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TCR-pMHC bond conformation controls TCR ligand discrimination. Cell Mol Immunol 2019; 17:203-217. [PMID: 31530899 PMCID: PMC7052167 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-019-0273-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2019] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
A major unanswered question is how a TCR discriminates between foreign and self-peptides presented on the APC surface. Here, we used in situ fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) to measure the distances of single TCR–pMHC bonds and the conformations of individual TCR–CD3ζ receptors at the membranes of live primary T cells. We found that a TCR discriminates between closely related peptides by forming single TCR–pMHC bonds with different conformations, and the most potent pMHC forms the shortest bond. The bond conformation is an intrinsic property that is independent of the binding affinity and kinetics, TCR microcluster formation, and CD4 binding. The bond conformation dictates the degree of CD3ζ dissociation from the inner leaflet of the plasma membrane via a positive calcium signaling feedback loop to precisely control the accessibility of CD3ζ ITAMs for phosphorylation. Our data revealed the mechanism by which a TCR deciphers the structural differences among peptides via the TCR–pMHC bond conformation.
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52
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Connolly A, Gagnon E. Electrostatic interactions: From immune receptor assembly to signaling. Immunol Rev 2019; 291:26-43. [DOI: 10.1111/imr.12769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Audrey Connolly
- Institut de Recherche en Immunologie et Cancérologie/Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer Montréal Québec Canada
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Faculté de Médecine Université de Montréal Montréal Québec Canada
| | - Etienne Gagnon
- Institut de Recherche en Immunologie et Cancérologie/Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer Montréal Québec Canada
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Faculté de Médecine Université de Montréal Montréal Québec Canada
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53
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Beyond TCR Signaling: Emerging Functions of Lck in Cancer and Immunotherapy. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20143500. [PMID: 31315298 PMCID: PMC6679228 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20143500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Revised: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, the lymphocyte-specific protein tyrosine kinase (Lck) has emerged as one of the key molecules regulating T-cell functions. Studies using Lck knock-out mice or Lck-deficient T-cell lines have shown that Lck regulates the initiation of TCR signaling, T-cell development, and T-cell homeostasis. Because of the crucial role of Lck in T-cell responses, strategies have been employed to redirect Lck activity to improve the efficacy of chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) and to potentiate T-cell responses in cancer immunotherapy. In addition to the well-studied role of Lck in T cells, evidence has been accumulated suggesting that Lck is also expressed in the brain and in tumor cells, where it actively takes part in signaling processes regulating cellular functions like proliferation, survival and memory. Therefore, Lck has emerged as a novel druggable target molecule for the treatment of cancer and neuronal diseases. In this review, we will focus on these new functions of Lck.
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54
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Fu X, Xu M, Song Y, Li Y, Zhang H, Zhang J, Zhang C. Enhanced interaction between SEC2 mutant and TCR Vβ induces MHC II-independent activation of T cells via PKCθ/NF-κB and IL-2R/STAT5 signaling pathways. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:19771-19784. [PMID: 30352872 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.003668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Revised: 09/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
SEC2, a major histocompatibility complex class II (MHC II)-dependent T-cell mitogen, binds MHC II and T-cell receptor (TCR) Vβs to induce effective co-stimulating signals for clonal T-cell expansion. We previously characterized a SEC2 mutant with increased recognition of TCR Vβs, ST-4, which could intensify NF-κB signaling transduction, leading to IL-2 production and T-cell activation. In this study, we found that in contrast to SEC2, ST-4 could induce murine CD4+ T-cell proliferation in a Vβ8.2- and Vβ8.3-specific manner in the absence of MHC II+ antigen-presenting cells (APCs). Furthermore, although IL-2 secretion in response to either SEC2 or ST-4 stimulation was accompanied by up-regulation of protein kinase Cθ (PKCθ), inhibitor of κB (IκB), α and β IκB kinase (IKKα/β), IκBα, and NF-κB in mouse splenocytes, only ST-4 could activate CD4+ T cells in the absence of MHC II+ APCs through the PKCθ/NF-κB signaling pathway. The PKCθ inhibitor AEB071 significantly suppressed SEC2/ST-4-induced T-cell proliferation, CD69 and CD25 expression, and IL-2 secretion with or without MHC II+ APCs. Further, SEC2/ST-4-induced changes in PKCθ/NF-κB signaling were significantly relieved by AEB071 in a dose-dependent manner. Using Lck siRNA, we found that Lck controlled SEC2/ST-4-induced phosphorylation of PKCθ. We also demonstrated that the IL-2R/STAT5 pathway is essential for SEC2/ST-4-induced T-cell activation. Collectively, our data demonstrate that an enhanced ST-4-TCR interaction can compensate for lack of MHC II and stimulate MHC II-free CD4+ T-cell proliferation via PKCθ/NF-κB and IL-2R/STAT5 signaling pathways. Compared with SEC2, intensified PKCθ/NF-κB and IL-2R/STAT5 signals induced by ST-4 lead to enhanced T-cell activation. The results of this study will facilitate better understanding of TCR-based immunotherapies for cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuanhe Fu
- From the Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 72 WenHua Road, Shenyang 110016, China and.,the School of Life Science and Biopharmaceutics, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 WenHua Road, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Mingkai Xu
- From the Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 72 WenHua Road, Shenyang 110016, China and
| | - Yubo Song
- From the Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 72 WenHua Road, Shenyang 110016, China and
| | - Yongqiang Li
- From the Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 72 WenHua Road, Shenyang 110016, China and
| | - Huiwen Zhang
- From the Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 72 WenHua Road, Shenyang 110016, China and
| | - Jinghai Zhang
- the School of Life Science and Biopharmaceutics, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 WenHua Road, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Chenggang Zhang
- From the Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 72 WenHua Road, Shenyang 110016, China and
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55
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Rohrs JA, Zheng D, Graham NA, Wang P, Finley SD. Computational Model of Chimeric Antigen Receptors Explains Site-Specific Phosphorylation Kinetics. Biophys J 2018; 115:1116-1129. [PMID: 30197180 PMCID: PMC6139883 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2018.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Revised: 08/07/2018] [Accepted: 08/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) have recently been approved for the treatment of hematological malignancies, but our lack of understanding of the basic mechanisms that activate these proteins has made it difficult to optimize and control CAR-based therapies. In this study, we use phosphoproteomic mass spectrometry and mechanistic computational modeling to quantify the in vitro kinetics of individual tyrosine phosphorylation on a variety of CARs. We show that each of the 10 tyrosine sites on the CD28-CD3ζ CAR is phosphorylated by lymphocyte-specific protein-tyrosine kinase (LCK) with distinct kinetics. The addition of CD28 at the N-terminal of CD3ζ increases the overall rate of CD3ζ phosphorylation. Our computational model identifies that LCK phosphorylates CD3ζ through a mechanism of competitive inhibition. This model agrees with previously published data in the literature and predicts that phosphatases in this system interact with CD3ζ through a similar mechanism of competitive inhibition. This quantitative modeling framework can be used to better understand CAR signaling and T cell activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer A Rohrs
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Dongqing Zheng
- Mork Family Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Nicholas A Graham
- Mork Family Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Pin Wang
- Mork Family Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Stacey D Finley
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California; Mork Family Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California.
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56
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Chouaki Benmansour N, Ruminski K, Sartre AM, Phelipot MC, Salles A, Bergot E, Wu A, Chicanne G, Fallet M, Brustlein S, Billaudeau C, Formisano A, Mailfert S, Payrastre B, Marguet D, Brasselet S, Hamon Y, He HT. Phosphoinositides regulate the TCR/CD3 complex membrane dynamics and activation. Sci Rep 2018; 8:4966. [PMID: 29563576 PMCID: PMC5862878 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-23109-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2017] [Accepted: 03/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Phosphoinositides (PIs) play important roles in numerous membrane-based cellular activities. However, their involvement in the mechanism of T cell receptor (TCR) signal transduction across the plasma membrane (PM) is poorly defined. Here, we investigate their role, and in particular that of phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate [PI(4,5)P2] in TCR PM dynamics and activity in a mouse T-cell hybridoma upon ectopic expression of a PM-localized inositol polyphosphate-5-phosphatase (Inp54p). We observed that dephosphorylation of PI(4,5)P2 by the phosphatase increased the TCR/CD3 complex PM lateral mobility prior stimulation. The constitutive and antigen-elicited CD3 phosphorylation as well as the antigen-stimulated early signaling pathways were all found to be significantly augmented in cells expressing the phosphatase. Using state-of-the-art biophotonic approaches, we further showed that PI(4,5)P2 dephosphorylation strongly promoted the CD3ε cytoplasmic domain unbinding from the PM inner leaflet in living cells, thus resulting in an increased CD3 availability for interactions with Lck kinase. This could significantly account for the observed effects of PI(4,5)P2 dephosphorylation on the CD3 phosphorylation. Our data thus suggest that PIs play a key role in the regulation of the TCR/CD3 complex dynamics and activation at the PM.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kilian Ruminski
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, INSERM, CIML, Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Marseille, France
| | - Anne-Marie Sartre
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, INSERM, CIML, Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Marseille, France
| | - Marie-Claire Phelipot
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, INSERM, CIML, Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Marseille, France
| | - Audrey Salles
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, INSERM, CIML, Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Marseille, France.,UTechS Photonic BioImaging (Imagopole) Citech, Institut Pasteur, Paris, 75724, France
| | - Elise Bergot
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, INSERM, CIML, Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Marseille, France
| | - Ambroise Wu
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, INSERM, CIML, Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Marseille, France
| | - Gaëtan Chicanne
- Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires, Inserm U1048, Université Toulouse 3, Toulouse, France
| | - Mathieu Fallet
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, INSERM, CIML, Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Marseille, France
| | - Sophie Brustlein
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, INSERM, CIML, Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Marseille, France
| | - Cyrille Billaudeau
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, INSERM, CIML, Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Marseille, France.,Micalis Institute, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Anthony Formisano
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, INSERM, CIML, Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Marseille, France
| | - Sébastien Mailfert
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, INSERM, CIML, Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Marseille, France
| | - Bernard Payrastre
- Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires, Inserm U1048, Université Toulouse 3, Toulouse, France.,Laboratoire d'Hématologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Didier Marguet
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, INSERM, CIML, Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Marseille, France
| | - Sophie Brasselet
- Aix-Marseille Univ, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, Institut Fresnel, UMR 7249, 13397, Marseille, France
| | - Yannick Hamon
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, INSERM, CIML, Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Marseille, France.
| | - Hai-Tao He
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, INSERM, CIML, Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Marseille, France.
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57
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58
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Glassman CR, Parrish HL, Lee MS, Kuhns MS. Reciprocal TCR-CD3 and CD4 Engagement of a Nucleating pMHCII Stabilizes a Functional Receptor Macrocomplex. Cell Rep 2018; 22:1263-1275. [PMID: 29386113 PMCID: PMC5813697 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2017.12.104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2016] [Revised: 12/07/2017] [Accepted: 12/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
CD4+ T cells convert the time that T cell receptors (TCRs) interact with peptides embedded within class II major histocompatibility complex molecules (pMHCII) into signals that direct cell-fate decisions. In principle, TCRs relay information to intracellular signaling motifs of the associated CD3 subunits, while CD4 recruits the kinase Lck to those motifs upon coincident detection of pMHCII. But the mechanics by which this occurs remain enigmatic. In one model, the TCR and CD4 bind pMHCII independently, while in another, CD4 interacts with a composite surface formed by the TCR-CD3 complex bound to pMHCII. Here, we report that the duration of TCR-pMHCII interactions impact CD4 binding to MHCII. In turn, CD4 increases TCR confinement to pMHCII via reciprocal interactions involving membrane distal and proximal CD4 ectodomains. The data suggest that a precisely assembled macrocomplex functions to reliably convert TCR-pMHCII confinement into reproducible signals that orchestrate adaptive immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caleb R Glassman
- Department of Immunobiology, The University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
| | - Heather L Parrish
- Department of Immunobiology, The University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
| | - Mark S Lee
- Department of Immunobiology, The University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
| | - Michael S Kuhns
- Department of Immunobiology, The University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA; The BIO-5 Institute, The University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA; The Arizona Center on Aging, The University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA; The University of Arizona Cancer Center, The University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA.
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59
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Bietz A, Zhu H, Xue M, Xu C. Cholesterol Metabolism in T Cells. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1664. [PMID: 29230226 PMCID: PMC5711771 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Compartmentalization and spatial control of biochemical reactions is the foundation of cell-based life on earth. The lipid bilayer system employed by eukaryote cells not only keeps them separate from the environment but also provides a platform for key receptors to sense and interact with outside factors. Arguably one of the cell types most reliant on interactions of this kind, immune cells depend on their membrane to keep functioning properly. In this review, the influence of variation in cholesterol levels, a key component of lipid bilayer stability, on T cells will be discussed in detail. In comparison to other cells, T cells must be able to undergo rapid activation followed by proliferation. Furthermore, receptor colocalization is an important mechanism in this activation process. The impact of cholesterol availability on the processes of T cell proliferation and receptor sensitivity, as well as its potential for immunomodulation in disease treatment will be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Bietz
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Chinese Academy Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Hengyu Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Chinese Academy Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Manman Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Chinese Academy Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Chenqi Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Chinese Academy Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
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60
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Ma Y, Poole K, Goyette J, Gaus K. Introducing Membrane Charge and Membrane Potential to T Cell Signaling. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1513. [PMID: 29170669 PMCID: PMC5684113 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2017] [Accepted: 10/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
While membrane models now include the heterogeneous distribution of lipids, the impact of membrane charges on regulating the association of proteins with the plasma membrane is often overlooked. Charged lipids are asymmetrically distributed between the two leaflets of the plasma membrane, resulting in the inner leaflet being negatively charged and a surface potential that attracts and binds positively charged ions, proteins, and peptide motifs. These interactions not only create a transmembrane potential but they can also facilitate the formation of charged membrane domains. Here, we reference fields outside of immunology in which consequences of membrane charge are better characterized to highlight important mechanisms. We then focus on T cell receptor (TCR) signaling, reviewing the evidence that membrane charges and membrane-associated calcium regulate phosphorylation of the TCR–CD3 complex and discuss how the immunological synapse exhibits distinct patterns of membrane charge distribution. We propose that charged lipids, ions in solution, and transient protein interactions form a dynamic equilibrium during T cell activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanqing Ma
- EMBL Australia Node in Single Molecule Science, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Kate Poole
- EMBL Australia Node in Single Molecule Science, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Jesse Goyette
- EMBL Australia Node in Single Molecule Science, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Katharina Gaus
- EMBL Australia Node in Single Molecule Science, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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61
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Simeoni L. Lck activation: puzzling the pieces together. Oncotarget 2017; 8:102761-102762. [PMID: 29262519 PMCID: PMC5732685 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.22309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2017] [Accepted: 11/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Luca Simeoni
- Luca Simeoni: Otto-von-Guericke University, Institute of Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Magdeburg, Germany
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62
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Gu LS, Cui NY, Wang Y, Che SN, Zou SM, He W, Liu JY, Gong XT. Comparison of sonographic characteristics of primary thyroid lymphoma and anaplastic thyroid carcinoma. J Thorac Dis 2017; 9:4774-4784. [PMID: 29268549 PMCID: PMC5720985 DOI: 10.21037/jtd.2017.09.48] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2017] [Accepted: 09/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although primary thyroid lymphoma (PTL) and anaplastic thyroid carcinoma (ATC) both account for a rare portion of the morbidity of all thyroid malignancies, the therapeutic methods and prognosis for these two diseases are different. The purpose of this study was to investigate the sonographic characteristics of PTL and ATC and to compare the sonographic findings of PTL and ATC. METHODS The study included 42 patients with histopathologically proven PTL (n=27) and ATC (n=15). The Clinical characteristics and sonographic findings were retrospectively reviewed and compared between the two groups. RESULTS The mean age of patients with ATC was not significantly different from that in patients with PTL (P=0.601). The female-to-male ratio of patients with ATC was significantly lower than that of patients with PTL (P=0.029). Both PTL and ATC commonly present as a relatively large, solid mass on sonography with compressive symptoms, in which hoarseness was seen more frequently in ATC group (66.7%) than in PTL group (14.8%) (P=0.001). There is no significant difference in thyroid size, nodular size, margin, shape, echo texture, echogenicity, cystic change, vascularity and local invasion on sonography between ATC and PTL groups. Echogenic strands, markedly hypoechoic and enhanced posterior echo were seen more frequently in PTL group (92.6%, 92.6%, and 85.2%, respectively) than those in ATC group (6.7%, 60.0%, and 33.3%, respectively) (P<0.05), and calcification was seen more frequently in ATC group (80.0%) than in PTL group (0%) (P<0.001). Three ultrasound patterns were observed for PTL including diffuse type (25.9%), nodular type (48.2%) and mixed type (25.9%), while all ATC cases presented with nodular type (100.0%). Associated Hashimoto's thyroiditis occurred more frequently in PTL group (59.3%) than in ATC group (20.0%) (P=0.023). CONCLUSIONS Certain sonographic features as a markedly hypoechogenicity, the presence of an enhanced posterior echo and linear echogenic strands, lack of calcification and associated Hashimoto's thyroiditis were valuable for distinguishing PTL from ATC. In contrast, heterogeneous echogenicity, uncircumscribed margin, irregular shape, and vascular pattern were not specific features for differential diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Shuang Gu
- Department of Ultrasound, National Cancer Center/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Ning-Yi Cui
- Department of Ultrasound, National Cancer Center/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Yong Wang
- Department of Ultrasound, National Cancer Center/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Shu-Nan Che
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging, National Cancer Center/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Shuang-Mei Zou
- Department of Pathology, National Cancer Center/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Wen He
- Department of Ultrasound, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Jun-Ying Liu
- Department of Ultrasound, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Xuan-Tong Gong
- Department of Ultrasound, Fatou Community Health Center, Beijing 100023, China
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63
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Chen Y, Ju L, Rushdi M, Ge C, Zhu C. Receptor-mediated cell mechanosensing. Mol Biol Cell 2017; 28:3134-3155. [PMID: 28954860 PMCID: PMC5687017 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e17-04-0228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2017] [Revised: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Mechanosensing depicts the ability of a cell to sense mechanical cues, which under some circumstances is mediated by the surface receptors. In this review, a four-step model is described for receptor-mediated mechanosensing. Platelet GPIb, T-cell receptor, and integrins are used as examples to illustrate the key concepts and players in this process. Mechanosensing describes the ability of a cell to sense mechanical cues of its microenvironment, including not only all components of force, stress, and strain but also substrate rigidity, topology, and adhesiveness. This ability is crucial for the cell to respond to the surrounding mechanical cues and adapt to the changing environment. Examples of responses and adaptation include (de)activation, proliferation/apoptosis, and (de)differentiation. Receptor-mediated cell mechanosensing is a multistep process that is initiated by binding of cell surface receptors to their ligands on the extracellular matrix or the surface of adjacent cells. Mechanical cues are presented by the ligand and received by the receptor at the binding interface; but their transmission over space and time and their conversion into biochemical signals may involve other domains and additional molecules. In this review, a four-step model is described for the receptor-mediated cell mechanosensing process. Platelet glycoprotein Ib, T-cell receptor, and integrins are used as examples to illustrate the key concepts and players in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunfeng Chen
- Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332.,Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332
| | - Lining Ju
- Charles Perkins Centre and Heart Research Institute, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Muaz Rushdi
- Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332.,Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332
| | - Chenghao Ge
- Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332.,Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332
| | - Cheng Zhu
- Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332 .,Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332.,Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332
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