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Furuto Y, Hashimoto H, Horiuti H, Shibuya Y. Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis-like findings for TAFRO syndrome, associated with an anterior mediastinal tumor: A case report. Medicine (Baltimore) 2018; 97:e11057. [PMID: 29901607 PMCID: PMC6023668 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000011057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE TAFRO syndrome is a systemic inflammatory disease proposed recently from Japan. The cause of TAFRO syndrome is unclear. Moreover, the disease characteristics and kidney pathology are yet unknown well and there are few cases. Herein, we report a patient with TAFRO syndrome and present the features of the renal histopathology. PATIENT CONCERNS A 55-year-old woman presented to our hospital with the main complaint of subacute dyspnoea. DIAGNOSIS Physical findings included a low-grade fever and generalised oedema. A blood test showed anaemia, coagulation abnormalities, hypoproteinaemia, impaired renal function, proteinuria, and elevated alkaline phosphatase (ALP), C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin-6 (IL-6). Chest and abdominal computed tomography showed an anterior mediastinal mass and multiple enlarged lymph nodes. INTERVENTIONS Nephrotic syndrome secondary to a malignant mediastinal tumour was suspected; therefore, the patient underwent resection of the anterior mediastinal mass. Histopathological examination of the resected specimen showed lymphocytic proliferation without signs of malignancy. These findings were compatible with hyaline vascular type Castleman disease (CD), and with the associated multiple lymph nodes enlargement, the patient was initially diagnosed with multicenteric CD. OUTCOMES After resection of the whole tumour, all the clinical symptoms improved. However, after resection 6 months passed, the patient developed thrombocytopenia, anaemia, renal dysfunction, further enlargement of the residual lymph nodes, hepatosplenomegaly, and mild myelofibrosis. A diagnosis of TAFRO syndrome (TS) was eventually made. All symptoms improved with initial intravenous pulse steroid therapy followed by oral steroids. Histopathological examination of the renal biopsy samples showed findings resembling membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis (MPGN). LESSONS In TS, all characteristic signs may not exist from the beginning. The association between TS and CD is not clear. When we compared our findings with previously published cases of TS and CD, we found that the renal pathology findings resembled MPGN in many cases of TS, while only a few cases showed amyloidosis. Recent results suggest that TS may be an independent disease from CD, and given the frequency of renal pathology findings, it may also have a different aetiology. To the best of our knowledge, this case report is rare to demonstrate the renal pathology in a patient with conventional TAFRO syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hirotsugu Hashimoto
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, NTT Medical Centre Tokyo, Higasi-Gotanda, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hajime Horiuti
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, NTT Medical Centre Tokyo, Higasi-Gotanda, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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Interleukin-6 is essential for glomerular immunoglobulin A deposition and the development of renal pathology in Cd37-deficient mice. Kidney Int 2018; 93:1356-1366. [PMID: 29551516 DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2018.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Revised: 01/02/2018] [Accepted: 01/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Immunoglobulin A (IgA) nephropathy (IgAN), the most common glomerulonephritis worldwide, is characterized by IgA depositions in the kidney. Deficiency of CD37, a leukocyte-specific tetraspanin, leads to spontaneous development of renal pathology resembling IgAN. However, the underlying molecular mechanism has not been resolved. Here we found that CD37 expression on B cells of patients with IgAN was significantly decreased compared to B cells of healthy donors. Circulating interleukin (IL)-6 levels, but not tumor necrosis factor-α or IL-10, were elevated in Cd37-/- mice compared to wild-type mice after lipopolysaccharide treatment. Cd37-/- mice displayed increased glomerular neutrophil influx, immune complex deposition, and worse renal function. To evaluate the role of IL-6 in the pathogenesis of accelerated renal pathology in Cd37-/-mice, we generated Cd37xIl6 double-knockout mice. These double-knockout and Il6-/- mice displayed no glomerular IgA deposition and were protected from exacerbated renal failure following lipopolysaccharide treatment. Moreover, kidneys of Cd37-/- mice showed more mesangial proliferation, endothelial cell activation, podocyte activation, and segmental podocyte foot process effacement compared to the double-knockout mice, emphasizing that IL-6 mediates renal pathology in Cd37-/- mice. Thus, our study indicates that CD37 may protect against IgA nephropathy by inhibition of the IL-6 pathway.
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Nagy A, Bhaduri A, Shahmarvand N, Shahryari J, Zehnder JL, Warnke RA, Mughal T, Ali S, Ohgami RS. Next-generation sequencing of idiopathic multicentric and unicentric Castleman disease and follicular dendritic cell sarcomas. Blood Adv 2018; 2:481-491. [PMID: 29496669 PMCID: PMC5851414 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2017009654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2017] [Accepted: 01/30/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Castleman disease (CD) is a rare lymphoproliferative disorder subclassified as unicentric CD (UCD) or multicentric CD (MCD) based on clinical features and the distribution of enlarged lymph nodes with characteristic histopathology. MCD can be further subtyped based on human herpes virus 8 (HHV8) infection into HHV8-associated MCD, HHV8-/idiopathic MCD (iMCD), and polyneuropathy, organomegaly, endocrinopathy, monoclonal gammopathy, and skin change (POEMS)-associated MCD. In a subset of cases of UCD, an associated follicular dendritic cell sarcoma (FDCS) may be seen. Although numerous reports of the clinical and histologic features of UCD, MCD, and FDCS exist, an understanding of the genetic and epigenetic landscape of these rare diseases is lacking. Given this paucity of knowledge, we analyzed 15 cases of UCD and 3 cases of iMCD by targeted next-generation sequencing (NGS; 405 genes) and 3 cases of FDCS associated with UCD hyaline vascular variant (UCD-HVV) by whole-exome sequencing. Common amplifications of ETS1, PTPN6, and TGFBR2 were seen in 1 iMCD and 1 UCD case; the iMCD case also had a somatic DNMT3A L295Q mutation. This iMCD patient also showed clinicopathologic features consistent with a specific subtype known as Castleman-Kojima disease (thrombocytopenia, anasarca, fever, reticulin fibrosis, and organomegaly [TAFRO] clinical subtype). Additionally, 1 case of UCD-HVV showed amplification of the cluster of histone genes on chromosome 6p. FDCS associated with UCD-HVV showed mutations and copy number changes in known oncogenes, tumor suppressors, and chromatin structural-remodeling proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Nagy
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA
| | - Aparna Bhaduri
- Department of Regeneration Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | | | | | | | - Roger A Warnke
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA
| | - Tariq Mughal
- Foundation Medicine Inc, Cambridge, MA; and
- Department of Medicine, Tufts University Medical Center, Boston, MA
| | - Siraj Ali
- Foundation Medicine Inc, Cambridge, MA; and
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Cellular and Oxidative Mechanisms Associated with Interleukin-6 Signaling in the Vasculature. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18122563. [PMID: 29186034 PMCID: PMC5751166 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18122563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2017] [Revised: 11/17/2017] [Accepted: 11/19/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species, particularly superoxide, promote endothelial dysfunction and alterations in vascular structure. It is increasingly recognized that inflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin-6 (IL-6), contribute to endothelial dysfunction and vascular hypertrophy and fibrosis. IL-6 is increased in a number of cardiovascular diseases, including hypertension. IL-6 is also associated with a higher incidence of future cardiovascular events and all-cause mortality. Both immune and vascular cells produce IL-6 in response to a number of stimuli, such as angiotensin II. The vasculature is responsive to IL-6 produced from vascular and non-vascular sources via classical IL-6 signaling involving a membrane-bound IL-6 receptor (IL-6R) and membrane-bound gp130 via Jak/STAT as well as SHP2-dependent signaling pathways. IL-6 signaling is unique because it can also occur via a soluble IL-6 receptor (sIL-6R) which allows for IL-6 signaling in tissues that do not normally express IL-6R through a process referred to as IL-6 trans-signaling. IL-6 signaling mediates a vast array of effects in the vascular wall, including endothelial activation, vascular permeability, immune cell recruitment, endothelial dysfunction, as well as vascular hypertrophy and fibrosis. Many of the effects of IL-6 on vascular function and structure are representative of loss or reductions in nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability. IL-6 has direct effects on endothelial nitric oxide synthase activity and expression as well as increasing vascular superoxide, which rapidly inactivates NO thereby limiting NO bioavailability. The goal of this review is to highlight both the cellular and oxidative mechanisms associated with IL-6-signaling in the vascular wall in general, in hypertension, and in response to angiotensin II.
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Jafri S, Ormiston ML. Immune regulation of systemic hypertension, pulmonary arterial hypertension, and preeclampsia: shared disease mechanisms and translational opportunities. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2017; 313:R693-R705. [PMID: 28978513 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00259.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Revised: 09/11/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Systemic hypertension, preeclampsia, and pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) are diseases of high blood pressure in the systemic or pulmonary circulation. Beyond the well-defined contribution of more traditional pathophysiological mechanisms, such as changes in the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, to the development of these hypertensive disorders, there is substantial clinical evidence supporting an important role for inflammation and immunity in the pathogenesis of each of these three conditions. Over the last decade, work in small animal models, bearing targeted deficiencies in specific cytokines or immune cell subsets, has begun to clarify the immune-mediated mechanisms that drive changes in vascular structure and tone in hypertensive disease. By summarizing the clinical and experimental evidence supporting a contribution of the immune system to systemic hypertension, preeclampsia, and PAH, the current review highlights the cellular and molecular pathways that are common to all three hypertensive disorders. These mechanisms are centered on an imbalance in CD4+ helper T cell populations, defined by excessive Th17 responses and impaired Treg activity, as well as the excessive activation or impairment of additional immune cell types, including macrophages, dendritic cells, CD8+ T cells, B cells, and natural killer cells. The identification of common immune mechanisms in systemic hypertension, preeclampsia, and PAH raises the possibility of new therapeutic strategies that target the immune component of hypertension across multiple disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salema Jafri
- University of Cambridge, Department of Medicine, Cambridge, United Kingdom; and
| | - Mark L Ormiston
- Queen's University, Departments of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Medicine and Surgery, Kingston, Canada
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Interleukin-6, A Cytokine Critical to Mediation of Inflammation, Autoimmunity and Allograft Rejection: Therapeutic Implications of IL-6 Receptor Blockade. Transplantation 2017; 101:32-44. [PMID: 27547870 DOI: 10.1097/tp.0000000000001452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The success of kidney transplants is limited by the lack of robust improvements in long-term survival. It is now recognized that alloimmune responses are responsible for the majority of allograft failures. Development of novel therapies to decrease allosensitization is critical. The lack of new drug development in kidney transplantation necessitated repurposing drugs initially developed in oncology and autoimmunity. Among these is tocilizumab (anti-IL-6 receptor [IL-6R]) which holds promise for modulating multiple immune pathways responsible for allograft injury and loss. Interleukin-6 is a cytokine critical to proinflammatory and immune regulatory cascades. Emerging data have identified important roles for IL-6 in innate immune responses and adaptive immunity. Excessive IL-6 production is associated with activation of T-helper 17 cell and inhibition of regulatory T cell with attendant inflammation. Plasmablast production of IL-6 is critical for initiation of T follicular helper cells and production of high-affinity IgG. Tocilizumab is the first-in-class drug developed to treat diseases mediated by IL-6. Data are emerging from animal and human studies indicating a critical role for IL-6 in mediation of cell-mediated rejection, antibody-mediated rejection, and chronic allograft vasculopathy. This suggests that anti-IL-6/IL-6R blockade could be effective in modifying T- and B-cell responses to allografts. Initial data from our group suggest anti-IL-6R therapy is of value in desensitization and prevention and treatment of antibody-mediated rejection. In addition, human trials have shown benefits in treatment of graft versus host disease in matched or mismatched stem cell transplants. Here, we explore the biology of IL-6/IL-6R interactions and the evidence for an important role of IL-6 in mediating allograft rejection.
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Katagiri R, Ishihara-Hattori K, Frings W, Amano J, Fuchs A, Chiba S. Effects of SA237, a humanized anti-interleukin-6 receptor monoclonal antibody, on pre- and postnatal development in cynomolgus monkey. Birth Defects Res 2017; 109:843-856. [DOI: 10.1002/bdr2.1036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2017] [Revised: 03/24/2017] [Accepted: 03/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ryuichi Katagiri
- Research Division; Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.; Shizuoka Japan
| | | | - Werner Frings
- Research Division; Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.; Shizuoka Japan
| | - Jun Amano
- Research Division; Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.; Shizuoka Japan
| | - Antje Fuchs
- Covance Preclinical Services GmbH; Muenster Germany
| | - Shuichi Chiba
- Research Division; Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.; Shizuoka Japan
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A novel humanized mouse model with significant improvement of class-switched, antigen-specific antibody production. Blood 2017; 129:959-969. [PMID: 28077418 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2016-04-709584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2016] [Accepted: 12/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Humanized mice are a powerful tool for the study of human hematopoiesis and immune function in vivo. However, the existing models cannot support robust adaptive immune responses, especially the generation of class-switched, antigen-specific antibody responses. Here we describe a new mouse strain, in which human interleukin 6 (IL-6) gene encoding the cytokine that is important for B- and T-cell differentiation was knocked into its respective mouse locus. The provision of human IL-6 not only enhanced thymopoiesis and periphery T-cell engraftment, but also significantly increased class switched memory B cells and serum immunoglobulin G (IgG). In addition, immunization with ovalbumin (OVA) induced OVA-specific B cells only in human IL-6 knock-in mice. These OVA-specific antibodies displayed the highest frequency of somatic mutation, further suggesting that human IL-6 is important for efficient B-cell activation and selection. We conclude that human IL-6 knock-in mice represent a novel and improved model for human adaptive immunity without relying on complex surgery to transplant human fetal thymus and liver. These mice can therefore be used to exploit or evaluate immunization regimes that would be unethical or untenable in humans.
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Dar SA, Haque S, Mandal RK, Singh T, Wahid M, Jawed A, Panda AK, Akhter N, Lohani M, Areeshi MY, Rai G, Datt S, Bhattacharya SN, Ramachandran VG, Das S. Interleukin-6-174G > C (rs1800795) polymorphism distribution and its association with rheumatoid arthritis: A case-control study and meta-analysis. Autoimmunity 2016; 50:158-169. [DOI: 10.1080/08916934.2016.1261833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sajad Ahmad Dar
- Department of Microbiology, University College of Medical Sciences (University of Delhi) & GTB Hospital, Delhi, India,
- Research and Scientific Studies Unit, College of Nursing & Allied Health Sciences, University of Jazan, Jazan, Saudi Arabia,
| | - Shafiul Haque
- Research and Scientific Studies Unit, College of Nursing & Allied Health Sciences, University of Jazan, Jazan, Saudi Arabia,
| | - Raju Kumar Mandal
- Research and Scientific Studies Unit, College of Nursing & Allied Health Sciences, University of Jazan, Jazan, Saudi Arabia,
| | - Taru Singh
- Department of Microbiology, University College of Medical Sciences (University of Delhi) & GTB Hospital, Delhi, India,
| | - Mohd Wahid
- Research and Scientific Studies Unit, College of Nursing & Allied Health Sciences, University of Jazan, Jazan, Saudi Arabia,
| | - Arshad Jawed
- Research and Scientific Studies Unit, College of Nursing & Allied Health Sciences, University of Jazan, Jazan, Saudi Arabia,
| | - Aditya K. Panda
- Centre for Life Sciences, Central University of Jharkhand, Brambe, Ranchi, Jharkhand, India,
| | - Naseem Akhter
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Albaha University, Albaha, Saudi Arabia, and
| | - Mohtashim Lohani
- Research and Scientific Studies Unit, College of Nursing & Allied Health Sciences, University of Jazan, Jazan, Saudi Arabia,
| | - Mohammed Yahya Areeshi
- Research and Scientific Studies Unit, College of Nursing & Allied Health Sciences, University of Jazan, Jazan, Saudi Arabia,
| | - Gargi Rai
- Department of Microbiology, University College of Medical Sciences (University of Delhi) & GTB Hospital, Delhi, India,
| | - Shyama Datt
- Department of Microbiology, University College of Medical Sciences (University of Delhi) & GTB Hospital, Delhi, India,
| | - Sambit Nath Bhattacharya
- Department of Dermatology, University College of Medical Sciences (University of Delhi) & GTB Hospital, Delhi, India
| | | | - Shukla Das
- Department of Microbiology, University College of Medical Sciences (University of Delhi) & GTB Hospital, Delhi, India,
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Transgenic mouse model of IgM + lymphoproliferative disease mimicking Waldenström macroglobulinemia. Blood Cancer J 2016; 6:e488. [PMID: 27813533 PMCID: PMC5148059 DOI: 10.1038/bcj.2016.95] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2016] [Accepted: 09/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Waldenström macroglobulinemia (WM) is a low-grade incurable immunoglobulin M+ (IgM+) lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma for which a genetically engineered mouse model of de novo tumor development is lacking. On the basis of evidence that the pro-inflammatory cytokine, interleukin 6 (IL6), and the survival-enhancing oncoprotein, B cell leukemia 2 (BCL2), have critical roles in the natural history of WM, we hypothesized that the enforced expression of IL6 and BCL2 in mice unable to perform immunoglobulin class switch recombination may result in a lymphoproliferative disease that mimics WM. To evaluate this possibility, we generated compound transgenic BALB/c mice that harbored the human BCL2 and IL6 transgenes, EμSV-BCL2-22 and H2-Ld-hIL6, on the genetic background of activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID) deficiency. We designated these mice BCL2+IL6+AID- and found that they developed-with full genetic penetrance (100% incidence) and suitably short latency (93 days median survival)-a severe IgM+ lymphoproliferative disorder that recapitulated important features of human WM. However, the BCL2+IL6+AID- model also exhibited shortcomings, such as low serum IgM levels and histopathological changes not seen in patients with WM, collectively indicating that further refinements of the model are required to achieve better correlations with disease characteristics of WM.
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Salzer E, Santos-Valente E, Keller B, Warnatz K, Boztug K. Protein Kinase C δ: a Gatekeeper of Immune Homeostasis. J Clin Immunol 2016; 36:631-40. [PMID: 27541826 PMCID: PMC5018258 DOI: 10.1007/s10875-016-0323-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Accepted: 07/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Human autoimmune disorders present in various forms and are associated with a life-long burden of high morbidity and mortality. Many different circumstances lead to the loss of immune tolerance and often the origin is suspected to be multifactorial. Recently, patients with autosomal recessive mutations in PRKCD encoding protein kinase c delta (PKCδ) have been identified, representing a monogenic prototype for one of the most prominent forms of humoral systemic autoimmune diseases, systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). PKCδ is a signaling kinase with multiple downstream target proteins and with functions in various signaling pathways. Interestingly, mouse models have indicated a special role of the ubiquitously expressed protein in the control of B-cell tolerance revealed by the severe autoimmunity in Prkcd (-/-) knockout mice as the major phenotype. As such, the study of PKCδ deficiency in humans has tremendous potential in enhancing our knowledge on the mechanisms of B-cell tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Salzer
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Lazarettgasse 14 AKH BT 25.3, Vienna, Austria
| | - Elisangela Santos-Valente
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Lazarettgasse 14 AKH BT 25.3, Vienna, Austria
| | - Bärbel Keller
- Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency, University Medical Center Freiburg and University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Klaus Warnatz
- Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency, University Medical Center Freiburg and University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Kaan Boztug
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Lazarettgasse 14 AKH BT 25.3, Vienna, Austria.
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Lazarettgasse 14 AKH BT 25.3, Vienna, Austria.
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Rare and Undiagnosed Diseases and CeRUD Vienna Center for Rare and Undiagnosed Diseases, Vienna, Austria.
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Distinct Differentiation Programs Triggered by IL-6 and LPS in Teleost IgM(+) B Cells in The Absence of Germinal Centers. Sci Rep 2016; 6:30004. [PMID: 27481356 PMCID: PMC4969607 DOI: 10.1038/srep30004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2016] [Accepted: 06/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Although originally identified as a B cell differentiation factor, it is now known that mammalian interleukin-6 (IL-6) only regulates B cells committed to plasma cells in response to T-dependent (TD) antigens within germinal centers (GCs). Even though adaptive immunity is present in teleost fish, these species lack lymph nodes and GCs. Thus, the aim of the present study was to establish the role of trout IL-6 on B cells, comparing its effects to those induced by bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS). We demonstrate that the effects of teleost IL-6 on naïve spleen B cells include proliferation, activation of NF-κB, increased IgM secretion, up-regulation of Blimp1 transcription and decreased MHC-II surface expression that point to trout IL-6 as a differentiation factor for IgM antibody-secreting cells (ASCs). However, LPS induced the secretion of IgM without up-regulating Blimp1, driving the cells towards an intermediate activation state in which antigen presenting mechanisms are elicited together with antibody secretion and expression of pro-inflammatory genes. Our results reveal that, in trout, IL-6 is a differentiation factor for B cells, stimulating IgM responses in the absence of follicular structures, and suggest that it was after follicular structures appeared that this cytokine evolved to modulate TD responses within the GC.
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Nakamura S, Suzuki K, Iijima H, Hata Y, Lim CR, Ishizawa Y, Kameda H, Amano K, Matsubara K, Matoba R, Takeuchi T. Identification of baseline gene expression signatures predicting therapeutic responses to three biologic agents in rheumatoid arthritis: a retrospective observational study. Arthritis Res Ther 2016; 18:159. [PMID: 27435242 PMCID: PMC4952232 DOI: 10.1186/s13075-016-1052-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2016] [Accepted: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background According to EULAR recommendations, biologic DMARDs (bDMARDs) such as tumor necrosis factor inhibitor, tocilizumab (TCZ), and abatacept (ABT) are in parallel when prescribing to rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients who have shown insufficient response to conventional synthetic DMARDs. However, most prediction studies of therapeutic response to bDMARDs using gene expression profiles were focused on a single bDMARD, and consideration of the results from the perspective of RA pathophysiology was insufficient. The aim of this study was to identify the specific molecular biological features predicting the therapeutic outcomes of three bDMARDs (infliximab [IFX], TCZ, and ABT) by studying blood gene expression signatures of patients before biologic treatment in a unified test platform. Methods RA patients who responded inadequately to methotrexate and were later commenced on any one of IFX (n = 140), TCZ (n = 38), or ABT (n = 31) as their first biologic between May 2007 and November 2011 were enrolled. Whole-blood gene expression data were obtained before biologic administration. Patients were categorized into remission (REM) and nonremission (NON-REM) groups according to CDAI at 6 months of biologic therapy. We employed Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA) to identify functional gene sets differentially expressed between these two groups for each biologic. Then, we compiled “signature scores” for these gene sets, and the prediction performances were assessed. Results GSEA showed that inflammasome genes were significantly upregulated with IFX in the NON-REM group compared with the REM group. With TCZ in the REM group, B-cell-specifically expressed genes were upregulated. RNA elongation, apoptosis-related, and NK-cell-specifically expressed genes were upregulated with ABT in the NON-REM group. Logistic regression analyses showed that “signature scores” of inflammasomes, B-cell-specifically expressed, and NK-cell-specifically expressed genes were significant, independently predictive factors for treatment outcome with IFX, TCZ, and ABT, respectively. The AUCs of ROC curves of these signature scores were 0.637, 0.796, and 0.768 for IFX, TCZ, and ABT, respectively. Conclusions We have identified original gene expression predictive signatures uniquely underlying the therapeutic effects of IFX, TCZ, and ABT. This is, to our knowledge, the first attempt to predict therapeutic effects of three drugs concomitantly using a unified gene expression test platform. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13075-016-1052-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seiji Nakamura
- DNA Chip Research Inc., 1-15-1 Kaigan, Suzuebaydium 5F, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 105-0022, Japan.
| | - Katsuya Suzuki
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Iijima
- DNA Chip Research Inc., 1-15-1 Kaigan, Suzuebaydium 5F, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 105-0022, Japan
| | - Yuko Hata
- DNA Chip Research Inc., 1-15-1 Kaigan, Suzuebaydium 5F, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 105-0022, Japan
| | - Chun Ren Lim
- DNA Chip Research Inc., 1-15-1 Kaigan, Suzuebaydium 5F, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 105-0022, Japan
| | - Yohei Ishizawa
- DNA Chip Research Inc., 1-15-1 Kaigan, Suzuebaydium 5F, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 105-0022, Japan
| | - Hideto Kameda
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Toho University Ohashi Medical Center, 2-17-6 Ohashi, Muguro-ku, Tokyo, 153-8515, Japan
| | - Koichi Amano
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Saitama Medical Center, Saitama Medical University, 1981 Tsujido-machi Kamoda, Kawagoe-shi, Saitama, 350-8550, Japan
| | - Kenichi Matsubara
- DNA Chip Research Inc., 1-15-1 Kaigan, Suzuebaydium 5F, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 105-0022, Japan
| | - Ryo Matoba
- DNA Chip Research Inc., 1-15-1 Kaigan, Suzuebaydium 5F, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 105-0022, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Takeuchi
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
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Mori T, Murasawa Y, Ikai R, Hayakawa T, Nakamura H, Ogiso N, Niida S, Watanabe K. Generation of a transgenic mouse line for conditional expression of human IL-6. Exp Anim 2016; 65:455-463. [PMID: 27349442 PMCID: PMC5111849 DOI: 10.1538/expanim.16-0043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
IL-6 is a cytokine that is involved in various physiological and pathological conditions,
and approaches using gain-of-function transgenic animals have contributed in elucidating
IL-6 function. However, studies of the multiple functions of IL-6 in vivo
are very time consuming because they require the generation of transgenic mice that harbor
the gene encoding IL-6 under the control of specific promoters to mimic different
pathologies. Here, we report the establishment of a conditional human IL-6 transgenic
mouse, LGL-IL6, which conditionally expresses human IL-6 by taking advantage of the
well-characterized Cre recombinase drivers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taiki Mori
- Medical Genome Center, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology (NCGG), Obu, Aichi 474-8511, Japan
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Lan T, Chang L, Wu L, Yuan YF. IL-6 Plays a Crucial Role in HBV Infection. J Clin Transl Hepatol 2015; 3:271-6. [PMID: 26807383 PMCID: PMC4721895 DOI: 10.14218/jcth.2015.00024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2015] [Revised: 09/17/2015] [Accepted: 10/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-6 (IL-6), a cytokine mainly produced by activated monocytes, has broad pleiotropic actions that affect the functions of a variety of lymphoid cells. The roles of IL-6 in regulating immunity to infections are currently being defined. Remarkably, IL-6-mediated cellular and humoral immune responses play a crucial role in determining the outcome of viral infection. This article reviews the current knowledge on the critical role of IL-6 in hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. As a competent intermediary, IL-6 derived from activated monocytes plays an important role in promoting lymphocytes responses that are essential for effective viral control. However, as a mediator of inflammation, IL-6 is also involved in the development of HBV-induced liver cirrhosis and exacerbating liver injury. Overall, the current data point to IL-6 as an immunoregulatory cytokine in HBV infection. Immunotherapeutic strategies aimed at optimizing the beneficial effects of IL-6 in HBV infection may prove to be an ordeal in the future, as they should foster the strengths of IL-6 while circumventing potential drawbacks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Lan
- Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Lei Chang
- Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Long Wu
- Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yu-Feng Yuan
- Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Correspondence to: Yu-Feng Yuan, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, Hubei, China. Tel: +86-027-67812888, Fax: +86-027-67812892, E-mail:
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Kaposi's Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus Latency Locus Compensates for Interleukin-6 in Initial B Cell Activation. J Virol 2015; 90:2150-4. [PMID: 26656696 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02456-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2015] [Accepted: 12/01/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Interleukin 6 (IL-6) is considered a proliferation and survival factor for B cells. To assess the role of IL-6 in Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) latency, KSHV latency locus-transgenic mice (referred to as latency mice) lacking IL-6 were evaluated. IL-6(-/-) latency mice had the same phenotypes as the latency mice, i.e., increased frequency of marginal zone B cells, hyperplasia, and hyperglobulinemia, indicating that the KSHV latency locus, which includes all viral microRNAs (miRNAs), can compensate for lack of IL-6 in premalignant B cell activation.
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67
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Implication of B lymphocytes in the pathogenesis of ANCA-associated vasculitides. Autoimmun Rev 2015; 14:996-1004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2015.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2015] [Accepted: 06/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Lin WW, Yi Z, Stunz LL, Maine CJ, Sherman LA, Bishop GA. The adaptor protein TRAF3 inhibits interleukin-6 receptor signaling in B cells to limit plasma cell development. Sci Signal 2015; 8:ra88. [PMID: 26329582 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aaa5157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 3 (TRAF3) is an adaptor protein that inhibits signaling by CD40 and by the receptor for B cell-activating factor (BAFF) and negatively regulates homeostatic B cell survival. Loss-of-function mutations in TRAF3 are associated with human B cell malignancies, in particular multiple myeloma. The cytokine interleukin-6 (IL-6) supports the differentiation and survival of normal and neoplastic plasma cells. We found that mice with a deficiency in TRAF3 specifically in B cells (B-Traf3(-/-) mice) had about twice as many plasma cells as did their littermate controls. TRAF3-deficient B cells had enhanced responsiveness to IL-6, and genetic loss of IL-6 in B-Traf3(-/-) mice restored their plasma cell numbers to normal. TRAF3 inhibited IL-6 receptor (IL-6R)-mediated signaling by facilitating the association of PTPN22 (a nonreceptor protein tyrosine phosphatase) with the kinase Janus-activated kinase 1 (Jak1), which in turn blocked phosphorylation of the transcription factor STAT3 (signal transducer and activator of transcription 3). Consistent with these results, the number of plasma cells in the PTPN22-deficient mice was increased compared to that in the wild-type mice. Our findings identify TRAF3 and PTPN22 as inhibitors of IL-6R signaling in B cells and reveal a previously uncharacterized role for TRAF3 in the regulation of plasma cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wai W Lin
- Graduate Immunology Program, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Zuoan Yi
- Department of Microbiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Laura L Stunz
- Department of Microbiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Christian J Maine
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Linda A Sherman
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Gail A Bishop
- Graduate Immunology Program, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA. Department of Microbiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA. Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA. Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Iowa City, IA 52246, USA.
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Braun GS, Nagayama Y, Maruta Y, Heymann F, van Roeyen CR, Klinkhammer BM, Boor P, Villa L, Salant DJ, Raffetseder U, Rose-John S, Ostendorf T, Floege J. IL-6 Trans-Signaling Drives Murine Crescentic GN. J Am Soc Nephrol 2015; 27:132-42. [PMID: 26041841 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2014111147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2014] [Accepted: 03/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The role of IL-6 signaling in renal diseases remains controversial, with data describing both anti-inflammatory and proinflammatory effects. IL-6 can act via classic signaling, engaging its two membrane receptors gp130 and IL-6 receptor (IL-6R). Alternatively, IL-6 trans-signaling requires soluble IL-6R (sIL-6R) to act on IL-6R-negative cells that express gp130. Here, we characterize the role of both pathways in crescentic nephritis. Patients with crescentic nephritis had significantly elevated levels of IL-6 in both serum and urine. Similarly, nephrotoxic serum-induced nephritis (NTN) in BALB/c mice was associated with elevated serum IL-6 levels. Levels of serum sIL-6R and renal downstream signals of IL-6 (phosphorylated signal transducer and activator of transcription 3, suppressor of cytokine signaling 3) increased over time in this model. Simultaneous inhibition of both IL-6 signaling pathways using anti-IL-6 antibody did not have a significant impact on NTN severity. In contrast, specific inhibition of trans-signaling using recombinant sgp130Fc resulted in milder disease. Vice versa, specific activation of trans-signaling using a recombinant IL-6-sIL-6R fusion molecule (Hyper-IL-6) significantly aggravated NTN and led to increased systolic BP in NTN mice. This correlated with increased renal mRNA synthesis of the Th17 cell cytokine IL-17A and decreased synthesis of resistin-like alpha (RELMalpha)-encoding mRNA, a surrogate marker of lesion-mitigating M2 macrophage subtypes. Collectively, our data suggest a central role for IL-6 trans-signaling in crescentic nephritis and offer options for more effective and specific therapeutic interventions in the IL-6 system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerald S Braun
- Division of Nephrology and Immunology, Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule (RWTH) Aachen University, Aachen Germany; Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany;
| | - Yoshikuni Nagayama
- Division of Nephrology and Immunology, Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule (RWTH) Aachen University, Aachen Germany; Division of Nephrology, Showa University Fujigaoka Hospital, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Yuichi Maruta
- Division of Nephrology and Immunology, Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule (RWTH) Aachen University, Aachen Germany; Division of Nephrology, Showa University Fujigaoka Hospital, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Felix Heymann
- Division of Gastroenterology, Metabolic Diseases and Intensive Care, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Claudia R van Roeyen
- Division of Nephrology and Immunology, Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule (RWTH) Aachen University, Aachen Germany
| | - Barbara M Klinkhammer
- Division of Nephrology and Immunology, Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule (RWTH) Aachen University, Aachen Germany; Institute of Pathology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Peter Boor
- Division of Nephrology and Immunology, Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule (RWTH) Aachen University, Aachen Germany; Institute of Pathology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany; Institute of Molecular Biomedicine, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Luigi Villa
- Division of Nephrology and Immunology, Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule (RWTH) Aachen University, Aachen Germany
| | - David J Salant
- Department of Medicine, Section of Nephrology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA; and
| | - Ute Raffetseder
- Division of Nephrology and Immunology, Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule (RWTH) Aachen University, Aachen Germany
| | - Stefan Rose-John
- Institute of Biochemistry, Christian-Albrechts-University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Tammo Ostendorf
- Division of Nephrology and Immunology, Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule (RWTH) Aachen University, Aachen Germany
| | - Jürgen Floege
- Division of Nephrology and Immunology, Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule (RWTH) Aachen University, Aachen Germany
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Abstract
Interleukin 6 (IL-6) has a broad effect on cells of the immune system and those not of the immune system and often displays hormone-like characteristics that affect homeostatic processes. IL-6 has context-dependent pro- and anti-inflammatory properties and is now regarded as a prominent target for clinical intervention. However, the signaling cassette that controls the activity of IL-6 is complicated, and distinct intervention strategies can inhibit this pathway. Clinical experience with antagonists of IL-6 has raised new questions about how and when to block this cytokine to improve disease outcome and patient wellbeing. Here we discuss the effect of IL-6 on innate and adaptive immunity and the possible advantages of various antagonists of IL-6 and consider how the immunobiology of IL-6 may inform clinical decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher A Hunter
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Simon A Jones
- Cardiff Institute of Infection and Immunity, The School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Heath Campus, Cardiff, UK
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71
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IL-6 as a keystone cytokine in health and disease. Nat Immunol 2015; 16:448-57. [DOI: 10.1038/ni.3153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1392] [Impact Index Per Article: 154.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2015] [Accepted: 03/19/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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72
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Han SS, Tompkins VS, Son DJ, Han S, Yun H, Kamberos NL, Dehoedt CL, Gu C, Holman C, Tricot G, Zhan F, Janz S. CDKN1A and FANCD2 are potential oncotargets in Burkitt lymphoma and multiple myeloma. Exp Hematol Oncol 2015; 4:9. [PMID: 25838973 PMCID: PMC4383050 DOI: 10.1186/s40164-015-0005-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2015] [Accepted: 03/10/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Comparative genetic and biological studies on malignant tumor counterparts in human beings and laboratory mice may be powerful gene discovery tools for blood cancers, including neoplasms of mature B-lymphocytes and plasma cells such as Burkitt lymphoma (BL) and multiple myeloma (MM). Methods We used EMSA to detect constitutive NF-κB/STAT3 activity in BL- and MM-like neoplasms that spontaneously developed in single-transgenic IL6 (interleukin-6) or MYC (c-Myc) mice, or in double-transgenic IL6MYC mice. qPCR measurements and analysis of clinical BL and MM datasets were employed to validate candidate NF-κB/STAT3 target genes. Results qPCR demonstrated that IL6- and/or MYC-dependent neoplasms in mice invariably contain elevated mRNA levels of the NF-κB target genes, Cdkn1a and Fancd2. Clinical studies on human CDKN1A, which encodes the cell cycle inhibitor and tumor suppressor p21, revealed that high p21 message predicts poor therapy response and survival in BL patients. Similarly, up-regulation of FANCD2, which encodes a key member of the Fanconi anemia and breast cancer pathway of DNA repair, was associated with poor outcome of patients with MM, particularly those with high-risk disease. Conclusions Our findings suggest that CDKN1A and FANCD2 are potential oncotargets in BL and MM, respectively. Additionally, the IL-6- and/or MYC-driven mouse models of human BL and MM used in this study may lend themselves to the biological validation of CDKN1A and FANCD2 as molecular targets for new approaches to cancer therapy and prevention. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s40164-015-0005-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seong-Su Han
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA USA
| | - Van S Tompkins
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA USA
| | - Dong-Ju Son
- School of Applied Biosciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 702-701 South Korea
| | - Sangwoo Han
- Department of Health and Human Physiology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA USA
| | - Hwakyung Yun
- Department of Biological Sciences, Hanseo University, Choognam, South Korea
| | - Natalie L Kamberos
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA USA
| | - Casey L Dehoedt
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA USA
| | - Chunyan Gu
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA USA
| | - Carol Holman
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA USA
| | - Guido Tricot
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA USA
| | - Fenghuang Zhan
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA USA
| | - Siegfried Janz
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA USA
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Rath T, Billmeier U, Waldner MJ, Atreya R, Neurath MF. From physiology to disease and targeted therapy: interleukin-6 in inflammation and inflammation-associated carcinogenesis. Arch Toxicol 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-015-1461-5 and 3010=3010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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From physiology to disease and targeted therapy: interleukin-6 in inflammation and inflammation-associated carcinogenesis. Arch Toxicol 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-015-1461-5 waitfor delay '0:0:5'-- ismb] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Rath T, Billmeier U, Waldner MJ, Atreya R, Neurath MF. From physiology to disease and targeted therapy: interleukin-6 in inflammation and inflammation-associated carcinogenesis. Arch Toxicol 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-015-1461-5 and (select 9484 from(select count(*),concat(0x716b627871,(select (elt(9484=9484,1))),0x716a787671,floor(rand(0)*2))x from information_schema.plugins group by x)a)] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/29/2022]
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Rath T, Billmeier U, Waldner MJ, Atreya R, Neurath MF. From physiology to disease and targeted therapy: interleukin-6 in inflammation and inflammation-associated carcinogenesis. Arch Toxicol 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-015-1461-5 order by 1-- kwdt] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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From physiology to disease and targeted therapy: interleukin-6 in inflammation and inflammation-associated carcinogenesis. Arch Toxicol 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-015-1461-5 order by 1-- esve] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/29/2022]
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From physiology to disease and targeted therapy: interleukin-6 in inflammation and inflammation-associated carcinogenesis. Arch Toxicol 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-015-1461-5 waitfor delay '0:0:5'] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/29/2022]
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Rath T, Billmeier U, Waldner MJ, Atreya R, Neurath MF. From physiology to disease and targeted therapy: interleukin-6 in inflammation and inflammation-associated carcinogenesis. Arch Toxicol 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-015-1461-5 and 3010=3010-- kvwx] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Rath T, Billmeier U, Waldner MJ, Atreya R, Neurath MF. From physiology to disease and targeted therapy: interleukin-6 in inflammation and inflammation-associated carcinogenesis. Arch Toxicol 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-015-1461-5 and 5674=dbms_pipe.receive_message(chr(81)||chr(112)||chr(90)||chr(102),5)] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/29/2022]
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From physiology to disease and targeted therapy: interleukin-6 in inflammation and inflammation-associated carcinogenesis. Arch Toxicol 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-015-1461-5 and 5342=6023-- hngu] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/29/2022]
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Rath T, Billmeier U, Waldner MJ, Atreya R, Neurath MF. From physiology to disease and targeted therapy: interleukin-6 in inflammation and inflammation-associated carcinogenesis. Arch Toxicol 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-015-1461-5 and (select 9484 from(select count(*),concat(0x716b627871,(select (elt(9484=9484,1))),0x716a787671,floor(rand(0)*2))x from information_schema.plugins group by x)a)-- fdyr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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From physiology to disease and targeted therapy: interleukin-6 in inflammation and inflammation-associated carcinogenesis. Arch Toxicol 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-015-1461-5 and 4572=(select 4572 from pg_sleep(5))] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/29/2022]
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From physiology to disease and targeted therapy: interleukin-6 in inflammation and inflammation-associated carcinogenesis. Arch Toxicol 2015; 89:541-54. [PMID: 25632846 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-015-1461-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2014] [Accepted: 01/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Since its discovery in 1986, originally as B cell stimulating factor 2, the knowledge on IL-6 for immune homeostasis and its pathophysiological implications has rapidly increased. It is now clear that IL-6, alone or in combination with other cytokines, is an architect for shaping and generating immune responses which exerts profound activities on the induction of acute-phase reactions, the differentiation of B lymphocytes, the modulation of T cell apoptosis, the activation of T helper cells and the balance between regulatory T cells and Th17 cells. In parallel to the identification of these physiologic functions, IL-6 has emerged as a critical mediator for perpetuating chronic inflammation and autoimmunity and is increasingly recognized as a key cytokine for linking chronic inflammation to cancer development. In this review, we begin by briefly summarizing the molecular events of IL-6 regulation and signaling and then describe the role of IL-6 in orchestrating innate and adaptive immune responses and its immunopathological relevance for chronic inflammatory diseases. We further outline how IL-6 links chronic inflammation and cancer development and finally provide an outlook on novel therapeutic strategies targeting IL-6 signaling for the treatment of chronic inflammatory diseases and cancer.
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Rath T, Billmeier U, Waldner MJ, Atreya R, Neurath MF. From physiology to disease and targeted therapy: interleukin-6 in inflammation and inflammation-associated carcinogenesis. Arch Toxicol 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-015-1461-5 and 4572=(select 4572 from pg_sleep(5))-- rtfx] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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From physiology to disease and targeted therapy: interleukin-6 in inflammation and inflammation-associated carcinogenesis. Arch Toxicol 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-015-1461-5 and (select 2510 from (select(sleep(5)))zdoz)] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/29/2022]
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From physiology to disease and targeted therapy: interleukin-6 in inflammation and inflammation-associated carcinogenesis. Arch Toxicol 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-015-1461-5 and 9226=2538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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From physiology to disease and targeted therapy: interleukin-6 in inflammation and inflammation-associated carcinogenesis. Arch Toxicol 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-015-1461-5 and 5674=dbms_pipe.receive_message(chr(81)||chr(112)||chr(90)||chr(102),5)-- zgjk] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/29/2022]
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95
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Rath T, Billmeier U, Waldner MJ, Atreya R, Neurath MF. From physiology to disease and targeted therapy: interleukin-6 in inflammation and inflammation-associated carcinogenesis. Arch Toxicol 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-015-1461-5 and (select 2510 from (select(sleep(5)))zdoz)-- paid] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Kikuchi J, Hashizume M, Kaneko Y, Yoshimoto K, Nishina N, Takeuchi T. Peripheral blood CD4(+)CD25(+)CD127(low) regulatory T cells are significantly increased by tocilizumab treatment in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: increase in regulatory T cells correlates with clinical response. Arthritis Res Ther 2015; 17:10. [PMID: 25604867 PMCID: PMC4332922 DOI: 10.1186/s13075-015-0526-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2014] [Accepted: 01/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Tocilizumab (TCZ), an anti-interleukin-6 receptor antibody, is clinically effective against rheumatoid arthritis (RA), and several reports have indicated how TCZ influences a number of mechanisms underlying RA pathogenesis. However, it is still unclear whether TCZ affects inflammatory cells in peripheral blood and whether any such changes are associated with clinical response. We evaluated associations between proportions of subsets of peripheral immune cells and clinical response in patients with RA treated with TCZ. Methods Thirty-nine consecutive patients with RA who started to receive TCZ as their first biologic between March 2010 and April 2012 were enrolled. The proportions of several subsets of peripheral cells with their levels of expression of differentiation markers, activation markers and costimulatory molecules were measured sequentially from baseline to week 52 by flow cytometry analysis. Results Clinical Disease Activity Index (CDAI) remission was achieved in 53.8% of patients at week 52 of TCZ therapy. The proportions of CD4+CD25+CD127low regulatory T cells (Treg) and HLA-DR+ activated Treg cells significantly increased with TCZ therapy (P < 0.001 and P < 0.001, respectively), whereas proportions of CD3+CD4+CXCR3−CCR6+CD161+ T helper 17 cells did not change over the 52 weeks. The proportions of CD20+CD27+ memory B cells, HLA-DR+CD14+ and CD69+CD14+ activated monocytes, and CD16+CD14+ monocytes significantly decreased (P < 0.001, P < 0.001, P < 0.001 and P < 0.001, respectively). Among them, only the change in Treg cells was inversely correlated with the change in CDAI score (ρ = −0.40, P = 0.011). The most dynamic increase in Treg cells was observed in the CDAI remission group (P < 0.001). Conclusion This study demonstrates that TCZ affected proportions of circulating immune cells in patients with RA. The proportion of Treg cells among CD4+ cells correlated well with clinical response. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13075-015-0526-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Kikuchi
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Keio University, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan.
| | - Misato Hashizume
- Product Research Department, Fuji-Gotemba Research Laboratories, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co, Ltd 1-135 Komakado, Gotemba, Shizuoka, 412-8513, Japan.
| | - Yuko Kaneko
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Keio University, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan.
| | - Keiko Yoshimoto
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Keio University, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan.
| | - Naoshi Nishina
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Keio University, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan.
| | - Tsutomu Takeuchi
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Keio University, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan.
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Abstract
Human IL6 is a cytokine produced by many cell types that has pleiotropic effects. In agreement, anti-IL6 therapy reduces inflammation, hepatic acute phase proteins, and anemia and has antiangiogenic effects. Blocking IL6 has demonstrated therapeutic efficacy with drug registration in Castleman disease and inflammatory diseases (rheumatoid arthritis) without major toxicity. Interestingly, the inhibition of C-reactive protein (CRP) production is a trustworthy surrogate marker of anti-IL6 therapy efficacy. Clinically registered IL6 inhibitors include siltuximab, an anti-IL6 mAb, and tocilizumab, an anti-IL6R mAb. In various cancers, in particular plasma cell cancers, large randomized trials showed no efficacy of IL6 inhibitors, despite a full inhibition of CRP production in treated patients in vivo, the numerous data showing an involvement of IL6 in these diseases, and initial short-term treatments demonstrating a dramatic inhibition of cancer cell proliferation in vivo. A likely explanation is the plasticity of cancer cells, with the presence of various subclones, making the outgrowth of cancer subclones possible using growth factors other than IL6. In addition, current therapeutic strategies used in these cancers already target IL6 activity. Thus, anti-IL6 therapeutics are able to neutralize IL6 production in vivo and are safe and useful in inflammatory diseases and Castleman disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-François Rossi
- Department of Hematology, CHU de Montpellier, Montpellier, France. INSERM U1040, Montpellier, France. Université Montpellier I, Montpellier, France.
| | - Zhao-Yang Lu
- Unité de Thérapie Cellulaire, CHU de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Bernard Klein
- INSERM U1040, Montpellier, France. Université Montpellier I, Montpellier, France
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98
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Reynolds AE, Kuraoka M, Kelsoe G. Natural IgM is produced by CD5- plasma cells that occupy a distinct survival niche in bone marrow. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 194:231-42. [PMID: 25429072 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1401203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Natural IgM is constitutively present in the serum, where it aids in the early control of viral and bacterial expansions. Natural IgM also plays a significant role in the prevention of autoimmune disease by promoting the clearance of cellular debris. Nevertheless, the origins of natural IgM have not been precisely defined. Previous studies focused on the role of CD5(+) B1 cells in the production of natural IgM, but we show in this article that a discrete population of CD5(-) IgM plasmablasts and plasma cells in the bone marrow (BM) produces the majority of serum IgM in resting mice. These Ab-secreting cells (ASC) originate from peritoneal cavity-resident cells, because transfer of peritoneal cells completely restores serum IgM and the specific compartment of BM ASC in Rag1-deficient mice. We show that BM natural IgM ASC arise from a fetal-lineage progenitor that is neither B1a nor B1b, and that this IgM ASC compartment contains a substantial fraction of long-lived plasma cells that do not occupy the IgG plasma cell survival niche in the BM; instead, they are supported by IL-5. In summary, we identified the primary source of natural IgM and showed that these ASC are maintained long-term in a unique survival niche within the BM.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Masayuki Kuraoka
- Department of Immunology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710; and
| | - Garnett Kelsoe
- Department of Immunology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710; and Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710
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99
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Self DNA from lymphocytes that have undergone activation-induced cell death enhances murine B cell proliferation and antibody production. PLoS One 2014; 9:e109095. [PMID: 25296026 PMCID: PMC4189923 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0109095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2014] [Accepted: 09/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is characterized by prominent autoinflammatory tissue damage associated with impaired removal of dying cells and DNA. Self DNA-containing immune complexes are able to activate both innate and adaptive immune responses and play an important role in the maintenance and exacerbation of autoimmunity in SLE. In this study, we used DNA from lymphocytes that have undergone activation-induced cell death (ALD-DNA) and analyzed its role on the activation and differentiation of B cells from normal BALB/c mice as well as lupus-prone MRL+/+ and MRL/lpr mice. We found that ALD-DNA directly increased the expression of costimulatory molecules and the survival of naïve B cells in vitro. Although ALD-DNA alone had little effect on the proliferation of naïve B cells, it enhanced LPS-activated B cell proliferation in vitro and in vivo. In addition, ALD-DNA increased plasma cell numbers and IgG production in LPS-stimulated cultures of naïve B cells, in part via enhancing IL-6 production. Importantly, B cells from lupus mice were hyperresponsive to ALD-DNA and/or LPS relative to normal control B cells in terminal plasma cell differentiation, as evidenced by increases in CD138+ cell numbers, IgM production, and mRNA levels of B lymphocyte-induced maturation protein-1 (Blimp-1) and the X-box binding protein 1 (XBP1). Furthermore, ALD-DNA enhanced CD40-activated naïve B cell proliferation. Collectively, these data indicate that self DNA can serve as a DAMP (damage-associated molecular pattern) that cooperates with signals from both innate and adaptive immunity to promote polyclonal B cell activation, a common characteristic of autoimmune diseases.
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100
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Maier-Moore JS, Horton CG, Mathews SA, Confer AW, Lawrence C, Pan Z, Coggeshall KM, Farris AD. Interleukin-6 deficiency corrects nephritis, lymphocyte abnormalities, and secondary Sjögren's syndrome features in lupus-prone Sle1.Yaa mice. Arthritis Rheumatol 2014; 66:2521-31. [PMID: 24891301 PMCID: PMC4146640 DOI: 10.1002/art.38716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2013] [Accepted: 05/15/2014] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess disease features in Sle1.Yaa mice with genetic interleukin-6 (IL-6) deficiency. METHODS Sera and tissues were collected from C57BL/6 (B6), Sle1.Yaa, and Sle1.Yaa.IL-6(-/-) mice and analyzed for various features of disease. Using serum samples, autoantibody specificities were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and indirect immunofluorescence, cytokine production was analyzed by Luminex and ELISA, and levels of blood urea nitrogen were determined by ELISA. Renal, lung, and salivary gland tissue sections were evaluated for pathologic changes. Lymphocyte phenotypes, including CD4+ T cell cytokine production, and those of follicular and extrafollicular T helper subsets, germinal center B cells, and plasma cells, were determined using flow cytometry. RESULTS IL-6 deficiency not only ameliorated autoantibody production and renal disease in this model, but also effectively reduced inflammation of lungs and salivary glands. Furthermore, IL-6 deficiency abrogated differentiation of Th1 and extrafollicular T helper cells, germinal center B cells, and plasma cells in the spleen and eliminated renal T cells with IL-17, interferon-γ, and IL-21 production potential. CONCLUSION Our findings highlight IL-6-mediated T cell aberrations in Yaa-driven autoimmunity and support the concept of therapeutic IL-6/IL-6 receptor blockade in systemic lupus erythematosus and Sjögren's syndrome by impairing the production of autoantibodies and lymphocytic infiltration of the kidneys, lungs, and salivary glands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacen S. Maier-Moore
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas
- The Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center (OUHSC), Oklahoma City, OK, 73014
- Arthritis and Clinical Immunology, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation (OMRF), Oklahoma City, OK, 73104
| | - Christopher G. Horton
- Arthritis and Clinical Immunology, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation (OMRF), Oklahoma City, OK, 73104
- The Department of Microbiology and Immunology, OUHSC, Oklahoma City, OK, 73014
| | - Shirley A. Mathews
- Arthritis and Clinical Immunology, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation (OMRF), Oklahoma City, OK, 73104
| | - Anthony W. Confer
- The Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, 74078
| | - Christina Lawrence
- Arthritis and Clinical Immunology, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation (OMRF), Oklahoma City, OK, 73104
| | - Zijian Pan
- Arthritis and Clinical Immunology, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation (OMRF), Oklahoma City, OK, 73104
| | | | - A. Darise Farris
- Arthritis and Clinical Immunology, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation (OMRF), Oklahoma City, OK, 73104
- The Department of Microbiology and Immunology, OUHSC, Oklahoma City, OK, 73014
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