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Binenbaum J, Weinstain R, Shani E. Gibberellin Localization and Transport in Plants. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 23:410-421. [PMID: 29530380 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2018.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2017] [Revised: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 02/02/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Distribution patterns and finely-tuned concentration gradients of plant hormones govern plant growth and development. Gibberellin (GA) is a plant hormone regulating key processes in plants; many of them are of significant agricultural importance, such as seed germination, root and shoot elongation, flowering, and fruit patterning. Although studies have demonstrated that GA movement is essential for multiple developmental aspects, how GAs are transported throughout the plant and where exactly they accumulate remain largely unknown. Here, we summarize recent findings from studies of GA movement and localization, and discuss the importance of GA intermediates in long- and short-distance movement. We further review recently identified Arabidopsis GA transporters and highlight their complex specialization and robust functional redundancy in GA transport activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenia Binenbaum
- School of Plant Sciences and Food Security, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Roy Weinstain
- School of Plant Sciences and Food Security, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Eilon Shani
- School of Plant Sciences and Food Security, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.
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Hepworth J, Antoniou-Kourounioti RL, Bloomer RH, Selga C, Berggren K, Cox D, Collier Harris BR, Irwin JA, Holm S, Säll T, Howard M, Dean C. Absence of warmth permits epigenetic memory of winter in Arabidopsis. Nat Commun 2018; 9:639. [PMID: 29434233 PMCID: PMC5809604 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-03065-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2017] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants integrate widely fluctuating temperatures to monitor seasonal progression. Here, we investigate the temperature signals in field conditions that result in vernalisation, the mechanism by which flowering is aligned with spring. We find that multiple, distinct aspects of the temperature profile contribute to vernalisation. In autumn, transient cold temperatures promote transcriptional shutdown of Arabidopsis FLOWERING LOCUS C (FLC), independently of factors conferring epigenetic memory. As winter continues, expression of VERNALIZATION INSENSITIVE3 (VIN3), a factor needed for epigenetic silencing, is upregulated by at least two independent thermosensory processes. One integrates long-term cold temperatures, while the other requires the absence of daily temperatures above 15 °C. The lack of spikes of high temperature, not just prolonged cold, is thus the major driver for vernalisation. Monitoring of peak daily temperature is an effective mechanism to judge seasonal progression, but is likely to have deleterious consequences for vernalisation as the climate becomes more variable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jo Hepworth
- John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
| | | | | | - Catja Selga
- Department of Biology, Lund University, Sölvegatan 35, Lund, 223 62, Sweden
| | - Kristina Berggren
- Faculty of Science, Technology and Media, Department of Natural Sciences, Mid Sweden University, Sundsvall, SE-851 70, Sweden
| | - Deborah Cox
- John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
| | | | - Judith A Irwin
- John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Svante Holm
- Faculty of Science, Technology and Media, Department of Natural Sciences, Mid Sweden University, Sundsvall, SE-851 70, Sweden
| | - Torbjörn Säll
- Department of Biology, Lund University, Sölvegatan 35, Lund, 223 62, Sweden
| | - Martin Howard
- John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK.
| | - Caroline Dean
- John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK.
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Seoane LF, Solé RV. Information theory, predictability and the emergence of complex life. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2018; 5:172221. [PMID: 29515907 PMCID: PMC5830796 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.172221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 01/24/2018] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Despite the obvious advantage of simple life forms capable of fast replication, different levels of cognitive complexity have been achieved by living systems in terms of their potential to cope with environmental uncertainty. Against the inevitable cost associated with detecting environmental cues and responding to them in adaptive ways, we conjecture that the potential for predicting the environment can overcome the expenses associated with maintaining costly, complex structures. We present a minimal formal model grounded in information theory and selection, in which successive generations of agents are mapped into transmitters and receivers of a coded message. Our agents are guessing machines and their capacity to deal with environments of different complexity defines the conditions to sustain more complex agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luís F. Seoane
- Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- ICREA-Complex Systems Lab, Universitat Pompeu Fabra (GRIB), Dr Aiguader 80, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
- Institut de Biologia Evolutiva, CSIC-UPF, Pg Maritim de la Barceloneta 37, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ricard V. Solé
- ICREA-Complex Systems Lab, Universitat Pompeu Fabra (GRIB), Dr Aiguader 80, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
- Institut de Biologia Evolutiva, CSIC-UPF, Pg Maritim de la Barceloneta 37, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
- Santa Fe Institute, 1399 Hyde Park Road, Santa Fe, NM 87501, USA
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Roeder AH. Use it or average it: stochasticity in plant development. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2018; 41:8-15. [PMID: 28837855 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2017.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2017] [Revised: 07/27/2017] [Accepted: 07/27/2017] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
A process that is stochastic has a probabilistic or randomly determined outcome. At the molecular level, all processes are stochastic; but development is highly reproducible, suggesting that plants and other multicellular organisms have evolved mechanisms to ensure robustness (achieving correct development despite stochastic and environmental perturbations). Mechanisms of robustness can be discovered through isolating mutants with increased variability in phenotype; such mutations do not necessarily change the average phenotype. Surprisingly, some developmental robustness mechanisms actually exploit stochasticity as a useful source of variation. For example, gene expression is stochastic and can be utilized to create subtle differences between identical cells that can initiate the patterning of specialized cell types. Stochasticity can also be used to promote robustness through spatiotemporal averaging-stochasticity can be averaged out across space and over time. Thus, organisms often harness stochasticity to ensure robust development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrienne Hk Roeder
- Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology and School of Integrative Plant Science, Section of Plant Biology, Cornell University, 239 Weill Hall, 526 Campus Road, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
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Slijepcevic P. Evolutionary epistemology: Reviewing and reviving with new data the research programme for distributed biological intelligence. Biosystems 2017; 163:23-35. [PMID: 29199093 DOI: 10.1016/j.biosystems.2017.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Revised: 11/27/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Numerous studies in microbiology, eukaryotic cell biology, plant biology, biomimetics, synthetic biology, and philosophy of science appear to support the principles of the epistemological theory inspired by evolution, also known as "Evolutionary Epistemology", or EE. However, that none of the studies acknowledged EE suggests that its principles have not been formulated with sufficient clarity and depth to resonate with the interests of the empirical research community. In this paper I review evidence in favor of EE, and also reformulate EE principles to better inform future research. The revamped programme may be tentatively called Research Programme for Distributed Biological Intelligence. Intelligence I define as the capacity of organisms to gain information about their environment, process that information internally, and translate it into phenotypic forms. This multistage progression may be expressed through the acronym IGPT (information-gain-process-translate). The key principles of the programme may be summarized as follows. (i) Intelligence, a universal biological phenomenon promoting individual fitness, is required for effective organism-environment interactions. Given that animals represent less than 0.01% of the planetary biomass, neural intelligence is not the evolutionary norm. (ii) The basic unit of intelligence is a single cell prokaryote. All other forms of intelligence are derived. (iii) Intelligence is hierarchical. It ranges from bacteria to the biosphere or Gaia. (iv) The concept of "information" acquires a new meaning because information processing is at the heart of biological intelligence. All biological systems, from bacteria to Gaia, are intelligent, open thermodynamic systems that exchange information, matter and energy with the environment. (v) The organism-environment interaction is cybernetic. As much as the organism changes due to the influence of the environment, the organism's responses to induced changes affect the environment and subsequent organism-environment interactions. Based on the above principles a new research agenda can be formulated to explore different forms of biological intelligence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Predrag Slijepcevic
- Department of Life Sciences, College of Health and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, Uxbridge, UB8 3PH, United Kingdom.
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Penfield S. Revealing the water uptake pathways of seeds with high resolution magnetic resonance imaging. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2017; 216:965-966. [PMID: 29110309 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Steven Penfield
- Department of Crop Genetics, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
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Arana MV, Tognacca RS, Estravis-Barcalá M, Sánchez RA, Botto JF. Physiological and molecular mechanisms underlying the integration of light and temperature cues in Arabidopsis thaliana seeds. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2017; 40:3113-3121. [PMID: 28941290 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Revised: 09/16/2017] [Accepted: 09/18/2017] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The relief of dormancy and the promotion of seed germination are of extreme importance for a successful seedling establishment. Although alternating temperatures and light are signals promoting the relief of seed dormancy, the underlying mechanisms of their interaction in seeds are scarcely known. By exposing imbibed Arabidopsis thaliana dormant seeds to two-day temperature cycles previous of a red light pulse, we demonstrate that the germination mediated by phytochrome B requires the presence of functional PSEUDO-RESPONSE REGULATOR 7 (PRR7) and TIMING OF CAB EXPRESSION 1 (TOC1) alleles. In addition, daily cycles of alternating temperatures in darkness reduce the protein levels of DELAY OF GERMINATION 1 (DOG1), allowing the expression of TOC1 to induce seed germination. Our results suggest a functional role for some components of the circadian clock related with the action of DOG1 for the integration of alternating temperatures and light signals in the relief of seed dormancy. The synchronization of germination by the synergic action of light and temperature through the activity of circadian clock might have ecological and adaptive consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Verónica Arana
- INTA, EEA Bariloche y Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Modesta Victoria 4450, Valle Verde, Bariloche, R8403DVZ, Rio Negro, Argentina
| | - Rocío Soledad Tognacca
- IFEVA, Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de Buenos Aires y Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Av. San Martín 4453, Ciudad de Buenos Aires, C1417DSE, Argentina
| | - Maximiliano Estravis-Barcalá
- INTA, EEA Bariloche y Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Modesta Victoria 4450, Valle Verde, Bariloche, R8403DVZ, Rio Negro, Argentina
| | - Rodolfo Augusto Sánchez
- IFEVA, Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de Buenos Aires y Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Av. San Martín 4453, Ciudad de Buenos Aires, C1417DSE, Argentina
| | - Javier Francisco Botto
- IFEVA, Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de Buenos Aires y Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Av. San Martín 4453, Ciudad de Buenos Aires, C1417DSE, Argentina
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