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Seth P, Diaz F, Tao-Cheng JH, Major EO. JC virus induces nonapoptotic cell death of human central nervous system progenitor cell-derived astrocytes. J Virol 2004; 78:4884-91. [PMID: 15078969 PMCID: PMC387680 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.78.9.4884-4891.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2003] [Accepted: 12/23/2003] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
JC virus (JCV), a human neurotropic polyomavirus, demonstrates a selective glial cell tropism that causes cell death through lytic infection. Whether these cells die via apoptosis or necrosis following infection with JCV remains unclear. To investigate the mechanism of virus-induced cell death, we used a human central nervous system progenitor-derived astrocyte cell culture model developed in our laboratory. Using in situ DNA hybridization, immunocytochemistry, electron microscopy, and an RNase protection assay, we observed that astrocytes support a progressive JCV infection, which eventually leads to nonapoptotic cell death. Infected astrocyte cell cultures showed no difference from noninfected cells in mRNA expression of the caspase family genes or in any ultrastructural features associated with apoptosis. Infected cells demonstrated striking necrotic features such as cytoplasmic vacuolization, watery cytoplasm, and dissolution of organelles. Furthermore, staining for caspase-3 and terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase-mediated dUTP-biotin nick end labeling were not detected in infected astrocyte cultures. Our findings suggest that JCV-induced cell death of these progenitor cell-derived astrocytes does not utilize an apoptosis pathway but exhibits a pattern of cell destruction consistent with necrotic cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pankaj Seth
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Neuroscience, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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52
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Del Valle L, Enam S, Lara C, Miklossy J, Khalili K, Gordon J. Primary central nervous system lymphoma expressing the human neurotropic polyomavirus, JC virus, genome. J Virol 2004; 78:3462-9. [PMID: 15016869 PMCID: PMC371040 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.78.7.3462-3469.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
B lymphocytes are known as a potential site for latency and reactivation of the human neurotropic polyomavirus, JC virus (JCV). In light of recent studies on the oncogenicity of JCV and the transforming ability of the JCV early protein, T antigen, we investigated the association of JCV with B-cell lymphomas of the central nervous system. Examination of 27 well-characterized clinical specimens by gene amplification and immunohistochemistry revealed the presence of DNA sequences corresponding to the JCV early genome and the late Agnoprotein in 22 samples and the JCV late genome encoding the viral capsid proteins in 8 samples. Expression of T antigen and that of Agnoprotein by immunohistochemistry were each detected in six specimens. No evidence of the production of viral capsid proteins was observed, ruling out productive infection of JCV in the tumor cells. The results from laser capture microdissection verified the presence of JCV T-antigen sequences in tumor cells with positive immunoreactivity to antibodies against the viral proteins T antigen and Agnoprotein. Due to previous reports demonstrating an association of the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) with transformation of B lymphocytes, EBV DNA sequences and the EBV transforming protein, latent membrane protein 1 (LMP1), were analyzed in parallel. EBV LMP1 DNA sequences were detected in 16 of 23 samples, and LMP1 expression was detected in 16 samples, 5 of which exhibited positive immunoreactivity to JCV proteins. Double labeling demonstrated coexpression of JCV T antigen and EBV LMP1 in the same cells. The detection of the JCV genome in large numbers of B-cell lymphomas and its coexistence with EBV suggest a potential role for JCV in the pathogenesis of primary CNS lymphoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Del Valle
- Center for Neurovirology and Cancer Biology, College of Science and Technology, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122, USA
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53
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Boldorini R, Pagani E, Car PG, Omodeo-Zorini E, Borghi E, Tarantini L, Bellotti C, Ferrante P, Monga G. Molecular characterisation of JC virus strains detected in human brain tumours. Pathology 2004; 35:248-53. [PMID: 14506971 DOI: 10.1080/0031302031000123245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The aim of this study was to evaluate the presence and significance of JC virus (JCV) in human brain tumours. METHODS Histology, immunohistochemistry (IHC) and molecular biology techniques were employed to examine specimens of tumour tissue, peripheral blood and cerebrospinal fluid taken from 22 patients with primary neuro-epithelial tumours. Furthermore, the coding viral protein (VP1) region and non-coding transcription control region (TCR) of JCV genome isolated from the tumours were submitted to sequence analysis in order to detect viral rearrangements or mutations. RESULTS JCV genome was found in nine of the 22 tumour specimens (40.9%), including eight astrocyte-derived tumours (seven glioblastomas and one astrocytoma) and one oligodendroglioma, and in two of the 15 cerebrospinal fluid specimens (13.3%) with positive tumour tissue (one glioblastoma and one astrocytoma). Sequence analysis of JCV VP1, which was amplified in seven tissue samples and the two cerebrospinal fluid samples, revealed only genotype 1 (four 1a and three 1b), whereas TCR was amplified in six tissue samples and only one cerebrospinal fluid sample. TCR sequence analysis was possible in four cases and identified three Mad-4 and one type II sequences; the TCR genomic structures of JCV isolated from cerebrospinal fluid were the same as those sequenced from corresponding tumour tissue, thus indicating a possible cerebrospinal fluid dissemination of neoplastic cells carrying viral DNA. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest a possible role of JCV in the induction of brain tumours, especially in those originating from brain cells normally targeted by JCV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renzo Boldorini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche Facoltà di Medicina e Chirurgia Università del Piemonte Orientale Amedeo Avogadro, Novara, Italy.
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54
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Khalili K, Del Valle L, Otte J, Weaver M, Gordon J. Human neurotropic polyomavirus, JCV, and its role in carcinogenesis. Oncogene 2003; 22:5181-91. [PMID: 12910255 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1206559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
A number of recent studies have reported the detection of the ubiquitous human polyomavirus, JC virus (JCV), in samples derived from several types of neural as well as non-neural human tumors. The human neurotropic JCV was first identified as the etiologic agent of the fatal demyelinating disease, progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy, which usually occurs in individuals with defects in cell-mediated immunity, including AIDS. However, upon mounting evidence of the oncogenic potential of the viral regulatory protein, T-antigen, and JCV's oncogenecity in a broad range of animal models, studies were initiated to determine its potential involvement in human carcinogenesis. Initially, the most frequently observed tumors in rodent models, including medulloblastoma, astrocytoma, glioblastoma, and other neural-origin tumors were analysed. These studies were followed by analysis of non-neural tumors such as colorectal carcinomas. In a subset of each tumor type examined, JC viral genomic DNA sequences could be detected by PCR and confirmed by Southern blot hybridization or direct sequencing. In a smaller subset of the tumors, the expression of T-antigen was observed by immunohistochemical analysis. Owing to the established functions of T-antigen including its ability to interact with tumor suppressor proteins such as Rb and p53, and its ability to influence chromosomal stability, potential mechanisms of JCV T-antigen-mediated cellular dysregulation are discussed. Further, as increasing evidence suggests that T-antigen is not required for maintenance of a transformed phenotype, a hit-and-run model for T-antigen-induced transformation is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamel Khalili
- Center for Neurovirology and Cancer Biology, College of Science and Technology, Temple University, 1900 North 12th Street, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA.
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55
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Bofill-Mas S, Clemente-Casares P, Major EO, Curfman B, Girones R. Analysis of the excreted JC virus strains and their potential oral transmission. J Neurovirol 2003; 9:498-507. [PMID: 12907394 DOI: 10.1080/13550280390218887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
JC virus (JCV) particles have been detected in urban sewage of divergent geographical areas. In this study, the authors evaluate the genetic characteristics and the infective capabilities of JCV strains in relation to the potential oral transmission of JCV in the population. JCV strains excreted in urine and detected in sewage have been described as presenting archetypal structure of the regulatory region of the viral genome. The regulatory region of JCV viral particles detected in two urban sewage samples have been cloned and characterized. From a total of 40 clones tested, 39 presented archetypal-like regulatory regions, whereas 1 of the clones analyzed presented a tandem repeated structure. Archetypal strains present in the urine of a pregnant woman were able to infect SVG cells, producing infectious virions, as demonstrated by confirmative cell culture, electron microscopy, and in situ DNA hybridization. This is the first description of archetypal JCV productive infection of SVG cells. SVG cells were also successfully infected with Mad-4 JCV viral particles subjected to pH 3 for 1 h at 37 degrees C and to 10 microg/ml of trypsin in the same conditions. A decrease in the viral progeny production was observed when Mad-4 was subjected to acidic pH. Mad-4 did not produce any detectable infection in the enteric cell line CaCo-2. The oral route could represent a significant route of transmission of JCV infections because JCV virions have demonstrated relative resistance in the environment and to some of the conditions present in the gastrointestinal tract. The archetypal strains commonly detected in the environment may be implicated in the transmission of JCV among the population. Sporadic infection with strains presenting tandem repeated structures may have implications in pathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sílvia Bofill-Mas
- Department of Microbiology, School of Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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56
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Messam CA, Hou J, Gronostajski RM, Major EO. Lineage pathway of human brain progenitor cells identified by JC virus susceptibility. Ann Neurol 2003; 53:636-46. [PMID: 12730998 DOI: 10.1002/ana.10523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Multipotential human central nervous system progenitor cells, isolated from human fetal brain tissue by selective growth conditions, were cultured as undifferentiated, attached cell layers. Selective differentiation yielded highly purified populations of neurons or astrocytes. This report describes the novel use of this cell culture model to study cell type-specific recognition of a human neurotropic virus, JC virus. Infection by either JC virions or a plasmid encoding the JC genome demonstrated susceptibility in astrocytes and, to a lesser degree, progenitor cells, whereas neurons remained nonpermissive. JC virus susceptibility correlated with significantly higher expression of the NFI-X transcription factor in astrocytes than in neurons. Furthermore, transfection of an NFI-X expression vector into progenitor-derived neuronal cells before infection resulted in viral protein production. These results indicate that susceptibility to JC virus infection occurs at the molecular level and also suggest that differential recognition of the viral promoter sequences can predict lineage pathways of multipotential progenitor cells in the human central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Conrad A Messam
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Neuroscience, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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57
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Morgan WF. Non-targeted and delayed effects of exposure to ionizing radiation: II. Radiation-induced genomic instability and bystander effects in vivo, clastogenic factors and transgenerational effects. Radiat Res 2003; 159:581-96. [PMID: 12710869 DOI: 10.1667/0033-7587(2003)159[0581:nadeoe]2.0.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 384] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The goal of this review is to summarize the evidence for non-targeted and delayed effects of exposure to ionizing radiation in vivo. Currently, human health risks associated with radiation exposures are based primarily on the assumption that the detrimental effects of radiation occur in irradiated cells. Over the years a number of non-targeted effects of radiation exposure in vivo have been described that challenge this concept. These include radiation-induced genomic instability, bystander effects, clastogenic factors produced in plasma from irradiated individuals that can cause chromosomal damage when cultured with nonirradiated cells, and transgenerational effects of parental irradiation that can manifest in the progeny. These effects pose new challenges to evaluating the risk(s) associated with radiation exposure and understanding radiation-induced carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- William F Morgan
- Radiation Oncology Research Laboratory and Greenebaum Cancer Center, Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland 21201-5525, USA.
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58
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Croul S, Otte J, Khalili K. Brain tumors and polyomaviruses. J Neurovirol 2003; 9:173-82. [PMID: 12707848 DOI: 10.1080/13550280390194055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2002] [Revised: 01/02/2003] [Accepted: 01/17/2003] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Polyomaviruses, including JC virus (JCV), BK virus (BKV), and simian virus 40 (SV40) have attracted much attention in the past decade due to their repeated isolation from various human tumors, including those originating from the central nervous system (CNS). JCV and BKV are considered to be ubiquitous human pathogens that become reactivated under impaired physiological conditions such as immunosuppression. Productive replication of JCV and BKV induces diseases such as progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy in the brain and hemorrhagic or nonhemorrhagic cystitis and nephritis in the kidney. JCV DNA sequences have been isolated from a number of human CNS tumors, including medulloblastoma, ependymoma, and a broad range of glial-origin neoplasms. SV40, once believed to be a monkey virus, has now been isolated from a variety of human cancer cells, including mesothelioma, ependymoma, and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. In this mini-review, the authors focused their attention on the possible involvement of polyomaviruses, such as JCV, BKV, and SV40, with human brain tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sidney Croul
- Center for Neurovirology and Cancer Biology, College of Science and Technology, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122, USA.
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59
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Anderson RM, Marsden SJ, Paice SJ, Bristow AE, Kadhim MA, Griffin CS, Goodhead DT. Transmissible and nontransmissible complex chromosome aberrations characterized by three-color and mFISH define a biomarker of exposure to high-LET alpha particles. Radiat Res 2003; 159:40-8. [PMID: 12492367 DOI: 10.1667/0033-7587(2003)159[0040:tancca]2.0.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Insertions have been proposed as potential stable biomarkers of chronic high-LET radiation exposure. To examine this in vitro, we irradiated human peripheral blood lymphocytes in G(0) with either 50 cGy (238)Pu alpha particles (LET 121.4 keV/microm) or 3 Gy 250 kV X rays and stimulated their long-term culture up to approximately 22 population doublings postirradiation. Mitotic cells were harvested at regular intervals throughout this culture period and were assayed for chromosome aberrations using the techniques of three-color and 24-color mFISH. We observed the stable persistence of transmissible-type complex rearrangements, all involving at least one insertion. This supports the hypothesis that insertions are relevant indicators of exposure to high-LET radiation. However, one practical caveat of insertions being effective biomarkers is that their frequency is low due to the complexity and cell lethality of the majority of alpha-particle-induced complexes. Therefore, we propose a "profile of damage" that relies on the presence of insertions, a low frequency of stable simple reciprocal translocations (2B), and, significantly, the complexity of the damage initially induced. We suggest that the complexity of first- and second-division alpha-particle-induced nontransmissible complex aberrations reflects the structure of the alpha-particle track and as a consequence adds radiation-quality specificity to the biomarker, increasing the signal:noise ratio of the characteristic 2B:insertion ratio.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rhona M Anderson
- MRC Radiation and Genome Stability Unit, Harwell, Didcot, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom OX4 2UG.
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60
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Abstract
Chromosomal instability (CIN) is present in most colorectal cancers, though the mechanism for these genetic aberrations is unclear. An explanation may lie in the possible link between JC virus (JCV) Mad-1 strain, found in colorectal cancers, and aneuploid neoplasia. It is proposed here to test the hypothesis that detection of JCV in colorectal cancer patients may serve as a clinically useful biomarker for the presence of colorectal tumors. This may be tested by looking for any correlation that may exist between JCV DNA, viral proteins, and anti-JCV anti-sera detected in samples of stool, blood, and urine obtained from patients with colorectal neoplasm compared with normal age-matched controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- F F Shadan
- Department of Medicine and Comprehensive Cancer Center, UCSD, School of Medicine, La Jolla, California, USA
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61
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Gallia GL, DelValle L, Laine C, Curtis M, Khalili K. Concomitant progressive multifocal leucoencephalopathy and primary central nervous system lymphoma expressing JC virus oncogenic protein, large T antigen. Mol Pathol 2001; 54:354-9. [PMID: 11577180 PMCID: PMC1187095 DOI: 10.1136/mp.54.5.354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
This report describes the concomitant occurrence of the JC virus (JCV) induced demyelinating disease progressive multifocal leucoencephalopathy (PML) and a primary central nervous system lymphoma (PCNS-L) in a patient with AIDS. Postmortem neuropathological examination revealed characteristic features of PML including multiple lesions of demyelination, enlarged oligodendrocytes with hyperchromatic nuclei (many containing eosinophilic intranuclear inclusions), and enlarged astrocytes with bizarre hyperchromatic nuclei. Immunohistochemical analysis demonstrated the expression of the JCV capsid protein VP-1 in the nuclei of infected oligodendrocytes and astrocytes. The PCNS-L lesion located in the basal ganglia was highly cellular, distributed perivascularly, and consisted of large atypical plasmacytoid lymphocytes. Immunohistochemical examination of this neoplasm identified it to be of B cell origin. Moreover, expression of the JCV oncogenic protein, T antigen, was detected in the nuclei of the neoplastic lymphocytes. This study provides the first evidence for a possible association between JCV and PCNS-L.
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Affiliation(s)
- G L Gallia
- Center for NeuroVirology and Cancer Biology, College of Science and Technology, Temple University, 1900 North 12th Street, Room 203, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA
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62
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Del Valle L, Baehring J, Lorenzana C, Giordano A, Khalili K, Croul S. Expression of a human polyomavirus oncoprotein and tumour suppressor proteins in medulloblastomas. Mol Pathol 2001; 54:331-7. [PMID: 11577176 PMCID: PMC1187091 DOI: 10.1136/mp.54.5.331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Although the aetiology of medulloblastoma remains elusive, several lines of evidence suggest an association with the human neurotropic polyomavirus JC and its oncoprotein T antigen. The tumour forming properties of JC virus T antigen are the result, at least in part, of its ability to bind and inactivate tumour suppressor/cell cycle regulatory proteins, such as p53 and the retinoblastoma family of proteins. METHODS To examine potential relations between these factors, immunohistochemistry was used to determine associations between the T antigen and the expression of p53 and the retinoblastoma proteins pRb, p107, and Rb2/p130 in eight medulloblastomas. RESULTS Only the three medulloblastomas with T antigen expression also showed nuclear positivity with antibodies to p53. Although immunohistochemistry detected nuclear labelling for pRb in five of the cases, the three that were positive for T antigen showed the highest pRb labelling. The retinoblastoma related proteins p107 and Rb2/p130 were also immunopositive in most T antigen positive medulloblastomas. Double label immunohistochemistry also demonstrated p53 and pRb positivity in the same cells that were T antigen positive. CONCLUSIONS These correlations suggest that associations between T antigen and p53 and/or T antigen and pRb occur in some of these tumours. These data provide indirect evidence that JC virus, acting through T antigen, might be involved in the formation and progression of medulloblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Del Valle
- The Center for NeuroVirology and Cancer Biology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA
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63
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Lloyd DC, Lucas JN, Edwards AA, Deng W, Valente E, Hone PA, Moquet JE. A study to verify a reported excess of chromosomal aberrations in blood lymphocytes of Namibian uranium miners. Radiat Res 2001; 155:809-17. [PMID: 11352763 DOI: 10.1667/0033-7587(2001)155[0809:astvar]2.0.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
This report describes a study to verify an earlier report of excess chromosomal damage in the blood lymphocytes of uranium miners. Coded blood samples from 10 miners and 10 controls were analyzed conventionally for unstable aberrations and by FISH for translocations. Conventional analysis, scoring 1000 metaphases per subject, showed no significant difference between miners and controls in the frequencies of chromosome- and chromatid-type aberrations. Investigators at two laboratories undertook FISH analyses, each scoring 4000 metaphases per subject. When the data from each laboratory were examined separately, one found slightly more translocations in the miners while the other found fewer. In neither case was the difference significant at the 95% level of confidence. Combining the data likewise showed no significant excess of damage in the miners. This applied to simple one- and two-way translocations and to cells with complex exchanges. There was no correlation between levels of translocations and total lifetime doses from occupational and/or background irradiation. A borderline significant excess of rogue cells was found in the miners. This may be a chance observation, as these rare, highly abnormal cells are considered to be unrelated to radiation exposure and are probably due to a virus. The overall conclusion is that the frequency of chromosomal damage in the miners did not exceed that in the controls. Therefore, the result of the earlier study was not confirmed.
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Affiliation(s)
- D C Lloyd
- National Radiological Protection Board, Chilton, Didcot, Oxon, OX11 0RQ, United Kingdom.
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64
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Aricò M, Haupt R, Russotto VS, Bossi G, Scappaticci S, Danesino C. Langerhans cell histiocytosis in two generations: a new family and review of the literature. MEDICAL AND PEDIATRIC ONCOLOGY 2001; 36:314-6. [PMID: 11452942 DOI: 10.1002/1096-911x(20010201)36:2<314::aid-mpo1072>3.0.co;2-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M Aricò
- Department of Pediatrics, IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy.
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65
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Altschuler EL. Viral inoculation for prophylaxis of polyoma virus associated diseases. Med Hypotheses 2001; 56:24-5. [PMID: 11133251 DOI: 10.1054/mehy.2000.1280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
A number of human diseases - colon cancer (JC virus), medulloblastoma (JC virus), and neuroblastoma (BK virus) have recently been associated with human polyoma viruses. If such viral links can be proven, I suggest viral inoculation as prophylaxis against these diseases, especially colon cancer, in seropositive immunocompetent individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- E L Altschuler
- Brain and Perception Laboratory, University of California, San Diego, California 92093-0109, USA
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66
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Major EO. From telomeres to T-antigens: Many roads ? multiple pathways ? novel associations in the search for the origins of human gliomas. Ann Neurol 2001. [DOI: 10.1002/1531-8249(200012)48:6<823::aid-ana1>3.0.co;2-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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67
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Ricciardiello L, Laghi L, Ramamirtham P, Chang CL, Chang DK, Randolph AE, Boland CR. JC virus DNA sequences are frequently present in the human upper and lower gastrointestinal tract. Gastroenterology 2000; 119:1228-35. [PMID: 11054380 DOI: 10.1053/gast.2000.19269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS JC virus (JCV), a human polyomavirus, has been found in a limited number of normal human tissues and cancers. The oncogenic potential of this virus is mediated by a transforming protein, the T antigen (TAg). We have previously demonstrated the presence of JCV-TAg in colorectal cancers, in adjacent normal colonic mucosa from these patients, and in the human colon cancer cell line SW480. The mode of transmission of this virus is unclear, and we hypothesized that the gastrointestinal (GI) tract may be a reservoir for the virus. METHODS DNA was extracted from 129 normal GI tissue samples collected from 33 patients. Topoisomerase I-assisted polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to detect the virus using exact and degenerate primers. Nested PCR and Southern blot analysis confirmed the identity of the PCR products. Single-stranded conformation polymorphism (SSCP) analysis and sequencing were used to evaluate the presence of viral quasispecies. RESULTS JCV sequences were found in 75.8% of patients (70.6% of upper GI and 81.2% of colonic samples); no significant differences in rates of infection were found by site. The use of degenerate primers combined with topoisomerase I treatment led to viral detection in 58.9% of samples, compared with 27.9% of samples using exact primers and topoisomerase I (P < 0.01). SSCP and sequencing analysis confirmed the amplification of viral quasispecies and the authenticity of TAg sequences. CONCLUSIONS The results show that JCV DNA sequences are highly prevalent in the human upper and lower gastrointestinal tract of immunocompetent individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Ricciardiello
- Department of Medicine and Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, and San Diego Veteran Affairs Medical Center, La Jolla, California 92093-0688, USA
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68
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Scappaticci S, Danesino C, Rossi E, Klersy C, Fiori GM, Clementi R, Russotto VS, Bossi G, Aricò M. Cytogenetic abnormalities in PHA-stimulated lymphocytes from patients with Langerhans cell histiocytosis. Br J Haematol 2000. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2141.2000.02313.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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69
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Scappaticci S, Danesino C, Rossi E, Klersy C, Fiori GM, Clementi R, Russotto VS, Bossi G, Aricò M. Cytogenetic abnormalities in PHA-stimulated lymphocytes from patients with Langerhans cell histocytosis. AIEOP-Istiocitosi Group. Br J Haematol 2000; 111:258-62. [PMID: 11091209 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2141.2000.02313.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The aetiopathogenesis of Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH) is still undefined. Constitutional abnormalities in LCH have rarely been reported. One study showed chromosomal instability in lesional cells from three patients. No chromosomal studies are available on peripheral blood lymphocytes. Peripheral blood lymphocytes were analysed for the presence of chromatid and/or chromosomal breaks and structural rearrangements. A fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) painting technique was also applied in two cases. Sixteen patients with multisystem (MS, n = 11) or single system (SS, n = 5) LCH were studied. either at the diagnosis (n = 8), during treatment (n = 2) or during follow-up, when asymptomatic (n = 6). Thirteen patients had chromosomal abnormalities. Eleven patients (69%) had chromatid and chromosomal breaks in 7-45% of cells. Overall, chromosome and chromatid breaks were significantly more frequent in the 11 patients with MS disease than in the five patients with SS disease: the mean percentage of cells showing chromosome and chromatid breaks was 13.4% in MS patients vs. 6.2% in SS patients (P = 0.003). Chromosomal abnormalities may be found in phytohaemagglutinin (PHA)-stimulated peripheral blood lymphocytes of LCH patients at diagnosis, during the disease course and even during long-term follow-up, more frequently in MS disease. Chromosome instability may be considered as either a basic genetic instability or as a landmark of reaction to an environmental agent (viral?) that, through genome alteration, may play a role in histiocyte proliferation and, in some cases, also in the increased risk of malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Scappaticci
- Biologia Generale e Genetica Medica, Università di Pavia, Italy
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70
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Domracheva EV, Rivkind NB, Aseeva EA, Obukhova TN, D'achenko LV, Vorobiov AI. Stable and unstable aberrations in lymphocytes of Chernobyl accident clearance workers carrying rogue cells. Appl Radiat Isot 2000; 52:1153-9. [PMID: 10836422 DOI: 10.1016/s0969-8043(00)00063-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Cells with multiple chromosomal aberrations, the so-called rogue cells, were found in blood samples from more than 100 Chernobyl accident clearance workers. A comparative analysis of frequencies of stable and unstable chromosomal aberrations in two worker groups--those with or without rogue cells was made. A higher level of unstable aberrations in persons carrying rogue cells was observed. No difference in the level of stable aberrations between the groups was seen. The possibility of low dose alpha irradiation causing the chromosomal damage is raised.
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Affiliation(s)
- E V Domracheva
- Karyology Laboratory, National Research Center for Hematology, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Moscow.
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71
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Imperiale MJ. The human polyomaviruses, BKV and JCV: molecular pathogenesis of acute disease and potential role in cancer. Virology 2000; 267:1-7. [PMID: 10648177 DOI: 10.1006/viro.1999.0092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M J Imperiale
- Department of Microbiology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109-0942, USA.
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72
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Hamilton RS, Gravell M, Major EO. Comparison of antibody titers determined by hemagglutination inhibition and enzyme immunoassay for JC virus and BK virus. J Clin Microbiol 2000; 38:105-9. [PMID: 10618072 PMCID: PMC86031 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.38.1.105-109.2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A comparison of antibody titers to JC virus (JCV) or BK virus (BKV) was made by hemagglutination inhibition (HI) and enzyme immunoassay (EIA) with 114 human plasma samples. Antibody titers to JCV or BKV determined by HI were lower than those determined by EIA. Nevertheless, as HI titers increased so did EIA titers. When antibody data were compared by the Spearman rank correlation test, highly significant correlations were found between HI and EIA titers. Results obtained by plotting EIA antibody titers for JCV against those for BKV generally showed a reciprocal relationship, i.e., samples with high antibody titers to JCV had lower antibody titers to BKV and vice versa. Some samples, however, had antibody titers to both viruses. Of the samples tested, 25.4% (25 of 114) had HI and EIA antibody titers to JCV and BKV which were identical or closely related. This is not the scenario one would expect for cross-reactive epitopes shared by the two viruses, but one suggesting that these samples were from individuals who had experienced infections by both viruses. Adsorption with concentrated JCV or BKV antigen of sera with high antibody titers to both JCV and BKV and testing by JCV and BKV EIA gave results which support this conclusion. Although 52.6% (51 of 97) of the samples from the Japanese population tested had very high antibody titers (>/=40,960) to either JCV or BKV, none of the samples were found by a dot blot immunoassay to have antibodies which cross-reacted with simian virus 40. The results from this study, in agreement with those of others, suggest that humans infected by JCV or BKV produce antibodies to species-specific epitopes on their VP1 capsid protein, which is associated with hemagglutination and cellular binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- R S Hamilton
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-4164, USA
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73
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Krynska B, Del Valle L, Croul S, Gordon J, Katsetos CD, Carbone M, Giordano A, Khalili K. Detection of human neurotropic JC virus DNA sequence and expression of the viral oncogenic protein in pediatric medulloblastomas. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1999; 96:11519-24. [PMID: 10500209 PMCID: PMC18066 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.96.20.11519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Medulloblastoma represents greater than 25% of childhood intracranial neoplasms and is considered a highly malignant tumor. This tumor, which arises predominantly in the cerebellar vermis, preferentially affects children between the ages of 5 and 15. Although the etiology of medulloblastomas in humans remains unknown, results from several experiments have indicated that the human neurotropic JC virus (JCV) is able to induce cerebellar neoplasms in rodents that exhibit a phenotype similar to that of human medulloblastomas. JCV is a polyomavirus that is widespread in the human population, with infection occurring most frequently in early childhood. In this study, we have examined the possible association of JCV with human medulloblastomas. By using PCR techniques we demonstrate that 11 of 23 samples of tumor tissue contain DNA sequences corresponding to three different regions of the JCV genome. More importantly, we demonstrate the presence of DNA sequences encoding the N- and C-terminal regions of the JCV oncogenic protein, T antigen, in 11 of 23 samples and the production of T antigen in the nuclei of 4 samples of tumor tissue. These observations provide evidence for a possible association of JCV with human medulloblastomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Krynska
- Center for NeuroVirology, MCP Hahnemann University, Philadelphia, PA 19102, USA
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74
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Laghi L, Randolph AE, Chauhan DP, Marra G, Major EO, Neel JV, Boland CR. JC virus DNA is present in the mucosa of the human colon and in colorectal cancers. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1999; 96:7484-9. [PMID: 10377441 PMCID: PMC22112 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.96.13.7484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
JC virus (JCV) is a polyoma virus that commonly infects humans. We have found T antigen DNA sequences of JCV in the mucosa of normal human colons, colorectal cancers, colorectal cancer xenografts raised in nude mice, and in the human colon cancer cell line SW480. A larger number of viral copies is present in cancer cells than in non-neoplastic colon cells, and sequence microheterogeneity occurs within individual colonic mucosal specimens. The improved yield of detection after treatment with topoisomerase I suggests that the viral DNA is negatively supercoiled in the human tissues. These results indicate that JCV DNA can be found in colonic tissues, which raises the possibility that this virus may play a role in the chromosomal instability observed in colorectal carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Laghi
- Department of Medicine and Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, 4028 Basic Science Building, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0688, USA
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75
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76
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Major EO, Neel JV. The JC and BK human polyoma viruses appear to be recent introductions to some South American Indian tribes: there is no serological evidence of cross-reactivity with the simian polyoma virus SV40. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1998; 95:15525-30. [PMID: 9861002 PMCID: PMC28076 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.95.26.15525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In an effort to understand the unusual cytogenetic damage earlier encountered in the Yanomama Indians, plasma samples from 425 Amerindians representing 14 tribes have been tested for hemagglutination inhibition antibodies to the human JC polyoma virus and from 369 Amerinds from 13 tribes for hemagglutination inhibition antibodies to the human BK polyoma virus. There is for both viruses highly significant heterogeneity between tribes for the prevalence of serum antibody titers >/=1/40, the pattern of infection suggesting that these two viruses only relatively recently have been introduced into some of these tribes. Some of these samples, from populations with no known exposure to the simian polyoma virus SV40, also were tested for antibodies to this virus by using an immunospot assay. In contrast to the findings of Brown et al. (Brown, P., Tsai, T. & Gajdusek, D. C. (1975) Am. J. Epidemiol. 102, 331-340), none of the samples was found to possess antibodies to SV40. In addition, no significant titers to SV40 were found in a sample of 97 Japanese adults, many of whom had been found to exhibit elevated titers to the JC and BK viruses. This study thus suggests that these human sera contain significant antibody titers to the human polyoma viruses JC and BK but do not appear to contain either cross-reactive antibodies to SV40 or primary antibodies resulting from SV40 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- E O Major
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Neuroscience, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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77
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Howard CM, Claudio PP, Gallia GL, Gordon J, Giordano GG, Hauck WW, Khalili K, Giordano A. Retinoblastoma-related protein pRb2/p130 and suppression of tumor growth in vivo. J Natl Cancer Inst 1998; 90:1451-60. [PMID: 9776410 DOI: 10.1093/jnci/90.19.1451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The RB/p105 and p107 genes of the retinoblastoma family are tumor suppressor genes whose proteins are inactivated by interaction with T-antigen proteins encoded by polyomaviruses (e.g., simian virus 40 and human JC virus), which have been found to be highly tumorigenic in animals. A variety of indirect evidence suggests that another member of the retinoblastoma gene family, RB2/p130, is also a tumor suppressor gene. To investigate the putative tumor suppressor activity of RB2/p130 more directly, we utilized a tetracycline-regulated gene expression system to control expression of the encoded protein pRb2/p130 in JC virus-induced hamster brain tumor cells and to study the effects of pRb2/p130 on the growth of such tumor cells in nude mice. The ability of pRb2/p130 to interact with JC virus T antigen was also studied. METHODS Northern blot hybridization analyses were performed on samples of total cellular RNA to measure RB2/p130 and beta-actin messenger RNA levels. Immunoprecipitation and western blot analyses were used to determine T-antigen and pRb2/p130 protein levels and to assess the phosphorylation status of these proteins. Tumor cells were injected subcutaneously into nude mice, and tumor growth, with or without induced expression of pRb2/p130, was monitored. RESULTS Induction of pRb2/p130 expression brought about a 3.2-fold, or 69% (95% confidence interval = 64%-73%), reduction in final tumor mass in nude mice. We also demonstrated that JC virus T antigen binds hypophosphorylated pRb2/p130 and that stimulation of pRb2/p130 expression overcomes cellular transformation mediated by this antigen. CONCLUSION Our findings support the hypothesis that RB2/p130 is a tumor suppressor gene.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, Viral, Tumor/biosynthesis
- Antigens, Viral, Tumor/metabolism
- Blotting, Northern
- Blotting, Western
- Brain Neoplasms/genetics
- Brain Neoplasms/virology
- Cricetinae
- DNA, Neoplasm/analysis
- Disease Models, Animal
- Flow Cytometry
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic/drug effects
- Gene Expression Regulation, Viral/drug effects
- Genes, Retinoblastoma/drug effects
- Genes, Tumor Suppressor/drug effects
- Humans
- JC Virus/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Nude
- Phosphoproteins/biosynthesis
- Phosphoproteins/pharmacology
- Precipitin Tests
- Protein Synthesis Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Proteins
- Retinoblastoma-Like Protein p130
- Tetracycline/pharmacology
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
- Tumor Stem Cell Assay
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Howard
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy, and Cell Biology, Jefferson Medical College, and Sbarro Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19102, USA
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78
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Neel JV. An association, in adult Japanese, between the occurrence of rogue cells among cultured lymphocytes (JC virus activity) and the frequency of "simple" chromosomal damage among the lymphocytes of persons exhibiting these rogue cells. Am J Hum Genet 1998; 63:489-97. [PMID: 9683586 PMCID: PMC1377296 DOI: 10.1086/301954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Data from a previous study of the cytogenetic effects, in cultured lymphocytes, of exposure to the atomic bomb in Hiroshima have been reanalyzed to determine the relationship between the occurrence of "rogue" cells in an individual and the frequency of "simple" chromosomal damage in the nonrogue cells of the same individual. Rogue cells are cells with complex chromosomal damage, currently believed to be a manifestation of the activity of a human polyoma virus termed "JC." Among a total of 1,835 persons examined, there were 45 exhibiting rogue cells. A total of 179,599 cells were scored for simple chromosomal damage. In both the exposed and the control populations, there was an absolute increase of approximately 1.5% in the frequency of simple chromosomal damage in the nonrogue cells of those exhibiting rogue cells, when compared with the frequencies observed in those not exhibiting rogue cells, which is a statistically significant difference. It is argued that this phenomenon, occurring not only in lymphocytes but possibly also in other cells/tissues, may play a contributory role in the origin of malignancies characterized by clonal chromosome abnormalities. Unexpectedly, among those exhibiting rogue cells, there was a disproportionately greater representation of persons who had received relatively high radiation exposures from the bomb. The reason for this is unclear, but it is tempting to relate the finding to some lingering effect of the exposure (or the circumstances surrounding the exposure) on immunocompetence.
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Affiliation(s)
- J V Neel
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-0618, USA.
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Barbanti-Brodano G, Martini F, De Mattei M, Lazzarin L, Corallini A, Tognon M. BK and JC human polyomaviruses and simian virus 40: natural history of infection in humans, experimental oncogenicity, and association with human tumors. Adv Virus Res 1998; 50:69-99. [PMID: 9520997 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-3527(08)60806-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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