchu Taiwan
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85
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Capture of Dense Core Vesicles at Synapses by JNK-Dependent Phosphorylation of Synaptotagmin-4. Cell Rep 2018; 21:2118-2133. [PMID: 29166604 PMCID: PMC5714612 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2017.10.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2016] [Revised: 10/05/2017] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Delivery of neurotrophins and neuropeptides via long-range trafficking of dense core vesicles (DCVs) from the cell soma to nerve terminals is essential for synapse modulation and circuit function. But the mechanism by which transiting DCVs are captured at specific sites is unknown. Here, we discovered that Synaptotagmin-4 (Syt4) regulates the capture and spatial distribution of DCVs in hippocampal neurons. We found that DCVs are highly mobile and undergo long-range translocation but switch directions only at the distal ends of axons, revealing a circular trafficking pattern. Phosphorylation of serine 135 of Syt4 by JNK steers DCV trafficking by destabilizing Syt4-Kif1A interaction, leading to a transition from microtubule-dependent DCV trafficking to capture at en passant presynaptic boutons by actin. Furthermore, neuronal activity increased DCV capture via JNK-dependent phosphorylation of the S135 site of Syt4. Our data reveal a mechanism that ensures rapid, site-specific delivery of DCVs to synapses. Syt4-bearing dense core vesicles in axons traffic continually in a circular pattern Phosphorylation of S135 of Syt4 by JNK destabilizes Syt4-Kif1A binding Destabilized Syt4-Kif1A binding promotes capture of vesicles at synapses by actin Neuronal activity increases vesicle capture via S135-dependent JNK phosphorylation
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86
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Pathak D, Thakur S, Mallik R. Fluorescence microscopy applied to intracellular transport by microtubule motors. J Biosci 2018; 43:437-445. [PMID: 30002263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Long-distance transport of many organelles inside eukaryotic cells is driven by the dynein and kinesin motors on microtubule filaments. More than 30 years since the discovery of these motors, unanswered questions include motor- organelle selectivity, structural determinants of processivity, collective behaviour of motors and track selection within the complex cytoskeletal architecture, to name a few. Fluorescence microscopy has been invaluable in addressing some of these questions. Here we present a review of some efforts to understand these sub-microscopic machines using fluorescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Divya Pathak
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai 400005, India
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87
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Morthorst SK, Christensen ST, Pedersen LB. Regulation of ciliary membrane protein trafficking and signalling by kinesin motor proteins. FEBS J 2018; 285:4535-4564. [PMID: 29894023 DOI: 10.1111/febs.14583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Revised: 05/09/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Primary cilia are antenna-like sensory organelles that regulate a substantial number of cellular signalling pathways in vertebrates, both during embryonic development as well as in adulthood, and mutations in genes coding for ciliary proteins are causative of an expanding group of pleiotropic diseases known as ciliopathies. Cilia consist of a microtubule-based axoneme core, which is subtended by a basal body and covered by a bilayer lipid membrane of unique protein and lipid composition. Cilia are dynamic organelles, and the ability of cells to regulate ciliary protein and lipid content in response to specific cellular and environmental cues is crucial for balancing ciliary signalling output. Here we discuss mechanisms involved in regulation of ciliary membrane protein trafficking and signalling, with main focus on kinesin-2 and kinesin-3 family members.
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88
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89
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Structural Delineation of the Neck Linker of Kinesin-3 for Processive Movement. J Mol Biol 2018; 430:2030-2041. [PMID: 29752968 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2018.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Revised: 04/27/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Processive kinesin motors contain a neck linker (NL) that mediates the chemo-mechanical coupling and controls the directionality and processivity. However, kinesin-3 NL remains poorly determined due to the lack of the structural information of the junction with the following neck coil (NC). Here, we determined the structure of the motor domain (MD)-NL-NCNT tandem of KIF13B that defines the junction between NL and NC and delineates kinesin-3 NL. Unexpectedly, the length of kinesin-3 NL is much shorter than the previously predicted one. In the MD-NL-NCNT structure, NL docks onto the MD with a conventional mode but the interaction between NL and the MD is relatively weak due to the shorter N-terminal cover strand of the MD. The optimal short NL and its weak interaction with the MD would generate the tight inter-head strain and facilitate the NL undocking, which may contribute to the fast and superprocessive motility of kinesin-3.
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90
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Abstract
Myosin motors power movements on actin filaments, whereas dynein and kinesin motors power movements on microtubules. The mechanisms of these motor proteins differ, but, in all cases, ATP hydrolysis and subsequent release of the hydrolysis products drives a cycle of interactions with the track (either an actin filament or a microtubule), resulting in force generation and directed movement.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Lee Sweeney
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics and the Myology Institute, University of Florida, College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida 32610-0267
| | - Erika L F Holzbaur
- Department of Physiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
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91
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Yue Y, Blasius TL, Zhang S, Jariwala S, Walker B, Grant BJ, Cochran JC, Verhey KJ. Altered chemomechanical coupling causes impaired motility of the kinesin-4 motors KIF27 and KIF7. J Cell Biol 2018; 217:1319-1334. [PMID: 29351996 PMCID: PMC5881503 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201708179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Revised: 11/28/2017] [Accepted: 01/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite their shared ability to regulate microtubule polymerization dynamics, kinesin-4 motors display dramatically different motility properties ranging from fast processive motility to no movement. Yue et al. demonstrate that for KIF7 and KIF27, altered chemomechanical coupling results in immotile behavior and slow processive movement, respectively. Kinesin-4 motors play important roles in cell division, microtubule organization, and signaling. Understanding how motors perform their functions requires an understanding of their mechanochemical and motility properties. We demonstrate that KIF27 can influence microtubule dynamics, suggesting a conserved function in microtubule organization across the kinesin-4 family. However, kinesin-4 motors display dramatically different motility characteristics: KIF4 and KIF21 motors are fast and processive, KIF7 and its Drosophila melanogaster homologue Costal2 (Cos2) are immotile, and KIF27 is slow and processive. Neither KIF7 nor KIF27 can cooperate for fast processive transport when working in teams. The mechanistic basis of immotile KIF7 behavior arises from an inability to release adenosine diphosphate in response to microtubule binding, whereas slow processive KIF27 behavior arises from a slow adenosine triphosphatase rate and a high affinity for both adenosine triphosphate and microtubules. We suggest that evolutionarily selected sequence differences enable immotile KIF7 and Cos2 motors to function not as transporters but as microtubule-based tethers of signaling complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yue
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - T Lynne Blasius
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Stephanie Zhang
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN
| | - Shashank Jariwala
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Benjamin Walker
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN
| | - Barry J Grant
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Jared C Cochran
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN
| | - Kristen J Verhey
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI
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92
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Ruhnow F, Kloβ L, Diez S. Challenges in Estimating the Motility Parameters of Single Processive Motor Proteins. Biophys J 2018; 113:2433-2443. [PMID: 29211997 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2017.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2017] [Revised: 09/16/2017] [Accepted: 09/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytoskeletal motor proteins are essential to the function of a wide range of intracellular mechano-systems. The biophysical characterization of their movement along their filamentous tracks is therefore of large importance. Toward this end, single-molecule, in vitro stepping-motility assays are commonly used to determine motor velocity and run length. However, comparing results from such experiments has proved difficult due to influences from variations in the experimental conditions and the data analysis methods. Here, we investigate the movement of fluorescently labeled, processive, dimeric motor proteins and propose a unified algorithm to correct the measurements for finite filament length as well as photobleaching. Particular emphasis is put on estimating the statistical errors associated with the proposed evaluation method, as knowledge of these values is crucial when comparing measurements from different experiments. Testing our approach with simulated and experimental data from GFP-labeled kinesin-1 motors stepping along immobilized microtubules, we show 1) that velocity distributions should be fitted by a t location-scale probability density function rather than by a normal distribution; 2) that the impossibility to measure events shorter than the image acquisition time needs to be taken into account; 3) that the interaction time and run length of the motors can be estimated independent of the filament length distribution; and 4) that the dimeric nature of the motors needs to be considered when correcting for photobleaching. Moreover, our analysis reveals that controlling the temperature during the experiments with a precision below 1 K is of importance. We believe our method will not only improve the evaluation of experimental data, but also allow for better statistical comparisons between different populations of motor proteins (e.g., with distinct mutations or linked to different cargos) and filaments (e.g., in distinct nucleotide states or with different posttranslational modifications). Therefore, we include a detailed workflow for image processing and analysis (including MATLAB code), serving as a tutorial for the estimation of motility parameters in stepping-motility assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Ruhnow
- B CUBE - Center for Molecular Bioengineering, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Linda Kloβ
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany
| | - Stefan Diez
- B CUBE - Center for Molecular Bioengineering, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany.
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93
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Zhang Y, Kolomeisky AB. Theoretical Investigation of Distributions of Run Lengths for Biological Molecular Motors. J Phys Chem B 2017; 122:3272-3279. [PMID: 29058899 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.7b09352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Motor proteins, also known as biological molecular motors, are active enzymatic molecules that support a variety of fundamental biological processes, including cellular transport, cell division, and cell motility. They usually function by transforming chemical energy into mechanical motion, which propels them along linear structures such as protein filaments and nucleic acids. Recent single-molecule experiments measured with high-precision distributions of various dynamic properties of molecular motors. However, it is difficult to utilize these observations to obtain a better description of molecular mechanisms in motor proteins because of the lack of corresponding theoretical methods. To fill this gap, we developed a new theoretical framework to describe the distributions of dynamic properties of biological molecular motors. It is based on the method of first-passage processes. To illustrate our approach, the distributions of run lengths of motor proteins are analyzed. It is found that these distributions depend on the finite length of linear tracks along which the motors move, on the initial position of the motor proteins along the filaments, and on the intermediate chemical transitions during the enzymatic cycle. The physical mechanisms of the observed phenomena are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunxin Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Contemporary Applied Mathematics, Centre for Computational Systems Biology, School of Mathematical Sciences , Fudan University , Shanghai 200433 , People's Republic of China
| | - Anatoly B Kolomeisky
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Theoretical Biological Physics , Rice University , Houston , Texas 77005 , United States
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94
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Siddiqui N, Straube A. Intracellular Cargo Transport by Kinesin-3 Motors. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2017; 82:803-815. [PMID: 28918744 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297917070057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Intracellular transport along microtubules enables cellular cargoes to efficiently reach the extremities of large, eukaryotic cells. While it would take more than 200 years for a small vesicle to diffuse from the cell body to the growing tip of a one-meter long axon, transport by a kinesin allows delivery in one week. It is clear from this example that the evolution of intracellular transport was tightly linked to the development of complex and macroscopic life forms. The human genome encodes 45 kinesins, 8 of those belonging to the family of kinesin-3 organelle transporters that are known to transport a variety of cargoes towards the plus end of microtubules. However, their mode of action, their tertiary structure, and regulation are controversial. In this review, we summarize the latest developments in our understanding of these fascinating molecular motors.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Siddiqui
- Centre for Mechanochemical Cell Biology, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK.
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95
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Pyrpassopoulos S, Shuman H, Ostap EM. Adhesion force and attachment lifetime of the KIF16B-PX domain interaction with lipid membranes. Mol Biol Cell 2017; 28:3315-3322. [PMID: 28931594 PMCID: PMC5687032 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e17-05-0324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2017] [Revised: 08/28/2017] [Accepted: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
KIF16B is a motor that binds early endosomes and controls the recycling of receptors. It has a PX domain that binds PI(3)P, which has been proposed to mechanically link motor to cargo. We determined the strength of this bond and its lifetime under load, and found it to be a suitable mechanical linkage for the KIF16B motor under working conditions. KIF16B is a highly processive kinesin-3 family member that participates in the trafficking and tubulation of early endosomes along microtubules. KIF16B attaches to lipid cargoes via a PX motif at its C-terminus, which has nanomolar affinity for bilayers containing phosphatidylinositol-3-phosphate (PI[3]P). As the PX domain has been proposed to be a primary mechanical anchor for the KIF16B-cargo attachment, we measured the adhesion forces and detachment kinetics of the PX domain as it interacts with membranes containing 2% PI(3)P and 98% phosphatidylcholine. Using optical tweezers, we found that the adhesion strength of a single PX domain ranged between 19 and 54 pN at loading rates between 80 and 1500 pN/s. These forces are substantially larger than the interaction of the adhesion of a pleckstrin homology domain with phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate. This increased adhesion is the result of the membrane insertion of hydrophobic residues adjacent to the PI(3)P binding site, in addition to electrostatic interactions with PI(3)P. Attachment lifetimes under load decrease monotonically with force, indicating slip-bond behavior. However, the lifetime of membrane attachment under load appears to be well matched to the duration of processive motility of the KIF16B motor, indicating the PX domain is a suitable mechanical anchor for intracellular transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serapion Pyrpassopoulos
- Pennsylvania Muscle Institute, Department of Physiology, and Center for Engineering Mechanobiology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Henry Shuman
- Pennsylvania Muscle Institute, Department of Physiology, and Center for Engineering Mechanobiology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - E Michael Ostap
- Pennsylvania Muscle Institute, Department of Physiology, and Center for Engineering Mechanobiology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
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96
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Mickolajczyk KJ, Hancock WO. Kinesin Processivity Is Determined by a Kinetic Race from a Vulnerable One-Head-Bound State. Biophys J 2017; 112:2615-2623. [PMID: 28636917 PMCID: PMC5479115 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2017.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2017] [Revised: 04/21/2017] [Accepted: 05/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Kinesin processivity, defined as the average number of steps that occur per interaction with a microtubule, is an important biophysical determinant of the motor's intracellular capabilities. Despite its fundamental importance to the diversity of tasks that kinesins carry out in cells, no existing quantitative model fully explains how structural differences between kinesins alter kinetic rates in the ATPase cycle to produce functional changes in processivity. Here we use high-resolution single-molecule microscopy to directly observe the stepping behavior of kinesin-1 and -2 family motors with different length neck-linker domains. We characterize a one-head-bound posthydrolysis vulnerable state where a kinetic race occurs between attachment of the tethered head to its next binding site and detachment of the bound head from the microtubule. We find that greater processivity is correlated with faster attachment of the tethered head from this vulnerable state. In compliment, we show that slowing detachment from this vulnerable state by strengthening motor-microtubule electrostatic interactions also increases processivity. Furthermore, we provide evidence that attachment of the tethered head is irreversible, suggesting a first passage model for exit from the vulnerable state. Overall, our results provide a kinetic framework for explaining kinesin processivity and for mapping structural differences to functional differences in diverse kinesin isoforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith J Mickolajczyk
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Penn State University, University Park, Pennsylvania; Intercollege Graduate Degree Program in Bioengineering, Penn State University, University Park, Pennsylvania
| | - William O Hancock
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Penn State University, University Park, Pennsylvania; Intercollege Graduate Degree Program in Bioengineering, Penn State University, University Park, Pennsylvania.
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97
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98
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Alvarado ME, Rubiano C, Calvo E, Gómez V, Wasserman M. Experimental and bioinformatic characterization of CaBP2933 an EF-Hand protein of Giardia intestinalis. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2017; 214:65-68. [PMID: 28373093 DOI: 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2017.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2016] [Revised: 03/27/2017] [Accepted: 03/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Giardia intestinalis is a parasite that inhabits the small intestine of humans. This parasite is a divergent eukaryote with a compact genome. The calcium ion is an essential messenger in cell signaling. Calcium's role as a messenger is mediated through calcium-binding proteins (CaBPs) that decode the message. The most important family of CaBPs is the EF-Hand protein family. In this study we have explored the role of EF-Hand protein CaBP2933. We analyzed its location, confirmed its ability to bind calcium and identified some of its interacting proteins. Take together our results suggest that CaBP2933 is involved in vesicular trafficking during encystation, via an interaction with kinesin-3 motor protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magda E Alvarado
- Laboratorio de Investigaciones Básicas en Bioquímica- LIBBIQ, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Calle 44 No. 45-67, Bogotá, Colombia.
| | - Claudia Rubiano
- Laboratorio de Investigaciones Básicas en Bioquímica- LIBBIQ, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Calle 44 No. 45-67, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Eliana Calvo
- Laboratorio de Investigaciones Básicas en Bioquímica- LIBBIQ, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Calle 44 No. 45-67, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Vanessa Gómez
- Laboratorio de Investigaciones Básicas en Bioquímica- LIBBIQ, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Calle 44 No. 45-67, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Moisés Wasserman
- Laboratorio de Investigaciones Básicas en Bioquímica- LIBBIQ, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Calle 44 No. 45-67, Bogotá, Colombia
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99
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Assembly and Egress of an Alphaherpesvirus Clockwork. ADVANCES IN ANATOMY, EMBRYOLOGY, AND CELL BIOLOGY 2017; 223:171-193. [PMID: 28528444 PMCID: PMC5768427 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-53168-7_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
All viruses produce infectious particles that possess some degree of stability in the extracellular environment yet disassemble upon cell contact and entry. For the alphaherpesviruses, which include many neuroinvasive viruses of mammals, these metastable virions consist of an icosahedral capsid surrounded by a protein matrix (referred to as the tegument) and a lipid envelope studded with glycoproteins. Whereas the capsid of these viruses is a rigid structure encasing the DNA genome, the tegument and envelope are dynamic assemblies that orchestrate a sequential series of events that ends with the delivery of the genome into the nucleus. These particles are adapted to infect two different polarized cell types in their hosts: epithelial cells and neurons of the peripheral nervous system. This review considers how the virion is assembled into a primed state and is targeted to infect these cell types such that the incoming particles can subsequently negotiate the diverse environments they encounter on their way from plasma membrane to nucleus and thereby achieve their remarkably robust neuroinvasive infectious cycle.
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100
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Ganguly A, DeMott L, Dixit R. Function of the Arabidopsis kinesin-4, FRA1, requires abundant processive motility. J Cell Sci 2017; 130:1232-1238. [DOI: 10.1242/jcs.196857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2016] [Accepted: 02/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Processivity is important for kinesins that mediate intracellular transport. Structure-function analyses of N-terminal kinesins have identified several non-motor regions that affect processivity in vitro. However, whether these structural elements affect kinesin processivity and function in vivo is not known. Here, we used an Arabidopsis kinesin-4, called Fragile Fiber1 (FRA1), which is thought to mediate vesicle transport to test whether mutations that alter processivity in vitro behave similarly in vivo and whether processivity is important for FRA1’s function. We generated several FRA1 mutants that differed in their run lengths in vitro and then transformed them into the fra1-5 mutant for complementation and in vivo motility analyses. Our data show that the behavior of processivity mutants in vivo can differ dramatically from in vitro properties, underscoring the need to extend structure-function analyses of kinesins in vivo. In addition, we found that high density of processive motility is necessary for FRA1’s physiological function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anindya Ganguly
- Biology Department, Washington University in St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
| | - Logan DeMott
- Biology Department, Washington University in St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
| | - Ram Dixit
- Biology Department, Washington University in St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
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