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Shi D, Liu W, Zhao S, Zhang C, Liang T, Hou G. TLR5 is a new reporter for triple-negative breast cancer indicated by radioimmunoimaging and fluorescent staining. J Cell Mol Med 2019; 23:8305-8313. [PMID: 31576678 PMCID: PMC6850942 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.14707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Revised: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 09/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is a highly aggressive tumour that lacks marker for targeted diagnosis. Recently, it was reported that toll-like receptor 5 (TLR5) was associated with some kind of tumours, especially in TNBC, but whether it could be used as a non-invasive monitoring target is not fully understood. Here, we established TLR5- 4T1 cell line with lentivirus-shRNA-TLR5 knock-down transfection (with tag GFP, green fluorescent protein, TLR5- 4T1) and control TLR5+ 4T1 cell line with negative control lentivirus transfection. The effect of TLR5 down-regulation was detected with qPCR and Western blot. 125 I-anti-TLR5 mAb and control isotype 125 I-IgG were prepared and injected to TLR5+/- 4T1-bearing mice models, respectively. Whole-body phosphor-autoradiography, fluorescence imaging and biodistribution were performed. Furthermore, ex vivo tumour TLR5 expression was proved through immunohistochemistry staining. We found that 125 I-anti-TLR5 mAb could bind to TLR5+ 4T1 with high affinity and specificity. Whole-body phosphor-autoradiography after 125 I-anti-TLR5 mAb injection showed TLR5+ 4T1 tumour images in 24 hours, more clearly in 48 hours. Radioactivities in tumour tissues were positively related with TLR5 expression. Biodistribution assay showed that 125 I-anti-TLR5 mAb was mainly metabolized through the liver and kidney, and 125 I-anti-TLR5 mAb was much more accumulated in TLR5+ 4T1 tumour than TLR5- 4T1. In vivo fluorescence imaging successfully showed tumour tissues clearly both in TLR5+ and TLR5- 4T1 mice compared with lentivirus untreated 4T1 tumour. Immunohistochemistry staining showed that TLR5 expression in tumours was indeed down-regulated in TLR5- 4T1 mice. Our results indicated that 125 I-antiTLR5 mAb was an ideal agent for non-invasive imaging of TLR5+ tumours; TLR5 may be as a novel molecular target for TNBC non-invasive diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dai Shi
- Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education and Biomedical Isotope Research CenterSchool of MedicineShandong UniversityJinanChina
| | - Weiwei Liu
- Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education and Biomedical Isotope Research CenterSchool of MedicineShandong UniversityJinanChina
| | - Shanshan Zhao
- Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education and Biomedical Isotope Research CenterSchool of MedicineShandong UniversityJinanChina
| | - Chao Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education and Biomedical Isotope Research CenterSchool of MedicineShandong UniversityJinanChina
| | - Ting Liang
- Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education and Biomedical Isotope Research CenterSchool of MedicineShandong UniversityJinanChina
| | - Guihua Hou
- Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education and Biomedical Isotope Research CenterSchool of MedicineShandong UniversityJinanChina
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52
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Urban-Wojciuk Z, Khan MM, Oyler BL, Fåhraeus R, Marek-Trzonkowska N, Nita-Lazar A, Hupp TR, Goodlett DR. The Role of TLRs in Anti-cancer Immunity and Tumor Rejection. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2388. [PMID: 31695691 PMCID: PMC6817561 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, a lot of scientific interest has focused on cancer immunotherapy. Although chronic inflammation has been described as one of the hallmarks of cancer, acute inflammation can actually trigger the immune system to fight diseases, including cancer. Toll-like receptor (TLR) ligands have long been used as adjuvants for traditional vaccines and it seems they may also play a role enhancing efficiency of tumor immunotherapy. The aim of this perspective is to discuss the effects of TLR stimulation in cancer, expression of various TLRs in different types of tumors, and finally the role of TLRs in anti-cancer immunity and tumor rejection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuzanna Urban-Wojciuk
- International Centre for Cancer Vaccine Science (ICCVS), University of Gdaǹsk, Gdaǹsk, Poland
| | - Mohd M Khan
- Laboratory of Immune System Biology (LISB), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, United States.,University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Benjamin L Oyler
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Robin Fåhraeus
- International Centre for Cancer Vaccine Science (ICCVS), University of Gdaǹsk, Gdaǹsk, Poland.,Department of Medical Biosciences, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.,Université Paris 7, INSERM, UMR 1162, Paris, France.,Regional Centre for Applied Molecular Oncology, Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, Brno, Czechia
| | - Natalia Marek-Trzonkowska
- International Centre for Cancer Vaccine Science (ICCVS), University of Gdaǹsk, Gdaǹsk, Poland.,Laboratory of Immunoregulation and Cellular Therapies, Department of Family Medicine, Medical University of Gdaǹsk, Gdaǹsk, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Nita-Lazar
- Laboratory of Immune System Biology (LISB), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Ted R Hupp
- International Centre for Cancer Vaccine Science (ICCVS), University of Gdaǹsk, Gdaǹsk, Poland.,Regional Centre for Applied Molecular Oncology, Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, Brno, Czechia.,Cell Signaling Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - David R Goodlett
- International Centre for Cancer Vaccine Science (ICCVS), University of Gdaǹsk, Gdaǹsk, Poland.,Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, University of Maryland School of Dentistry, Baltimore, MD, United States
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53
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Psychopharmacology: neuroimmune signaling in psychiatric disease-developing vaccines against abused drugs using toll-like receptor agonists. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2019; 236:2899-2907. [PMID: 30726515 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-019-5176-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2018] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Since substance use disorders have few or no effective pharmacotherapies, researchers have developed vaccines as immune-therapies against nicotine, cocaine, methamphetamine, and opioids including fentanyl. OBJECTIVES We focus on enhancing antibody (AB) production through stimulation of toll-like receptor-5 (TLR5) during active vaccination. The stimulating adjuvant is Entolimod, a novel protein derivative of flagellin. We review the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying Entolimod's actions on TLR5. RESULTS Entolimod shows excellent efficacy for increasing AB levels to levels well beyond those produced by anti-addiction vaccines alone in animal models and humans. These ABs also significantly block the behavioral effects of the targeted drug of abuse. The TLR5 stimulation involves a wide range of immune cell types such as dendritic, antigen presenting, T and B cells. Entolimod binding to TLR5 initiates an intracellular signaling cascade that stimulates cytokine production of tumor necrosis factor and two interleukins (IL-6 and IL-12). While cytokine release can be catastrophic in cytokine storm, Entolimod produces a modulated release with few side effects even at doses 30 times greater than doses needed in these vaccine studies. Entolimod has markedly increased AB responses to all of our anti-addiction vaccines in rodent models, and in normal humans. CONCLUSIONS Entolimod and TLR5 stimulation has broad application to vaccines and potentially to other psychiatric disorders like depression, which has critical inflammatory contributions that Entolimod could reduce.
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54
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Donadon M, Cortese N, Marchesi F, Cimino M, Mantovani A, Torzilli G. Hepatobiliary surgeons meet immunologists: the case of colorectal liver metastases patients. Hepatobiliary Surg Nutr 2019; 8:370-377. [PMID: 31489306 DOI: 10.21037/hbsn.2019.03.06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The burgeoning field of cancer immunology demands a change in the paradigm of cancer patient management. The understanding of the course of a given malignant disease should also include the host immune system as one of the key factors in determining the patient's prognosis. Surgical and medical oncologists need to understand the basic and advanced applications of immunotherapies, which are rapidly evolving, and are nowadays an integral part of the armamentarium for the treatment of cancer patients. In the present work, we review the current knowledge concerning the immune landscape of colorectal cancer (CRC) patients with liver metastases, as recently discovered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Donadon
- Department of Hepatobiliary and General Surgery, Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele, Italy.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele, Italy
| | - Nina Cortese
- Department of Immunology and Inflammation, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Federica Marchesi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele, Italy.,Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Matteo Cimino
- Department of Hepatobiliary and General Surgery, Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele, Italy
| | - Alberto Mantovani
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele, Italy.,Department of Immunology and Inflammation, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Milan, Italy.,The William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Guido Torzilli
- Department of Hepatobiliary and General Surgery, Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele, Italy.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele, Italy
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55
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Ayala‐Cuellar AP, Cho J, Choi K. Toll‐like receptors: A pathway alluding to cancer control. J Cell Physiol 2019; 234:21707-21715. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.28879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Revised: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Patricia Ayala‐Cuellar
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine Chungbuk National University Cheongju Chungbuk Republic of Korea
| | - Jaejin Cho
- Department of Dental Regenerative Biotechnology Seoul National University Seoul Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung‐Chul Choi
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine Chungbuk National University Cheongju Chungbuk Republic of Korea
- Institute of Life Science and Bio‐Engineering, TheraCell Bio & Science Cheongju Chungbuk Republic of Korea
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56
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Aleynick M, Svensson-Arvelund J, Flowers CR, Marabelle A, Brody JD. Pathogen Molecular Pattern Receptor Agonists: Treating Cancer by Mimicking Infection. Clin Cancer Res 2019; 25:6283-6294. [DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-18-1800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Revised: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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57
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Macrophages in Colorectal Cancer Liver Metastases. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11050633. [PMID: 31067629 PMCID: PMC6562719 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11050633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2019] [Revised: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) provide a nurturing microenvironment for metastasis and are concomitantly key determinants of the efficacy of anticancer strategies. TAM represent an extremely heterogeneous population in terms of cell morphology, functions, and tissue localization. Colorectal liver metastases (CLM) display a high heterogeneity, responsible for a wide array of clinical presentations and responsiveness to treatments. In the era of precision medicine, there is a critical need of reliable prognostic markers to improve patient stratification, and, for their predominance in metastatic tissues, TAMs are emerging as promising candidates.
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58
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Moradi-Marjaneh R, Hassanian SM, Hasanzadeh M, Rezayi M, Maftouh M, Mehramiz M, Ferns GA, Khazaei M, Avan A. Therapeutic potential of toll-like receptors in treatment of gynecological cancers. IUBMB Life 2019; 71:549-564. [PMID: 30729633 DOI: 10.1002/iub.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2018] [Revised: 11/22/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play an important role in the innate and adaptive immune system. They are expressed in various regions of the female reproductive tract, and their regulation may be involved in the pathogenesis of gynecological lesions. There is growing evidence that ligands for several TLRs are potentially anticancer agents, some of which have already been approved by the FDA, and these compounds are now undergoing clinical evaluation. There is a rationale for using these ligands as adjuvants in the treatment or prevention of gynecological cancer. Some TLR agonists that are of potential interest in the treatment of gynecological lesions include imiquimod, motolimod, cervarix, and CpG-oligodeoxynucleotides (ODNs). In this review, we outline the different functions of TLRs in gynecological cancer with particular emphasis on the value of TLR agonists as a potential therapeutic target in the treatment of gynecological cancer. © 2019 IUBMB Life, 71(5):549-564, 2019.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Seyed Mahdi Hassanian
- Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Malihe Hasanzadeh
- Department of Gynecology Oncology, Woman Health Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Majid Rezayi
- Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Department of Modern Sciences and Technologies, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mona Maftouh
- Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mehrane Mehramiz
- Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Gordon A Ferns
- Division of Medical Education, Brighton & Sussex Medical School, Brighton, UK
| | - Majid Khazaei
- Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Amir Avan
- Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Department of Modern Sciences and Technologies, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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59
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TLR5 binding and activation by KMRC011, a flagellin-derived radiation countermeasure. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2019; 508:570-575. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.11.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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60
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Heras SCDL, Martínez-Balibrea E. CXC family of chemokines as prognostic or predictive biomarkers and possible drug targets in colorectal cancer. World J Gastroenterol 2018; 24:4738-4749. [PMID: 30479461 PMCID: PMC6235799 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v24.i42.4738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2018] [Revised: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common cancer in men and the second most common cancer in women, worldwide. In the early stages of the disease, biomarkers predicting early relapse would improve survival rates. In metastatic patients, the use of predictive biomarkers could potentially result in more personalized treatments and better outcomes. The CXC family of chemokines (CXCL1 to 17) are small (8 to 10 kDa) secreted proteins that attract neutrophils and lymphocytes. These chemokines signal through chemokine receptors (CXCR) 1 to 8. Several studies have reported that these chemokines and receptors have a role in either the promotion or inhibition of cancer, depending on their capacity to suppress or stimulate the action of the immune system, respectively. In general terms, activation of the CXCR1/CXCR2 pathway or the CXCR4/CXCR7 pathway is associated with tumor aggressiveness and poor prognosis; therefore, the specific inhibition of these receptors is a possible therapeutic strategy. On the other hand, the lesser known CXCR3 and CXCR5 axes are generally considered to be tumor suppressor signaling pathways, and their stimulation has been suggested as a way to fight cancer. These pathways have been studied in tumor tissues (using immunohistochemistry or measuring mRNA levels) or serum [using enzyme-linked immuno sorbent assay (ELISA) or multiplexing techniques], among other sample types. Common variants in genes encoding for the CXC chemokines have also been investigated as possible biomarkers of the disease. This review summarizes the most recent findings on the role of CXC chemokines and their receptors in CRC and discusses their possible value as prognostic or predictive biomarkers as well as the possibility of targeting them as a therapeutic strategy.
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MESH Headings
- Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology
- Antineoplastic Agents/therapeutic use
- Biomarkers, Tumor/antagonists & inhibitors
- Biomarkers, Tumor/immunology
- Biomarkers, Tumor/metabolism
- Chemokines, CXC/antagonists & inhibitors
- Chemokines, CXC/immunology
- Chemokines, CXC/metabolism
- Colorectal Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Colorectal Neoplasms/immunology
- Colorectal Neoplasms/mortality
- Colorectal Neoplasms/pathology
- Humans
- Neoplasm Recurrence, Local/diagnosis
- Prognosis
- Receptors, CXCR/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, CXCR/immunology
- Receptors, CXCR/metabolism
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
- Survival Rate
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Cabrero-de las Heras
- Program Against Cancer Therapeutic Resistance (ProCURE), Catalan Institute of Oncology (ICO), Germans Trias i Pujol health research institute (IGTP), Badalona, Barcelona 08916, Catalunya, Spain
- Program of Predictive and Personalized Cancer Medicine (PMPPC), Germans Trias i Pujol health research institute (IGTP), Badalona, Barcelona 08916, Catalunya, Spain
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Bai H, Sun F, Yang G, Wang L, Zhang Q, Zhang Q, Zhan Y, Chen J, Yu M, Li C, Yin R, Yang X, Ge C. CBLB502, a Toll-like receptor 5 agonist, offers protection against radiation-induced male reproductive system damage in mice†. Biol Reprod 2018; 100:281-291. [DOI: 10.1093/biolre/ioy173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2018] [Accepted: 07/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hao Bai
- Department of Experimental Hematology and Biochemistry, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Feifei Sun
- Department of Experimental Hematology and Biochemistry, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, China
- Graduate School of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Ganggang Yang
- College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, China
- Xinxiang Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering Medicine, Xinxiang, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Department of Experimental Hematology and Biochemistry, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Quanyi Zhang
- Xinxiang Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering Medicine, Xinxiang, China
| | - Quanhai Zhang
- Xinxiang Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering Medicine, Xinxiang, China
| | - Yiqun Zhan
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, National Center for Protein Sciences (Beijing), Beijing Institute of Lifeomics, Beijing, China
| | - Jiaojiao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, National Center for Protein Sciences (Beijing), Beijing Institute of Lifeomics, Beijing, China
| | - Miao Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, National Center for Protein Sciences (Beijing), Beijing Institute of Lifeomics, Beijing, China
| | - Changyan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, National Center for Protein Sciences (Beijing), Beijing Institute of Lifeomics, Beijing, China
| | - Ronghua Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, National Center for Protein Sciences (Beijing), Beijing Institute of Lifeomics, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoming Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, National Center for Protein Sciences (Beijing), Beijing Institute of Lifeomics, Beijing, China
| | - Changhui Ge
- Department of Experimental Hematology and Biochemistry, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, China
- Graduate School of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
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62
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Hand F, Harmon C, Elliott LA, Caiazza F, Lavelle A, Maguire D, Hoti E, Nolan N, Geoghegan JG, Ryan EJ, O'Farrelly C. Depleted polymorphonuclear leukocytes in human metastatic liver reflect an altered immune microenvironment associated with recurrent metastasis. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2018; 67:1041-1052. [PMID: 29572702 PMCID: PMC11028161 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-018-2149-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 03/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatic immunity, normally protective against neoplasia, is subverted in colorectal liver metastasis (CRLM). Here, we compare the inflammatory microenvironment of CRLM-bearing liver tissue to donor liver. METHODS Twenty-five patients undergoing resection for CRLM were recruited, 13 of whom developed intrahepatic recurrence within 18 months. Biopsies were obtained from tumour and normal liver tissue adjacent to and distal from, the tumour. Donor liver biopsies were obtained during transplantation. Biopsies were cultured and conditioned media (CM) screened for 102 inflammatory mediators. Twelve of these were validated by Luminex assay. Transwell assays measured cancer cell chemotaxis. Polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) and lymphocytes were quantified in H&E sections. RESULTS Fewer periportal tissue-resident PMN were present in metastatic liver compared to donor liver. Patients with the fewest PMN in liver tissue distal to their tumour had a shorter time to intrahepatic recurrence (P < 0.001). IL-6, CXCL1, CXCL5, G-CSF, GM-CSF, VEGF, LIF, and CCL3 were higher in liver-bearing CRLM compared to donor tissue. Consequently, cancer cells migrated equally towards CM of all regions of metastatic liver but not towards donor liver CM. CONCLUSIONS The local inflammatory environment may affect both immune cell infiltration and cancer cell migration contributing to recurrence following resection for CRLM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona Hand
- National Liver Unit, St. Vincent's Hospital, Elm Park, Dublin 4, Ireland
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology and School of Medicine, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, 154-160 Pearse Street, Dublin 2, D02 R590, Ireland
| | - Cathal Harmon
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology and School of Medicine, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, 154-160 Pearse Street, Dublin 2, D02 R590, Ireland
| | - Louise A Elliott
- Centre for Colorectal Disease, School of Medicine, University College Dublin and St. Vincent's Hospital, Elm Park, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Francesco Caiazza
- Centre for Colorectal Disease, School of Medicine, University College Dublin and St. Vincent's Hospital, Elm Park, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Aonghus Lavelle
- Centre for Colorectal Disease, School of Medicine, University College Dublin and St. Vincent's Hospital, Elm Park, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Donal Maguire
- National Liver Unit, St. Vincent's Hospital, Elm Park, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Emir Hoti
- National Liver Unit, St. Vincent's Hospital, Elm Park, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Niamh Nolan
- National Liver Unit, St. Vincent's Hospital, Elm Park, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Justin G Geoghegan
- National Liver Unit, St. Vincent's Hospital, Elm Park, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Elizabeth J Ryan
- Centre for Colorectal Disease, School of Medicine, University College Dublin and St. Vincent's Hospital, Elm Park, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Cliona O'Farrelly
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology and School of Medicine, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, 154-160 Pearse Street, Dublin 2, D02 R590, Ireland.
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63
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Ye B, Shen W, Shi M, Zhang Y, Xu C, Zhao Z. Intein-mediated backbone cyclization of entolimod confers enhanced radioprotective activity in mouse models. PeerJ 2018; 6:e5043. [PMID: 29938138 PMCID: PMC6011820 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.5043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 05/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Entolimod is a Salmonella enterica flagellin derivate. Previous work has demonstrated that entolimod effectively protects mice and non-human primates from ionizing radiation. However, it caused a “flu-like” syndrome after radioprotective and anticancer clinical application, indicating some type of immunogenicity and toxicity. Cyclization is commonly used to improve the in vivo stability and activity of peptides and proteins. Methods We designed and constructed cyclic entolimod using split Nostoc punctiforme DnaE intein with almost 100% cyclization efficiency. We adopted different strategies to purify the linear and circular entolimod due to their different topologies. Both of linear and circular entolimod were first purified by Ni-chelating affinity chromatography, and then the linear and circular entolimod were purified by size-exclusion and ion-exchange chromatography, respectively. Results The circular entolimod showed significantly increased both the in vitro NF-κB signaling and in vivo radioprotective activity in mice. Conclusion Our data indicates that circular entolimod might be a good candidate for further clinical investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingyu Ye
- College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, China.,State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base for Cell Differentiation Regulation, College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, China.,Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, China
| | - Wenlong Shen
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, China
| | - Minglei Shi
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, China
| | - Cunshuan Xu
- College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, China.,State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base for Cell Differentiation Regulation, College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Zhihu Zhao
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, China
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64
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Martinez D, Zuhdi N, Reyes M, Ortega B, Giovannone D, Lee VM, de Bellard ME. Screen for Slit/Robo signaling in trunk neural cells reveals new players. Gene Expr Patterns 2018; 28:22-33. [PMID: 29427758 PMCID: PMC5980643 DOI: 10.1016/j.gep.2018.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2017] [Revised: 01/19/2018] [Accepted: 01/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Slits ligands and their Robo receptors are involved in quite disparate cell signaling pathways that include axon guidance, cell proliferation, cell motility and angiogenesis. Neural crest cells emerge by delamination from neural cells in the dorsal neural tube, and give rise to various components of the peripheral nervous system in vertebrates. It is well established that these cells change from a non-migratory to a highly migratory state allowing them to reach distant regions before they differentiate. However, but the mechanism controlling this delamination and subsequent migration are still not fully understood. The repulsive Slit ligand family members, have been classified also as true tumor suppressor molecules. The present study explored in further detail what possible Slit/Robo signals are at play in the trunk neural cells and neural crest cells by carrying out a microarray after Slit2 gain of function in trunk neural tubes. We found that in addition to molecules known to be downstream of Slit/Robo signaling, there were a large set of molecules known to be important in maintaining cells in non-motile, epithelia phenotype. Furthermore, we found new molecules previously not associated with Slit/Robo signaling: cell proliferation markers, Ankyrins and RAB intracellular transporters. Our findings suggest that neural crest cells use and array of different Slit/Robo pathways during their transformation from non-motile to highly motile cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darwin Martinez
- California State University Northridge, Biology Dept., MC 8303, 18111 Nordhoff Street, Northridge, CA, 91330, United States
| | - Nora Zuhdi
- California State University Northridge, Biology Dept., MC 8303, 18111 Nordhoff Street, Northridge, CA, 91330, United States
| | - Michelle Reyes
- California State University Northridge, Biology Dept., MC 8303, 18111 Nordhoff Street, Northridge, CA, 91330, United States
| | - Blanca Ortega
- California State University Northridge, Biology Dept., MC 8303, 18111 Nordhoff Street, Northridge, CA, 91330, United States
| | - Dion Giovannone
- California State University Northridge, Biology Dept., MC 8303, 18111 Nordhoff Street, Northridge, CA, 91330, United States
| | - Vivian M Lee
- California State University Northridge, Biology Dept., MC 8303, 18111 Nordhoff Street, Northridge, CA, 91330, United States
| | - Maria Elena de Bellard
- California State University Northridge, Biology Dept., MC 8303, 18111 Nordhoff Street, Northridge, CA, 91330, United States.
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65
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Donadon M, Lleo A, Di Tommaso L, Soldani C, Franceschini B, Roncalli M, Torzilli G. The Shifting Paradigm of Prognostic Factors of Colorectal Liver Metastases: From Tumor-Centered to Host Immune-Centered Factors. Front Oncol 2018; 8:181. [PMID: 29892573 PMCID: PMC5985314 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2018.00181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2017] [Accepted: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The determinants of prognosis in patients with colorectal liver metastases (CLM) have been traditionally searched among the tumoral factors, either of the primary colorectal tumor or of the CLM. While many different scoring systems have been developed based on those clinic-pathological factors with disparate results, there has been the introduction of genetic biological markers that added a theranostic perspective. More recently, other important elements, such as those factors related to the host immune system, have been proposed as determinants of prognosis of CLM patients. In the present work, we review the current prognostic factors of CLM patients as well as the burgeoning shifting paradigm of prognostication that relies on the host immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Donadon
- Department of Hepatobiliary and General Surgery, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Italy.,Department of Biomedical Science, Humanitas University, Rozzano, Italy
| | - Ana Lleo
- Department of Biomedical Science, Humanitas University, Rozzano, Italy.,Department of Internal Medicine, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Italy
| | - Luca Di Tommaso
- Department of Biomedical Science, Humanitas University, Rozzano, Italy.,Department of Pathology, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Italy
| | - Cristiana Soldani
- Department of Hepatobiliary and General Surgery, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Italy
| | - Barbara Franceschini
- Department of Hepatobiliary and General Surgery, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Italy
| | - Massimo Roncalli
- Department of Biomedical Science, Humanitas University, Rozzano, Italy.,Department of Pathology, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Italy
| | - Guido Torzilli
- Department of Hepatobiliary and General Surgery, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Italy.,Department of Biomedical Science, Humanitas University, Rozzano, Italy
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66
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Ma J, Yang Y, Fu Y, Guo F, Zhang X, Xiao S, Zhu W, Huang Z, Zhang J, Chen J. PIAS3-mediated feedback loops promote chronic colitis-associated malignant transformation. Am J Cancer Res 2018; 8:3022-3037. [PMID: 29896300 PMCID: PMC5996365 DOI: 10.7150/thno.23046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2017] [Accepted: 04/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Rationale: Colitis-associated colorectal cancer (CAC) usually exhibits an accelerated disease progression, an increased resistance to therapeutic drugs and a higher mortality rate than sporadic colorectal cancer (CRC). PIAS3 is a member of the protein inhibitor of activated STAT (PIAS) family; however, little is known about the expression and biological functions of PIAS3 in CAC. The aim of our study was to investigate the biological mechanisms of PIAS3 in CAC. Methods: PIAS3 expression was examined in colon tissues of CAC/CRC patients and azoxymethane-dextran sulfate sodium (AOM-DSS)-induced mice. The role of PIAS3 was studied using a series of in vitro, in vivo and clinical approaches. Results: Downregulated PIAS3 expression, upregulated miR-18a expression and highly activated NF-κB and STAT3 were observed in colon tissues of CAC/CRC patients and AOM-DSS-induced mice. In vitro experiments revealed that PIAS3 significantly inhibited the activation of NF-κB and STAT3 and demonstrated that activated NF-κB and STAT3 transcriptionally regulated miR-18a level, and up-regulation of miR-18a expression led to defective PIAS3 expression. Moreover, PIAS3-mediated autoregulatory feedback loops (PIAS3/NF-κB/miR-18a and PIAS3/STAT3/miR-18a) were verified in vitro and were found to regulate cell proliferation. Additionally, modulation of the feedback loops via overexpression of PIAS3 or knockdown of miR-18a significantly inhibited cell proliferation in a mouse CRC xenograft model. Furthermore, upregulation of PIAS3 by intracolonic administration of PIAS3 lentivirus or anti-miR-18a lentivirus in AOM-DSS-induced mice led to dramatically reduced tumor sizes/numbers, whereas knockdown of PIAS3 in CAC mice significantly promoted tumor growth. Conclusion: Our data clearly show that PIAS3-mediated feedback loops control cell proliferation and function as robust driving forces for CAC progression. Targeting these highly activated feedback loops might offer promising therapeutic strategies for CAC.
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67
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TLR Agonists as Adjuvants for Cancer Vaccines. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2018; 1024:195-212. [PMID: 28921471 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-10-5987-2_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are one of the best characterised families of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) and play a critical role in the host defence to infection. Accumulating evidence indicates that TLRs also participate in maintaining tissue homeostasis by controlling inflammation and tissue repair, as well as promoting antitumour effects via activation and modulation of adaptive immune responses. TLR agonists have successfully been exploited to ameliorate the efficacy of various cancer therapies. In this chapter, we will discuss the rationales of using TLR agonists as adjuvants to cancer treatments and summarise the recent findings of preclinical and clinical studies of TLR agonist-based cancer therapies.
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68
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Behrenbruch C, Shembrey C, Paquet-Fifield S, Mølck C, Cho HJ, Michael M, Thomson BNJ, Heriot AG, Hollande F. Surgical stress response and promotion of metastasis in colorectal cancer: a complex and heterogeneous process. Clin Exp Metastasis 2018; 35:333-345. [PMID: 29335811 DOI: 10.1007/s10585-018-9873-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2017] [Accepted: 01/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Surgery remains the curative treatment modality for colorectal cancer in all stages, including stage IV with resectable liver metastasis. There is emerging evidence that the stress response caused by surgery as well as other perioperative therapies such as anesthesia and analgesia may promote growth of pre-existing micro-metastasis or potentially initiate tumor dissemination. Therapeutically targeting the perioperative period may therefore reduce the effect that surgical treatments have in promoting metastases, for example by combining β-adrenergic receptor antagonists and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitors in the perioperative setting. In this paper, we highlight some of the mechanisms that may underlie surgery-related metastatic development in colorectal cancer. These include direct tumor spillage at the time of surgery, suppression of the anti-tumor immune response, direct stimulatory effects on tumor cells, and activation of the coagulation system. We summarize in more detail results that support a role for catecholamines as major drivers of the pro-metastatic effect induced by the surgical stress response, predominantly through activation of β-adrenergic signaling. Additionally, we argue that an improved understanding of surgical stress-induced dissemination, and more specifically whether it impacts on the level and nature of heterogeneity within residual tumor cells, would contribute to the successful clinical targeting of this process. Finally, we provide a proof-of-concept demonstration that ex-vivo analyses of colorectal cancer patient-derived samples using RGB-labeling technology can provide important insights into the heterogeneous sensitivity of tumor cells to stress signals. This suggests that intra-tumor heterogeneity is likely to influence the efficacy of perioperative β-adrenergic receptor and COX-2 inhibition, and that ex-vivo characterization of heterogeneous stress response in tumor samples can synergize with other models to optimize perioperative treatments and further improve outcome in colorectal and other solid cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corina Behrenbruch
- Department of Pathology, University of Melbourne Centre for Cancer Research, The University of Melbourne, Victorian Comprehensive Cancer Centre, Level 10, 305 Grattan Street, Melbourne, VIC, 3000, Australia
- Division of Cancer Surgery, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Victorian Comprehensive Cancer Centre, 305 Grattan St, Melbourne, 3000, Australia
| | - Carolyn Shembrey
- Department of Pathology, University of Melbourne Centre for Cancer Research, The University of Melbourne, Victorian Comprehensive Cancer Centre, Level 10, 305 Grattan Street, Melbourne, VIC, 3000, Australia
| | - Sophie Paquet-Fifield
- Department of Pathology, University of Melbourne Centre for Cancer Research, The University of Melbourne, Victorian Comprehensive Cancer Centre, Level 10, 305 Grattan Street, Melbourne, VIC, 3000, Australia
| | - Christina Mølck
- Department of Pathology, University of Melbourne Centre for Cancer Research, The University of Melbourne, Victorian Comprehensive Cancer Centre, Level 10, 305 Grattan Street, Melbourne, VIC, 3000, Australia
| | - Hyun-Jung Cho
- Biological Optical Microscopy Platform, The University of Melbourne, Medical Building, Grattan Street, Parkville, 3010, Australia
| | - Michael Michael
- Division of Cancer Medicine, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Victorian Comprehensive Cancer Centre, 305 Grattan St, Melbourne, 3000, Australia
| | - Benjamin N J Thomson
- Division of Cancer Surgery, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Victorian Comprehensive Cancer Centre, 305 Grattan St, Melbourne, 3000, Australia
- Department of Surgery, Royal Melbourne Hospital, The University of Melbourne, 300 Grattan St, Parkville, 3000, Australia
| | - Alexander G Heriot
- Division of Cancer Surgery, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Victorian Comprehensive Cancer Centre, 305 Grattan St, Melbourne, 3000, Australia
| | - Frédéric Hollande
- Department of Pathology, University of Melbourne Centre for Cancer Research, The University of Melbourne, Victorian Comprehensive Cancer Centre, Level 10, 305 Grattan Street, Melbourne, VIC, 3000, Australia.
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69
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Yang J, Yan H. TLR5: beyond the recognition of flagellin. Cell Mol Immunol 2017; 14:1017-1019. [PMID: 29151579 DOI: 10.1038/cmi.2017.122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2017] [Accepted: 10/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jingyi Yang
- Mucosal Immunity Research Group, State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, China
| | - Huimin Yan
- Mucosal Immunity Research Group, State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, China
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70
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Mett V, Komarova EA, Greene K, Bespalov I, Brackett C, Gillard B, Gleiberman AS, Toshkov IA, Aygün-Sunar S, Johnson C, Karasik E, Bapardekar-Nair M, Kurnasov OV, Osterman AL, Stanhope-Baker PS, Morrison C, Moser MT, Foster BA, Gudkov AV. Mobilan: a recombinant adenovirus carrying Toll-like receptor 5 self-activating cassette for cancer immunotherapy. Oncogene 2017; 37:439-449. [PMID: 28967901 PMCID: PMC5799711 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2017.346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2017] [Revised: 07/23/2017] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Toll-like receptor 5 (TLR5) is considered an attractive target for anticancer immunotherapy. TLR5 agonists, bacterial flagellin and engineered flagellin derivatives, have been shown to have potent antitumor and metastasis-suppressive effects in multiple animal models and to be safe in both animals and humans. Anticancer efficacy of TLR5 agonists stems from TLR5-dependent activation of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) that mediates innate and adaptive antitumor immune responses. To extend application of TLR5-targeted anticancer immunotherapy to tumors that do not naturally express TLR5, we created an adenovirus-based vector for intratumor delivery, named Mobilan that drives expression of self-activating TLR5 signaling cassette comprising of human TLR5 and a secreted derivative of Salmonella flagellin structurally analogous to a clinical stage TLR5 agonist, entolimod. Co-expression of TLR5 receptor and agonist in Mobilan-infected cells established an autocrine/paracrine TLR5 signaling loop resulting in constitutive activation of NF-κB both in vitro and in vivo. Injection of Mobilan into primary tumors of the prostate cancer-prone transgenic adenocarcinoma of the mouse prostate (TRAMP) mice resulted in a strong induction of multiple genes involved in inflammatory responses and mobilization of innate immune cells into the tumors including neutrophils and NK cells and suppressed tumor progression. Intratumoral injection of Mobilan into subcutaneously growing syngeneic prostate tumors in immunocompetent hosts improved animal survival after surgical resection of the tumors, by suppression of tumor metastasis. In addition, vaccination of mice with irradiated Mobilan-transduced prostate tumor cells protected mice against subsequent tumor challenge. These results provide proof-of-concept for Mobilan as a tool for antitumor vaccination that directs TLR5-mediated immune response toward cancer cells and does not require identification of tumor antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Mett
- Cleveland Biolabs Inc., Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - E A Komarova
- Department of Cell Stress Biology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - K Greene
- Department of Cell Stress Biology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - I Bespalov
- Cleveland Biolabs Inc., Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - C Brackett
- Department of Cell Stress Biology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - B Gillard
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Cancer Therapeutics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | | | | | | | - C Johnson
- Department of Cell Stress Biology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - E Karasik
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Cancer Therapeutics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | | | - O V Kurnasov
- Infectious and Inflammatory Disease Center, Sanford-Burnham-Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - A L Osterman
- Infectious and Inflammatory Disease Center, Sanford-Burnham-Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | | | - C Morrison
- Department of Pathology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - M T Moser
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Cancer Therapeutics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - B A Foster
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Cancer Therapeutics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - A V Gudkov
- Cleveland Biolabs Inc., Buffalo, NY, USA.,Department of Cell Stress Biology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY, USA
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71
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Xu Z, Moyle PM. Bioconjugation Approaches to Producing Subunit Vaccines Composed of Protein or Peptide Antigens and Covalently Attached Toll-Like Receptor Ligands. Bioconjug Chem 2017; 29:572-586. [PMID: 28891637 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.7b00478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Traditional vaccines derived from attenuated or inactivated pathogens are effective at inducing antibody-based protective immune responses but tend to be highly reactogenic, causing notable adverse effects. Vaccines with superior safety profiles can be produced by subunit approaches, utilizing molecularly defined antigens (e.g., proteins and polysaccharides). These antigens, however, often elicit poor immunological responses, necessitating the use of adjuvants. Immunostimulatory adjuvants have the capacity to activate antigen presenting cells directly through specific receptors (e.g., Toll-like receptors (TLRs)), resulting in enhanced presentation of antigens as well as the secretion of proinflammatory chemokines and cytokines. Consequently, innate immune responses are amplified and adaptive immunity is generated. Recently, site-specific conjugation of such immunostimulatory adjuvants (e.g., TLR ligands) onto defined antigens has shown superior efficacy over unconjugated mixtures, suggesting that the development of chemically characterized immunostimulatory adjuvants and optimized approaches for their conjugation with antigens may provide a better opportunity for the development of potent, novel vaccines. This review briefly summarizes various TLR agonists utilized as immunostimulatory adjuvants and focuses on the development of techniques (e.g., recombinant, synthetic, and semisynthetic) for generating adjuvant-antigen fusion vaccines incorporating peptide or protein antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenghui Xu
- School of Pharmacy , The University of Queensland , Woolloongabba 4102 , Queensland , Australia
| | - Peter Michael Moyle
- School of Pharmacy , The University of Queensland , Woolloongabba 4102 , Queensland , Australia
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72
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Bacterial flagellin-a potent immunomodulatory agent. Exp Mol Med 2017; 49:e373. [PMID: 28860663 PMCID: PMC5628280 DOI: 10.1038/emm.2017.172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 202] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2016] [Revised: 04/23/2017] [Accepted: 05/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Flagellin is a subunit protein of the flagellum, a whip-like appendage that enables bacterial motility. Traditionally, flagellin was viewed as a virulence factor that contributes to the adhesion and invasion of host cells, but now it has emerged as a potent immune activator, shaping both the innate and adaptive arms of immunity during microbial infections. In this review, we summarize our understanding of bacterial flagellin and host immune system interactions and the role flagellin as an adjuvant, anti-tumor and radioprotective agent, and we address important areas of future research interests.
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73
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Flagellin: a unique microbe-associated molecular pattern and a multi-faceted immunomodulator. Cell Mol Immunol 2017; 14:862-864. [PMID: 28845044 DOI: 10.1038/cmi.2017.78] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 07/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
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74
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Wirsdörfer F, Jendrossek V. Modeling DNA damage-induced pneumopathy in mice: insight from danger signaling cascades. Radiat Oncol 2017; 12:142. [PMID: 28836991 PMCID: PMC5571607 DOI: 10.1186/s13014-017-0865-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Radiation-induced pneumonitis and fibrosis represent severe and dose-limiting side effects in the radiotherapy of thorax-associated neoplasms leading to decreased quality of life or - as a consequence of treatment with suboptimal radiation doses - to fatal outcomes by local recurrence or metastatic disease. It is assumed that the initial radiation-induced damage to the resident cells triggers a multifaceted damage-signalling cascade in irradiated normal tissues including a multifactorial secretory program. The resulting pro-inflammatory and pro-angiogenic microenvironment triggers a cascade of events that can lead within weeks to a pronounced lung inflammation (pneumonitis) or after months to excessive deposition of extracellular matrix molecules and tissue scarring (pulmonary fibrosis).The use of preclinical in vivo models of DNA damage-induced pneumopathy in genetically modified mice has helped to substantially advance our understanding of molecular mechanisms and signalling molecules that participate in the pathogenesis of radiation-induced adverse late effects in the lung. Herein, murine models of whole thorax irradiation or hemithorax irradiation nicely reproduce the pathogenesis of the human disease with respect to the time course and the clinical symptoms. Alternatively, treatment with the radiomimetic DNA damaging chemotherapeutic drug Bleomycin (BLM) has frequently been used as a surrogate model of radiation-induced lung disease. The advantage of the BLM model is that the symptoms of pneumonitis and fibrosis develop within 1 month.Here we summarize and discuss published data about the role of danger signalling in the response of the lung tissue to DNA damage and its cross-talk with the innate and adaptive immune systems obtained in preclinical studies using immune-deficient inbred mouse strains and genetically modified mice. Interestingly we observed differences in the role of molecules involved in damage sensing (TOLL-like receptors), damage signalling (MyD88) and immune regulation (cytokines, CD73, lymphocytes) for the pathogenesis and progression of DNA damage-induced pneumopathy between the models of pneumopathy induced by whole thorax irradiation or treatment with the radiomimetic drug BLM. These findings underline the importance to pursue studies in the radiation model(s) if we are to unravel the mechanisms driving radiation-induced adverse late effects.A better understanding of the cross-talk of danger perception and signalling with immune activation and repair mechanisms may allow a modulation of these processes to prevent or treat radiation-induced adverse effects. Vice-versa an improved knowledge of the normal tissue response to injury is also particularly important in view of the increasing interest in combining radiotherapy with immune checkpoint blockade or immunotherapies to avoid exacerbation of radiation-induced normal tissue toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Wirsdörfer
- Institute of Cell Biology (Cancer Research), University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Virchowstrasse 173, Essen, Germany
| | - Verena Jendrossek
- Institute of Cell Biology (Cancer Research), University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Virchowstrasse 173, Essen, Germany.
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75
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Guo F, Liu Y, Zhang C, Wang Q, Wang L, Gao Y, Bi J, Wang H, Su Z. Prompt and Robust Humoral Immunity Elicited by a Conjugated Chimeric Malaria Antigen with a Truncated Flagellin. Bioconjug Chem 2017; 29:761-770. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.7b00320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Fangxia Guo
- National Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, PR China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Yongdong Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, PR China
| | - Chun Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, PR China
| | - Qi Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, PR China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Lianyan Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, PR China
| | - Yuhui Gao
- Molecular Parasitology Laboratory, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing 100005, PR China
| | - Jingxiu Bi
- School of Chemical Engineering, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
| | - Heng Wang
- Molecular Parasitology Laboratory, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing 100005, PR China
| | - Zhiguo Su
- National Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, PR China
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76
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Benedicto A, Romayor I, Arteta B. Role of liver ICAM-1 in metastasis. Oncol Lett 2017; 14:3883-3892. [PMID: 28943897 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2017.6700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2017] [Accepted: 07/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM)-1, is a transmembrane glycoprotein of the immunoglobulin (Ig)-like superfamily, consisting of five extracellular Ig-like domains, a transmembrane domain and a short cytoplasmic tail. ICAM-1 is expressed in various cell types, including endothelial cells and leukocytes, and is involved in several physiological processes. Furthermore, it has additionally been reported to be expressed in various cancer cells, including melanoma, colorectal cancer and lymphoma. The majority of studies to date have focused on the expression of the ICAM-1 on the surface of tumor cells, without research into ICAM-1 expression at sites of metastasis. Cancer cells frequently metastasize to the liver, due to its unique physiology and specialized liver sinusoid capillary network. Liver sinusoidal endothelial cells constitutively express ICAM-1, which is upregulated under inflammatory conditions. Furthermore, liver ICAM-1 may be important during the development of liver metastasis. Therefore, it is necessary to improve the understanding of the mechanisms mediated by this adhesion molecule in order to develop host-directed anticancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aitor Benedicto
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, School of Medicine and Nursing, University of The Basque Country, UPV/EHU, Leioa, E-48940 Vizcaya, Spain
| | - Irene Romayor
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, School of Medicine and Nursing, University of The Basque Country, UPV/EHU, Leioa, E-48940 Vizcaya, Spain
| | - Beatriz Arteta
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, School of Medicine and Nursing, University of The Basque Country, UPV/EHU, Leioa, E-48940 Vizcaya, Spain
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77
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Toshkov IA, Gleiberman AS, Mett VL, Hutson AD, Singh AK, Gudkov AV, Burdelya LG. Mitigation of Radiation-Induced Epithelial Damage by the TLR5 Agonist Entolimod in a Mouse Model of Fractionated Head and Neck Irradiation. Radiat Res 2017; 187:570-580. [PMID: 28323577 PMCID: PMC5541767 DOI: 10.1667/rr14514.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Radiation treatment of head and neck cancer frequently causes severe collateral damage to normal tissues including mouth mucosa, salivary glands and skin. This toxicity limits the radiation dose that can be delivered and affects the patient's quality of life. Previous studies in mice and nonhuman primates showed that entolimod, a toll-like receptor 5 (TLR5) agonist derived from bacterial flagellin, effectively reduced radiation damage to hematopoietic and gastrointestinal tissues in both total-body and local irradiation scenarios, with no protection of tumors. Here, using a mouse model, we analyzed the efficacy of entolimod administered before or after irradiation in reducing damage to normal tissues. Animals received local fractionated radiation to the head and neck area, thus modeling radiotherapy of head and neck cancer. Tissue damage was evaluated through histomorphological examination of samples collected at different time points up to four weeks, mice were exposed locally to five daily fractions of 5, 6 or 7 Gy. A semiquantitative scoring system was used to assess the severity of observed pathomorphological changes. In this model, radiation damage was most severe in the lips, tongue and skin, moderate in the upper esophagus and minor in salivary glands. The kinetics of injury appearance and recovery of normal morphology varied among tissues, with maximal damage to the tongue, esophagus and salivary glands developing at earlier times (days 8-11 postirradiation) relative to that of lip and skin mucosa (days 11-15 postirradiation). While both tested regimens of entolimod significantly reduced the extent of radiation damage and accelerated restoration of normal structure in all tissues analyzed, administration of entolimod 1 h after each irradiation was more effective than treatment 30 min before irradiation. These results support the potential clinical use of entolimod as an adjuvant for improving the therapeutic index of head and neck cancer radiotherapy by reducing the radiation toxicity in normal tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Alan D. Hutson
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York
| | - Anurag K. Singh
- Department of Radiation Medicine, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York
| | - Andrei V. Gudkov
- Department of Cell Stress Biology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York
- Cleveland BioLabs, Inc., Buffalo, New York
| | - Lyudmila G. Burdelya
- Department of Cell Stress Biology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York
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78
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Grossenbacher SK, Aguilar EG, Murphy WJ. Leveraging natural killer cells for cancer immunotherapy. Immunotherapy 2017; 9:487-497. [PMID: 28472904 PMCID: PMC5941700 DOI: 10.2217/imt-2017-0013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2017] [Accepted: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are potent antitumor effector cells of the innate immune system. Based on their ability to eradicate tumors in vitro and in animal models, significant enthusiasm surrounds the prospect of leveraging human NK cells as vehicles for cancer immunotherapy. While interest in manipulating the effector functions of NK cells has existed for over 30 years, there is renewed optimism for this approach today. Although T cells receive much of the clinical and preclinical attention when it comes to cancer immunotherapy, new strategies are utilizing adoptive NK-cell immunotherapy and monoclonal antibodies and engineered molecules which have been developed to specifically activate NK cells against tumors. Despite the numerous challenges associated with the preclinical and clinical development of NK cell-based therapies for cancer, NK cells possess many unique immunological properties and hold the potential to provide an effective means for cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven K Grossenbacher
- Department of Dermatology, University of California Davis School of Medicine, CA 95817, USA
| | - Ethan G Aguilar
- Department of Dermatology, University of California Davis School of Medicine, CA 95817, USA
| | - William J Murphy
- Department of Dermatology, University of California Davis School of Medicine, CA 95817, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of California Davis School of Medicine, CA 95817, USA
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79
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The innate immune signaling in cancer and cardiometabolic diseases: Friends or foes? Cancer Lett 2017; 387:46-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2016.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2016] [Revised: 06/03/2016] [Accepted: 06/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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80
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Thunyakitpisal P, Ruangpornvisuti V, Kengkwasing P, Chokboribal J, Sangvanich P. Acemannan increases NF-κB/DNA binding and IL-6/-8 expression by selectively binding Toll-like receptor-5 in human gingival fibroblasts. Carbohydr Polym 2016; 161:149-157. [PMID: 28189222 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2016.12.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2016] [Revised: 11/25/2016] [Accepted: 12/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Acemannan, an acetylated polymannose from Aloe vera, has immunomodulatory effects. We investigated whether acemannan induces IL-6 and -8 expression and NF-κB/DNA binding in human gingival fibroblasts. IL-6 and -8 expression levels were assessed via RT-PCR and ELISA. The NF-κB p50/p65-DNA binding was determined. The structures of acemannan mono-pentamers and Toll-like receptor 5 (TLR5) were simulated. The binding energies between acemannan and TLR5 were identified. We found that acemannan significantly stimulated IL-6/-8 expression at both the mRNA and protein level and significantly increased p50/DNA binding. Preincubation with an anti-TLR5 neutralizing antibody abolished acemannan-induced IL-6/-8 expression and p50/DNA binding, and co-incubation of acemannan with Bay11-7082, a specific NF- κB inhibitor, abolished IL-6/-8 expression. The computer modeling indicated that monomeric/dimeric single stranded acemannan molecules interacted with the TLR5 flagellin recognition sites with a high binding affinity. We conclude that acemannan induces IL-6/-8 expression, and p50/DNA binding in gingival fibroblasts, at least partly, via a TLR5/NF-κB-dependent signaling pathway. Furthermore, acemannan selectively binds with TLR5 ectodomain flagellin recognition sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pasutha Thunyakitpisal
- Research Unit of Herbal Medicine, Biomaterial and Material for Dental Treatment, Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand.
| | - Vithaya Ruangpornvisuti
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand.
| | - Pattrawadee Kengkwasing
- Dental Biomaterials Science Program, Graduate School, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand.
| | - Jaroenporn Chokboribal
- Research Unit of Herbal Medicine, Biomaterial and Material for Dental Treatment, Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; Department of Material Science, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.
| | - Polkit Sangvanich
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.
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81
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Cai Z, Han S, Li Z, He L, Zhou J, Huang W, Xu Y. A genome-wide assessment of variations of primary colorectal cancer maintained in metastases. Gene 2016; 595:18-24. [PMID: 27642122 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2016.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2016] [Revised: 08/26/2016] [Accepted: 09/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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82
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Wu TYH. Strategies for designing synthetic immune agonists. Immunology 2016; 148:315-25. [PMID: 27213842 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Revised: 05/04/2016] [Accepted: 05/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Enhancing the immune system is a validated strategy to combat infectious disease, cancer and allergy. Nevertheless, the development of immune adjuvants has been hampered by safety concerns. Agents that can stimulate the immune system often bear structural similarities with pathogen-associated molecular patterns found in bacteria or viruses and are recognized by pattern recognition receptors (PRRs). Activation of these PRRs results in the immediate release of inflammatory cytokines, up-regulation of co-stimulatory molecules, and recruitment of innate immune cells. The distribution and duration of these early inflammatory events are crucial in the development of antigen-specific adaptive immunity in the forms of antibody and/or T cells capable of searching for and destroying the infectious pathogens or cancer cells. However, systemic activation of these PRRs is often poorly tolerated. Hence, different strategies have been employed to modify or deliver immune agonists in an attempt to control the early innate receptor activation through temporal or spatial restriction. These approaches include physicochemical manipulation, covalent conjugation, formulation and conditional activation/deactivation. This review will describe recent examples of discovery and optimization of synthetic immune agonists towards clinical application.
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83
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Domingo-Musibay E, Yamamoto M. Gene and virotherapy for hematological malignancies. Int J Hematol 2016; 104:29-41. [PMID: 27289361 PMCID: PMC5089843 DOI: 10.1007/s12185-016-2031-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2016] [Revised: 05/22/2016] [Accepted: 05/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Recent years have seen a transformation in the treatment of hematological malignancies. Advances in gene therapy and molecular techniques and significant gains in computational abilities have supported the rapid development of safer and better tolerated therapies for many patients with hematologic cancers. In this review, we discuss novel applications of gene therapy, including immunomodulation and gene silencing, and report on the rise of oncolytic viruses for use in the treatment of malignancies arising in cells of the blood, lymph, and marrow. We discuss the relationship of the tropism of wildtype viruses and their oncolytic behavior as well as the tumoricidal and immunostimulatory properties of a number of attenuated and recombinant viruses currently in clinical development in countries around the world. While we have focused on promising virotherapy applications for future development, we also present a historical perspective and identify areas of potential clinical and regulatory practice change. We outline several of the virus systems being developed for applications in hematology, and summarize efficacy data in the context of ongoing or future human clinical testing. We also present the advantages and limitations of gene and virus therapy, including challenges and opportunities for improved treatment tolerability and outcomes for patients with hematologic malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evidio Domingo-Musibay
- Division of Hematology, Oncology and Transplantation, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Masato Yamamoto
- Division of Basic and Translational Research, Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota, MoosT 11-210, MMC195, 515 Delaware St SE, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA.
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
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