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Padmanabhan S, Fiske BK, Baptista MA. The Michael J. Fox Foundation's Strategies for Accelerating Translation of LRRK2 into Therapies for Parkinson Disease. Cells 2020; 9:E1878. [PMID: 32796584 PMCID: PMC7466022 DOI: 10.3390/cells9081878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2020] [Revised: 08/01/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Since 2005, The Michael J. Fox Foundation for Parkinson's Research (MJFF) has invested significant funding and non-funding effort to accelerate research and drug development activity around the Parkinson disease (PD)-associated protein LRRK2. MJFF has spearheaded multiple public/private pre-competitive collaborations that have contributed to our understanding of LRRK2 function; de-risked potential safety questions around the therapeutic use of LRRK2 kinase inhibitors; and generated critical research tools, biosamples, and data for the field. Several LRRK2-targeted therapies are now in human testing due to the hard work of so many in the PD community. In this perspective, we present a holistic description and model of how our Foundation's support targeted important barriers to LRRK2 research and helped move the field into clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shalini Padmanabhan
- The Michael J. Fox Foundation for Parkinson’s Research, Grand Central Station, P.O. Box 4777, New York, NY 10120, USA
| | | | - Marco A.S. Baptista
- The Michael J. Fox Foundation for Parkinson’s Research, Grand Central Station, P.O. Box 4777, New York, NY 10120, USA
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Melachroinou K, Kang MS, Liong C, Narayan S, Levers N, Joshi N, Kopil K, Hutten SJ, Baptista MAS, Padmanabhan S, Kang UJ, Stefanis L, Alcalay RN, Rideout HJ. Elevated In Vitro Kinase Activity in Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells of Leucine-Rich Repeat Kinase 2 G2019S Carriers: A Novel Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay-Based Method. Mov Disord 2020; 35:2095-2100. [PMID: 32652692 PMCID: PMC7754308 DOI: 10.1002/mds.28175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2019] [Revised: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Leucine‐rich repeat kinase 2 kinase inhibitors are being vigorously pursued as potential therapeutic options; however, there is a critical need for sensitive and quantitative assays of leucine‐rich repeat kinase 2 function and target engagement. Objectives Our objective was to compare collection and storage protocols for peripheral blood mononuclear cells, and to determine the optimal conditions for downstream analyses of leucine‐rich repeat kinase 2 in PD cohorts. Methods Here, we describe enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay–based assays capable of detecting multiple aspects of leucine‐rich repeat kinase 2 function at endogenous levels in human tissues. Results In peripheral blood mononuclear cells from both healthy and affected carriers of the G2019S mutation in leucine‐rich repeat kinase 2, we report, for the first time, significantly elevated in vitro kinase activity, while detecting a significant increase in pS935/leucine‐rich repeat kinase 2 in idiopathic PD patients. Conclusions Quantitative assays such as these described here could potentially uncover specific markers of leucine‐rich repeat kinase 2 function that are predictive of disease progression, aid in patient stratification, and be a critical component of upcoming clinical trials. © 2020 The Authors. Movement Disorders published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katerina Melachroinou
- Division of Basic Neurosciences, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Min Suk Kang
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Christopher Liong
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Sushma Narayan
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Najah Levers
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Neal Joshi
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Katie Kopil
- The Michael J. Fox Foundation for Parkinson's Research, New York, New York, USA
| | - Samantha J Hutten
- The Michael J. Fox Foundation for Parkinson's Research, New York, New York, USA
| | - Marco A S Baptista
- The Michael J. Fox Foundation for Parkinson's Research, New York, New York, USA
| | - Shalini Padmanabhan
- The Michael J. Fox Foundation for Parkinson's Research, New York, New York, USA
| | - Un Jung Kang
- Department of Neurology, NYU Langone Health, New York, New York, USA
| | - Leonidas Stefanis
- Division of Basic Neurosciences, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece.,Department of Neurology, University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece
| | - Roy N Alcalay
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Hardy J Rideout
- Division of Basic Neurosciences, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
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Marchand A, Drouyer M, Sarchione A, Chartier-Harlin MC, Taymans JM. LRRK2 Phosphorylation, More Than an Epiphenomenon. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:527. [PMID: 32612495 PMCID: PMC7308437 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.00527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the Leucine Rich Repeat Kinase 2 (LRRK2) gene are linked to autosomal dominant Parkinson's disease (PD), and genetic variations at the LRRK2 locus are associated with an increased risk for sporadic PD. This gene encodes a kinase that is physiologically multiphosphorylated, including clusters of both heterologous phosphorylation and autophosphorylation sites. Several pieces of evidence indicate that LRRK2's phosphorylation is important for its pathological and physiological functioning. These include a reduced LRRK2 heterologous phosphorylation in PD brains or after pharmacological inhibition of LRRK2 kinase activity as well as the appearance of subcellular LRRK2 accumulations when this protein is dephosphorylated at heterologous phosphosites. Nevertheless, the regulatory mechanisms governing LRRK2 phosphorylation levels and the cellular consequences of changes in LRRK2 phosphorylation remain incompletely understood. In this review, we present current knowledge on LRRK2 phosphorylation, LRRK2 phosphoregulation, and how LRRK2 phosphorylation changes affect cellular processes that may ultimately be linked to PD mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoine Marchand
- University of Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U1172 - LilNCog - Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Lille, France
- Inserm, UMR-S 1172, Team “Brain Biology and Chemistry”, Lille, France
| | - Matthieu Drouyer
- University of Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U1172 - LilNCog - Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Lille, France
- Inserm, UMR-S 1172, Team “Brain Biology and Chemistry”, Lille, France
| | - Alessia Sarchione
- University of Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U1172 - LilNCog - Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Lille, France
- Inserm, UMR-S 1172, Team “Brain Biology and Chemistry”, Lille, France
| | - Marie-Christine Chartier-Harlin
- University of Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U1172 - LilNCog - Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Lille, France
- Inserm, UMR-S 1172, Team “Brain Biology and Chemistry”, Lille, France
| | - Jean-Marc Taymans
- University of Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U1172 - LilNCog - Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Lille, France
- Inserm, UMR-S 1172, Team “Brain Biology and Chemistry”, Lille, France
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Manschwetus JT, Wallbott M, Fachinger A, Obergruber C, Pautz S, Bertinetti D, Schmidt SH, Herberg FW. Binding of the Human 14-3-3 Isoforms to Distinct Sites in the Leucine-Rich Repeat Kinase 2. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:302. [PMID: 32317922 PMCID: PMC7155755 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.00302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteins of the 14-3-3 family are well known modulators of the leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) regulating kinase activity, cellular localization, and ubiquitylation. Although binding between those proteins has been investigated, a comparative study of all human 14-3-3 isoforms interacting with LRRK2 is lacking so far. In a comprehensive approach, we quantitatively analyzed the interaction between the seven human 14-3-3 isoforms and LRRK2-derived peptides covering both, reported and putative 14-3-3 binding sites. We observed that phosphorylation is an absolute prerequisite for 14-3-3 binding and generated binding patterns of 14-3-3 isoforms to interact with peptides derived from the N-terminal phosphorylation cluster (S910 and S935), the Roc domain (S1444) and the C-terminus. The tested 14-3-3 binding sites in LRRK2 preferentially were recognized by the isoforms γ and η, whereas the isoforms ϵ and especially σ showed the weakest or no binding. Interestingly, the possible pathogenic mutation Q930R in LRRK2 drastically increases binding affinity to a peptide encompassing pS935. We then identified the autophosphorylation site T2524 as a so far not described 14-3-3 binding site at the very C-terminus of LRRK2. Binding affinities of all seven 14-3-3 isoforms were quantified for all three binding regions with pS1444 displaying the highest affinity of all measured singly phosphorylated peptides. The strongest binding was detected for the combined phosphosites S910 and S935, suggesting that avidity effects are important for high affinity interaction between 14-3-3 proteins and LRRK2.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Friedrich W. Herberg
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute for Biology, University of Kassel, Kassel, Germany
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Taylor M, Alessi DR. Advances in elucidating the function of leucine-rich repeat protein kinase-2 in normal cells and Parkinson's disease. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2020; 63:102-113. [PMID: 32036294 PMCID: PMC7262585 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2020.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Revised: 12/31/2019] [Accepted: 01/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Autosomal dominant missense mutations that hyperactivate the leucine-rich repeat protein kinase-2 (LRRK2) are a common cause of inherited Parkinson's disease and therapeutic efficacy of LRRK2 inhibitors is being tested in clinical trials. In this review, we discuss the nuts and bolts of our current understanding of how the LRRK2 is misregulated by mutations and how pathway activity is affected by LRRK2 binding to membrane, microtubule filaments, and 14-3-3, as well as by upstream components such as Rab29 and VPS35. We discuss recent work that points toward a subset of Rab proteins comprising key physiological substrates that bind new sets of effectors, such as RILPL1/2, JIP3 and JIP4 after phosphorylation by LRRK2. We explore what is known about how LRRK2 regulates ciliogenesis, the endosomal-lysosomal system, immune responses and interplay with alpha-synuclein and tau and how this might be linked to Parkinson's' disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Taylor
- Medical Research Council Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee, DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Dario R Alessi
- Medical Research Council Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee, DD1 5EH, UK.
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