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Vosman B, van’t Westende WPC, Henken B, van Eekelen HDLM, de Vos RCH, Voorrips RE. Broad spectrum insect resistance and metabolites in close relatives of the cultivated tomato. EUPHYTICA: NETHERLANDS JOURNAL OF PLANT BREEDING 2018; 214:46. [PMID: 31007274 PMCID: PMC6445503 DOI: 10.1007/s10681-018-2124-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Wild relatives of tomato possess effective means to deal with several pests, among which are a variety of insects. Here we studied the presence of resistance components against Trialeurodes vaporariorum, Myzus persicae, Frankliniella occidentalis, and Spodoptera exigua in the Lycopersicon group of Solanum section Lycopersicon by means of bioassays and comprehensive metabolite profiling. Broad spectrum resistance was found in Solanum galapagense and a few accessions of S. pimpinellifolium. Resistance to the sap sucking insects may be based on the same mechanism, but different from the caterpillar resistance. Large and highly significant differences in the leaf metabolomes were found between S. galapagense, containing type IV trichomes, and its closest relative S. cheesmaniae, which lacks type IV trichomes. The most evident differences were the relatively high levels of different methylated forms of the flavonoid myricetin and many acyl sucrose structures in S. galapagense. Possible candidate genes regulating the production of these compounds were identified in the Wf-1 QTL region of S. galapagense, which was previously shown to confer resistance to the whitefly B. tabaci. The broad spectrum insect resistance identified in S. galapagense will be very useful to increase resistance in cultivated tomato.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben Vosman
- Plant Breeding, Wageningen University and Research, P.O. Box 386, 6700 AJ Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Betty Henken
- Plant Breeding, Wageningen University and Research, P.O. Box 386, 6700 AJ Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Ric C. H. de Vos
- Bioscience, Wageningen University and Research, P.O. Box 16, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Roeland E. Voorrips
- Plant Breeding, Wageningen University and Research, P.O. Box 386, 6700 AJ Wageningen, The Netherlands
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52
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Bennewitz S, Bergau N, Tissier A. QTL Mapping of the Shape of Type VI Glandular Trichomes in Tomato. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:1421. [PMID: 30319679 PMCID: PMC6168718 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Glandular trichomes contribute to the high resistance of wild tomato species against insect pests not only thanks to the metabolites they produce but also because of morphological and developmental features which support the high production of these defense compounds. In Solanum habrochaites, type VI trichomes have a distinct spherical shape and a large intercellular storage cavity where metabolites can accumulate and are released upon breaking off of the glandular cells. In contrast, the type VI trichomes of S. lycopersicum have a four-leaf clover shape corresponding to the four glandular cells and a small internal cavity with limited capacity for storage of compounds. To better characterize the genetic factors underlying these trichome morphological differences we created a back-cross population of 116 individuals between S. habrochaites LA1777 and S. lycopersicum var. cerasiforme WVa106. A trichome score that reflects the shape of the type VI trichomes allowing the quantification of this trait was designed. The scores were distributed normally across the population, which was mapped with a total of 192 markers. This resulted in the identification of six quantitative trait locus (QTLs) on chromosomes I, VII, VII, and XI. The QTL on chromosome I with the highest LOD score was confirmed and narrowed down to a 500 gene interval in an advanced population derived from one of the back-cross lines. Our results provide the foundation for the genetic dissection of type VI trichome morphology and the introgression of these trichome traits into cultivated tomato lines for increased insect resistance. Key Message: This work shows that the shape of type VI glandular trichomes in tomato is a genetically defined trait controlled by multiple QTLs with one on chromosome I being the major contributor.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Alain Tissier
- *Correspondence: Alain Tissier, orcid.org/0000-0002-9406-4245
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Evolution of a flipped pathway creates metabolic innovation in tomato trichomes through BAHD enzyme promiscuity. Nat Commun 2017; 8:2080. [PMID: 29234041 PMCID: PMC5727100 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-02045-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2017] [Accepted: 11/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Plants produce hundreds of thousands of structurally diverse specialized metabolites via multistep biosynthetic networks, including compounds of ecological and therapeutic importance. These pathways are restricted to specific plant groups, and are excellent systems for understanding metabolic evolution. Tomato and other plants in the nightshade family synthesize protective acylated sugars in the tip cells of glandular trichomes on stems and leaves. We describe a metabolic innovation in wild tomato species that contributes to acylsucrose structural diversity. A small number of amino acid changes in two acylsucrose acyltransferases alter their acyl acceptor preferences, resulting in reversal of their order of reaction and increased product diversity. This study demonstrates how small numbers of amino acid changes in multiple pathway enzymes can lead to diversification of specialized metabolites in plants. It also highlights the power of a combined genetic, genomic and in vitro biochemical approach to identify the evolutionary mechanisms leading to metabolic novelty. Plants produce large numbers of structurally diverse metabolites through multistep pathways that often use the same precursors. Here the authors utilize the pathway leading to the production of acylated sucroses in the tomato plant to illustrate how metabolite diversity can arise through biochemical pathway evolution.
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Rioja C, Zhurov V, Bruinsma K, Grbic M, Grbic V. Plant-Herbivore Interactions: A Case of an Extreme Generalist, the Two-Spotted Spider Mite Tetranychus urticae. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2017; 30:935-945. [PMID: 28857675 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-07-17-0168-cr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Plant-herbivore interactions evolved over long periods of time, resulting in an elaborate arms race between interacting species. While specialist herbivores evolved specific strategies to cope with the defenses of a limited number of hosts, our understanding of how generalist herbivores deal with the defenses of a plethora of diverse host plants is largely unknown. Understanding the interaction between a plant host and a generalist herbivore requires an understanding of the plant's mechanisms aimed at defending itself and the herbivore's mechanisms intended to counteract diverse defenses. In this review, we use the two-spotted spider mite (TSSM), Tetranychus urticae (Koch) as an example of a generalist herbivore, as this chelicerate pest has a staggering number of plant hosts. We first establish that the ability of TSSM to adapt to marginal hosts underlies its polyphagy and agricultural pest status. We then highlight our understanding of direct plant defenses against spider mite herbivory and review recent advances in uncovering mechanisms of spider mite adaptations to them. Finally, we discuss the adaptation process itself, as it allows TSSM to overcome initially effective plant defenses. A high-quality genome sequence and developing genetic tools, coupled with an ease of mite experimental selection to new hosts, make TSSM an outstanding system to study the evolution of host range, mechanisms of pest xenobiotic resistance and plant-herbivore interactions. In addition, knowledge of plant defense mechanisms that affect mite fitness are of practical importance, as it can lead to development of new control strategies against this important agricultural pest. In parallel, understanding mechanisms of mite counter adaptations to these defenses is required to maintain the efficacy of these control strategies in agricultural practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Rioja
- 1 Department of Biology, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, N6A5B7, Canada; and
| | - Vladimir Zhurov
- 1 Department of Biology, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, N6A5B7, Canada; and
| | - Kristie Bruinsma
- 1 Department of Biology, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, N6A5B7, Canada; and
| | - Miodrag Grbic
- 1 Department of Biology, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, N6A5B7, Canada; and
- 2 University of La Rioja, Logrono, 26006, Spain
| | - Vojislava Grbic
- 1 Department of Biology, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, N6A5B7, Canada; and
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55
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Schenck CA, Men Y, Maeda HA. Conserved Molecular Mechanism of TyrA Dehydrogenase Substrate Specificity Underlying Alternative Tyrosine Biosynthetic Pathways in Plants and Microbes. Front Mol Biosci 2017; 4:73. [PMID: 29164132 PMCID: PMC5681985 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2017.00073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2017] [Accepted: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
L-Tyrosine (Tyr) is an aromatic amino acid synthesized de novo in plants and microbes. In animals, Tyr must be obtained through their diet or synthesized from L-phenylalanine. In addition to protein synthesis, Tyr serves as the precursor of neurotransmitters (e.g., dopamine and epinephrine) in animals and of numerous plant natural products, which serve essential functions in both plants and humans (e.g., vitamin E and morphine). Tyr is synthesized via two alternative routes mediated by a TyrA family enzyme, prephenate, or arogenate dehydrogenase (PDH/TyrAp or ADH/TyrAa), typically found in microbes and plants, respectively. Although ADH activity is also found in some bacteria, the origin of arogenate-specific TyrAa enzymes is unknown. We recently identified an acidic Asp222 residue that confers ADH activity in plant TyrAs. In this study, structure-guided phylogenetic analyses identified bacterial homologs, closely-related to plant TyrAs, that also have an acidic 222 residue and ADH activity. A more distant archaeon TyrA that preferred PDH activity had a non-acidic Gln, whose substitution to Glu introduced ADH activity. These results indicate that the conserved molecular mechanism operated during the evolution of arogenate-specific TyrAa in both plants and microbes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig A Schenck
- Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Yusen Men
- Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Hiroshi A Maeda
- Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
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Abstract
Plant metabolic studies have traditionally focused on the role and regulation of the enzymes catalyzing key reactions within specific pathways. Within the past 20 years, reverse genetic approaches have allowed direct determination of the effects of the deficiency, or surplus, of a given protein on the biochemistry of a plant. In parallel, top-down approaches have also been taken, which rely on screening broad, natural genetic diversity for metabolic diversity. Here, we compare and contrast the various strategies that have been adopted to enhance our understanding of the natural diversity of metabolism. We also detail how these approaches have enhanced our understanding of both specific and global aspects of the genetic regulation of metabolism. Finally, we discuss how such approaches are providing important insights into the evolution of plant secondary metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alisdair R Fernie
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany;
| | - Takayuki Tohge
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany;
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Gao S, Gao Y, Xiong C, Yu G, Chang J, Yang Q, Yang C, Ye Z. The tomato B-type cyclin gene, SlCycB2, plays key roles in reproductive organ development, trichome initiation, terpenoids biosynthesis and Prodenia litura defense. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2017; 262:103-114. [PMID: 28716406 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2017.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2016] [Revised: 05/08/2017] [Accepted: 05/11/2017] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Cyclins exist extensively in various plant species. Among them, B-type cyclins play important roles in the transition of G2-to-M. However, few B-type cyclins have been reported to participate in reproductive organ development and trichome formation. In this study, transgene analysis showed that SlCycB2 overexpression caused abnormal flower with the unclosed stamen, shortened style and aberrant pollen. In addition, nearly all non-glandular trichomes, as well as the glandular ones were disappeared. On the contrary, suppression of SlCycB2 could promote type III and type V trichomes formation. Detection of secondary metabolites indicated that the production of monoterpene and sesquiterpene were significantly decreased in SlCycB2-OE plants, which thus resulted in the reduction of the defense against Prodenia litura. Transcriptome profile demonstrated that the differentially expressed genes mainly participate in the biosynthesis of terpenes, cutin, suberine and wax. Furthermore, we identified several homologs of SlCycB2, SlCycB3, NtCycB2, AtCycB2, which have similar regulatory functions in trichome formation. These results indicate that SlCycB2 plays a critical role in reproductive organ development, multicellular trichome initiation, secondary metabolite biosynthesis and Prodenia litura defense in tomato. The similar roles of its homologs in multicellular trichome formation suggest that Solanaceous species may share common regulatory pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shenghua Gao
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Yanna Gao
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Cheng Xiong
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Gang Yu
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Jiang Chang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Qihong Yang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Changxian Yang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China.
| | - Zhibiao Ye
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China.
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58
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Nadakuduti SS, Uebler JB, Liu X, Jones AD, Barry CS. Characterization of Trichome-Expressed BAHD Acyltransferases in Petunia axillaris Reveals Distinct Acylsugar Assembly Mechanisms within the Solanaceae. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 175:36-50. [PMID: 28701351 PMCID: PMC5580754 DOI: 10.1104/pp.17.00538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2017] [Accepted: 07/07/2017] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Acylsugars are synthesized in the glandular trichomes of the Solanaceae family and are implicated in protection against abiotic and biotic stress. Acylsugars are composed of either sucrose or glucose esterified with varying numbers of acyl chains of differing length. In tomato (Solanum lycopersicum), acylsugar assembly requires four acylsugar acyltransferases (ASATs) of the BAHD superfamily. Tomato ASATs catalyze the sequential esterification of acyl-coenzyme A thioesters to the R4, R3, R3', and R2 positions of sucrose, yielding a tetra-acylsucrose. Petunia spp. synthesize acylsugars that are structurally distinct from those of tomato. To explore the mechanisms underlying this chemical diversity, a Petuniaaxillaris transcriptome was mined for trichome preferentially expressed BAHDs. A combination of phylogenetic analyses, gene silencing, and biochemical analyses coupled with structural elucidation of metabolites revealed that acylsugar assembly is not conserved between tomato and petunia. In P. axillaris, tetra-acylsucrose assembly occurs through the action of four ASATs, which catalyze sequential addition of acyl groups to the R2, R4, R3, and R6 positions. Notably, in P. axillaris, PaxASAT1 and PaxASAT4 catalyze the acylation of the R2 and R6 positions of sucrose, respectively, and no clear orthologs exist in tomato. Similarly, petunia acylsugars lack an acyl group at the R3' position, and congruently, an ortholog of SlASAT3, which catalyzes acylation at the R3' position in tomato, is absent in P. axillaris Furthermore, where putative orthologous relationships of ASATs are predicted between tomato and petunia, these are not supported by biochemical assays. Overall, these data demonstrate the considerable evolutionary plasticity of acylsugar biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Joseph B Uebler
- Department of Horticulture, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
| | - Xiaoxiao Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
| | - A Daniel Jones
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
| | - Cornelius S Barry
- Department of Horticulture, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
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59
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Moghe GD, Leong BJ, Hurney SM, Daniel Jones A, Last RL. Evolutionary routes to biochemical innovation revealed by integrative analysis of a plant-defense related specialized metabolic pathway. eLife 2017; 6:28468. [PMID: 28853706 PMCID: PMC5595436 DOI: 10.7554/elife.28468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The diversity of life on Earth is a result of continual innovations in molecular networks influencing morphology and physiology. Plant specialized metabolism produces hundreds of thousands of compounds, offering striking examples of these innovations. To understand how this novelty is generated, we investigated the evolution of the Solanaceae family-specific, trichome-localized acylsugar biosynthetic pathway using a combination of mass spectrometry, RNA-seq, enzyme assays, RNAi and phylogenomics in different non-model species. Our results reveal hundreds of acylsugars produced across the Solanaceae family and even within a single plant, built on simple sugar cores. The relatively short biosynthetic pathway experienced repeated cycles of innovation over the last 100 million years that include gene duplication and divergence, gene loss, evolution of substrate preference and promiscuity. This study provides mechanistic insights into the emergence of plant chemical novelty, and offers a template for investigating the ~300,000 non-model plant species that remain underexplored. There are about 300,000 species of plant on Earth, which together produce over a million different small molecules called metabolites. Plants use many of these molecules to grow, to communicate with each other or to defend themselves against pests and disease. Humans have co-opted many of the same molecules as well; for example, some are important nutrients while others are active ingredients in medicines. Many plant metabolites are found in almost all plants, but hundreds of thousands of them are more specialized and only found in small groups of related plant species. These specialized metabolites have a wide variety of structures, and are made by different enzymes working together to carry out a series of biochemical reactions. Acylsugars are an example of a group of specialized metabolites with particularly diverse structures. These small molecules are restricted to plants in the Solanaceae family, which includes tomato and tobacco plants. Moghe et al. have now focused on acylsugars to better understand how plants produce the large diversity of chemical structures found in specialized metabolites, and how these processes have evolved over time. An analysis of over 35 plant species from across the Solanaceae family revealed hundreds of acylsugars, with some plants accumulating 300 or more different types of these specialized metabolites. Moghe et al. then looked at the enzymes that make acylsugars from a poorly studied flowering plant called Salpiglossis sinuata, partly because it produces a large diversity of these small molecules and partly because it sits in a unique position in the Solanaceae family tree. The activities of the enzymes were confirmed both in test tubes and in plants. This suggested that many of the enzymes were “promiscuous”, meaning that they could likely use a variety of molecules as starting points for their chemical reactions. This finding could help to explain how this plant species can make such a wide variety of acylsugars. Moghe et al. also discovered that many of the enzymes that make acylsugars are encoded by genes that were originally copies of other genes and that have subsequently evolved new activities. Plant scientists and plant breeders value tomato plants that produce acylsugars because these natural chemicals protect against pests like whiteflies and spider mites. A clearer understanding of the diversity of acylsugars in the Solanaceae family, as well as the enzymes that make these specialized metabolites, could help efforts to breed crops that are more resistant to pests. Some of the enzymes related to those involved in acylsugar production could also help to make chemicals with pharmaceutical value. These new findings might also eventually lead to innovative ways to produce these chemicals on a large scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaurav D Moghe
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, United States
| | - Bryan J Leong
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, United States.,Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, United States
| | - Steven M Hurney
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, United States.,Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, United States
| | - A Daniel Jones
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, United States.,Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, United States
| | - Robert L Last
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, United States.,Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, United States
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60
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Promiscuity, impersonation and accommodation: evolution of plant specialized metabolism. Curr Opin Struct Biol 2017; 47:105-112. [PMID: 28822280 DOI: 10.1016/j.sbi.2017.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2017] [Revised: 07/06/2017] [Accepted: 07/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Specialized metabolic enzymes and metabolite diversity evolve through a variety of mechanisms including promiscuity, changes in substrate specificity, modifications of gene expression and gene duplication. For example, gene duplication and substrate binding site changes led to the evolution of the glucosinolate biosynthetic enzyme, AtIPMDH1, from a Leu biosynthetic enzyme. BAHD acyltransferases illustrate how enzymatic promiscuity leads to metabolite diversity. The examples 4-coumarate:CoA ligase and aromatic acid methyltransferases illustrate how promiscuity can potentiate the evolution of these specialized metabolic enzymes.
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61
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Luu VT, Weinhold A, Ullah C, Dressel S, Schoettner M, Gase K, Gaquerel E, Xu S, Baldwin IT. O-Acyl Sugars Protect a Wild Tobacco from Both Native Fungal Pathogens and a Specialist Herbivore. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 174:370-386. [PMID: 28275149 PMCID: PMC5411141 DOI: 10.1104/pp.16.01904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Accepted: 03/06/2017] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
O-Acyl sugars (O-AS) are abundant trichome-specific metabolites that function as indirect defenses against herbivores of the wild tobacco Nicotiana attenuata; whether they also function as generalized direct defenses against herbivores and pathogens remains unknown. We characterized natural variation in O-AS among 26 accessions and examined their influence on two native fungal pathogens, Fusarium brachygibbosum U4 and Alternaria sp. U10, and the specialist herbivore Manduca sexta At least 15 different O-AS structures belonging to three classes were found in N. attenuata leaves. A 3-fold quantitative variation in total leaf O-AS was found among the natural accessions. Experiments with natural accessions and crosses between high- and low-O-AS accessions revealed that total O-AS levels were associated with resistance against herbivores and pathogens. Removing O-AS from the leaf surface increased M. sexta growth rate and plant fungal susceptibility. O-AS supplementation in artificial diets and germination medium reduced M. sexta growth and fungal spore germination, respectively. Finally, silencing the expression of a putative branched-chain α-ketoacid dehydrogenase E1 β-subunit-encoding gene (NaBCKDE1B) in the trichomes reduced total leaf O-AS by 20% to 30% and increased susceptibility to Fusarium pathogens. We conclude that O-AS function as direct defenses to protect plants from attack by both native pathogenic fungi and a specialist herbivore and infer that their diversification is likely shaped by the functional interactions among these biotic stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Van Thi Luu
- Department of Molecular Ecology (V.T.L., S.D., M.S., K.G., S.X., I.T.B.) and Department of Biochemistry (C.U.), Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena 07745, Germany
- Department of Molecular Interaction Ecology, German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research, Leipzig 04103, Germany (A.W); and
- Centre for Organismal Studies, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg 69120, Germany (E.G.)
| | - Alexander Weinhold
- Department of Molecular Ecology (V.T.L., S.D., M.S., K.G., S.X., I.T.B.) and Department of Biochemistry (C.U.), Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena 07745, Germany
- Department of Molecular Interaction Ecology, German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research, Leipzig 04103, Germany (A.W); and
- Centre for Organismal Studies, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg 69120, Germany (E.G.)
| | - Chhana Ullah
- Department of Molecular Ecology (V.T.L., S.D., M.S., K.G., S.X., I.T.B.) and Department of Biochemistry (C.U.), Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena 07745, Germany
- Department of Molecular Interaction Ecology, German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research, Leipzig 04103, Germany (A.W); and
- Centre for Organismal Studies, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg 69120, Germany (E.G.)
| | - Stefanie Dressel
- Department of Molecular Ecology (V.T.L., S.D., M.S., K.G., S.X., I.T.B.) and Department of Biochemistry (C.U.), Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena 07745, Germany
- Department of Molecular Interaction Ecology, German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research, Leipzig 04103, Germany (A.W); and
- Centre for Organismal Studies, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg 69120, Germany (E.G.)
| | - Matthias Schoettner
- Department of Molecular Ecology (V.T.L., S.D., M.S., K.G., S.X., I.T.B.) and Department of Biochemistry (C.U.), Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena 07745, Germany
- Department of Molecular Interaction Ecology, German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research, Leipzig 04103, Germany (A.W); and
- Centre for Organismal Studies, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg 69120, Germany (E.G.)
| | - Klaus Gase
- Department of Molecular Ecology (V.T.L., S.D., M.S., K.G., S.X., I.T.B.) and Department of Biochemistry (C.U.), Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena 07745, Germany
- Department of Molecular Interaction Ecology, German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research, Leipzig 04103, Germany (A.W); and
- Centre for Organismal Studies, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg 69120, Germany (E.G.)
| | - Emmanuel Gaquerel
- Department of Molecular Ecology (V.T.L., S.D., M.S., K.G., S.X., I.T.B.) and Department of Biochemistry (C.U.), Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena 07745, Germany
- Department of Molecular Interaction Ecology, German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research, Leipzig 04103, Germany (A.W); and
- Centre for Organismal Studies, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg 69120, Germany (E.G.)
| | - Shuqing Xu
- Department of Molecular Ecology (V.T.L., S.D., M.S., K.G., S.X., I.T.B.) and Department of Biochemistry (C.U.), Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena 07745, Germany
- Department of Molecular Interaction Ecology, German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research, Leipzig 04103, Germany (A.W); and
- Centre for Organismal Studies, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg 69120, Germany (E.G.)
| | - Ian T Baldwin
- Department of Molecular Ecology (V.T.L., S.D., M.S., K.G., S.X., I.T.B.) and Department of Biochemistry (C.U.), Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena 07745, Germany;
- Department of Molecular Interaction Ecology, German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research, Leipzig 04103, Germany (A.W); and
- Centre for Organismal Studies, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg 69120, Germany (E.G.)
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Fulop D, Ranjan A, Ofner I, Covington MF, Chitwood DH, West D, Ichihashi Y, Headland L, Zamir D, Maloof JN, Sinha NR. A New Advanced Backcross Tomato Population Enables High Resolution Leaf QTL Mapping and Gene Identification. G3 (BETHESDA, MD.) 2016; 6:3169-3184. [PMID: 27510891 PMCID: PMC5068939 DOI: 10.1534/g3.116.030536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2016] [Accepted: 08/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Quantitative Trait Loci (QTL) mapping is a powerful technique for dissecting the genetic basis of traits and species differences. Established tomato mapping populations between domesticated tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) and its more distant interfertile relatives typically follow a near isogenic line (NIL) design, such as the S. pennellii Introgression Line (IL) population, with a single wild introgression per line in an otherwise domesticated genetic background. Here, we report on a new advanced backcross QTL mapping resource for tomato, derived from a cross between the M82 tomato cultivar and S. pennellii This so-called Backcrossed Inbred Line (BIL) population is comprised of a mix of BC2 and BC3 lines, with domesticated tomato as the recurrent parent. The BIL population is complementary to the existing S. pennellii IL population, with which it shares parents. Using the BILs, we mapped traits for leaf complexity, leaflet shape, and flowering time. We demonstrate the utility of the BILs for fine-mapping QTL, particularly QTL initially mapped in the ILs, by fine-mapping several QTL to single or few candidate genes. Moreover, we confirm the value of a backcrossed population with multiple introgressions per line, such as the BILs, for epistatic QTL mapping. Our work was further enabled by the development of our own statistical inference and visualization tools, namely a heterogeneous hidden Markov model for genotyping the lines, and by using state-of-the-art sparse regression techniques for QTL mapping.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Fulop
- Department of Plant Biology, University of California at Davis, California 95616
| | - Aashish Ranjan
- Department of Plant Biology, University of California at Davis, California 95616
| | - Itai Ofner
- Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Michael F Covington
- Department of Plant Biology, University of California at Davis, California 95616
| | - Daniel H Chitwood
- Department of Plant Biology, University of California at Davis, California 95616
| | - Donelly West
- Department of Plant Biology, University of California at Davis, California 95616
| | - Yasunori Ichihashi
- Department of Plant Biology, University of California at Davis, California 95616
| | - Lauren Headland
- Department of Plant Biology, University of California at Davis, California 95616
| | - Daniel Zamir
- Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Julin N Maloof
- Department of Plant Biology, University of California at Davis, California 95616
| | - Neelima R Sinha
- Department of Plant Biology, University of California at Davis, California 95616
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63
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Medema MH, Osbourn A. Computational genomic identification and functional reconstitution of plant natural product biosynthetic pathways. Nat Prod Rep 2016; 33:951-62. [PMID: 27321668 PMCID: PMC4987707 DOI: 10.1039/c6np00035e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Covering: 2003 to 2016The last decade has seen the first major discoveries regarding the genomic basis of plant natural product biosynthetic pathways. Four key computationally driven strategies have been developed to identify such pathways, which make use of physical clustering, co-expression, evolutionary co-occurrence and epigenomic co-regulation of the genes involved in producing a plant natural product. Here, we discuss how these approaches can be used for the discovery of plant biosynthetic pathways encoded by both chromosomally clustered and non-clustered genes. Additionally, we will discuss opportunities to prioritize plant gene clusters for experimental characterization, and end with a forward-looking perspective on how synthetic biology technologies will allow effective functional reconstitution of candidate pathways using a variety of genetic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marnix H. Medema
- Bioinformatics Group , Wageningen University , Wageningen , The Netherlands .
| | - Anne Osbourn
- Department of Metabolic Biology , John Innes Centre , Norwich Research Park , Norwich , UK .
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64
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Ofner I, Lashbrooke J, Pleban T, Aharoni A, Zamir D. Solanum pennellii backcross inbred lines (BILs) link small genomic bins with tomato traits. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2016; 87:151-60. [PMID: 27121752 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2015] [Accepted: 04/14/2016] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
We present a resource for fine mapping of traits derived from the wild tomato species Solanum pennellii (LA0716). The population of backcross inbred lines (BILs) is composed of 446 lines derived after a few generations of backcrosses of the wild species with cultivated tomato (cultivar M82; LA3475), followed by more than seven generations of self-pollination. The BILs were genotyped using the 10K SOL-CAP single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) -Chip, and 3700 polymorphic markers were used to map recombination break points relative to the physical map of Solanum lycopersicum. The BILs carry, on average, 2.7 introgressions per line, with a mean introgression length of 11.7 Mbp. Whereas the classic 76 introgression lines (ILs) partitioned the genome into 106 mapping bins, the BILs generated 633 bins, thereby enhancing the mapping resolution of traits derived from the wild species. We demonstrate the power of the BILs for rapid fine mapping of simple and complex traits derived from the wild tomato species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Itai Ofner
- Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics, Faculty of Agriculture, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, 7610001, Israel
| | - Justin Lashbrooke
- Department of Plant Sciences and the Environment, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 7610001, Israel
- Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, Via E. Mach 1, San Michele all'Adige, 38010, TN, Italy
| | - Tzili Pleban
- Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics, Faculty of Agriculture, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, 7610001, Israel
| | - Asaph Aharoni
- Department of Plant Sciences and the Environment, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 7610001, Israel
| | - Dani Zamir
- Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics, Faculty of Agriculture, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, 7610001, Israel
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65
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Fan P, Moghe GD, Last RL. Comparative Biochemistry and In Vitro Pathway Reconstruction as Powerful Partners in Studies of Metabolic Diversity. Methods Enzymol 2016; 576:1-17. [PMID: 27480680 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2016.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
There are estimated to be >300,000 plant species, producing >200,000 metabolites. Many of these metabolites are restricted to specific plant lineages and are referred to as "specialized" metabolites. These serve varied functions in plants including defense against biotic and abiotic stresses, plant-plant and plant-microbe communication, and pollinator attraction. These compounds also have important applications in agriculture, medicine, skin care, and in diverse aspects of human culture. The specialized metabolic repertoire of plants can vary even within and between closely related species, in terms of the number and classes of specialized metabolites as well as their structural variants. This phenotypic variation can be exploited to discover the underlying variation in the metabolic enzymes. We describe approaches for using the diversity of specialized metabolites and variation in enzyme structure and function to identify novel enzymatic activities and understand the structural basis for these differences. The knowledge obtained from these studies will provide new modules for the synthetic biology toolbox.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Fan
- Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - G D Moghe
- Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - R L Last
- Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States.
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66
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Schilmiller AL, Gilgallon K, Ghosh B, Jones AD, Last RL. Acylsugar Acylhydrolases: Carboxylesterase-Catalyzed Hydrolysis of Acylsugars in Tomato Trichomes. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 170:1331-44. [PMID: 26811191 PMCID: PMC4775116 DOI: 10.1104/pp.15.01348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2015] [Accepted: 01/23/2016] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Glandular trichomes of cultivated tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) and many other species throughout the Solanaceae produce and secrete mixtures of sugar esters (acylsugars) on the plant aerial surfaces. In wild and cultivated tomato, these metabolites consist of a sugar backbone, typically glucose or sucrose, and two to five acyl chains esterified to various positions on the sugar core. The aliphatic acyl chains vary in length and branching and are transferred to the sugar by a series of reactions catalyzed by acylsugar acyltransferases. A phenotypic screen of a set of S. lycopersicum M82 × Solanum pennellii LA0716 introgression lines identified a dominant genetic locus on chromosome 5 from the wild relative that affected total acylsugar levels. Genetic mapping revealed that the reduction in acylsugar levels was consistent with the presence and increased expression of two S. pennellii genes (Sopen05g030120 and Sopen05g030130) encoding putative carboxylesterase enzymes of the α/β-hydrolase superfamily. These two enzymes, named ACYLSUGAR ACYLHYDROLASE1 (ASH1) and ASH2, were shown to remove acyl chains from specific positions of certain types of acylsugars in vitro. A survey of related genes in M82 and LA0716 identified another trichome-expressed ASH gene on chromosome 9 (M82, Solyc09g075710; LA0716, Sopen09g030520) encoding a protein with similar activity. Characterization of the in vitro activities of the SpASH enzymes showed reduced activities with acylsugars produced by LA0716, presumably contributing to the high-level production of acylsugars in the presence of highly expressed SpASH genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony L Schilmiller
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (A.L.S, K.G., B.G., A.D.J., R.L.L.), Department of Chemistry (A.D.J.), and Department of Plant Biology (R.L.L.), Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824-1319
| | - Karin Gilgallon
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (A.L.S, K.G., B.G., A.D.J., R.L.L.), Department of Chemistry (A.D.J.), and Department of Plant Biology (R.L.L.), Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824-1319
| | - Banibrata Ghosh
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (A.L.S, K.G., B.G., A.D.J., R.L.L.), Department of Chemistry (A.D.J.), and Department of Plant Biology (R.L.L.), Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824-1319
| | - A Daniel Jones
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (A.L.S, K.G., B.G., A.D.J., R.L.L.), Department of Chemistry (A.D.J.), and Department of Plant Biology (R.L.L.), Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824-1319
| | - Robert L Last
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (A.L.S, K.G., B.G., A.D.J., R.L.L.), Department of Chemistry (A.D.J.), and Department of Plant Biology (R.L.L.), Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824-1319
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67
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Escobar-Bravo R, Alba JM, Pons C, Granell A, Kant MR, Moriones E, Fernández-Muñoz R. A Jasmonate-Inducible Defense Trait Transferred from Wild into Cultivated Tomato Establishes Increased Whitefly Resistance and Reduced Viral Disease Incidence. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:1732. [PMID: 27920785 PMCID: PMC5118631 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.01732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2016] [Accepted: 11/03/2016] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Whiteflies damage tomatoes mostly via the viruses they transmit. Cultivated tomatoes lack many of the resistances of their wild relatives. In order to increase protection to its major pest, the whitefly Bemisia tabaci and its transmitted Tomato Yellow Leaf Curl Virus (TYLCV), we introgressed a trichome-based resistance trait from the wild tomato Solanum pimpinellifolium into cultivated tomato, Solanum lycopersicum. The tomato backcross line BC5S2 contains acylsucrose-producing type-IV trichomes, unlike cultivated tomatoes, and exhibits increased, yet limited protection to whiteflies at early development stages. Treatment of young plants with methyl jasmonate (MeJA) resulted in a 60% increase in type-IV trichome density, acylsucrose production, and enhanced resistance to whiteflies, leading to 50% decrease in the virus disease incidence compared to cultivated tomato. Using transcriptomics, metabolite analysis, and insect bioassays we established the basis of this inducible resistance. We found that MeJA activated the expression of the genes involved in the biosynthesis of the defensive acylsugars in young BC5S2 plants leading to enhanced chemical defenses in their acquired type-IV trichomes. Our results show that not only constitutive but also these inducible defenses can be transferred from wild into cultivated crops to aid sustainable protection, suggesting that conventional breeding strategies provide a feasible alternative to increase pest resistance in tomato.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rocío Escobar-Bravo
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea “La Mayora”, Universidad de Málaga – Consejo Superior de Investigaciones CientíficasAlgarrobo-Costa, Spain
| | - Juan M. Alba
- Department of Population Biology, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of AmsterdamAmsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Clara Pons
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas – Universidad Politécnica de ValenciaValencia, Spain
| | - Antonio Granell
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas – Universidad Politécnica de ValenciaValencia, Spain
| | - Merijn R. Kant
- Department of Population Biology, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of AmsterdamAmsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Enrique Moriones
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea “La Mayora”, Universidad de Málaga – Consejo Superior de Investigaciones CientíficasAlgarrobo-Costa, Spain
| | - Rafael Fernández-Muñoz
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea “La Mayora”, Universidad de Málaga – Consejo Superior de Investigaciones CientíficasAlgarrobo-Costa, Spain
- *Correspondence: Rafael Fernández-Muñoz,
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