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Fiala M, Restrepo L, Pellegrini M. Immunotherapy of Mild Cognitive Impairment by ω-3 Supplementation: Why Are Amyloid-β Antibodies and ω-3 Not Working in Clinical Trials? J Alzheimers Dis 2019; 62:1013-1022. [PMID: 29103035 PMCID: PMC5870008 DOI: 10.3233/jad-170579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
This article reviews the basic tenets of a clinical approach to effective immunotherapy of Alzheimer's disease (AD) in patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI). Although one randomized controlled study in early MCI patients by fish-derived omega-3 fatty acids (ω-3) showed slowing of disease progression, large clinical trials with different products have failed to show cognitive effects. Macrophages of healthy subjects phagocytize and degrade amyloid-β1 - 42 (Aβ) in the brain tissues, whereas macrophages of patients with AD and MCI are functionally defective. ω-3 and ω-3-derived specialized proresolving mediators (SPMs), such as resolvin D1, have powerful biochemical and immunological effects, which may repair the functions of MCI patients' macrophages in the brain's clearance of Aβ. Unfortunately, ω-3 products on the market have a variable quality. Nutritional supplementation with a combination drink called Smartfish with an emulsion of ω-3 and other fatty acids, antioxidants, 1,25-dihydroxy vitamin D3, and resveratrol improved the innate immune system of MCI patients by modulation of macrophage type to the pro-phagocytic M1-M2 type with an effective unfolded protein response against endoplasmic reticulum stress. Some MCI patients maintained their initial cognitive status for three years on Smartfish supplementation. Future randomized clinical trials should investigate the immune effects of ω-3, 1,25-dihydroxy vitamin D3, and SPMs on macrophage type, function, and biochemistry in parallel with cognitive effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milan Fiala
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology, UCLA Life Sciences, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Lucas Restrepo
- Department of Neurology, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Matteo Pellegrini
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology, UCLA Life Sciences, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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de Retana SF, Marazuela P, Solé M, Colell G, Bonaterra A, Sánchez-Quesada JL, Montaner J, Maspoch D, Cano-Sarabia M, Hernández-Guillamon M. Peripheral administration of human recombinant ApoJ/clusterin modulates brain beta-amyloid levels in APP23 mice. ALZHEIMERS RESEARCH & THERAPY 2019; 11:42. [PMID: 31077261 PMCID: PMC6511153 DOI: 10.1186/s13195-019-0498-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Background ApoJ/clusterin is a multifunctional protein highly expressed in the brain. The implication of ApoJ in β-amyloid (Aβ) fibrillization and clearance in the context of Alzheimer’s disease has been widely studied, although the source and concentration of ApoJ that promotes or inhibits Aβ cerebral accumulation is not clear yet. ApoJ is abundant in plasma and approximately 20% can appear bound to HDL-particles. In this regard, the impact of plasmatic ApoJ and its lipidation status on cerebral β-amyloidosis is still not known. Hence, our main objective was to study the effect of a peripheral increase of free ApoJ or reconstituted HDL particles containing ApoJ in an experimental model of cerebral β-amyloidosis. Methods Fourteen-month-old APP23 transgenic mice were subjected to subchronic intravenous treatment with rHDL-rApoJ nanodiscs or free rApoJ for 1 month. Aβ concentration and distribution in the brain, as well as Aβ levels in plasma and CSF, were determined after treatments. Other features associated to AD pathology, such as neuronal loss and neuroinflammation, were also evaluated. Results Both ApoJ-based treatments prevented the Aβ accumulation in cerebral arteries and induced a decrease in total brain insoluble Aβ42 levels. The peripheral treatment with rApoJ also induced an increase in the Aβ40 levels in CSF, whereas the concentration remained unaltered in plasma. At all the endpoints studied, the lipidation of rApoJ did not enhance the protective properties of free rApoJ. The effects obtained after subchronic treatment with free rApoJ were accompanied by a reduction in hippocampal neuronal loss and an enhancement of the expression of a phagocytic marker in microglial cells surrounding Aβ deposits. Finally, despite the activation of this phagocytic phenotype, treatments did not induce a global neuroinflammatory status. In fact, free rApoJ treatment was able to reduce the levels of interleukin-17 (IL17) and keratinocyte chemoattractant (KC) chemokine in the brain. Conclusions Our results demonstrate that an increase in circulating human rApoJ induces a reduction of insoluble Aβ and CAA load in the brain of APP23 mice. Thus, our study suggests that peripheral interventions, based on treatments with multifunctional physiological chaperones, offer therapeutic opportunities to regulate the cerebral Aβ load. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13195-019-0498-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofía Fernández de Retana
- Neurovascular Research Laboratory, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08035, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Paula Marazuela
- Neurovascular Research Laboratory, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08035, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Montse Solé
- Neurovascular Research Laboratory, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08035, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Guillem Colell
- Neurovascular Research Laboratory, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08035, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Anna Bonaterra
- Neurovascular Research Laboratory, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08035, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jose Luis Sánchez-Quesada
- Cardiovascular Biochemistry Group, Research Institute of the Hospital de Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau), Barcelona, Spain.,CIBER of Diabetes and Metabolism (CIBERDEM), ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
| | - Joan Montaner
- Neurovascular Research Laboratory, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08035, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Daniel Maspoch
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), CSIC and the Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, , Campus UAB, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain.,Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), 08100, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mary Cano-Sarabia
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), CSIC and the Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, , Campus UAB, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain.,Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), 08100, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mar Hernández-Guillamon
- Neurovascular Research Laboratory, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08035, Barcelona, Spain.
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Saito S, Yamamoto Y, Ihara M. Development of a Multicomponent Intervention to Prevent Alzheimer's Disease. Front Neurol 2019; 10:490. [PMID: 31139139 PMCID: PMC6518668 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2019.00490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent advances in vascular risk management have successfully reduced the prevalence of Alzheimer's Disease (AD) in several epidemiologic investigations. It is now widely accepted that cerebrovascular disease is both directly and indirectly involved in AD pathogenesis. Herein, we review the non-pharmacological and pharmacological therapeutic approaches for AD treatment. MIND [Mediterranean and DASH (Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension) Intervention for Neurodegenerative Delay] diet is an important dietary treatment for prevention of AD. Multi domain intervention including diet, exercise, cognitive training, and intensive risk managements also prevented cognitive decline in the Finnish Geriatric Intervention Study to Prevent Cognitive Impairment and Disability (FINGER) study. To confirm these favorable effects of life-style intervention, replica studies are being planned worldwide. Promotion of β-amyloid (Aβ) clearance has emerged as a promising pharmacological approach because insufficient removal of Aβ is more important than excessive Aβ production in the pathogenesis of the majority of AD patients. Most AD brains exhibit accompanying cerebral amyloid angiopathy, and Aβ distribution in cerebral amyloid angiopathy closely corresponds with the intramural periarterial drainage (IPAD) route, emphasizing the importance of Aβ clearance. In view of these facts, promotion of the major vascular-mediated Aβ elimination systems, including capillary transcytosis, the glymphatic system, and IPAD, have emerged as new treatment strategies in AD. In particular, the beneficial effects of cilostazol were shown in several clinical observation studies, and cilostazol facilitated IPAD in a rodent AD model. The COMCID (Cilostazol for prevention of Conversion from MCI to Dementia) trial, evaluating the efficacy of cilostazol for patients with mild cognitive impairment is currently ongoing in Japan. Such therapeutic approaches involving maintenance of cerebrovascular integrity and promotion of vascular-mediated Aβ clearance have the potential to be mainstream treatments for sporadic AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Saito
- Department of Neurology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Japan.,Research Fellow of Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita, Japan
| | - Yumi Yamamoto
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Engineering, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Japan
| | - Masafumi Ihara
- Department of Neurology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Japan
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Clusterin silencing restores myoblasts viability and down modulates the inflammatory process in osteoporotic disease. J Transl Med 2019; 17:118. [PMID: 30967152 PMCID: PMC6457035 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-019-1868-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 03/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Targeting new molecular pathways leading to Osteoporosis (OP) and Osteoarthritis (OA) is a hot topic for drug discovery. Clusterin (CLU) is a glycoprotein involved in inflammation, proliferation, cell death, neoplastic disease, Alzheimer disease and aging. The present study focuses on the expression and the role of CLU in influencing the decrease of muscle mass and fiber senescence in OP-OA condition. Methods Vastus lateralis muscle biopsies were collected from 20 women with OP undergoing surgery for fragility hip fracture and 20 women undergoing arthroplasty for hip osteoarthritis. Results We found an overexpression of CLU in degenerated fibers in OP closely correlated with interleukin 6 (IL6) and histone H4 acetylation level. Conversely, in OA muscle tissues we observed a weak expression of CLU but no nuclear histone H4 acetylation. Ex vivo studies on isolated human myoblasts confirmed CLU overexpression in OP as compared to OA (p < 0.001). CLU treatment of isolated OP and OA myoblasts showed: modulation of proliferation, morphological changes, increase of histone H4 acetylation and induction of myogenin (MYOG) activation in OP myoblast only. In OP condition, functional knockdown of CLU by siRNA restores proliferative myoblasts capability and tissue damage repair, carried out by an evident upregulation of Transglutaminase 2 (TGM2). We also observed downmodulation of CX3CR1 expression with consequent impairing of the inflammatory infiltrate recruitment. Conclusions Results obtained suggest a potential role of CLU in OP by influencing myoblasts terminal differentiation, epigenetic regulation of muscle cell differentiation and senescence. Moreover, CLU silencing points out its role in the modulation of tissue damage repair and inflammation, proposing it as a new diagnostic marker for muscle degeneration and a potential target for specific therapeutic intervention in OP related sarcopenia.
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Peng M, Deng J, Zhou S, Tao T, Su Q, Yang X, Yang X. The role of Clusterin in cancer metastasis. Cancer Manag Res 2019; 11:2405-2414. [PMID: 31114318 PMCID: PMC6497892 DOI: 10.2147/cmar.s196273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Accepted: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Clusterin is a conserved glycoprotein that has been characterized from almost all human tissues and fluids and plays a key role in cellular stress response and survival. Recently, research efforts have been contributed to explore the function of Clusterin in cancer metastasis, which is particularly important to design the strategies for treating metastatic patients. Evidence collected has demonstrated that Clusterin is overexpressed in tumor metastatic patients and experimental metastasis models. Specifically, Clusterin has been shown to have the role in anti-apoptotic capacities, development of therapy resistance and induction of epithelial–mesenchymal transition, all associated with cancer metastasis. Inhibition of Clusterin is known to increase the cytotoxic effects of chemotherapeutic agents and improves advanced cancer patients survival in clinical trials. Our unpublished data have demonstrated that Clusterin is overexpressed in bladder cancer and metformin, a well-known metabolism modulator specifically targets Clusterin by inhibiting migration of bladder cancer cells. In this review, we provide a general view of how Clusterin modulates cancer metastasis and update current understanding of detailed molecular mechanisms underlying of Clusterin for developing cancer management in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Peng
- Department of Pharmacy, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Study and Discovery of Small Targeted Molecules of Hunan Province, Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Deng
- Key Laboratory of Study and Discovery of Small Targeted Molecules of Hunan Province, Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, People's Republic of China
| | - Sichun Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Study and Discovery of Small Targeted Molecules of Hunan Province, Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, People's Republic of China
| | - Ting Tao
- Key Laboratory of Study and Discovery of Small Targeted Molecules of Hunan Province, Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiongli Su
- Key Laboratory of Study and Discovery of Small Targeted Molecules of Hunan Province, Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, People's Republic of China
| | - Xue Yang
- Department of Pharmacy, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoping Yang
- Key Laboratory of Study and Discovery of Small Targeted Molecules of Hunan Province, Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, People's Republic of China
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Bradley D, Blaszczak A, Yin Z, Liu J, Joseph JJ, Wright V, Anandani K, Needleman B, Noria S, Renton D, Yearsley M, Wong STC, Hsueh WA. Clusterin Impairs Hepatic Insulin Sensitivity and Adipocyte Clusterin Associates With Cardiometabolic Risk. Diabetes Care 2019; 42:466-475. [PMID: 30659075 PMCID: PMC6385696 DOI: 10.2337/dc18-0870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Components of the adipose tissue (AT) extracellular matrix (ECM) are recently discovered contributors to obesity-related cardiometabolic disease. We identified increased adipocyte expression of ECM-related clusterin (apolipoprotein J) in obese versus lean women by microarray. Our objective was to determine 1) whether subcutaneous AT adipocyte (SAd) clusterin and serum clusterin are associated with insulin resistance (IR) and known markers of cardiometabolic risk and 2) how clusterin may contribute to increased risk. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS We validated increased clusterin expression in adipocytes from a separate group of 18 lean and 54 obese individuals. The relationship of clusterin gene expression and plasma clusterin with IR, cardiovascular biomarkers, and risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) was then determined. Further investigations in human cultured cells and in aged LDLR-/- mice prone to development of obesity-associated complications were performed. RESULTS SAd clusterin correlated with IR, multiple CVD biomarkers, and CVD risk, independent of traditional risk factors. Circulating human clusterin exhibited similar associations. In human adipocytes, palmitate enhanced clusterin secretion, and in human hepatocytes, clusterin attenuated insulin signaling and APOA1 expression and stimulated hepatic gluconeogenesis. LRP2 (megalin), a clusterin receptor, highly expressed in liver, mediated these effects, which were inhibited by LRP2 siRNA. In response to Western diet feeding, an increase in adipocyte clusterin expression was associated with a progressive increase in liver fat, steatohepatitis, and fibrosis in aged LDLR-/- mice. CONCLUSIONS Adipocyte-derived clusterin is a novel ECM-related protein linking cardiometabolic disease and obesity through its actions in the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Bradley
- Diabetes and Metabolism Research Center, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | - Alecia Blaszczak
- Diabetes and Metabolism Research Center, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | - Zheng Yin
- Department of Systems Medicine and Bioengineering, Institute for Academic Medicine, Houston Methodist Hospital, Weill Cornell Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - Joey Liu
- Diabetes and Metabolism Research Center, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | - Joshua J Joseph
- Diabetes and Metabolism Research Center, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | - Valerie Wright
- Diabetes and Metabolism Research Center, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | - Kajol Anandani
- Diabetes and Metabolism Research Center, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | - Bradley Needleman
- Center for Minimally Invasive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | - Sabrena Noria
- Center for Minimally Invasive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | - David Renton
- Center for Minimally Invasive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | - Martha Yearsley
- Department of Pathology, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | - Stephen T C Wong
- Department of Systems Medicine and Bioengineering, Institute for Academic Medicine, Houston Methodist Hospital, Weill Cornell Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - Willa A Hsueh
- Diabetes and Metabolism Research Center, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
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Thygesen C, Ilkjær L, Kempf SJ, Hemdrup AL, von Linstow CU, Babcock AA, Darvesh S, Larsen MR, Finsen B. Diverse Protein Profiles in CNS Myeloid Cells and CNS Tissue From Lipopolysaccharide- and Vehicle-Injected APP SWE/PS1 ΔE9 Transgenic Mice Implicate Cathepsin Z in Alzheimer's Disease. Front Cell Neurosci 2018; 12:397. [PMID: 30459560 PMCID: PMC6232379 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2018.00397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation, characterized by chronic activation of the myeloid-derived microglia, is a hallmark of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Systemic inflammation, typically resulting from infection, has been linked to the progression of AD due to exacerbation of the chronic microglial reaction. However, the mechanism and the consequences of this exacerbation are largely unknown. Here, we mimicked systemic inflammation in AD with weekly intraperitoneal (i.p.) injections of APPSWE/PS1ΔE9 transgenic mice with E. coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from 9 to 12 months of age, corresponding to the period with the steepest increase in amyloid pathology. We found that the repeated LPS injections ameliorated amyloid pathology in the neocortex while increasing the neuroinflammatory reaction. To elucidate mechanisms, we analyzed the proteome of the hippocampus from the same mice as well as in unique samples of CNS myeloid cells. The repeated LPS injections stimulated protein pathways of the complement system, retinoid receptor activation and oxidative stress. CNS myeloid cells from transgenic mice showed enrichment in pathways of amyloid-beta clearance and elevated levels of the lysosomal protease cathepsin Z, as well as amyloid precursor protein, apolipoprotein E and clusterin. These proteins were found elevated in the proteome of both LPS and vehicle injected transgenics, and co-localized to CD11b+ microglia in transgenic mice and in primary murine microglia. Additionally, cathepsin Z, amyloid precursor protein, and apolipoprotein E appeared associated with amyloid plaques in neocortex of AD cases. Interestingly, cathepsin Z was expressed in microglial-like cells and co-localized to CD68+ microglial lysosomes in AD cases, and it was expressed in perivascular cells in AD and control cases. Taken together, our results implicate systemic LPS administration in ameliorating amyloid pathology in early-to-mid stage disease in the APPSWE/PS1ΔE9 mouse and attract attention to the potential disease involvement of cathepsin Z expressed in CNS myeloid cells in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilla Thygesen
- Department of Neurobiology, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.,Brain Research - Inter-Disciplinary Guided Excellence, Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Laura Ilkjær
- Department of Neurobiology, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Stefan J Kempf
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Anne Louise Hemdrup
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | | | - Alicia A Babcock
- Department of Neurobiology, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Sultan Darvesh
- Department of Medicine (Neurology and Geriatric Medicine) - Department of Medical Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada.,Department of Chemistry and Physics, Mount Saint Vincent University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Martin R Larsen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Bente Finsen
- Department of Neurobiology, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.,Brain Research - Inter-Disciplinary Guided Excellence, Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
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The Reelin Receptors Apolipoprotein E receptor 2 (ApoER2) and VLDL Receptor. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19103090. [PMID: 30304853 PMCID: PMC6213145 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19103090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Revised: 10/03/2018] [Accepted: 10/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Apolipoprotein E receptor 2 (ApoER2) and VLDL receptor belong to the low density lipoprotein receptor family and bind apolipoprotein E. These receptors interact with the clathrin machinery to mediate endocytosis of macromolecules but also interact with other adapter proteins to perform as signal transduction receptors. The best characterized signaling pathway in which ApoER2 and VLDL receptor (VLDLR) are involved is the Reelin pathway. This pathway plays a pivotal role in the development of laminated structures of the brain and in synaptic plasticity of the adult brain. Since Reelin and apolipoprotein E, are ligands of ApoER2 and VLDLR, these receptors are of interest with respect to Alzheimer’s disease. We will focus this review on the complex structure of ApoER2 and VLDLR and a recently characterized ligand, namely clusterin.
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Fernández-de-Retana S, Cano-Sarabia M, Marazuela P, Sánchez-Quesada JL, Garcia-Leon A, Montañola A, Montaner J, Maspoch D, Hernández-Guillamon M. Characterization of ApoJ-reconstituted high-density lipoprotein (rHDL) nanodisc for the potential treatment of cerebral β-amyloidosis. Sci Rep 2017; 7:14637. [PMID: 29116115 PMCID: PMC5677083 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-15215-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Accepted: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Cerebral β-amyloidosis is a major feature of Alzheimer’s disease (AD), characterized by the accumulation of β-amyloid protein (Aβ) in the brain. Several studies have implicated lipid/lipoprotein metabolism in the regulation of β-amyloidosis. In this regard, HDL (High Density Lipoprotein)-based therapies could ameliorate pathological features associated with AD. As apolipoprotein J (ApoJ) is a natural chaperone that interacts with Aβ, avoiding its aggregation and toxicity, in this study we propose to prepare reconstituted rHDL-rApoJ nanoparticles by assembling phospholipids with recombinant human ApoJ (rApoJ). Hence, rHDL particles were prepared using the cholate dialysis method and characterized by N-PAGE, dynamic light scattering, circular dichroism and electron transmission microscopy. The preparation of rHDL particles showed two-sized populations with discoidal shape. Functionally, rHDL-rApoJ maintained the ability to prevent the Aβ fibrillization and mediated a higher cholesterol efflux from cultured macrophages. Fluorescently-labelled rHDL-rApoJ nanoparticles were intravenously administrated in mice and their distribution over time was determined using an IVIS Xenogen® imager. It was confirmed that rHDL-rApoJ accumulated in the cranial region, especially in old transgenic mice presenting a high cerebral Aβ load. In conclusion, we have standardized a reproducible protocol to produce rHDL-rApoJ nanoparticles, which may be potentially considered as a therapeutic option for β-amyloid-related pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofía Fernández-de-Retana
- Neurovascular Research Laboratory, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mary Cano-Sarabia
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), CSIC and the Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Paula Marazuela
- Neurovascular Research Laboratory, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jose Luis Sánchez-Quesada
- Cardiovascular Biochemistry Group, Research Institute of the Hospital de Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Annabel Garcia-Leon
- Cardiovascular Biochemistry Group, Research Institute of the Hospital de Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alex Montañola
- Neurovascular Research Laboratory, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joan Montaner
- Neurovascular Research Laboratory, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Daniel Maspoch
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), CSIC and the Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain.,Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), 08100, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mar Hernández-Guillamon
- Neurovascular Research Laboratory, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
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