51
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Chen PJ, Hussmann JA, Yan J, Knipping F, Ravisankar P, Chen PF, Chen C, Nelson JW, Newby GA, Sahin M, Osborn MJ, Weissman JS, Adamson B, Liu DR. Enhanced prime editing systems by manipulating cellular determinants of editing outcomes. Cell 2021; 184:5635-5652.e29. [PMID: 34653350 PMCID: PMC8584034 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2021.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 318] [Impact Index Per Article: 106.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2021] [Revised: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
While prime editing enables precise sequence changes in DNA, cellular determinants of prime editing remain poorly understood. Using pooled CRISPRi screens, we discovered that DNA mismatch repair (MMR) impedes prime editing and promotes undesired indel byproducts. We developed PE4 and PE5 prime editing systems in which transient expression of an engineered MMR-inhibiting protein enhances the efficiency of substitution, small insertion, and small deletion prime edits by an average 7.7-fold and 2.0-fold compared to PE2 and PE3 systems, respectively, while improving edit/indel ratios by 3.4-fold in MMR-proficient cell types. Strategic installation of silent mutations near the intended edit can enhance prime editing outcomes by evading MMR. Prime editor protein optimization resulted in a PEmax architecture that enhances editing efficacy by 2.8-fold on average in HeLa cells. These findings enrich our understanding of prime editing and establish prime editing systems that show substantial improvement across 191 edits in seven mammalian cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J Chen
- Merkin Institute of Transformative Technologies in Healthcare, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02141, USA; Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Jeffrey A Hussmann
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Jun Yan
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Friederike Knipping
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55454, USA; Center for Genome Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55108, USA; Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Purnima Ravisankar
- Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Pin-Fang Chen
- Human Neuron Core, Rosamund Stone Zander Translational Neuroscience Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Cidi Chen
- Human Neuron Core, Rosamund Stone Zander Translational Neuroscience Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - James W Nelson
- Merkin Institute of Transformative Technologies in Healthcare, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02141, USA; Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Gregory A Newby
- Merkin Institute of Transformative Technologies in Healthcare, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02141, USA; Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Mustafa Sahin
- Human Neuron Core, Rosamund Stone Zander Translational Neuroscience Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Mark J Osborn
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55454, USA; Center for Genome Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55108, USA; Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Jonathan S Weissman
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Britt Adamson
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA; Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA.
| | - David R Liu
- Merkin Institute of Transformative Technologies in Healthcare, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02141, USA; Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.
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52
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Adikusuma F, Lushington C, Arudkumar J, Godahewa G, Chey YCJ, Gierus L, Piltz S, Geiger A, Jain Y, Reti D, Wilson LOW, Bauer D, Thomas P. Optimized nickase- and nuclease-based prime editing in human and mouse cells. Nucleic Acids Res 2021; 49:10785-10795. [PMID: 34534334 PMCID: PMC8501948 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkab792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Revised: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Precise genomic modification using prime editing (PE) holds enormous potential for research and clinical applications. In this study, we generated all-in-one prime editing (PEA1) constructs that carry all the components required for PE, along with a selection marker. We tested these constructs (with selection) in HEK293T, K562, HeLa and mouse embryonic stem (ES) cells. We discovered that PE efficiency in HEK293T cells was much higher than previously observed, reaching up to 95% (mean 67%). The efficiency in K562 and HeLa cells, however, remained low. To improve PE efficiency in K562 and HeLa, we generated a nuclease prime editor and tested this system in these cell lines as well as mouse ES cells. PE-nuclease greatly increased prime editing initiation, however, installation of the intended edits was often accompanied by extra insertions derived from the repair template. Finally, we show that zygotic injection of the nuclease prime editor can generate correct modifications in mouse fetuses with up to 100% efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatwa Adikusuma
- School of Biomedicine and Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
- Genome Editing Program, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), Adelaide, SA, Australia
- CSIRO Synthetic Biology Future Science Platform, Australia
| | - Caleb Lushington
- School of Biomedicine and Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
- Genome Editing Program, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Jayshen Arudkumar
- School of Biomedicine and Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
- Genome Editing Program, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Gelshan I Godahewa
- Genome Editing Program, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), Adelaide, SA, Australia
- Australian Centre for Disease Preparedness, CSIRO Health and Biosecurity, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Yu C J Chey
- School of Biomedicine and Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
- Genome Editing Program, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Luke Gierus
- School of Biomedicine and Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
- Genome Editing Program, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Sandra Piltz
- School of Biomedicine and Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
- Genome Editing Program, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), Adelaide, SA, Australia
- South Australian Genome Editing (SAGE), South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Ashleigh Geiger
- School of Biomedicine and Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
- Genome Editing Program, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), Adelaide, SA, Australia
- CSIRO Synthetic Biology Future Science Platform, Australia
| | - Yatish Jain
- Australian e-Health Research Centre, CSIRO, North Ryde, Australia
- Applied BioSciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Macquarie University, New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Daniel Reti
- Australian e-Health Research Centre, CSIRO, North Ryde, Australia
- Applied BioSciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Macquarie University, New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Laurence O W Wilson
- Australian e-Health Research Centre, CSIRO, North Ryde, Australia
- Applied BioSciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Macquarie University, New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Denis C Bauer
- Australian e-Health Research Centre, CSIRO, North Ryde, Australia
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Macquarie University, New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
- Applied BioSciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Macquarie University, New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Paul Q Thomas
- School of Biomedicine and Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
- Genome Editing Program, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), Adelaide, SA, Australia
- South Australian Genome Editing (SAGE), South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), Adelaide, SA, Australia
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53
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Jin S, Lin Q, Luo Y, Zhu Z, Liu G, Li Y, Chen K, Qiu JL, Gao C. Genome-wide specificity of prime editors in plants. Nat Biotechnol 2021; 39:1292-1299. [PMID: 33859403 DOI: 10.1038/s41587-021-00891-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Although prime editors (PEs) have the potential to facilitate precise genome editing in therapeutic, agricultural and research applications, their specificity has not been comprehensively evaluated. To provide a systematic assessment in plants, we first examined the mismatch tolerance of PEs in plant cells and found that the editing frequency was influenced by the number and location of mismatches in the primer binding site and spacer of the prime editing guide RNA (pegRNA). Assessing the activity of 12 pegRNAs at 179 predicted off-target sites, we detected only low frequencies of off-target edits (0.00~0.23%). Whole-genome sequencing of 29 PE-treated rice plants confirmed that PEs do not induce genome-wide pegRNA-independent off-target single-nucleotide variants or small insertions/deletions. We also show that ectopic expression of the Moloney murine leukemia virus reverse transcriptase as part of the PE does not change retrotransposon copy number or telomere structure or cause insertion of pegRNA or messenger RNA sequences into the genome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Center for Genome Editing, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qiupeng Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Center for Genome Editing, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yingfeng Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zixu Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Center for Genome Editing, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Guanwen Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yunjia Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Center for Genome Editing, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Kunling Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Center for Genome Editing, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jin-Long Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Caixia Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Center for Genome Editing, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
- College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
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54
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Song M, Lim JM, Min S, Oh JS, Kim DY, Woo JS, Nishimasu H, Cho SR, Yoon S, Kim HH. Generation of a more efficient prime editor 2 by addition of the Rad51 DNA-binding domain. Nat Commun 2021; 12:5617. [PMID: 34556671 PMCID: PMC8460726 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-25928-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Although prime editing is a promising genome editing method, the efficiency of prime editor 2 (PE2) is often insufficient. Here we generate a more efficient variant of PE2, named hyPE2, by adding the Rad51 DNA-binding domain. When tested at endogenous sites, hyPE2 shows a median of 1.5- or 1.4- fold (range, 0.99- to 2.6-fold) higher efficiencies than PE2; furthermore, at sites where PE2-induced prime editing is very inefficient (efficiency < 1%), hyPE2 enables prime editing with efficiencies ranging from 1.1% to 2.9% at up to 34% of target sequences, potentially facilitating prime editing applications. While prime editing is a promising technology, PE2 systems often have low efficiency. Here the authors fuse a Rad51 DNA-binding domain to create hyPE2 with improved editing efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myungjae Song
- Department of Pharmacology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Graduate School of Medical Science, Brain Korea 21 Plus Project for Medical Sciences, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Min Lim
- Department of Pharmacology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seonwoo Min
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Seok Oh
- Department of Life Sciences, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Young Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Graduate School of Medical Science, Brain Korea 21 Plus Project for Medical Sciences, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Sung Woo
- Department of Life Sciences, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hiroshi Nishimasu
- Structural Biology Division, Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Sung-Rae Cho
- Graduate School of Medical Science, Brain Korea 21 Plus Project for Medical Sciences, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Department and Research Institute of Rehabilitation Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Graduate Program of Nano Science and Technology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Rehabilitation Institute of Neuromuscular Disease, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungroh Yoon
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Interdisciplinary Program in Artificial Intelligence, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyongbum Henry Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea. .,Graduate School of Medical Science, Brain Korea 21 Plus Project for Medical Sciences, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea. .,Graduate Program of Nano Science and Technology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea. .,Center for Nanomedicine, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul, Republic of Korea. .,Graduate Program of Nano Biomedical Engineering (NanoBME), Advanced Science Institute, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea. .,Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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55
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Montanari MP, Tran NV, Shimmi O. Regulation of spatial distribution of BMP ligands for pattern formation. Dev Dyn 2021; 251:198-212. [PMID: 34241935 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs), members of the transforming growth factor-ß (TGF-ß) family, have been shown to contribute to embryogenesis and organogenesis during animal development. Relevant studies provide support for the following concepts: (a) BMP signals are evolutionarily highly conserved as a genetic toolkit; (b) spatiotemporal distributions of BMP signals are precisely controlled at the post-translational level; and (c) the BMP signaling network has been co-opted to adapt to diversified animal development. These concepts originated from the historical findings of the Spemann-Mangold organizer and the subsequent studies about how this organizer functions at the molecular level. In this Commentary, we focus on two topics. First, we review how the BMP morphogen gradient is formed to sustain larval wing imaginal disc and early embryo growth and patterning in Drosophila. Second, we discuss how BMP signal is tightly controlled in a context-dependent manner, and how the signal and tissue dynamics are coupled to facilitate complex tissue structure formation. Finally, we argue how these concepts might be developed in the future for further understanding the significance of BMP signaling in animal development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ngan Vi Tran
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Osamu Shimmi
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
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56
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Gao P, Lyu Q, Ghanam AR, Lazzarotto CR, Newby GA, Zhang W, Choi M, Slivano OJ, Holden K, Walker JA, Kadina AP, Munroe RJ, Abratte CM, Schimenti JC, Liu DR, Tsai SQ, Long X, Miano JM. Prime editing in mice reveals the essentiality of a single base in driving tissue-specific gene expression. Genome Biol 2021; 22:83. [PMID: 33722289 PMCID: PMC7962346 DOI: 10.1186/s13059-021-02304-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Most single nucleotide variants (SNVs) occur in noncoding sequence where millions of transcription factor binding sites (TFBS) reside. Here, a comparative analysis of CRISPR-mediated homology-directed repair (HDR) versus the recently reported prime editing 2 (PE2) system was carried out in mice over a TFBS called a CArG box in the Tspan2 promoter. RESULTS Quantitative RT-PCR showed loss of Tspan2 mRNA in aorta and bladder, but not heart or brain, of mice homozygous for an HDR-mediated three base pair substitution in the Tspan2 CArG box. Using the same protospacer, mice homozygous for a PE2-mediated single-base substitution in the Tspan2 CArG box displayed similar cell-specific loss of Tspan2 mRNA; expression of an overlapping long noncoding RNA was also nearly abolished in aorta and bladder. Immuno-RNA fluorescence in situ hybridization validated loss of Tspan2 in vascular smooth muscle cells of HDR and PE2 CArG box mutant mice. Targeted sequencing demonstrated variable frequencies of on-target editing in all PE2 and HDR founders. However, whereas no on-target indels were detected in any of the PE2 founders, all HDR founders showed varying levels of on-target indels. Off-target analysis by targeted sequencing revealed mutations in many HDR founders, but none in PE2 founders. CONCLUSIONS PE2 directs high-fidelity editing of a single base in a TFBS leading to cell-specific loss in expression of an mRNA/long noncoding RNA gene pair. The PE2 platform expands the genome editing toolbox for modeling and correcting relevant noncoding SNVs in the mouse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pan Gao
- Department of Medicine, Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912 USA
| | - Qing Lyu
- Department of Medicine, Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912 USA
| | - Amr R. Ghanam
- Department of Medicine, Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912 USA
| | - Cicera R. Lazzarotto
- Department of Hematology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38195 USA
| | - Gregory A. Newby
- Merkin Institute of Transformative Technologies in Healthcare, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142 USA
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Medicine, Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912 USA
| | - Mihyun Choi
- Department of Physiology, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY 12208 USA
| | - Orazio J. Slivano
- Department of Medicine, Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912 USA
| | - Kevin Holden
- Synthego Corporation, Redwood City, CA 94025 USA
| | | | | | - Rob J. Munroe
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA
| | | | - John C. Schimenti
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA
| | - David R. Liu
- Merkin Institute of Transformative Technologies in Healthcare, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142 USA
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA
| | - Shengdar Q. Tsai
- Department of Hematology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38195 USA
| | - Xiaochun Long
- Department of Medicine, Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912 USA
| | - Joseph M. Miano
- Department of Medicine, Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912 USA
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57
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Wang Q, Cheng S, Qin F, Fu A, Fu C. Application progress of RVG peptides to facilitate the delivery of therapeutic agents into the central nervous system. RSC Adv 2021; 11:8505-8515. [PMID: 35423368 PMCID: PMC8695342 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra00550b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The incidence of central nervous system (CNS) diseases is increasing with the aging population. However, it remains challenging to deliver drugs into the CNS because of the existence of a blood-brain barrier (BBB). Notably, rabies virus glycoprotein (RVG) peptides have been developed as delivery ligands for CNS diseases. So far, massive RVG peptide modified carriers have been reported, such as liposomes, micelles, polymers, exosomes, dendrimers, and proteins. Moreover, these drug delivery systems can encapsulate almost all small molecules and macromolecule drugs, including siRNA, microRNAs, DNA, proteins, and other nanoparticles, to treat various CNS diseases with efficient and safe drugs. In this review, targeted delivery systems with RVG peptide modified carriers possessing favorable biocompatibility and delivery efficiency are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinghua Wang
- Immunology Research Center of Medical Research Institute, College of Animal Medicine, Southwest University Chongqing 402460 China
| | - Shang Cheng
- Animal Husbandry Technology, Popularization Master Station of Chongqing Chongqing 401121 China
| | - Fen Qin
- The Ninth People's Hospital of Chongqing Chongqing 400702 China
| | - Ailing Fu
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Southwest University Chongqing 400715 China +86-23-68251225 +86-23-68251225
| | - Chen Fu
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Southwest University Chongqing 400715 China +86-23-68251225 +86-23-68251225
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58
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Trivedi D. Using CRISPR-Cas9-based genome engineering tools in Drosophila melanogaster. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2021; 180:85-121. [PMID: 33934839 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2021.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Drosophila melanogaster has been used as a model organism for over a century. Mutant-based analyses have been used extensively to understand the genetic basis of different cellular processes, including development, neuronal function and diseases. Most of the earlier genetic mutants and specific tools were generated by random insertions and deletion strategies and then mapped to specific genomic loci. Since all genomic regions are not equally accessible to random mutations and insertions, many genes still remain uncharacterized. Low efficiency of targeted genomic manipulation approaches that rely on homologous recombination, and difficulty in generating resources for sequence-specific endonucleases, such as ZFNs (Zinc Finger Nucleases) and TALENs (Transcription Activator-Like Effector Nucleases), could not make these gene targeting techniques very popular. However, recently RNA directed DNA endonucleases, such as CRISPR-Cas, have transformed genome engineering owing to their comparative ease, versatility, and low expense. With the added advantage of preexisting genetic tools, CRISPR-Cas-based manipulations are being extensively used in Drosophila melanogaster and simultaneously being fine-tuned for specific experimental requirements. In this chapter, I will discuss various uses of CRISPR-Cas-based genetic engineering and specific design methods in Drosophila melanogaster. I will summarize various already available tools that are being utilized in conjunction with CRISPR-Cas technology to generate specific genetic manipulation and are being optimized to address specific questions. Finally, I will discuss the future directions of Drosophila genetics research and how CRISPR-Cas can be utilized to target specific questions, addressing which has not been possible thus far.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepti Trivedi
- National Centre for Biological Sciences-TIFR, Bengaluru, India.
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