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Świontek M, Kamiński ZJ, Kolesińska B, Seebach D. Visible-Light Microscopic Discovery of Up to 150 μm Long Helical Amyloid Fibrils Built of the Dodecapeptide H-(Val-Ala-Leu) 4 -OH and of Decapeptides Derived from Insulin. Chem Biodivers 2016; 13:1111-1117. [PMID: 27459320 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.201600167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2016] [Accepted: 07/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
In the formation of amyloid fibrils from small peptides, the appearance of superhelices of (P)- or (M)-helicity has been observed for the first time; high concentrations of the peptides and extended periods of incubation at physiological pH appear to be important for this phenomenon. In view of the general importance of peptide and protein aggregation, we give a brief overview with selected examples for demonstration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Świontek
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Technical University of Łodz, Zeromskiego 116, PL-90-924, Łodz
| | - Zbigniew J Kamiński
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Technical University of Łodz, Zeromskiego 116, PL-90-924, Łodz
| | - Beata Kolesińska
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Technical University of Łodz, Zeromskiego 116, PL-90-924, Łodz.
| | - Dieter Seebach
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie, Departement Chemie und Angewandte Biowissenschaften, ETH-Zürich, Hönggerberg HCI, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3, CH-8093, Zürich.
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52
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SOD3 Ameliorates Aβ 25-35-Induced Oxidative Damage in SH-SY5Y Cells by Inhibiting the Mitochondrial Pathway. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2016; 37:513-525. [PMID: 27272114 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-016-0390-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2016] [Accepted: 05/30/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
This study was designed to investigate the protective effects of extracellular superoxide dismutase (SOD3) against amyloid beta (Aβ25-35)-induced damage in human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells and to elucidate the mechanisms responsible for this beneficial effect. SH-SY5Y cells overexpressing SOD3 were generated by adenoviral vector-mediated infection and Aβ25-35 was then added to the cell culture system to establish an in vitro model of oxidative stress. Cell viability, the generation of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), the expression and activity of antioxidant enzymes, the levels of lipid peroxidation malondialdehyde (MDA), the expression of mitochondrial apoptosis-related genes and calcium images were examined. Following Aβ25-35 exposure, SOD3 overexpression promoted the survival of SH-SY5Y cells, decreased the production of ROS, decreased MDA and calcium levels, and decreased cytochrome c, caspase-3, caspase-9 and Bax gene expression. Furthermore, SOD3 overexpression increased the expression and activity of antioxidant enzyme genes and Bcl-2 expression. Together, our data demonstrate that SOD3 ameliorates Aβ25-35-induced oxidative damage in neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells by inhibiting the mitochondrial pathway. These data provide new insights into the functional actions of SOD3 on oxidative stress-induced cell damage.
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53
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Bag S, Chaudhury S, Pramanik D, DasGupta S, Dasgupta S. Hydrophobic tail length plays a pivotal role in amyloid beta (25-35) fibril-surfactant interactions. Proteins 2016; 84:1213-23. [DOI: 10.1002/prot.25069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2016] [Revised: 05/05/2016] [Accepted: 05/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sudipta Bag
- Department of Chemistry; Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur; Kharagpur 721302 India
| | | | - Dibyendu Pramanik
- Department of Chemistry; Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur; Kharagpur 721302 India
| | - Sunando DasGupta
- Department of Chemical Engineering; Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur; Kharagpur 721302 India
| | - Swagata Dasgupta
- Department of Chemistry; Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur; Kharagpur 721302 India
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54
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Ghobeh M, Ahmadian S, Meratan AA, Ebrahim-Habibi A, Ghasemi A, Shafizadeh M, Nemat-Gorgani M. Interaction of Aβ(25-35) fibrillation products with mitochondria: Effect of small-molecule natural products. Biopolymers 2016; 102:473-86. [PMID: 25297917 DOI: 10.1002/bip.22572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2014] [Revised: 09/18/2014] [Accepted: 10/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The 25-35 fragment of the amyloid β (Aβ) peptide is a naturally occurring proteolytic by-product that retains the pathophysiology of its larger parent molecule, whose deposition has been shown to involve mitochondrial dysfunction. Hence, disruption of Aβ(25-35) aggregates could afford an effective remedial strategy for Alzheimer's disease (AD). In the present study, the effect of a number of selected small-molecule natural products (polyphenols: resveratrol, quercetin, biochanin A, and indoles: indole-3-acetic acid, indole-3-carbinol (I3C)) on Aβ(25-35) fibrillogenesis was explored under physiological conditions, and interaction of the resulting structures with rat brain mitochondria was investigated. Several techniques, including fluorescence, circular dichroism, and transmission electron microscopy were utilized to characterize the aggregation products, and possible mitochondrial membrane permeabilization was determined following release of marker enzymes. Results demonstrate the capacity of Aβ(25-35) fibrils to damage mitochondria and suggest how small molecules may afford protection. While I3C appeared more effective in inhibiting the fibrillation process, all natural products behaved similarly in destabilizing preformed aggregates. It is concluded that elucidation of such protection may provide important insights into the development of preventive and therapeutic agents for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Ghobeh
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
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55
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Johnson ECB, Lanning JD, Meredith SC. Peptide backbone modification in the bend region of amyloid-β inhibits fibrillogenesis but not oligomer formation. J Pept Sci 2016; 22:368-73. [PMID: 27114096 DOI: 10.1002/psc.2879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2015] [Revised: 02/16/2016] [Accepted: 03/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Current evidence suggests that oligomers of the amyloid-β (Aβ) peptide are involved in the cellular toxicity of Alzheimer's disease, yet their biophysical characterization remains difficult because of lack of experimental control over the aggregation process under relevant physiologic conditions. Here, we show that modification of the Aβ peptide backbone at Gly29 allows for the formation of oligomers but inhibits fibril formation at physiologic temperature and pH. Our results suggest that the putative bend region in Aβ is important for higher-order aggregate formation. Copyright © 2016 European Peptide Society and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik C B Johnson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA.,Institute for Biophysical Dynamics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Jennifer D Lanning
- Department of Pathology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Stephen C Meredith
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA.,Department of Pathology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
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56
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Garg DK, Kundu B. Clues for divergent, polymorphic amyloidogenesis through dissection of amyloid forming steps of bovine carbonic anhydrase and its critical amyloid forming stretch. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2016; 1864:794-804. [PMID: 27045222 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2016.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2015] [Revised: 03/12/2016] [Accepted: 03/31/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Certain amino acid stretches are considered 'critical' to trigger amyloidogenesis in a protein. Synthetic peptides corresponding to these stretches are often used as experimental mimics for studying the amyloidogenesis of their parent protein. Here we provide evidence that such simple extrapolation is misleading. We scrutinized each step of amyloid progression of full length bovine carbonic anhydrase (BCA) and compared it with the amyloidogenic process of its critical peptide stretch 201-227 (PepB). We found that under similar solution conditions amyloidogenesis of BCA followed surface-catalyzed secondary nucleation, whereas, that of PepB followed classical nucleation-dependent pathway. AFM images showed that while BCA formed short, thick and branched fibrils, PepB formed thin, long and unbranched fibrils. Structural information obtained by ATR-FTIR spectroscopy suggested parallel arrangement of intermolecular β-sheet in BCA amyloids in contrast to PepB amyloids which arranged into antiparallel β sheets. Amyloids formed by BCA were unable to seed the fibrillation of PepB and vice versa. Even the intermediates formed during lag phase revealed contrasting FTIR and far UV CD signature, hydrophobicity, morphology and cell cytotoxicity. Thus, we propose that sequences other than critical amyloidogenic stretches may significantly influence the initiation, polymerization and final fibrillar morphology of amyloid forming protein. The results have been discussed in light of primary sequence mediated amyloid polymorphism and its importance in the rational design of amyloid nanomaterials possessing desired physico-chemical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dushyant Kumar Garg
- Kusuma School of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110016, India
| | - Bishwajit Kundu
- Kusuma School of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110016, India.
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57
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Jesky R, Chen H. The neuritogenic and neuroprotective potential of senegenin against Aβ-induced neurotoxicity in PC 12 cells. Altern Ther Health Med 2016; 16:26. [PMID: 26803813 PMCID: PMC4724108 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-016-1006-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2015] [Accepted: 01/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Improved therapeutics aimed at ameliorating the devastating effects of neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), are pertinent to help attenuate their growing prevalence worldwide. One promising avenue for such therapeutics lies in botanical medicines that have been efficaciously employed in the likes of traditional medicine doctrines for millennium. Integral to this approach is the necessity of neuritogenesis and/or neuroprotection to counterbalance the deleterious effects of amyloid-β (Aβ) proteins. Senegenin, a principle saponin of Polygala tenuifolia Willd., which has empirically shown to improve cognition and intelligence, was chosen to evaluate its cytoprotective potential and possible neuritogenic and neuroprotective effects. METHODS The purpose of the present study was then to analyze morphological changes in neurite development and altered protein expression of two proteins requisite to neuritogenesis, growth associated protein 43 (Gap-43) and microtubule-associated protein 2 (MAP2) in PC 12 cells. Neuritogenic analysis was conducted with immunofluorescence after incubation with Aβ (25-35) peptide, and to deduce information on cell viability and mitochondrial functionality MTT (3,(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) was employed. RESULTS This study found that cells pre-incubated with senegenin for 24 h (40 μg and 20 μg/ml) before introducing Aβ attenuated Aβ-cytotoxicity, and significantly increased cell viability by 23 % and 34 % (P < 0.001), respectively. In neurite outgrowth experiments, Aβ was compared to NGF positive control and senegenin treated groups which showed a drastic decrease in the quantity, average length and maximum length of neurites (P < 0.001). At concentrations of 1 μg/ml (P < 0.01) and 5 μg/ml (P < 0.05) senegenin triggered neuritogenesis with significant increases in total neurite number, average length and maximum length. This was additionally shown through the augmented expression of MAP2 and Gap-43. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that senegenin possesses cytoprotective properties, can moderate neurite outgrowth and augment MAP2 and Gap-43, thus suggesting a potential therapeutic value for Polygala tenuifolia in neurodegenerative disorders.
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58
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Zhang Q, Hu X, Wang W, Yuan Z. Study of a Bifunctional Aβ Aggregation Inhibitor with the Abilities of Antiamyloid-β and Copper Chelation. Biomacromolecules 2016; 17:661-8. [PMID: 26756252 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.5b01603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In this study, a bifunctional Aβ aggregation inhibitor peptide, GGHRYYAAFFARR (GR), with the abilities to bind copper and antiamyloid was designed to inhibit the neurotoxicity of the Aβ-Cu(II) complex. The thioflavin T (ThT) assay, turbidimetric analysis, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) (MTT) assay were used to study its potential inhibitory effect on Aβ aggregation. Our findings indicate that GGH was the specific chelating sequence and that the RYYAAFFARR (RR) component acted as an aggregation inhibitor. More importantly, GR significantly decreased the cytotoxicity of the Aβ-Cu(II) complex. The cell viability improved to 88%, which was higher than with the single functional peptide GGH and RR by 39% and 20%, respectively. Moreover, the qualitative effect of Cu(II) on the Aβ-Cu(II) complex was also studied. Our results indicate that Cu(II) induces the formation of the β-sheet structure with a subequimolar Cu(II):Aβ molar ratio (0.25:1) but led to increased ROS production at a supra-equimolar ratio.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials of Ministry of Education, Institute of Polymer Chemistry, and ‡Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Nankai University , Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Xiaoyu Hu
- Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials of Ministry of Education, Institute of Polymer Chemistry, and ‡Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Nankai University , Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials of Ministry of Education, Institute of Polymer Chemistry, and ‡Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Nankai University , Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Zhi Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials of Ministry of Education, Institute of Polymer Chemistry, and ‡Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Nankai University , Tianjin 300071, China
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59
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Xu P, Wang H, Li Z, Yang Z. Triptolide attenuated injury via inhibiting oxidative stress in Amyloid-Beta25-35-treated differentiated PC12 cells. Life Sci 2015; 145:19-26. [PMID: 26679104 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2015.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2015] [Revised: 11/07/2015] [Accepted: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recently, an abnormal deposition of Amyloid-Beta (Aβ) was considered the primary cause of the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). And how to inhibit the cytotoxicity is considered an important target for the treatment of AD. Triptolide (TP), a purified diterpenoid from the herb Tripterygium wilfordii Hook.f. (TWHF), has potential neuroprotective effects pertinent to disease of the nervous system. However, whether triptolide and its specific mechanisms have protective functions in differentiated PC12 cells treated with Aβ25-35 remain unclear. AIMS The purpose is to investigate the protective functions of triptolide in Aβ25-35-stimulated differentiated PC12 cells. MAIN METHODS In the study, we use 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) assay, flow cytometry assay, immunohistochemical staining and Western blot to observe the effects of triptolide on cytotoxicity induced by Aβ25-35 and its mechanism of oxidative stress. KEY FINDINGS The result of MTT and LDH assay indicates that triptolide protected PC12 cells against Aβ25-35-induced cytotoxicity. The flow cytometry assay shows that triptolide attenuated Aβ25-35-induced apoptosis in differentiated PC12 cells. Meanwhile, the results give a clear indication that triptolide could downregulate generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and malondialdehyde (MDA) induced by Aβ25-35. The apoptotic process triggered by triptolide involved the up-regulation of the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD). SIGNIFICANCE The results suggest that triptolide may serve as an important role in the inhibition of the cell apoptosis induced by Aβ and the decreased oxidative stress is a key mechanism in the protective effect of triptolide in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengjuan Xu
- School of Integrative Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300193, China.
| | - Hui Wang
- College of Life Science, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Zhigui Li
- College of Medicine, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Neurovascular Regulation, State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Zhuo Yang
- College of Medicine, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Neurovascular Regulation, State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
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60
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Hiramatsu H, Ochiai H, Komuro T. Effects of N-Methylated Amyloid-β30-40Peptides on the Fibrillation of Amyloid-β1-40. Chem Biol Drug Des 2015; 87:425-33. [DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.12674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2015] [Revised: 09/27/2015] [Accepted: 10/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hirotsugu Hiramatsu
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Tohoku University; Sendai 980-8578 Japan
| | - Hironori Ochiai
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Tohoku University; Sendai 980-8578 Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Komuro
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Tohoku University; Sendai 980-8578 Japan
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61
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Xia Y, Niu Y, Cui J, Fu Y, Chen XS, Lou H, Cao Q. The Helicase Activity of Hyperthermophilic Archaeal MCM is Enhanced at High Temperatures by Lysine Methylation. Front Microbiol 2015; 6:1247. [PMID: 26617586 PMCID: PMC4639711 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.01247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2015] [Accepted: 10/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Lysine methylation and methyltransferases are widespread in the third domain of life, archaea. Nevertheless, the effects of methylation on archaeal proteins wait to be defined. Here, we report that recombinant sisMCM, an archaeal homolog of Mcm2-7 eukaryotic replicative helicase, is methylated by aKMT4 in vitro. Mono-methylation of these lysine residues occurs coincidently in the endogenous sisMCM protein purified from the hyperthermophilic Sulfolobus islandicus cells as indicated by mass spectra. The helicase activity of mini-chromosome maintenance (MCM) is stimulated by methylation, particularly at temperatures over 70°C. The methylated MCM shows optimal DNA unwinding activity after heat-treatment between 76 and 82°C, which correlates well with the typical growth temperatures of hyperthermophilic Sulfolobus. After methylation, the half life of MCM helicase is dramatically extended at 80°C. The methylated sites are located on the accessible protein surface, which might modulate the intra- and inter- molecular interactions through changing the hydrophobicity and surface charge. Furthermore, the methylation-mimic mutants of MCM show heat resistance helicase activity comparable to the methylated MCM. These data provide the biochemical evidence that posttranslational modifications such as methylation may enhance kinetic stability of proteins under the elevated growth temperatures of hyperthermophilic archaea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yisui Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Agro-Biotechnology and Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Soil Microbiology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University Beijing, China
| | - Yanling Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Agro-Biotechnology and Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Soil Microbiology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University Beijing, China
| | - Jiamin Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Agro-Biotechnology and Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Soil Microbiology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University Beijing, China
| | - Yang Fu
- Molecular and Computational Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles CA, USA ; USC Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles CA, USA ; Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles CA, USA
| | - Xiaojiang S Chen
- Molecular and Computational Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles CA, USA ; USC Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles CA, USA ; Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles CA, USA
| | - Huiqiang Lou
- State Key Laboratory of Agro-Biotechnology and Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Soil Microbiology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University Beijing, China
| | - Qinhong Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Agro-Biotechnology and Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Soil Microbiology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University Beijing, China
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Aβ42-oligomer Interacting Peptide (AIP) neutralizes toxic amyloid-β42 species and protects synaptic structure and function. Sci Rep 2015; 5:15410. [PMID: 26510576 PMCID: PMC4625140 DOI: 10.1038/srep15410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2015] [Accepted: 09/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The amyloid-β42 (Aβ42) peptide is believed to be the main culprit in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer disease (AD), impairing synaptic function and initiating neuronal degeneration. Soluble Aβ42 oligomers are highly toxic and contribute to progressive neuronal dysfunction, loss of synaptic spine density, and affect long-term potentiation (LTP). We have characterized a short, L-amino acid Aβ-oligomer Interacting Peptide (AIP) that targets a relatively well-defined population of low-n Aβ42 oligomers, rather than simply inhibiting the aggregation of Aβ monomers into oligomers. Our data show that AIP diminishes the loss of Aβ42-induced synaptic spine density and rescues LTP in organotypic hippocampal slice cultures. Notably, the AIP enantiomer (comprised of D-amino acids) attenuated the rough-eye phenotype in a transgenic Aβ42 fly model and significantly improved the function of photoreceptors of these flies in electroretinography tests. Overall, our results indicate that specifically “trapping” low-n oligomers provides a novel strategy for toxic Aβ42-oligomer recognition and removal.
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63
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Nasir I, Linse S, Cabaleiro-Lago C. Fluorescent filter-trap assay for amyloid fibril formation kinetics in complex solutions. ACS Chem Neurosci 2015; 6:1436-44. [PMID: 25946560 PMCID: PMC4599436 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.5b00104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyloid fibrils are the most distinct components of the plaques associated with various neurodegenerative diseases. Kinetic studies of amyloid fibril formation shed light on the microscopic mechanisms that underlie this process as well as the contributions of internal and external factors to the interplay between different mechanistic steps. Thioflavin T is a widely used noncovalent fluorescent probe for monitoring amyloid fibril formation; however, it may suffer from limitations due to the unspecific interactions between the dye and the additives. Here, we present the results of a filter-trap assay combined with the detection of fluorescently labeled amyloid β (Aβ) peptide. The filter-trap assay separates formed aggregates based on size, and the fluorescent label attached to Aβ allows for their detection. The times of half completion of the process (t1/2) obtained by the filter-trap assay are comparable to values from the ThT assay. High concentrations of human serum albumin (HSA) and carboxyl-modified polystyrene nanoparticles lead to an elevated ThT signal, masking a possible fibril formation event. The filter-trap assay allows fibril formation to be studied in the presence of those substances and shows that Aβ fibril formation is kinetically inhibited by HSA and that the amount of fibrils formed are reduced. In contrast, nanoparticles exhibit a dual-behavior governed by their concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irem Nasir
- Department of Biochemistry
and Structural Biology, Center for Molecular Protein Science, Lund University, P.O.
Box 124, SE 221 00, Lund, Sweden
| | - Sara Linse
- Department of Biochemistry
and Structural Biology, Center for Molecular Protein Science, Lund University, P.O.
Box 124, SE 221 00, Lund, Sweden
| | - Celia Cabaleiro-Lago
- Department of Biochemistry
and Structural Biology, Center for Molecular Protein Science, Lund University, P.O.
Box 124, SE 221 00, Lund, Sweden
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Barage SH, Sonawane KD. Amyloid cascade hypothesis: Pathogenesis and therapeutic strategies in Alzheimer's disease. Neuropeptides 2015; 52:1-18. [PMID: 26149638 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2015.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 365] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2014] [Revised: 06/24/2015] [Accepted: 06/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease is an irreversible, progressive neurodegenerative disorder. Various therapeutic approaches are being used to improve the cholinergic neurotransmission, but their role in AD pathogenesis is still unknown. Although, an increase in tau protein concentration in CSF has been described in AD, but several issues remains unclear. Extensive and accurate analysis of CSF could be helpful to define presence of tau proteins in physiological conditions, or released during the progression of neurodegenerative disease. The amyloid cascade hypothesis postulates that the neurodegeneration in AD caused by abnormal accumulation of amyloid beta (Aβ) plaques in various areas of the brain. The amyloid hypothesis has continued to gain support over the last two decades, particularly from genetic studies. Therefore, current research progress in several areas of therapies shall provide an effective treatment to cure this devastating disease. This review critically evaluates general biochemical and physiological functions of Aβ directed therapeutics and their relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sagar H Barage
- Department of Biotechnology, Shivaji University, Kolhapur 416004, Maharashtra (M.S.), India
| | - Kailas D Sonawane
- Structural Bioinformatics Unit, Department of Biochemistry, Shivaji University, Kolhapur 416004, Maharashtra (M.S.), India; Department of Microbiology, Shivaji University, Kolhapur 416004, Maharashtra (M.S.), India.
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65
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β-Sheet interfering molecules acting against β-amyloid aggregation and fibrillogenesis. Bioorg Med Chem 2015; 23:1671-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2015.02.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2014] [Revised: 02/09/2015] [Accepted: 02/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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66
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Arosio P, Knowles TPJ, Linse S. On the lag phase in amyloid fibril formation. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2015; 17:7606-18. [PMID: 25719972 PMCID: PMC4498454 DOI: 10.1039/c4cp05563b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 527] [Impact Index Per Article: 58.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2014] [Accepted: 02/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The formation of nanoscale amyloid fibrils from normally soluble peptides and proteins is a common form of self-assembly phenomenon that has fundamental connections with biological functions and human diseases. The kinetics of this process has been widely studied and exhibits on a macroscopic level three characteristic stages: a lag phase, a growth phase and a final plateau regime. The question of which molecular events take place during each one of these phases has been a central element in the quest for a mechanism of amyloid formation. In this review, we discuss the nature and molecular origin of the lag-phase in amyloid formation by making use of tools and concepts from physical chemistry, in particular from chemical reaction kinetics. We discuss how, in macroscopic samples, it has become apparent that the lag-phase is not a waiting time for nuclei to form. Rather, multiple parallel processes exist and typically millions of primary nuclei form during the lag phase from monomers in solution. Thus, the lag-time represents a time that is required for the nuclei that are formed early on in the reaction to grow and proliferate in order to reach an aggregate concentration that is readily detected in bulk assays. In many cases, this proliferation takes place through secondary nucleation, where fibrils may present a catalytic surface for the formation of new aggregates. Fibrils may also break (fragmentation) and thereby provide new ends for elongation. Thus, at least two - primary nucleation and elongation - and in many systems at least four - primary nucleation, elongation, secondary nucleation and fragmentation - microscopic processes occur during the lag phase. Moreover, these same processes occur during all three phases of the macroscopic aggregation process, albeit at different rates as governed by rate constants and by the concentration of reacting species at each point in time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Arosio
- Chemistry Department , University of Cambridge , Lensfield road , Cambridge , UK
| | - Tuomas P. J. Knowles
- Chemistry Department , University of Cambridge , Lensfield road , Cambridge , UK
| | - Sara Linse
- Department of Biochemistry and Structural Biology , Chemical Centre , Lund University , P. O. Box 124 , SE221 00 Lund , Sweden .
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67
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Mira A, Yamashita S, Katakura Y, Shimizu K. In vitro neuroprotective activities of compounds from Angelica shikokiana Makino. Molecules 2015; 20:4813-32. [PMID: 25786165 PMCID: PMC6272295 DOI: 10.3390/molecules20034813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2015] [Revised: 03/03/2015] [Accepted: 03/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Angelica shikokiana is widely marketed in Japan as a dietary food supplement. With a focus on neurodegenerative conditions such as Alzheimer's disease, the aerial part was extracted and through bio-guided fractionation, fifteen compounds [α-glutinol, β-amyrin, kaempferol, luteolin, quercetin, kaempferol-3-O-glucoside, kaempferol-3-O-rutinoside, methyl chlorogenate, chlorogenic acid, hyuganin E, 5-(hydroxymethyl)-2-furaldehyde, β-sitosterol-3-O-glucoside, adenosine (isolated for the first time from A. shikokiana), isoepoxypteryxin and isopteryxin] were isolated. Isolated compounds were evaluated for in vitro neuroprotection using acetylcholine esterase inhibitory, protection against hydrogen peroxide and amyloid β peptide (Aβ25-35)-induced neurotoxicity in neuro-2A cells, scavenging of hydroxyl radicals and intracellular reactive oxygen species and thioflavin T assays. Quercetin showed the strongest AChE inhibition (IC50 value = 35.5 µM) through binding to His-440 and Tyr-70 residues at the catalytic and anionic sites of acetylcholine esterase, respectively. Chlorogenic acid, its methyl ester, quercetin and luteolin could significantly protect neuro-2A cells against H2O2-induced neurotoxicity and scavenge hydroxyl radical and intracellular reactive oxygen species. Kaempferol-3-O-rutinoiside, hyuganin E and isoepoxypteryxin significantly decreased Aβ25-35-induced neurotoxicity and Th-T fluorescence. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report about neuroprotection of hyuganin E and isoepoxypteryxin against Aβ25-35-induced neurotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amira Mira
- Division of Systematic Forest and Forest Products Sciences, Department of agroenvironmental sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Graduate School of Kyushu University, Fukouka 812-8581, Japan.
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt.
| | - Shuntaro Yamashita
- Department of Bioscience & Biotechnology, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental sciences, Kyushu University, Fukouka 812-8581, Japan.
| | - Yoshinori Katakura
- Department of Bioscience & Biotechnology, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental sciences, Kyushu University, Fukouka 812-8581, Japan.
| | - Kuniyoshi Shimizu
- Division of Systematic Forest and Forest Products Sciences, Department of agroenvironmental sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Graduate School of Kyushu University, Fukouka 812-8581, Japan.
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68
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Fesenko IA, Arapidi GP, Skripnikov AY, Alexeev DG, Kostryukova ES, Manolov AI, Altukhov IA, Khazigaleeva RA, Seredina AV, Kovalchuk SI, Ziganshin RH, Zgoda VG, Novikova SE, Semashko TA, Slizhikova DK, Ptushenko VV, Gorbachev AY, Govorun VM, Ivanov VT. Specific pools of endogenous peptides are present in gametophore, protonema, and protoplast cells of the moss Physcomitrella patens. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2015; 15:87. [PMID: 25848929 PMCID: PMC4365561 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-015-0468-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2014] [Accepted: 02/26/2015] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Protein degradation is a basic cell process that operates in general protein turnover or to produce bioactive peptides. However, very little is known about the qualitative and quantitative composition of a plant cell peptidome, the actual result of this degradation. In this study we comprehensively analyzed a plant cell peptidome and systematically analyzed the peptide generation process. RESULTS We thoroughly analyzed native peptide pools of Physcomitrella patens moss in two developmental stages as well as in protoplasts. Peptidomic analysis was supplemented by transcriptional profiling and quantitative analysis of precursor proteins. In total, over 20,000 unique endogenous peptides, ranging in size from 5 to 78 amino acid residues, were identified. We showed that in both the protonema and protoplast states, plastid proteins served as the main source of peptides and that their major fraction formed outside of chloroplasts. However, in general, the composition of peptide pools was very different between these cell types. In gametophores, stress-related proteins, e.g., late embryogenesis abundant proteins, were among the most productive precursors. The Driselase-mediated protonema conversion to protoplasts led to a peptide generation "burst", with a several-fold increase in the number of components in the latter. Degradation of plastid proteins in protoplasts was accompanied by suppression of photosynthetic activity. CONCLUSION We suggest that peptide pools in plant cells are not merely a product of waste protein degradation, but may serve as important functional components for plant metabolism. We assume that the peptide "burst" is a form of biotic stress response that might produce peptides with antimicrobial activity from originally functional proteins. Potential functions of peptides in different developmental stages are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor A Fesenko
- />Department of Proteomics, Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 16/10, Miklukho-Maklaya, GSP-7, Moscow, 117997 Russian Federation
| | - Georgij P Arapidi
- />Department of Proteomics, Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 16/10, Miklukho-Maklaya, GSP-7, Moscow, 117997 Russian Federation
- />Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, 9 Institutskiy per., Dolgoprudny, Moscow Region, 141700 Russian Federation
| | - Alexander Yu Skripnikov
- />Department of Proteomics, Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 16/10, Miklukho-Maklaya, GSP-7, Moscow, 117997 Russian Federation
- />Biology Department, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 199234 Russian Federation
| | - Dmitry G Alexeev
- />Research Institute of Physical-Chemical Medicine, Federal Medical & Biological Agency, 1a, Malaya Pirogovskaya, Moscow, 119992 Russian Federation
- />Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, 9 Institutskiy per., Dolgoprudny, Moscow Region, 141700 Russian Federation
| | - Elena S Kostryukova
- />Research Institute of Physical-Chemical Medicine, Federal Medical & Biological Agency, 1a, Malaya Pirogovskaya, Moscow, 119992 Russian Federation
| | - Alexander I Manolov
- />Research Institute of Physical-Chemical Medicine, Federal Medical & Biological Agency, 1a, Malaya Pirogovskaya, Moscow, 119992 Russian Federation
- />Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, 9 Institutskiy per., Dolgoprudny, Moscow Region, 141700 Russian Federation
| | - Ilya A Altukhov
- />Research Institute of Physical-Chemical Medicine, Federal Medical & Biological Agency, 1a, Malaya Pirogovskaya, Moscow, 119992 Russian Federation
- />Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, 9 Institutskiy per., Dolgoprudny, Moscow Region, 141700 Russian Federation
| | - Regina A Khazigaleeva
- />Department of Proteomics, Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 16/10, Miklukho-Maklaya, GSP-7, Moscow, 117997 Russian Federation
| | - Anna V Seredina
- />Department of Proteomics, Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 16/10, Miklukho-Maklaya, GSP-7, Moscow, 117997 Russian Federation
| | - Sergey I Kovalchuk
- />Department of Proteomics, Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 16/10, Miklukho-Maklaya, GSP-7, Moscow, 117997 Russian Federation
- />Research Institute of Physical-Chemical Medicine, Federal Medical & Biological Agency, 1a, Malaya Pirogovskaya, Moscow, 119992 Russian Federation
| | - Rustam H Ziganshin
- />Department of Proteomics, Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 16/10, Miklukho-Maklaya, GSP-7, Moscow, 117997 Russian Federation
| | - Viktor G Zgoda
- />Institute of Biomedical Chemistry RAMS im. V.N. Orehovicha, 10, Pogodinskaya Street, Moscow, 119121 Russian Federation
| | - Svetlana E Novikova
- />Institute of Biomedical Chemistry RAMS im. V.N. Orehovicha, 10, Pogodinskaya Street, Moscow, 119121 Russian Federation
| | - Tatiana A Semashko
- />Research Institute of Physical-Chemical Medicine, Federal Medical & Biological Agency, 1a, Malaya Pirogovskaya, Moscow, 119992 Russian Federation
| | - Darya K Slizhikova
- />Department of Proteomics, Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 16/10, Miklukho-Maklaya, GSP-7, Moscow, 117997 Russian Federation
| | - Vasilij V Ptushenko
- />A. N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskye Gory, House 1, Building 40, Moscow, 119992 Russian Federation
| | - Alexey Y Gorbachev
- />Research Institute of Physical-Chemical Medicine, Federal Medical & Biological Agency, 1a, Malaya Pirogovskaya, Moscow, 119992 Russian Federation
| | - Vadim M Govorun
- />Department of Proteomics, Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 16/10, Miklukho-Maklaya, GSP-7, Moscow, 117997 Russian Federation
- />Research Institute of Physical-Chemical Medicine, Federal Medical & Biological Agency, 1a, Malaya Pirogovskaya, Moscow, 119992 Russian Federation
- />Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, 9 Institutskiy per., Dolgoprudny, Moscow Region, 141700 Russian Federation
| | - Vadim T Ivanov
- />Department of Proteomics, Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 16/10, Miklukho-Maklaya, GSP-7, Moscow, 117997 Russian Federation
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69
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Cheruvara H, Allen-Baume VL, Kad NM, Mason JM. Intracellular screening of a peptide library to derive a potent peptide inhibitor of α-synuclein aggregation. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:7426-35. [PMID: 25616660 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.620484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Aggregation of α-synuclein (α-syn) into toxic fibrils is a pathogenic hallmark of Parkinson disease (PD). Studies have focused largely on residues 71-82, yet most early-onset mutations are located between residues 46 and 53. A semirationally designed 209,952-member library based entirely on this region was constructed, containing all wild-type residues and changes associated with early-onset PD. Intracellular cell survival screening and growth competition isolated a 10-residue peptide antagonist that potently inhibits α-syn aggregation and associated toxicity at a 1:1 stoichiometry. This was verified using continuous growth measurements and 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide cytotoxicity studies. Atomic force microscopy and circular dichroism on the same samples showed a random-coil structure and no oligomers. A new region of α-syn for inhibitor targeting has been highlighted, together with the approach of using a semirational design and intracellular screening. The peptides can then be used as candidates for modification in drugs capable of slowing or even preventing the onset of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harish Cheruvara
- From the School of Biological Sciences, University of Essex, Wivenhoe Park, Colchester, Essex CO4 3SQ
| | - Victoria L Allen-Baume
- From the School of Biological Sciences, University of Essex, Wivenhoe Park, Colchester, Essex CO4 3SQ
| | - Neil M Kad
- the School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, Kent CT2 7NJ, and
| | - Jody M Mason
- the Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
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70
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Ochiai H, Komuro T, Hiramatsu H. The Extinction Coefficient of N-Methylated Aβ30–40 Depends on the Position of N-Methylation. CHEM LETT 2015. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.140851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hironori Ochiai
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University
| | - Tomoyuki Komuro
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University
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71
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Md. Abdur Rauf S, Arvidsson PI, Albericio F, Govender T, Maguire GEM, Kruger HG, Honarparvar B. The effect of N-methylation of amino acids (Ac-X-OMe) on solubility and conformation: a DFT study. Org Biomol Chem 2015; 13:9993-10006. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ob01565k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
N-Methylation of amino acid derivatives (Ac-X-OMe, X = Gly, Val, Leu, Ile, Phe, Met, Cys, Ser, Asp and His) leads to an increase in aqueous solubility, lipophilicity and lowering of the cis/trans amide conformational energy barrier (EA).
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Affiliation(s)
- Shah Md. Abdur Rauf
- Catalysis and Peptide Research Unit
- School of Health Sciences
- University of KwaZulu-Natal
- Durban 4001
- South Africa
| | - Per I. Arvidsson
- Catalysis and Peptide Research Unit
- School of Health Sciences
- University of KwaZulu-Natal
- Durban 4001
- South Africa
| | - Fernando Albericio
- Catalysis and Peptide Research Unit
- School of Health Sciences
- University of KwaZulu-Natal
- Durban 4001
- South Africa
| | - Thavendran Govender
- Catalysis and Peptide Research Unit
- School of Health Sciences
- University of KwaZulu-Natal
- Durban 4001
- South Africa
| | - Glenn E. M. Maguire
- Catalysis and Peptide Research Unit
- School of Health Sciences
- University of KwaZulu-Natal
- Durban 4001
- South Africa
| | - Hendrik G. Kruger
- Catalysis and Peptide Research Unit
- School of Health Sciences
- University of KwaZulu-Natal
- Durban 4001
- South Africa
| | - Bahareh Honarparvar
- Catalysis and Peptide Research Unit
- School of Health Sciences
- University of KwaZulu-Natal
- Durban 4001
- South Africa
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72
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Mulberry extracts alleviate aβ 25-35-induced injury and change the gene expression profile in PC12 cells. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2014; 2014:150617. [PMID: 25580148 PMCID: PMC4280656 DOI: 10.1155/2014/150617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2014] [Revised: 10/27/2014] [Accepted: 10/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Mulberry, which contained high amounts of anthocyanins, has been used in traditional Chinese medicine. Mulberry fruit extracts (ME) have demonstrated the antioxidant activity and neuroprotection. The study was to investigate the neuroprotective efficacy of ME against β-amyloid 25–35- (Aβ25–35-) induced PC12 cells injury. Cells preincubated with or without ME (200 μg/mL) for 24 h were treated with Aβ25–35 (20 μmol/L) for another 24 h. Cell viability was assessed by MTT, gene expression profiles were examined by cDNA microarrays, and RT-PCR were used to confirm the results of microarray assays. ME pretreatment was found to neutralize the cytotoxicity and prevent Aβ25–35-induced cells injury. Analyses of gene expression profile revealed that genes involving cell adhesion, peptidase activity, cytokine activity, ion binding activity, and angiogenesis regulation were significantly modulated by ME pretreatment. Among those genes, Apaf1, Bace2, and Plcb4 were enriched in the “Alzheimer's disease-reference pathway” and downregulated after ME intervention. RT-PCR results showed that ME preincubation could significantly inhibit Aβ25–35 increased mRNA levels of these three genes. Overall, ME pretreatment could substantially alleviate PC12 cells injury and downregulate expression of AD-related genes, such as Apaf1, Bace2, and Plcb4. This study has a great nutrigenomics interest and brings new and important light in the field of AD intervention.
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73
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Fu Z, Aucoin D, Ahmed M, Ziliox M, Van Nostrand WE, Smith SO. Capping of aβ42 oligomers by small molecule inhibitors. Biochemistry 2014; 53:7893-903. [PMID: 25422864 PMCID: PMC4278677 DOI: 10.1021/bi500910b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Aβ42 peptides associate into soluble oligomers and protofibrils in the process of forming the amyloid fibrils associated with Alzheimer's disease. The oligomers have been reported to be more toxic to neurons than fibrils, and have been targeted by a wide range of small molecule and peptide inhibitors. With single touch atomic force microscopy (AFM), we show that monomeric Aβ42 forms two distinct types of oligomers, low molecular weight (MW) oligomers with heights of 1-2 nm and high MW oligomers with heights of 3-5 nm. In both cases, the oligomers are disc-shaped with diameters of ~10-15 nm. The similar diameters suggest that the low MW species stack to form the high MW oligomers. The ability of Aβ42 inhibitors to interact with these oligomers is probed using atomic force microscopy and NMR spectroscopy. We show that curcumin and resveratrol bind to the N-terminus (residues 5-20) of Aβ42 monomers and cap the height of the oligomers that are formed at 1-2 nm. A second class of inhibitors, which includes sulindac sulfide and indomethacin, exhibit very weak interactions across the Aβ42 sequence and do not block the formation of the high MW oligomers. The correlation between N-terminal interactions and capping of the height of the Aβ oligomers provides insights into the mechanism of inhibition and the pathway of Aβ aggregation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziao Fu
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Stony Brook University , Stony Brook, New York 11794-5215, United States
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74
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Zhang M, Zhao J, Zheng J. Molecular understanding of a potential functional link between antimicrobial and amyloid peptides. SOFT MATTER 2014; 10:7425-7451. [PMID: 25105988 DOI: 10.1039/c4sm00907j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Antimicrobial and amyloid peptides do not share common sequences, typical secondary structures, or normal biological activity but both the classes of peptides exhibit membrane-disruption ability to induce cell toxicity. Different membrane-disruption mechanisms have been proposed for antimicrobial and amyloid peptides, individually, some of which are not exclusive to either peptide type, implying that certain common principles may govern the folding and functions of different cytolytic peptides and associated membrane disruption mechanisms. Particularly, some antimicrobial and amyloid peptides have been identified to have dual complementary amyloid and antimicrobial properties, suggesting a potential functional link between amyloid and antimicrobial peptides. Given that some similar structural and membrane-disruption characteristics exist between the two classes of peptides, this review summarizes major findings, recent advances, and future challenges related to antimicrobial and amyloid peptides and strives to illustrate the similarities, differences, and relationships in the sequences, structures, and membrane interaction modes between amyloid and antimicrobial peptides, with a special focus on direct interactions of the peptides with the membranes. We hope that this review will stimulate further research at the interface of antimicrobial and amyloid peptides - which has been studied less intensively than either type of peptides - to decipher a possible link between both amyloid pathology and antimicrobial activity, which can guide drug design and peptide engineering to influence peptide-membrane interactions important in human health and diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingzhen Zhang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325, USA.
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75
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Yu H, Yao L, Zhou H, Qu S, Zeng X, Zhou D, Zhou Y, Li X, Liu Z. Neuroprotection against Aβ25–35-induced apoptosis by Salvia miltiorrhiza extract in SH-SY5Y cells. Neurochem Int 2014; 75:89-95. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2014.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2014] [Revised: 05/09/2014] [Accepted: 06/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Acerra N, Kad NM, Cheruvara H, Mason JM. Intracellular selection of peptide inhibitors that target disulphide-bridged Aβ42 oligomers. Protein Sci 2014; 23:1262-74. [PMID: 24947815 DOI: 10.1002/pro.2509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2014] [Revised: 06/16/2014] [Accepted: 06/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The β-amyloid (Aβ) peptide aggregates into a number of soluble and insoluble forms, with soluble oligomers thought to be the primary factor implicated in Alzheimer's disease pathology. As a result, a wide range of potential aggregation inhibitors have been developed. However, in addition to problems with solubility and protease susceptibility, many have inadvertently raised the concentration of these soluble neurotoxic species. Sandberg et al. previously reported a β-hairpin stabilized variant of Aβ42 that results from an intramolecular disulphide bridge (A21C/A31C; Aβ42cc), which generates highly toxic oligomeric species incapable of converting into mature fibrils. Using an intracellular protein-fragment complementation (PCA) approach, we have screened peptide libraries using E. coli that harbor an oxidizing environment to permit cytoplasmic disulphide bond formation. Peptides designed to target either the first or second β-strand have been demonstrated to bind to Aβ42cc, lower amyloid cytotoxicity, and confer bacterial cell survival. Peptides have consequently been tested using wild-type Aβ42 via ThT binding assays, circular dichroism, MTT cytotoxicity assays, fluorescence microscopy, and atomic force microscopy. Results demonstrate that amyloid-PCA selected peptides function by both removing amyloid oligomers as well as inhibiting their formation. These data further support the use of semirational design combined with intracellular PCA methodology to develop Aβ antagonists as candidates for modification into drugs capable of slowing or even preventing the onset of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Acerra
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Essex, Wivenhoe Park, Colchester, Essex, CO4 3SQ, United Kingdom
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77
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Arai T, Araya T, Sasaki D, Taniguchi A, Sato T, Sohma Y, Kanai M. Rational Design and Identification of a Non-Peptidic Aggregation Inhibitor of Amyloid-β Based on a Pharmacophore Motif Obtained fromcyclo[-Lys-Leu-Val-Phe-Phe-]. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201405109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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78
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Arai T, Araya T, Sasaki D, Taniguchi A, Sato T, Sohma Y, Kanai M. Rational Design and Identification of a Non-Peptidic Aggregation Inhibitor of Amyloid-β Based on a Pharmacophore Motif Obtained fromcyclo[-Lys-Leu-Val-Phe-Phe-]. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014; 53:8236-9. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201405109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2014] [Revised: 05/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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79
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Antimisiaris S, Mourtas S, Markoutsa E, Skouras A, Papadia K. Nanoparticles for Diagnosis and/or Treatment of Alzheimer's Disease. Adv Healthc Mater 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/9781118774205.ch4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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80
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Assarsson A, Hellstrand E, Cabaleiro-Lago C, Linse S. Charge dependent retardation of amyloid β aggregation by hydrophilic proteins. ACS Chem Neurosci 2014; 5:266-74. [PMID: 24475785 DOI: 10.1021/cn400124r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The aggregation of amyloid β peptides (Aβ) into amyloid fibrils is implicated in the pathology of Alzheimer's disease. In light of the increasing number of proteins reported to retard Aβ fibril formation, we investigated the influence of small hydrophilic model proteins of different charge on Aβ aggregation kinetics and their interaction with Aβ. We followed the amyloid fibril formation of Aβ40 and Aβ42 using thioflavin T fluorescence in the presence of six charge variants of calbindin D9k and single-chain monellin. The formation of fibrils was verified with transmission electron microscopy. We observe retardation of the aggregation process from proteins with net charge +8, +2, -2, and -4, whereas no effect is observed for proteins with net charge of -6 and -8. The single-chain monellin mutant with the highest net charge, scMN+8, has the largest retarding effect on the amyloid fibril formation process, which is noticeably delayed at as low as a 0.01:1 scMN+8 to Aβ40 molar ratio. scMN+8 is also the mutant with the fastest association to Aβ40 as detected by surface plasmon resonance, although all retarding variants of calbindin D9k and single-chain monellin bind to Aβ40.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Assarsson
- Divisions
of †Biochemistry and
Structural Biology and ‡Biophysical Chemistry, Lund University, P.O. Box 124, SE 221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Erik Hellstrand
- Divisions
of †Biochemistry and
Structural Biology and ‡Biophysical Chemistry, Lund University, P.O. Box 124, SE 221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Celia Cabaleiro-Lago
- Divisions
of †Biochemistry and
Structural Biology and ‡Biophysical Chemistry, Lund University, P.O. Box 124, SE 221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Sara Linse
- Divisions
of †Biochemistry and
Structural Biology and ‡Biophysical Chemistry, Lund University, P.O. Box 124, SE 221 00 Lund, Sweden
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Acerra N, Kad NM, Griffith DA, Ott S, Crowther DC, Mason JM. Retro-inversal of Intracellular Selected β-Amyloid-Interacting Peptides: Implications for a Novel Alzheimer’s Disease Treatment. Biochemistry 2014; 53:2101-11. [DOI: 10.1021/bi5001257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Acerra
- School
of Biological Sciences, University of Essex, Wivenhoe Park, Colchester CO4 3SQ, U.K
| | - Neil M. Kad
- School
of Biological Sciences, University of Essex, Wivenhoe Park, Colchester CO4 3SQ, U.K
| | - Douglas A. Griffith
- Department
of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Downing Site, Cambridge CB2 3EH, U.K
| | - Stanislav Ott
- Department
of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Downing Site, Cambridge CB2 3EH, U.K
| | - Damian C. Crowther
- Department
of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Downing Site, Cambridge CB2 3EH, U.K
| | - Jody M. Mason
- School
of Biological Sciences, University of Essex, Wivenhoe Park, Colchester CO4 3SQ, U.K
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82
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Zhu Y, Sun X, Gong T, He Q, Zhang Z. Antioxidant and Antiapoptotic Effects of 1,1′-(Biphenyl-4,4′-diyl)-bis(3-(dimethylamino)-propan-1-one) on Protecting PC12 Cells from Aβ-Induced Injury. Mol Pharm 2013; 11:428-35. [PMID: 24350730 DOI: 10.1021/mp400395g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuxuan Zhu
- Key Laboratory
of Drug Targeting
and Drug Delivery Systems, Ministry of Education, West China School
of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Southern Renmin Road, No. 17, Section
3, Chengdu 610041, P. R. China
| | - Xun Sun
- Key Laboratory
of Drug Targeting
and Drug Delivery Systems, Ministry of Education, West China School
of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Southern Renmin Road, No. 17, Section
3, Chengdu 610041, P. R. China
| | - Tao Gong
- Key Laboratory
of Drug Targeting
and Drug Delivery Systems, Ministry of Education, West China School
of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Southern Renmin Road, No. 17, Section
3, Chengdu 610041, P. R. China
| | - Qin He
- Key Laboratory
of Drug Targeting
and Drug Delivery Systems, Ministry of Education, West China School
of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Southern Renmin Road, No. 17, Section
3, Chengdu 610041, P. R. China
| | - Zhirong Zhang
- Key Laboratory
of Drug Targeting
and Drug Delivery Systems, Ministry of Education, West China School
of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Southern Renmin Road, No. 17, Section
3, Chengdu 610041, P. R. China
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83
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Zhang HY, Yamakawa YI, Matsuya Y, Toyooka N, Tohda C, Awale S, Li F, Kadota S, Tezuka Y. Synthesis of long-chain fatty acid derivatives as a novel anti-Alzheimer's agent. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2013; 24:604-8. [PMID: 24360558 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2013.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2013] [Revised: 11/20/2013] [Accepted: 12/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In order to develop new drugs for Alzheimer's disease, we prepared 17 fatty acid derivatives with different chain lengths and different numbers and positions of double bonds by using Wittig reaction and stereospecific hydrogenation of triple bonds as key reactions. Among them, (4Z,15Z)-octadecadienoic acid (10) and (23Z,34Z)-heptatriacontadienoic acid (16) showed the most potent neurite outgrowth activities on Aβ(25-35)-treated rat cortical neurons, which activities were comparable to that of a positive control, NGF. Both fatty acids 10 and 16 possess two (Z)-double bonds at the n-3 and n-14 positions, which might be important for the neurite outgrowth activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Yan Zhang
- Division of Natural Products Chemistry, Institute of Natural Medicine, University of Toyama, Sugitani 2630, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
| | - Yu-ichiro Yamakawa
- Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Sugitani 2630, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
| | - Yuji Matsuya
- Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Sugitani 2630, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
| | - Naoki Toyooka
- Graduate School of Science and Technology for Research, University of Toyama, 3190 Gofuku, Toyama 930-8555, Japan; Graduate School of Innovative Life Science, University of Toyama, 3190 Gofuku, Toyama 930-8555, Japan.
| | - Chihiro Tohda
- Division of Division of Neuromedical Science, Institute of Natural Medicine, University of Toyama, Sugitani 2630, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
| | - Suresh Awale
- Frontier Research Core for Life Sciences, University of Toyama, Sugitani 2630, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
| | - Feng Li
- Research Promotion Office, Joint Usage/Research Center for Science-Based Natural Medicine, Institute of Natural Medicine, University of Toyama, Sugitani 2630, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
| | - Shigetoshi Kadota
- Division of Natural Products Chemistry, Institute of Natural Medicine, University of Toyama, Sugitani 2630, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Tezuka
- Division of Natural Products Chemistry, Institute of Natural Medicine, University of Toyama, Sugitani 2630, Toyama 930-0194, Japan.
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84
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A new class of aggregation inhibitor of amyloid-β peptide based on an O-acyl isopeptide. Bioorg Med Chem 2013; 21:6323-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2013.08.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2013] [Revised: 08/27/2013] [Accepted: 08/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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85
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Peptide-lipid interactions: experiments and applications. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:18758-89. [PMID: 24036440 PMCID: PMC3794806 DOI: 10.3390/ijms140918758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2013] [Revised: 08/27/2013] [Accepted: 08/28/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The interactions between peptides and lipids are of fundamental importance in the functioning of numerous membrane-mediated cellular processes including antimicrobial peptide action, hormone-receptor interactions, drug bioavailability across the blood-brain barrier and viral fusion processes. Moreover, a major goal of modern biotechnology is obtaining new potent pharmaceutical agents whose biological action is dependent on the binding of peptides to lipid-bilayers. Several issues need to be addressed such as secondary structure, orientation, oligomerization and localization inside the membrane. At the same time, the structural effects which the peptides cause on the lipid bilayer are important for the interactions and need to be elucidated. The structural characterization of membrane active peptides in membranes is a harsh experimental challenge. It is in fact accepted that no single experimental technique can give a complete structural picture of the interaction, but rather a combination of different techniques is necessary.
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86
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Yan LM, Velkova A, Tatarek-Nossol M, Rammes G, Sibaev A, Andreetto E, Kracklauer M, Bakou M, Malideli E, Göke B, Schirra J, Storr M, Kapurniotu A. Selektiv N-methylierte lösliche IAPP-Mimetika als potente IAPP-Rezeptoragonisten und nanomolare Inhibitoren der Selbstassoziation von IAPP und Aβ40. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201302840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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87
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Yan LM, Velkova A, Tatarek-Nossol M, Rammes G, Sibaev A, Andreetto E, Kracklauer M, Bakou M, Malideli E, Göke B, Schirra J, Storr M, Kapurniotu A. Selectively N-methylated soluble IAPP mimics as potent IAPP receptor agonists and nanomolar inhibitors of cytotoxic self-assembly of both IAPP and Aβ40. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013; 52:10378-83. [PMID: 23956012 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201302840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2013] [Revised: 06/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Li-Mei Yan
- Division of Peptide Biochemistry, Technische Universität München, Emil-Erlenmeyer-Forum 5, 85354 Freising (Germany) http://pbch.wzw.tum.de/
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88
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GhattyVenkataKrishna PK, Uberbacher EC, Cheng X. Effect of the amyloid β hairpin's structure on the handedness of helices formed by its aggregates. FEBS Lett 2013; 587:2649-55. [PMID: 23845280 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2013.06.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2013] [Revised: 05/16/2013] [Accepted: 06/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Various structural models for amyloid β fibrils have been derived from a variety of experimental techniques. However, these models cannot differentiate between the relative position of the two arms of the β hairpin called the stagger. Amyloid fibrils of various hierarchical levels form left-handed helices composed of β sheets. However it is unclear if positive, negative and zero staggers all form the macroscopic left-handed helices. To address this issue we have conducted extensive molecular dynamics simulations of amyloid β sheets of various staggers and shown that only negative staggers lead to the experimentally observed left-handed helices while positive staggers generate the incorrect right-handed helices. This result suggests that the negative staggers are physiologically relevant structure of the amyloid β fibrils.
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89
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Inhibiting toxic aggregation of amyloidogenic proteins: a therapeutic strategy for protein misfolding diseases. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2013; 1830:4860-71. [PMID: 23820032 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2013.06.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2013] [Revised: 06/19/2013] [Accepted: 06/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The deposition of self-assembled amyloidogenic proteins is associated with multiple diseases, including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease and type 2 diabetes mellitus. The toxic misfolding and self-assembling of amyloidogenic proteins are believed to underlie protein misfolding diseases. Novel drug candidates targeting self-assembled amyloidogenic proteins represent a potential therapeutic approach for protein misfolding diseases. SCOPE OF REVIEW In this perspective review, we provide an overview of the recent progress in identifying inhibitors that block the aggregation of amyloidogenic proteins and the clinical applications thereof. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS Compounds such as polyphenols, certain short peptides, and monomer- or oligomer-specific antibodies, can interfere with the self-assembly of amyloidogenic proteins, prevent the formation of oligomers, amyloid fibrils and the consequent cytotoxicity. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE Some inhibitors have been tested in clinical trials for treating protein misfolding diseases. Inhibitors that target the aggregation of amyloidogenic proteins bring new hope to therapy for protein misfolding diseases.
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90
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Acerra N, Kad NM, Mason JM. Combining intracellular selection with protein-fragment complementation to derive Aβ interacting peptides. Protein Eng Des Sel 2013; 26:463-70. [PMID: 23708321 PMCID: PMC3690830 DOI: 10.1093/protein/gzt021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Aggregation of the β-amyloid (Aβ) peptide into toxic oligomers is considered the primary event in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease. Previously generated peptides and mimetics designed to bind to amyloid fibrils have encountered problems in solubility, protease susceptibility and the population of small soluble toxic oligomers. We present a new method that opens the possibility of deriving new amyloid inhibitors. The intracellular protein-fragment complementation assay (PCA) approach uses a semi-rational design approach to generate peptides capable of binding to Aβ. Peptide libraries are based on Aβ regions responsible for instigating amyloidosis, with screening and selection occurring entirely inside Escherichia coli. Successfully selected peptides must therefore bind Aβ and recombine an essential enzyme while permitting bacterial cell survival. No assumptions are made regarding the mechanism of action for selected binders. Biophysical characterisation demonstrates that binding induces a noticeable reduction in amyloid. Therefore, this amyloid-PCA approach may offer a new pathway for the design of effective inhibitors against the formation of amyloid in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Acerra
- The School of Biological Sciences, University of Essex, Wivenhoe Park, Colchester CO4 3SQ, UK
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91
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Mahmoudi M, Kalhor HR, Laurent S, Lynch I. Protein fibrillation and nanoparticle interactions: opportunities and challenges. NANOSCALE 2013; 5:2570-88. [PMID: 23463168 DOI: 10.1039/c3nr33193h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Due to their ultra-small size, nanoparticles (NPs) have distinct properties compared with the bulk form of the same materials. These properties are rapidly revolutionizing many areas of medicine and technology. NPs are recognized as promising and powerful tools to fight against the human brain diseases such as multiple sclerosis or Alzheimer's disease. In this review, after an introductory part on the nature of protein fibrillation and the existing approaches for its investigations, the effects of NPs on the fibrillation process have been considered. More specifically, the role of biophysicochemical properties of NPs, which define their affinity for protein monomers, unfolded monomers, oligomers, critical nuclei, and other prefibrillar states, together with their influence on protein fibrillation kinetics has been described in detail. In addition, current and possible-future strategies for controlling the desired effect of NPs and their corresponding effects on the conformational changes of the proteins, which have significant roles in the fibrillation process, have been presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morteza Mahmoudi
- Department of Nanotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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92
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Amijee H, Bate C, Williams A, Virdee J, Jeggo R, Spanswick D, Scopes DIC, Treherne JM, Mazzitelli S, Chawner R, Eyers CE, Doig AJ. The N-methylated peptide SEN304 powerfully inhibits Aβ(1-42) toxicity by perturbing oligomer formation. Biochemistry 2012; 51:8338-52. [PMID: 23025847 DOI: 10.1021/bi300415v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Oligomeric forms of β-amyloid (Aβ) have potent neurotoxic activity and are the primary cause of neuronal injury and cell death in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Compounds that perturb oligomer formation or structure may therefore be therapeutic for AD. We previously reported that d-[(chGly)-(Tyr)-(chGly)-(chGly)-(mLeu)]-NH(2) (SEN304) is able to inhibit Aβ aggregation and toxicity, shown primarily by thioflavin T fluorescence and MTT (Kokkoni, N. et al. (2006) N-Methylated peptide inhibitors of β-amyloid aggregation and toxicity. Optimisation of inhibitor structure. Biochemistry 45, 9906-9918). Here we extensively characterize how SEN304 affects Aβ(1-42) aggregation and toxicity, using biophysical assays (thioflavin T, circular dichroism, SDS-PAGE, size exclusion chromatography, surface plasmon resonance, traveling wave ion mobility mass spectrometry, electron microscopy, ELISA), toxicity assays in cell culture (MTT and lactate dehydrogenase in human SH-SHY5Y cells, mouse neuronal cell death and synaptophysin) and long-term potentiation in a rat hippocampal brain slice. These data, with dose response curves, show that SEN304 is a powerful inhibitor of Aβ(1-42) toxicity, particularly effective at preventing Aβ inhibition of long-term potentiation. It can bind directly to Aβ(1-42), delay β-sheet formation and promote aggregation of toxic oligomers into a nontoxic form, with a different morphology that cannot bind thioflavin T. SEN304 appears to work by inducing aggregation, and hence removal, of Aβ oligomers. It is therefore a promising lead compound for Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hozefa Amijee
- Senexis Limited, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge CB22 3AT, UK
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93
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Catricala S, Torti M, Ricevuti G. Alzheimer disease and platelets: how's that relevant. IMMUNITY & AGEING 2012; 9:20. [PMID: 22985434 PMCID: PMC3545835 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4933-9-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2012] [Accepted: 08/01/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer Disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disorder worldwide, and account for 60% to 70% of all cases of progressive cognitive impairment in elderly patients. At the microscopic level distinctive features of AD are neurons and synapses degeneration, together with extensive amounts of senile plaques and neurofibrillars tangles. The degenerative process probably starts 20-30 years before the clinical onset of the disease. Senile plaques are composed of a central core of amyloid β peptide, Aβ, derived from the metabolism of the larger amyloid precursor protein, APP, which is expressed not only in the brain, but even in non neuronal tissues. More than 30 years ago, some studies reported that human platelets express APP and all the enzymatic activities necessary to process this protein through the same pathways described in the brain. Since then a large number of evidence has been accumulated to suggest that platelets may be a good peripheral model to study the metabolism of APP, and the pathophysiology of the onset of AD. In this review, we will summarize the current knowledge on the involvement of platelets in Alzheimer Disease. Although platelets are generally accepted as a suitable model for AD, the current scientific interest on this model is very high, because many concepts still remain debated and controversial. At the same time, however, these still unsolved divergences mirror a difficulty to establish constant parameters to better defined the role of platelets in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Catricala
- Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, Section of Geriatrics, University of Pavia, ASP-IDR S,Margherita, Via Emilia 12, Pavia, 27100, Italy.
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94
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Hamley IW. The Amyloid Beta Peptide: A Chemist’s Perspective. Role in Alzheimer’s and Fibrillization. Chem Rev 2012; 112:5147-92. [DOI: 10.1021/cr3000994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 670] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- I. W. Hamley
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading RG6 6AD,
U.K
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95
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A multifunctional peptide rescues memory deficits in Alzheimer's disease transgenic mice by inhibiting Aβ42-induced cytotoxicity and increasing microglial phagocytosis. Neurobiol Dis 2012; 46:701-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2012.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2011] [Revised: 02/20/2012] [Accepted: 03/01/2012] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
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96
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Butterfield S, Hejjaoui M, Fauvet B, Awad L, Lashuel HA. Chemical strategies for controlling protein folding and elucidating the molecular mechanisms of amyloid formation and toxicity. J Mol Biol 2012; 421:204-36. [PMID: 22342932 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2012.01.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2011] [Revised: 01/30/2012] [Accepted: 01/31/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
It has been more than a century since the first evidence linking the process of amyloid formation to the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease. During the last three decades in particular, increasing evidence from various sources (pathology, genetics, cell culture studies, biochemistry, and biophysics) continues to point to a central role for the pathogenesis of several incurable neurodegenerative and systemic diseases. This is in part driven by our improved understanding of the molecular mechanisms of protein misfolding and aggregation and the structural properties of the different aggregates in the amyloid pathway and the emergence of new tools and experimental approaches that permit better characterization of amyloid formation in vivo. Despite these advances, detailed mechanistic understanding of protein aggregation and amyloid formation in vitro and in vivo presents several challenges that remain to be addressed and several fundamental questions about the molecular and structural determinants of amyloid formation and toxicity and the mechanisms of amyloid-induced toxicity remain unanswered. To address this knowledge gap and technical challenges, there is a critical need for developing novel tools and experimental approaches that will not only permit the detection and monitoring of molecular events that underlie this process but also allow for the manipulation of these events in a spatial and temporal fashion both in and out of the cell. This review is primarily dedicated in highlighting recent results that illustrate how advances in chemistry and chemical biology have been and can be used to address some of the questions and technical challenges mentioned above. We believe that combining recent advances in the development of new fluorescent probes, imaging tools that enabled the visualization and tracking of molecular events with advances in organic synthesis, and novel approaches for protein synthesis and engineering provide unique opportunities to gain a molecular-level understanding of the process of amyloid formation. We hope that this review will stimulate further research in this area and catalyze increased collaboration at the interface of chemistry and biology to decipher the mechanisms and roles of protein folding, misfolding, and aggregation in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Butterfield
- Laboratory of Molecular and Chemical Biology of Neurodegeneration, Brain Mind Institute, School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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97
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Härd T, Lendel C. Inhibition of amyloid formation. J Mol Biol 2012; 421:441-65. [PMID: 22244855 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2011.12.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 215] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2011] [Revised: 12/28/2011] [Accepted: 12/29/2011] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Amyloid is aggregated protein in the form of insoluble fibrils. Amyloid deposition in human tissue-amyloidosis-is associated with a number of diseases including all common dementias and type II diabetes. Considerable progress has been made to understand the mechanisms leading to amyloid formation. It is, however, not yet clear by which mechanisms amyloid and protein aggregates formed on the path to amyloid are cytotoxic. Strategies to prevent protein aggregation and amyloid formation are nevertheless, in many cases, promising and even successful. This review covers research on intervention of amyloidosis and highlights several examples of how inhibition of protein aggregation and amyloid formation has been achieved in practice. For instance, rational design can provide drugs that stabilize a native folded state of a protein, protein engineering can provide new binding proteins that sequester monomeric peptides from aggregation, small molecules and peptides can be designed to block aggregation or direct it into non-cytotoxic paths, and monoclonal antibodies have been developed for therapies towards neurodegenerative diseases based on inhibition of amyloid formation and clearance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Torleif Härd
- Department of Molecular Biology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden.
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98
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Funke SA, Willbold D. Peptides for therapy and diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease. Curr Pharm Des 2012; 18:755-67. [PMID: 22236121 PMCID: PMC3426787 DOI: 10.2174/138161212799277752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2011] [Accepted: 12/09/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder with devastating effects. The greatest risk factor to develop AD is age. Today, only symptomatic therapies are available. Additionally, AD can be diagnosed with certainty only post mortem, whereas the diagnosis "probable AD" can be established earliest when severe clinical symptoms appear. Specific neuropathological changes like neurofibrillary tangles and amyloid plaques define AD. Amyloid plaques are mainly composed of the amyloid-βpeptide (Aβ). Several lines of evidence suggest that the progressive concentration and subsequent aggregation and accumulation of Aβ play a fundamental role in the disease progress. Therefore, substances which bind to Aβ and influence aggregation thereof are of great interest. An enormous number of organic substances for therapeutic purposes are described. This review focuses on peptides developed for diagnosis and therapy of AD and discusses the pre- and disadvantages of peptide drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dieter Willbold
- Forschungszentrum Jülich, ICS-6, 52425 Jülich, Germany
- Institut für Physikalische Biologie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
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99
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Yu H, Li M, Liu G, Geng J, Wang J, Ren J, Zhao C, Qu X. Metallosupramolecular complex targeting an α/β discordant stretch of amyloid β peptide. Chem Sci 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2sc20372c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
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100
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Srinivasan A. Experimental inhibition of peptide fibrillogenesis by synthetic peptides, carbohydrates and drugs. Subcell Biochem 2012; 65:271-94. [PMID: 23225008 DOI: 10.1007/978-94-007-5416-4_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Peptide fibrillogenesis generally begins by the transformation of normally soluble proteins into elongated aggregates which are called as amyloid. These fibrils mainly consist of ß-sheets. They share certain common characteristics such as a cross-ß x-ray diffraction pattern, association with other common proteins and typical staining by the dye Congo Red. The individual form of the deposit consists of a disease-specific peptide/protein. The disease-specific protein serves as the basis for the classification of the amyloids. The association of fibril-forming peptides/proteins with diseases makes them primary disease-targets. Understanding the molecular interactions involved in the fibril formation becomes the foremost requirement to characterize the target. Interference with these interactions of ß-sheets in vitro prevents and sometimes reverses the fibril assembly. A small molecule capable of interfering with the formation of fibril could have therapeutic applications in these diseases. This anti-aggregation approach appears to be a viable treatment option. A search for such a molecule is pursued actively world over. All types of compounds and approaches to slow down or prevent the aggregation process have been described in the literature. These efforts are reviewed in this chapter.
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