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Kawai H, Hanyuda T. Discovery of a novel brown algal genus and species Setoutiphycus delamareoides (Phaeophyceae, Ectocarpales) from the Seto Inland Sea, Japan. Sci Rep 2021; 11:13901. [PMID: 34230612 PMCID: PMC8260720 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-93320-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
We describe a new genus and species of brown algae from the Seto Inland Sea, Japan. This species is similar to Delamarea in gross morphology and anatomy, but distinctive in having longer thalli with rare branching and shorter cortical cells. In culture, pluri-zoids derived from plurilocular zoidangia on the erect thalli developed into filamentous gametophytes bearing ectocarpoid plurilocular zoidangia, but also formed parenchymatous erect thalli of sub-sympodial growth similar to Trachynema often having branches, and formed lateral and terminal plurilocular zoidangia. Molecular phylogenies using concatenated chloroplast and mitochondrial gene sequences showed the new alga nested in the clade composed of ectocarpalean genera with diffuse growth, parenchymatous thalli, and multiple chloroplasts, but this species is distinctive. Therefore, we propose Setoutiphycus delamareoides gen. & sp. nov. for this new alga, and provisionally place it in Chordariaceae, Ectocarpales. The Seto Inland Sea repeatedly dried during sea level regressions during glacial periods, and the present sea level recovered after the last glacial maximums (LGM), ca. 10,000 years ago. Therefore, it is unlikely that the species evolved within this area. Its distribution in the area may be explained as a remnant population that survived in refugia in southern Japan during the LGM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Kawai
- Kobe University Research Center for Inland Seas, Rokkodai, Kobe, 657-8501, Japan.
| | - Takeaki Hanyuda
- Kobe University Research Center for Inland Seas, Rokkodai, Kobe, 657-8501, Japan
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Ghimire B, Son S, Kim JH, Jeong MJ. Gametophyte and embryonic ontogeny: understanding the reproductive calendar of Cypripedium japonicum Thunb. (Cypripedoideae, Orchidaceae), a lady's slipper orchid endemic to East Asia. BMC Plant Biol 2020; 20:426. [PMID: 32933474 PMCID: PMC7493375 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-020-02589-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The genus Cypripedium L. is one of the five genera of the subfamily Cypripedioideae, members of which are commonly known as lady's slipper orchids. Cypripedium japonicum is a perennial herb native to East Asia, specifically China, Japan, and Korea. Due to its limited distribution, the species is included in the Endangered category of the IUCN Red List. RESULTS We investigated gametophyte development, including complete embryogenesis, in C. japonicum. The complete reproductive cycle is presented based on our observations. Anther development begins under the soil, and meiosis of pollen mother cells begins 3 weeks before anthesis, possibly during early April. The megaspore mother cells develop just after pollination in early May and mature in mid-late June. The pattern of embryo sac formation is bisporic, and there are six nuclei: three forming the egg apparatus, two polar nuclei, and an antipodal cell in the mature embryo sac. Triple fertilization results in the endosperm nucleus, which degenerates when the proembryo reaches the eight-to-sixteen-cell stage. CONCLUSION Our overall comparisons of the features of gametophyte and embryo development in C. japonicum suggest that previous reports on the embryology of Cypripedium are not sufficient for characterization of the entire genus. Based on the available information, a reproductive calendar showing the key reproductive events leading to embryo formation has been prepared.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balkrishna Ghimire
- Division of Forest Biodiversity, Korea National Arboretum, Pocheon, 11186, South Korea
| | - Sungwon Son
- Division of Plant Resources, Korea National Arboretum, Yongmun, 12519, South Korea
| | - Jae Hyeun Kim
- Division of Plant Resources, Korea National Arboretum, Yongmun, 12519, South Korea
| | - Mi Jin Jeong
- Division of Plant Resources, Korea National Arboretum, Yongmun, 12519, South Korea.
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Aida R, Sasaki K, Yoshioka S, Noda N. Distribution of cell layers in floral organs of chrysanthemum analyzed with periclinal chimeras carrying a transgene encoding fluorescent protein. Plant Cell Rep 2020; 39:609-619. [PMID: 32060603 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-020-02518-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
A fluorescent protein visualized distributions of cell layers in floral organs of chrysanthemum using transgenic periclinal chimeras carrying a gene encoding a fluorescent compound. Plant meristems have three cell layers: the outermost layer (L1), the second layer (L2), and the inner layer (L3). The layers are maintained during development but there is limited knowledge of the details of cell layer patterns within floral organs. In this study, we visualized the distributions of cell layers in floral organs of chrysanthemum using periclinal chimeras carrying a gene encoding a fluorescent compound in the L1 or the L2/L3 layers. The L1 layer contributed most of the epidermal cells of organs including the receptacle, petal, anther, filament, style, stigma, and ovule. The transmitting tissue in the pistil and most of the internal area of the ovule were also derived from the L1. In crossing experiments, no progeny of the L1-chimeric plants showed fluorescence, indicating that the germ cells of chrysanthemum are not derived from the L1 layer. Since anthocyanin pigment is present only in the L1-derived epidermal cells of petals, L1-specific gene integration could be used to alter flower color in commercial cultivars, with a reduced risk of transgene flow from the transgenic chrysanthemums to wild relatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryutaro Aida
- Institute of Vegetable and Floriculture Science, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0852, Japan.
| | - Katsutomo Sasaki
- Institute of Vegetable and Floriculture Science, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0852, Japan
| | - Satoshi Yoshioka
- Institute of Vegetable and Floriculture Science, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0852, Japan
| | - Naonobu Noda
- Institute of Vegetable and Floriculture Science, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0852, Japan
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Valuchova S, Mikulkova P, Pecinkova J, Klimova J, Krumnikl M, Bainar P, Heckmann S, Tomancak P, Riha K. Imaging plant germline differentiation within Arabidopsis flowers by light sheet microscopy. eLife 2020; 9:52546. [PMID: 32041682 DOI: 10.7554/elife.52546.sa2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 01/04/2020] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
In higher plants, germline differentiation occurs during a relatively short period within developing flowers. Understanding of the mechanisms that govern germline differentiation lags behind other plant developmental processes. This is largely because the germline is restricted to relatively few cells buried deep within floral tissues, which makes them difficult to study. To overcome this limitation, we have developed a methodology for live imaging of the germ cell lineage within floral organs of Arabidopsis using light sheet fluorescence microscopy. We have established reporter lines, cultivation conditions, and imaging protocols for high-resolution microscopy of developing flowers continuously for up to several days. We used multiview imagining to reconstruct a three-dimensional model of a flower at subcellular resolution. We demonstrate the power of this approach by capturing male and female meiosis, asymmetric pollen division, movement of meiotic chromosomes, and unusual restitution mitosis in tapetum cells. This method will enable new avenues of research into plant sexual reproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sona Valuchova
- Central European Institute of Technology (CEITEC), Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Pavlina Mikulkova
- Central European Institute of Technology (CEITEC), Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Pecinkova
- Central European Institute of Technology (CEITEC), Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Klimova
- IT4Innovations, VSB-Technical University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - Michal Krumnikl
- IT4Innovations, VSB-Technical University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic
- Department of Computer Science, FEECS VSB - Technical University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Bainar
- IT4Innovations, VSB-Technical University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - Stefan Heckmann
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Seeland, Germany
| | - Pavel Tomancak
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany
| | - Karel Riha
- Central European Institute of Technology (CEITEC), Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
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Valuchova S, Mikulkova P, Pecinkova J, Klimova J, Krumnikl M, Bainar P, Heckmann S, Tomancak P, Riha K. Imaging plant germline differentiation within Arabidopsis flowers by light sheet microscopy. eLife 2020; 9:e52546. [PMID: 32041682 PMCID: PMC7012603 DOI: 10.7554/elife.52546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 01/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In higher plants, germline differentiation occurs during a relatively short period within developing flowers. Understanding of the mechanisms that govern germline differentiation lags behind other plant developmental processes. This is largely because the germline is restricted to relatively few cells buried deep within floral tissues, which makes them difficult to study. To overcome this limitation, we have developed a methodology for live imaging of the germ cell lineage within floral organs of Arabidopsis using light sheet fluorescence microscopy. We have established reporter lines, cultivation conditions, and imaging protocols for high-resolution microscopy of developing flowers continuously for up to several days. We used multiview imagining to reconstruct a three-dimensional model of a flower at subcellular resolution. We demonstrate the power of this approach by capturing male and female meiosis, asymmetric pollen division, movement of meiotic chromosomes, and unusual restitution mitosis in tapetum cells. This method will enable new avenues of research into plant sexual reproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sona Valuchova
- Central European Institute of Technology (CEITEC)Masaryk UniversityBrnoCzech Republic
| | - Pavlina Mikulkova
- Central European Institute of Technology (CEITEC)Masaryk UniversityBrnoCzech Republic
| | - Jana Pecinkova
- Central European Institute of Technology (CEITEC)Masaryk UniversityBrnoCzech Republic
| | - Jana Klimova
- IT4InnovationsVSB–Technical University of OstravaOstravaCzech Republic
| | - Michal Krumnikl
- IT4InnovationsVSB–Technical University of OstravaOstravaCzech Republic
- Department of Computer ScienceFEECS VSB – Technical University of OstravaOstravaCzech Republic
| | - Petr Bainar
- IT4InnovationsVSB–Technical University of OstravaOstravaCzech Republic
| | - Stefan Heckmann
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK)SeelandGermany
| | - Pavel Tomancak
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and GeneticsDresdenGermany
| | - Karel Riha
- Central European Institute of Technology (CEITEC)Masaryk UniversityBrnoCzech Republic
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Chaban I, Baranova E, Kononenko N, Khaliluev M, Smirnova E. Distinct Differentiation Characteristics of Endothelium Determine Its Ability to Form Pseudo-Embryos in Tomato Ovules. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 21:E12. [PMID: 31861391 PMCID: PMC6982238 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21010012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Revised: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 12/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The endothelium is an additional cell layer, differentiating from the inner epidermis of the ovule integument. In tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.), after fertilization, the endothelium separates from integument and becomes an independent tissue developing next to the growing embryo sac. In the absence of fertilization, the endothelium may proliferate and form pseudo-embryo. However, the course of the reorganization of endothelium into pseudo-embryo in tomato ovules is poorly understood. We aimed to investigate specific features of endothelium differentiation and the role of the endothelium in the development of fertilized and unfertilized tomato ovules. The ovules of tomato plants ("YaLF" line), produced by vegetative growth plants of transgenic tomato line expressing the ac gene, encoding chitin-binding protein from Amaranthus caudatus L., were investigated using light and transmission electron microscopy. We showed that in the fertilized ovule of normally developing fruit and in the unfertilized ovule of parthenocarpic fruit, separation of the endothelium from integument occurs via programmed death of cells of the integumental parenchyma, adjacent to the endothelium. Endothelial cells in normally developing ovules change their structural and functional specialization from meristematic to secretory and back to meristematic, and proliferate until seeds fully mature. The secretory activity of the endothelium is necessary for the lysis of dying cells of the integument and provides the space for the growth of the new sporophyte. However, in ovules of parthenocarpic fruits, pseudo-embryo cells do not change their structural and functional organization and remain meristematic, no zone of lysis is formed, and pseudo-embryo cells undergo programmed cell death. Our data shows the key role of the endothelium as a protective and secretory tissue, needed for the normal development of ovules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inna Chaban
- All-Russia Research Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology, Timiryazevskaya 42, Moscow 127550, Russia; (I.C.); (E.B.); (N.K.); (M.K.)
| | - Ekaterina Baranova
- All-Russia Research Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology, Timiryazevskaya 42, Moscow 127550, Russia; (I.C.); (E.B.); (N.K.); (M.K.)
| | - Neonila Kononenko
- All-Russia Research Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology, Timiryazevskaya 42, Moscow 127550, Russia; (I.C.); (E.B.); (N.K.); (M.K.)
| | - Marat Khaliluev
- All-Russia Research Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology, Timiryazevskaya 42, Moscow 127550, Russia; (I.C.); (E.B.); (N.K.); (M.K.)
- Moscow Timiryazev Agricultural Academy, Russian State Agrarian University, Timiryazevskaya 49, Moscow 127550, Russia
| | - Elena Smirnova
- All-Russia Research Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology, Timiryazevskaya 42, Moscow 127550, Russia; (I.C.); (E.B.); (N.K.); (M.K.)
- Biology Faculty, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1/12, Moscow 119234, Russia
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7
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Visch W, Rad-Menéndez C, Nylund GM, Pavia H, Ryan MJ, Day J. Underpinning the Development of Seaweed Biotechnology: Cryopreservation of Brown Algae ( Saccharina latissima) Gametophytes. Biopreserv Biobank 2019; 17:378-386. [PMID: 31464512 PMCID: PMC6791476 DOI: 10.1089/bio.2018.0147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Sugar kelp (Saccharina latissima) is an economically important species, and natural populations provide diverse and productive habitats as well as important ecosystem services. For seaweed aquaculture to be successful in newly emerging industry in Europe and other Western countries, it will have to develop sustainable production management strategies. A key feature in this process is the capacity to conserve genetic diversity for breeding programs aimed at developing seed stock for onward cultivation, as well as in the management of wild populations, as potentially interesting genetic resources are predicted to disappear due to climate change. In this study, the cryopreservation of male and female gametophytes (haploid life stage) of S. latissima by different combinations of two-step cooling methods and cryoprotectants was explored. We report here that cryopreservation constitutes an attractive option for the long-term preservation of S. latissima gametophytes, with viable cells in all treatment combinations. The highest viabilities for both male and female gametophytes were found using controlled-rate cooling methods combined with dimethyl sulfoxide 10% (v/v). Morphological normal sporophytes were observed to develop from cryopreserved vegetative gametophytic cells, independent of treatment. This indicates that cryopreservation is a useful preservation method for male and female S. latissima gametophytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wouter Visch
- Department of Marine Sciences, Tjärnö Marine Laboratory, University of Gothenburg, Strömstad, Sweden
| | - Cecilia Rad-Menéndez
- Culture Collection of Algae and Protozoa, Scottish Association for Marine Science, Scottish Marine Institute, Oban, United Kingdom
| | - Göran M. Nylund
- Department of Marine Sciences, Tjärnö Marine Laboratory, University of Gothenburg, Strömstad, Sweden
| | - Henrik Pavia
- Department of Marine Sciences, Tjärnö Marine Laboratory, University of Gothenburg, Strömstad, Sweden
| | | | - John Day
- Culture Collection of Algae and Protozoa, Scottish Association for Marine Science, Scottish Marine Institute, Oban, United Kingdom
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8
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Kaźmierczak A. Fluctuations in cell cycle, morphology and metabolism of Anemia phyllitidis gametophytes are the most important hallmarks of GA 3-induced antheridiogenesis. Micron 2019; 121:66-76. [PMID: 30947035 DOI: 10.1016/j.micron.2019.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Revised: 03/24/2019] [Accepted: 03/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The research object concerns partially explained mechanisms of plant hormone participation in male sex determination in plants, among them in A. phyllitidis gametophytes during GA3-induced antheridiogenesis. To provide an explanation of the mechanisms of fluorescence and white-light microscopy, cytophotometric, autoradiographic and spectrophotometic methods were used to study cell cycle, the number of nucleoli, the amount of DiOC6-stained IMN/ER, in which endoplasmic reticulum (ER) constitutes the main part, and its distribution as well as the amounts of proteins and chlorophylls and activities of acidic (Ac) and basic (Ba) phosphatases (Phases). It was revealed that antheridiogenesis was accompanied by cell cycle arrest at S-phase, changes of the number of nucleoli with simultaneous changes of the amount of IMN/ER and its distribution as well as fluctuations of protein amounts and of activities of acidic (Ac) and basic (Ba) phosphatases (Phases). The results indicated that initiation of antheridiogenesis in A. phyllitidis gametophytes by GA3 was related to the elevation of GAs/ANs in the culture media, during its induction phase, and the elevation of IMN/ER and GAs/ANs amounts, during expression phase of this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrzej Kaźmierczak
- The University of Łódź, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, Department of Cytophysiology, Pomorska 141/143, 90-236 Łódź, Poland.
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9
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Higo A, Kawashima T, Borg M, Zhao M, López-Vidriero I, Sakayama H, Montgomery SA, Sekimoto H, Hackenberg D, Shimamura M, Nishiyama T, Sakakibara K, Tomita Y, Togawa T, Kunimoto K, Osakabe A, Suzuki Y, Yamato KT, Ishizaki K, Nishihama R, Kohchi T, Franco-Zorrilla JM, Twell D, Berger F, Araki T. Transcription factor DUO1 generated by neo-functionalization is associated with evolution of sperm differentiation in plants. Nat Commun 2018; 9:5283. [PMID: 30538242 PMCID: PMC6290024 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-07728-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Evolutionary mechanisms underlying innovation of cell types have remained largely unclear. In multicellular eukaryotes, the evolutionary molecular origin of sperm differentiation is unknown in most lineages. Here, we report that in algal ancestors of land plants, changes in the DNA-binding domain of the ancestor of the MYB transcription factor DUO1 enabled the recognition of a new cis-regulatory element. This event led to the differentiation of motile sperm. After neo-functionalization, DUO1 acquired sperm lineage-specific expression in the common ancestor of land plants. Subsequently the downstream network of DUO1 was rewired leading to sperm with distinct morphologies. Conjugating green algae, a sister group of land plants, accumulated mutations in the DNA-binding domain of DUO1 and lost sperm differentiation. Our findings suggest that the emergence of DUO1 was the defining event in the evolution of sperm differentiation and the varied modes of sexual reproduction in the land plant lineage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asuka Higo
- Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Tomokazu Kawashima
- Gregor Mendel Institute (GMI), Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Dr. Bohr Gasse 3, 1030, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40546-0312, USA
| | - Michael Borg
- Gregor Mendel Institute (GMI), Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Dr. Bohr Gasse 3, 1030, Vienna, Austria
| | - Mingmin Zhao
- Department of Genetics and Genome Biology, University of Leicester, University Road, Leicester, LE1 7RH, UK
| | - Irene López-Vidriero
- Unidad de Genómica, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, CNB-CSIC, Campus de Cantoblanco, C/Darwin 3, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Hidetoshi Sakayama
- Department of Biology, Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada-ku, Kobe, 657-8501, Japan
| | - Sean A Montgomery
- Gregor Mendel Institute (GMI), Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Dr. Bohr Gasse 3, 1030, Vienna, Austria
| | - Hiroyuki Sekimoto
- Department of Chemical and Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Japan Women's University, 2-8-1 Mejirodai, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 112-8681, Japan
| | - Dieter Hackenberg
- Department of Genetics and Genome Biology, University of Leicester, University Road, Leicester, LE1 7RH, UK
| | - Masaki Shimamura
- Department of Biology, Graduate School of Science, Hiroshima University, 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, 739-8526, Japan
| | - Tomoaki Nishiyama
- Advanced Science Research Center, Kanazawa University, 13-1 Takara-machi, Kanazawa, 920-8640, Japan
| | - Keiko Sakakibara
- Department of Life Science, College of Science, Rikkyo University, 3-34-1 Nishi-Ikebukuro, Toshima-ku, Tokyo, 171-8501, Japan
| | - Yuki Tomita
- Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Taisuke Togawa
- Faculty of Biology-Oriented Science and Technology, Kindai University, Kinokawa, 649-6493, Japan
| | - Kan Kunimoto
- Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Akihisa Osakabe
- Gregor Mendel Institute (GMI), Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Dr. Bohr Gasse 3, 1030, Vienna, Austria
| | - Yutaka Suzuki
- Department of Computational Biology and Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa-shi, Chiba, 277-8562, Japan
| | - Katsuyuki T Yamato
- Faculty of Biology-Oriented Science and Technology, Kindai University, Kinokawa, 649-6493, Japan
| | - Kimitsune Ishizaki
- Department of Biology, Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada-ku, Kobe, 657-8501, Japan
| | - Ryuichi Nishihama
- Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Takayuki Kohchi
- Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - José M Franco-Zorrilla
- Unidad de Genómica, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, CNB-CSIC, Campus de Cantoblanco, C/Darwin 3, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - David Twell
- Department of Genetics and Genome Biology, University of Leicester, University Road, Leicester, LE1 7RH, UK
| | - Frédéric Berger
- Gregor Mendel Institute (GMI), Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Dr. Bohr Gasse 3, 1030, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Takashi Araki
- Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan.
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Kamada K, Omata S, Yamagishi N, Kasajima I, Yoshikawa N. Gentian (Gentiana triflora) prevents transmission of apple latent spherical virus (ALSV) vector to progeny seeds. Planta 2018; 248:1431-1441. [PMID: 30128602 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-018-2992-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Accepted: 08/17/2018] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
MAIN CONCLUSION Gentian plants ( Gentiana triflora ) severely restrict apple latent spherical virus (ALSV) invasion to the gametes (pollens and ovules) and block seed transmission to progeny plants. Early flowering of horticultural plants can be induced by infection of ALSV vector expressing Flowering Locus T (FT) gene. In the present study, flowering of gentian plants was induced by infection with an ALSV vector expressing a gentian FT gene and the patterns of seed transmission of ALSV in gentian were compared with those in apple and Nicotiana benthamiana. Infection of gentian progeny plants with ALSV was examined by quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR), reverse transcription-loop-mediated isothermal amplification (RT-LAMP), and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). ALSV was not transmitted to the progeny gentian plants, whereas small proportions of apple and N. benthamiana progeny plants are infected with ALSV. The in situ hybridization analyses indicated that ALSVs are not present in gentian pollen and ovules, but detected in most of gametes in apple and N. benthamiana. Collectively, these results suggest that seed transmission of ALSV is blocked in gentian plants through the unknown barriers present in their gametes. On the other hand, apple and N. benthamiana seem to minimize ALSV seed transmission by inhibiting viral propagation in embryos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuki Kamada
- Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, Ueda 3-18-8, Morioka, 020-8550, Japan
| | - Shino Omata
- Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, Ueda 3-18-8, Morioka, 020-8550, Japan
| | - Noriko Yamagishi
- Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, Ueda 3-18-8, Morioka, 020-8550, Japan
- Agri-Innovation Research Center, Iwate University, Ueda 3-18-8, Morioka, 020-8550, Japan
| | - Ichiro Kasajima
- Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, Ueda 3-18-8, Morioka, 020-8550, Japan
- Agri-Innovation Research Center, Iwate University, Ueda 3-18-8, Morioka, 020-8550, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Yoshikawa
- Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, Ueda 3-18-8, Morioka, 020-8550, Japan.
- Agri-Innovation Research Center, Iwate University, Ueda 3-18-8, Morioka, 020-8550, Japan.
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11
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Herklotz V, Ritz CM. Multiple and asymmetrical origin of polyploid dog rose hybrids (Rosa L. sect. Caninae (DC.) Ser.) involving unreduced gametes. Ann Bot 2017; 120:209-220. [PMID: 28028016 PMCID: PMC5737388 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcw217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2016] [Accepted: 09/14/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Polyploidy and hybridization are important factors for generating diversity in plants. The species-rich dog roses ( Rosa sect. Caninae ) originated by allopolyploidy and are characterized by unbalanced meiosis producing polyploid egg cells (usually 4 x ) and haploid sperm cells (1 x ). In extant natural stands species hybridize spontaneously, but the extent of natural hybridization is unknown. The aim of the study was to document the frequency of reciprocal hybridization between the subsections Rubigineae and Caninae with special reference to the contribution of unreduced egg cells (5 x ) producing 6 x offspring after fertilization with reduced (1 x ) sperm cells. We tested whether hybrids arose by independent multiple events or via a single or few incidences followed by a subsequent spread of hybrids. METHODS Population genetics of 45 mixed stands of dog roses across central and south-eastern Europe were analysed using microsatellite markers and flow cytometry. Hybrids were recognized by the presence of diagnostic alleles and multivariate statistics were used to display the relationships between parental species and hybrids. KEY RESULTS Among plants classified to subsect. Rubigineae , 32 % hybridogenic individuals were detected but only 8 % hybrids were found in plants assigned to subsect. Caninae . This bias between reciprocal crossings was accompanied by a higher ploidy level in Rubigineae hybrids, which originated more frequently by unreduced egg cells. Genetic patterns of hybrids were strongly geographically structured, supporting their independent origin. CONCLUSIONS The biased crossing barriers between subsections are explained by the facilitated production of unreduced gametes in subsect. Rubigineae . Unreduced egg cells probably provide the highly homologous chromosome sets required for correct chromosome pairing in hybrids. Furthermore, the higher frequency of Rubigineae hybrids is probably influenced by abundance effects because the plants of subsect. Caninae are much more abundant and thus provide large quantities of pollen. Hybrids are formed spontaneously, leading to highly diverse mixed stands, which are insufficiently characterized by the actual taxonomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- V. Herklotz
- Department of Botany, Senckenberg Museum of Natural History Görlitz, Am Museum 1, D-02826 Görlitz, Germany
| | - C. M. Ritz
- Department of Botany, Senckenberg Museum of Natural History Görlitz, Am Museum 1, D-02826 Görlitz, Germany
- For correspondence. E-mail
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12
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Abstract
Genes essential for gametophyte development and fertilization have been identified and studied in detail; however, genes that fine-tune these processes are largely unknown. Here, we characterized an unknown Arabidopsis gene, GTP-BINDING PROTEIN RELATED1 (GPR1). GPR1 is specifically expressed in ovule, pollen, and pollen tube. Enhanced green fluorescent protein-tagged GPR1 localizes to both nucleus and cytoplasm, and it also presents in punctate and ring-like structures. gpr1 mutants exhibit no defect in gametogenesis and seed setting, except that their pollen grains are pale in color. Scanning electron microscopy analyses revealed a normal patterned but thinner exine on gpr1 pollen surface. This may explain why gpr1 pollen grains are pale. We next examined whether GPR1 mutation affects post gametogenesis processes including pollen germination, pollen tube growth, and ovule senescence. We found that gpr1 pollen grains germinated earlier, and their pollen tubes elongated faster. Emasculation assay revealed that unfertilized gpr1 pistil expressed the senescence marker PBFN1:GUS (GUS: a reporter gene that encodes β-glucuronidase) one-day earlier than the wild type pistil. Consistently, ovules and pollen grains of gpr1 mutants showed lower viability than those of the wild type at 4 to 5 days post anthesis. Together, these data suggest that GPR1 functions as a negative regulator of pollen germination, pollen tube growth, and gametophyte senescence to fine-tune the fertilization process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Yang
- Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China.
| | - Qinying Zhang
- Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China.
| | - Kun Zhao
- Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China.
| | - Qiong Luo
- Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China.
| | - Shuguang Bao
- Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China.
| | - Huabin Liu
- Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China.
| | - Shuzhen Men
- Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China.
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13
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Zhao F, Zheng YF, Zeng T, Sun R, Yang JY, Li Y, Ren DT, Ma H, Xu ZH, Bai SN. Phosphorylation of SPOROCYTELESS/NOZZLE by the MPK3/6 Kinase Is Required for Anther Development. Plant Physiol 2017; 173:2265-2277. [PMID: 28209842 PMCID: PMC5373039 DOI: 10.1104/pp.16.01765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Accepted: 02/15/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Germ cells are indispensable carriers of genetic information from one generation to the next. In contrast to the well-understood process in animals, information on the mechanism of germ cell initiation in plants is very limited. SPOROCYTELESS/NOZZLE was previously identified as an essential regulator of diploid germ cell (archesporial cell) differentiation in the stamens and ovules of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). Although SPOROCYTELESS (SPL) transcription is activated by the floral organ identity regulator AGAMOUS and epigenetically regulated by SET DOMAIN GROUP2, little is known about the regulation of the SPL protein. Here, we report that the protein kinases MPK3 and MPK6 can both interact with SPL in vitro and in vivo and can phosphorylate the SPL protein in vitro. In addition, phosphorylation of the SPL protein by MPK3/6 is required for SPL function in the Arabidopsis anther, as measured by its effect on archesporial cell differentiation. We further demonstrate that phosphorylation enhances SPL protein stability. This work not only uncovers the importance of SPL phosphorylation for its regulatory role in Arabidopsis anther development, but also supports the hypothesis that the regulation of precise spatiotemporal patterning of germ cell initiation and that differentiation is achieved progressively through multiple levels of regulation, including transcriptional and posttranslational modification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China (F.Z., Y.-F.Z., T.Z., R.S., J.-Y.Y., Z.-H.X., S.-N.B.)
- The National Center of Plant Gene Research, Beijing 100871, China (F.Z., S.-N.B.)
- College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100081, China (Y.L., D.-T.R.); and
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China (H.M.)
| | - Ya-Feng Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China (F.Z., Y.-F.Z., T.Z., R.S., J.-Y.Y., Z.-H.X., S.-N.B.)
- The National Center of Plant Gene Research, Beijing 100871, China (F.Z., S.-N.B.)
- College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100081, China (Y.L., D.-T.R.); and
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China (H.M.)
| | - Ting Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China (F.Z., Y.-F.Z., T.Z., R.S., J.-Y.Y., Z.-H.X., S.-N.B.)
- The National Center of Plant Gene Research, Beijing 100871, China (F.Z., S.-N.B.)
- College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100081, China (Y.L., D.-T.R.); and
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China (H.M.)
| | - Rui Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China (F.Z., Y.-F.Z., T.Z., R.S., J.-Y.Y., Z.-H.X., S.-N.B.)
- The National Center of Plant Gene Research, Beijing 100871, China (F.Z., S.-N.B.)
- College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100081, China (Y.L., D.-T.R.); and
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China (H.M.)
| | - Ji-Yuan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China (F.Z., Y.-F.Z., T.Z., R.S., J.-Y.Y., Z.-H.X., S.-N.B.)
- The National Center of Plant Gene Research, Beijing 100871, China (F.Z., S.-N.B.)
- College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100081, China (Y.L., D.-T.R.); and
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China (H.M.)
| | - Yuan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China (F.Z., Y.-F.Z., T.Z., R.S., J.-Y.Y., Z.-H.X., S.-N.B.)
- The National Center of Plant Gene Research, Beijing 100871, China (F.Z., S.-N.B.)
- College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100081, China (Y.L., D.-T.R.); and
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China (H.M.)
| | - Dong-Tao Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China (F.Z., Y.-F.Z., T.Z., R.S., J.-Y.Y., Z.-H.X., S.-N.B.)
- The National Center of Plant Gene Research, Beijing 100871, China (F.Z., S.-N.B.)
- College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100081, China (Y.L., D.-T.R.); and
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China (H.M.)
| | - Hong Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China (F.Z., Y.-F.Z., T.Z., R.S., J.-Y.Y., Z.-H.X., S.-N.B.)
- The National Center of Plant Gene Research, Beijing 100871, China (F.Z., S.-N.B.)
- College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100081, China (Y.L., D.-T.R.); and
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China (H.M.)
| | - Zhi-Hong Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China (F.Z., Y.-F.Z., T.Z., R.S., J.-Y.Y., Z.-H.X., S.-N.B.)
- The National Center of Plant Gene Research, Beijing 100871, China (F.Z., S.-N.B.)
- College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100081, China (Y.L., D.-T.R.); and
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China (H.M.)
| | - Shu-Nong Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China (F.Z., Y.-F.Z., T.Z., R.S., J.-Y.Y., Z.-H.X., S.-N.B.);
- The National Center of Plant Gene Research, Beijing 100871, China (F.Z., S.-N.B.);
- College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100081, China (Y.L., D.-T.R.); and
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China (H.M.)
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14
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Volokhina IV, Moiseeva YM, Gusev YS, Gutorova OV, Chumakov MI. [Analysis of the Gamete-Fusion Genes in the Haploid-inducing ZMS-P Maize Line]. Ontogenez 2017; 48:134-139. [PMID: 30277363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
This article is devoted to the study of the double fertilization mechanism in plants, in particular of the maize gamete membrane fusion genes. We detected and analyzed for the first time gamete-fusion genes in the maize genome. Using the BLAST program, we searched for the hap2 gene (generative cell specific 1 (gcs1)) homologs from Arabidopsis in the maize genome. The ZM_BFb0162K03 maize transcript was found, which had 67% identity to the Athap2 gene and contained a conserved region similar to the Athap2 gene fragment. In mRNA samples from the haploid-inducing and control maize lines, an PCR was conducted by using primers specific to the ZM_BFb0162K03 sequence fragment. Sequences of the PCR products from a fragment (1467 bp) of the Zm_hap2 gene of the haploid-inducing and the control maize lines were identical and also were identical to the maize sequences from the GenBank (ZM_BFb0162K03). PCR products (656 bp region of Zm_hap2) for the ZM_BFb0162K03 (1925 bp) maize sequence were observed for the cDNA of pollen grains, ovary, leaves, and roots of the haploid-inducing and control maize lines. Using the Blastx program, we found significant homology of the maize translated proteins to the GEX2, TET11, and TET12 proteins, involved in Arabidopsis gamete-fusion contacts.
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15
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Tedeschi F, Rizzo P, Rutten T, Altschmied L, Bäumlein H. RWP-RK domain-containing transcription factors control cell differentiation during female gametophyte development in Arabidopsis. New Phytol 2017; 213:1909-1924. [PMID: 27870062 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2016] [Accepted: 09/17/2016] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The formation of gametes is a prerequisite for any sexually reproducing organism in order to complete its life cycle. In plants, female gametes are formed in a multicellular tissue, the female gametophyte or embryo sac. Although the events leading to the formation of the female gametophyte have been morphologically characterized, the molecular control of embryo sac development remains elusive. We used single and double mutants as well as cell-specific marker lines to characterize a novel class of gene regulators in Arabidopsis thaliana, the RWP-RK domain-containing (RKD) transcription factors. Morphological and histological analyses were conducted using confocal laser scanning and differential interference contrast microscopy. Gene expression and transcriptome analyses were performed using quantitative reverse transcription-PCR and RNA sequencing, respectively. Our results showed that RKD genes are expressed during distinct stages of embryo sac development. Morphological analysis of the mutants revealed severe distortions in gametophyte polarity and cell differentiation. Transcriptome analysis revealed changes in the expression of several gametophyte-specific gene families (RKD2 and RKD3) and ovule development-specific genes (RKD3), and identified pleiotropic effects on phytohormone pathways (RKD5). Our data provide novel insight into the regulatory control of female gametophyte development. RKDs are involved in the control of cell differentiation and are required for normal gametophytic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Tedeschi
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), D-06466, Seeland, OT Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Paride Rizzo
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), D-06466, Seeland, OT Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Twan Rutten
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), D-06466, Seeland, OT Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Lothar Altschmied
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), D-06466, Seeland, OT Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Helmut Bäumlein
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), D-06466, Seeland, OT Gatersleben, Germany
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16
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Resentini F, Cyprys P, Steffen JG, Alter S, Morandini P, Mizzotti C, Lloyd A, Drews GN, Dresselhaus T, Colombo L, Sprunck S, Masiero S. SUPPRESSOR OF FRIGIDA (SUF4) Supports Gamete Fusion via Regulating Arabidopsis EC1 Gene Expression. Plant Physiol 2017; 173:155-166. [PMID: 27920160 PMCID: PMC5210714 DOI: 10.1104/pp.16.01024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2016] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The EGG CELL1 (EC1) gene family of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) comprises five members that are specifically expressed in the egg cell and redundantly control gamete fusion during double fertilization. We investigated the activity of all five EC1 promoters in promoter-deletion studies and identified SUF4 (SUPPRESSOR OF FRIGIDA4), a C2H2 transcription factor, as a direct regulator of the EC1 gene expression. In particular, we demonstrated that SUF4 binds to all five Arabidopsis EC1 promoters, thus regulating their expression. The down-regulation of SUF4 in homozygous suf4-1 ovules results in reduced EC1 expression and delayed sperm fusion, which can be rescued by expressing SUF4-β-glucuronidase under the control of the SUF4 promoter. To identify more gene products able to regulate EC1 expression together with SUF4, we performed coexpression studies that led to the identification of MOM1 (MORPHEUS' MOLECULE1), a component of a silencing mechanism that is independent of DNA methylation marks. In mom1-3 ovules, both SUF4 and EC1 genes are down-regulated, and EC1 genes show higher levels of histone 3 lysine-9 acetylation, suggesting that MOM1 contributes to the regulation of SUF4 and EC1 gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Resentini
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy (F.R., P.M., C.M., L.C., S.M.)
- Lehrstuhl Zellbiologie und Pflanzenbiochemie, Biochemie-Zentrum Regensburg, Universität Regensburg, D-93053 Regensburg, Germany (P.C., S.A., T.D., S.S.)
- Department of Biology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112 (J.G.S., A.L., G.N.D.); and
- Istituto di Biofisica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Università di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy (P.M., L.C.)
| | - Philipp Cyprys
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy (F.R., P.M., C.M., L.C., S.M.)
- Lehrstuhl Zellbiologie und Pflanzenbiochemie, Biochemie-Zentrum Regensburg, Universität Regensburg, D-93053 Regensburg, Germany (P.C., S.A., T.D., S.S.)
- Department of Biology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112 (J.G.S., A.L., G.N.D.); and
- Istituto di Biofisica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Università di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy (P.M., L.C.)
| | - Joshua G Steffen
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy (F.R., P.M., C.M., L.C., S.M.)
- Lehrstuhl Zellbiologie und Pflanzenbiochemie, Biochemie-Zentrum Regensburg, Universität Regensburg, D-93053 Regensburg, Germany (P.C., S.A., T.D., S.S.)
- Department of Biology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112 (J.G.S., A.L., G.N.D.); and
- Istituto di Biofisica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Università di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy (P.M., L.C.)
| | - Svenja Alter
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy (F.R., P.M., C.M., L.C., S.M.)
- Lehrstuhl Zellbiologie und Pflanzenbiochemie, Biochemie-Zentrum Regensburg, Universität Regensburg, D-93053 Regensburg, Germany (P.C., S.A., T.D., S.S.)
- Department of Biology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112 (J.G.S., A.L., G.N.D.); and
- Istituto di Biofisica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Università di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy (P.M., L.C.)
| | - Piero Morandini
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy (F.R., P.M., C.M., L.C., S.M.)
- Lehrstuhl Zellbiologie und Pflanzenbiochemie, Biochemie-Zentrum Regensburg, Universität Regensburg, D-93053 Regensburg, Germany (P.C., S.A., T.D., S.S.)
- Department of Biology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112 (J.G.S., A.L., G.N.D.); and
- Istituto di Biofisica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Università di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy (P.M., L.C.)
| | - Chiara Mizzotti
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy (F.R., P.M., C.M., L.C., S.M.)
- Lehrstuhl Zellbiologie und Pflanzenbiochemie, Biochemie-Zentrum Regensburg, Universität Regensburg, D-93053 Regensburg, Germany (P.C., S.A., T.D., S.S.)
- Department of Biology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112 (J.G.S., A.L., G.N.D.); and
- Istituto di Biofisica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Università di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy (P.M., L.C.)
| | - Alan Lloyd
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy (F.R., P.M., C.M., L.C., S.M.)
- Lehrstuhl Zellbiologie und Pflanzenbiochemie, Biochemie-Zentrum Regensburg, Universität Regensburg, D-93053 Regensburg, Germany (P.C., S.A., T.D., S.S.)
- Department of Biology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112 (J.G.S., A.L., G.N.D.); and
- Istituto di Biofisica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Università di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy (P.M., L.C.)
| | - Gary N Drews
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy (F.R., P.M., C.M., L.C., S.M.)
- Lehrstuhl Zellbiologie und Pflanzenbiochemie, Biochemie-Zentrum Regensburg, Universität Regensburg, D-93053 Regensburg, Germany (P.C., S.A., T.D., S.S.)
- Department of Biology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112 (J.G.S., A.L., G.N.D.); and
- Istituto di Biofisica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Università di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy (P.M., L.C.)
| | - Thomas Dresselhaus
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy (F.R., P.M., C.M., L.C., S.M.)
- Lehrstuhl Zellbiologie und Pflanzenbiochemie, Biochemie-Zentrum Regensburg, Universität Regensburg, D-93053 Regensburg, Germany (P.C., S.A., T.D., S.S.)
- Department of Biology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112 (J.G.S., A.L., G.N.D.); and
- Istituto di Biofisica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Università di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy (P.M., L.C.)
| | - Lucia Colombo
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy (F.R., P.M., C.M., L.C., S.M.)
- Lehrstuhl Zellbiologie und Pflanzenbiochemie, Biochemie-Zentrum Regensburg, Universität Regensburg, D-93053 Regensburg, Germany (P.C., S.A., T.D., S.S.)
- Department of Biology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112 (J.G.S., A.L., G.N.D.); and
- Istituto di Biofisica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Università di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy (P.M., L.C.)
| | - Stefanie Sprunck
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy (F.R., P.M., C.M., L.C., S.M.);
- Lehrstuhl Zellbiologie und Pflanzenbiochemie, Biochemie-Zentrum Regensburg, Universität Regensburg, D-93053 Regensburg, Germany (P.C., S.A., T.D., S.S.);
- Department of Biology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112 (J.G.S., A.L., G.N.D.); and
- Istituto di Biofisica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Università di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy (P.M., L.C.)
| | - Simona Masiero
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy (F.R., P.M., C.M., L.C., S.M.);
- Lehrstuhl Zellbiologie und Pflanzenbiochemie, Biochemie-Zentrum Regensburg, Universität Regensburg, D-93053 Regensburg, Germany (P.C., S.A., T.D., S.S.);
- Department of Biology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112 (J.G.S., A.L., G.N.D.); and
- Istituto di Biofisica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Università di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy (P.M., L.C.)
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17
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Xu Z, Liu Q, Zhang X, Huang X, He P, Liu S, Sui G. A microfluidic chip for studying the reproduction of Enteromorpha prolifera. Talanta 2016; 160:577-585. [PMID: 27591653 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2016.07.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Revised: 07/12/2016] [Accepted: 07/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, green tides caused by water eutrophication, has brought serious environmental problems. Enteromorpha prolifera (E. prolifera), an opportunistic macroalgae, is one of the main source contributing to the formation of green tides. It has been estimated that the excessive growth of E. prolifera is closely related to various reproductive ways of germ cells which are at the micrometer scale. Here we report a microfluidic device named Germ Cell Capture Chip (GCChip) to investigate the E. prolifera reproductive mechanism. GCChip integrates the functions of algal growing, and the release, capture and selective culture of germ cells. Automatic separation and capture of germ cells on the chip allows to study germ cells' response to different stimuli. The novel device greatly facilitates long-term live-cell imaging at cellular resolution and implements the rapid and accurate exchange of growth medium without manual intervention. Results showed that the starting time of germ cell releases were earlier on the chip than that of traditional experiments with more concentrated breakout. Moreover, GCChip can be widely applied on the study of other algae. The study of algae growth process, including the elongation of somatic cell, the generation, and the release of reproductive cells, can all be improved by using this microfluidic platform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhixuan Xu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP3), Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Institute of Biomedical Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qi Liu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP3), Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Institute of Biomedical Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xinlian Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP3), Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Institute of Biomedical Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xuxiong Huang
- College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Peimin He
- College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Sixiu Liu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP3), Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Institute of Biomedical Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Guodong Sui
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP3), Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Institute of Biomedical Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology (CICAEET), Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, 210044.
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Müller DG, Maier I, Marie D, Westermeier R. Nuclear DNA level and life cycle of kelps: Evidence for sex-specific polyteny in Macrocystis (Laminariales, Phaeophyceae). J Phycol 2016; 52:157-60. [PMID: 27037581 DOI: 10.1111/jpy.12380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Giant kelp, Macrocystis pyrifera (Linnaeus) C. Agardh, is the subject of intense breeding studies for marine biomass production and conservation of natural resources. In this context, six gametophyte pairs and a sporophyte offspring of Macrocystis from South America were analyzed by flow cytometry. Minimum relative DNA content per cell (1C) was found in five males. Unexpectedly, nuclei of all female gametophytes contained approximately double the DNA content (2C) of males; the male gametophyte from one locality also contained 2C, likely a spontaneous natural diploid variant. The results illustrate a sex-specific difference in nuclear DNA content among Macrocystis gametophytes, with the chromosomes of the females in a polytenic condition. This correlates with significantly larger cell sizes in female gametophytes compared to males and resource allocation in oogamous reproduction. The results provide key information for the interpretation of DNA measurements in kelp life cycle stages and prompt further research on the regulation of the cell cycle, metabolic activity, sex determination, and sporophyte development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dieter G Müller
- Fakultät für Biologie der Universität Konstanz, Konstanz, D-78464, Germany
| | - Ingo Maier
- MABIOLA, Hochgratweg 12, Amtzell, D-88279, Germany
| | - Dominique Marie
- Station Biologique de Roscoff, Roscoff, Cedex, 29682, France
| | - Renato Westermeier
- Universidad Austral de Chile, Sede Puerto Montt, PO Box 1327, Puerto Montt, Chile
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Niedojadło K, Lenartowski R, Lenartowska M, Bednarska-Kozakiewicz E. Late progamic phase and fertilization affect calreticulin expression in the Hyacinthus orientalis female gametophyte. Plant Cell Rep 2015; 34:2201-15. [PMID: 26354004 PMCID: PMC4636998 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-015-1863-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2015] [Revised: 08/27/2015] [Accepted: 09/01/2015] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Calreticulin expression is upregulated during sexual reproduction of Hyacinthus orientalis, and the protein is localized both in the cytoplasm and a highly specialized cell wall within the female gametophyte. Several evidences indicate calreticulin (CRT) as an important calcium (Ca(2+))-binding protein that is involved in the generative reproduction of higher plants, including both pre-fertilization and post-fertilization events. Because CRT is able to bind and sequester exchangeable Ca(2+), it can serve as a mobile intracellular store of easily releasable Ca(2+) and control its local cytosolic concentrations in the embryo sac. This phenomenon seems to be essential during the late progamic phase, gamete fusion, and early embryogenesis. In this report, we demonstrate the differential expression of CRT within Hyacinthus female gametophyte cells before and during anthesis, during the late progamic phase when the pollen tube enters the embryo sac, and at the moment of fertilization and zygote/early endosperm activation. CRT mRNA and the protein localize mainly to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and Golgi compartments of the cells, which are involved in sexual reproduction events, such as those in sister synergids, the egg cell, the central cell, zygote and the developing endosperm. Additionally, immunogold research demonstrates selective CRT distribution in the filiform apparatus (FA), a highly specific component of the synergid cell wall. In the light of our previous data showing the total transcriptional activity of the Hyacinthus female gametophyte and the results presented here, we discuss the possible functions of CRT with respect to the critical role of Ca(2+) homeostasis during key events of sexual plant reproduction. Moreover, we propose that the elevated expression of CRT within the female gametophyte is a universal phenomenon in the cells involved in double fertilization in higher plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Niedojadło
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biology and Environment Protection, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Toruń, Poland.
| | - Robert Lenartowski
- Laboratory of Isotope and Instrumental Analysis, Faculty of Biology and Environment Protection, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Toruń, Poland
| | - Marta Lenartowska
- Laboratory of Developmental Biology, Faculty of Biology and Environment Protection, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Toruń, Poland
| | - Elżbieta Bednarska-Kozakiewicz
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biology and Environment Protection, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Toruń, Poland
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Zhou X, Mo X, Gui M, Wu X, Jiang Y, Ma L, Shi Z, Luo Y, Tang W. Cytological, molecular mechanisms and temperature stress regulating production of diploid male gametes in Dianthus caryophyllus L. Plant Physiol Biochem 2015; 97:255-63. [PMID: 26492133 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2015.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2015] [Revised: 10/04/2015] [Accepted: 10/04/2015] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
In plant evolution, because of its key role in sexual polyploidization or whole genome duplication events, diploid gamete formation is considered as an important component in diversification and speciation. Environmental stress often triggers unreduced gamete production. However, the molecular, cellular mechanisms and adverse temperature regulating diplogamete production in carnation remain poorly understood. Here, we investigate the cytological basis for 2n male gamete formation and describe the isolation and characterization of the first gene, DcPS1 (Dianthus Caryophyllus Parallel Spindle 1). In addition, we analyze influence of temperature stress on diploid gamete formation and transcript levels of DcPS1. Cytological evidence indicated that 2n male gamete formation is attributable to abnormal spindle orientation at male meiosis II. DcPS1 protein is conserved throughout the plant kingdom and carries domains suggestive of a regulatory function. DcPS1 expression analysis show DcPS1 gene probably have a role in 2n pollen formation. Unreduced pollen formation in various cultivation was sensitive to high or low temperature which was probably regulated by the level of DcPS1 transcripts. In a broader perspective, these findings can have potential applications in fundamental polyploidization research and plant breeding programs.
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MESH Headings
- Chromosomes, Plant/genetics
- Cloning, Molecular
- Dianthus/cytology
- Dianthus/genetics
- Diploidy
- Flowers/genetics
- Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental
- Gene Expression Regulation, Plant
- Genes, Plant
- Germ Cells, Plant/cytology
- Germ Cells, Plant/metabolism
- Organ Specificity/genetics
- Phylogeny
- Pollen/cytology
- Pollen/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Stress, Physiological/genetics
- Temperature
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuhong Zhou
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Chenggong, Kunming 650500, China; Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Chenggong, Kunming 650500, China; Flower Research Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Science, Kunming 650205, China; National Engineering Research Center for Ornamental Horticulture, Kunming 650205, China
| | - Xijun Mo
- Flower Research Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Science, Kunming 650205, China; National Engineering Research Center for Ornamental Horticulture, Kunming 650205, China
| | - Min Gui
- Flower Research Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Science, Kunming 650205, China; National Engineering Research Center for Ornamental Horticulture, Kunming 650205, China
| | - Xuewei Wu
- Flower Research Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Science, Kunming 650205, China; National Engineering Research Center for Ornamental Horticulture, Kunming 650205, China
| | - Yalian Jiang
- Flower Research Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Science, Kunming 650205, China; National Engineering Research Center for Ornamental Horticulture, Kunming 650205, China
| | - Lulin Ma
- Flower Research Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Science, Kunming 650205, China; National Engineering Research Center for Ornamental Horticulture, Kunming 650205, China
| | - Ziming Shi
- Flower Research Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Science, Kunming 650205, China; National Engineering Research Center for Ornamental Horticulture, Kunming 650205, China
| | - Ying Luo
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Chenggong, Kunming 650500, China; Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Chenggong, Kunming 650500, China.
| | - Wenru Tang
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Chenggong, Kunming 650500, China; Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Chenggong, Kunming 650500, China.
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21
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Shelton GWK, Stockey RA, Rothwell GW, Tomescu AMF. Exploring the fossil history of pleurocarpous mosses: Tricostaceae fam. nov. from the Cretaceous of Vancouver Island, Canada. Am J Bot 2015; 102:1883-1900. [PMID: 26542845 DOI: 10.3732/ajb.1500360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2015] [Accepted: 09/22/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE OF THE STUDY Mosses, very diverse in modern ecosystems, are currently underrepresented in the fossil record. For the pre-Cenozoic, fossil mosses are known almost exclusively from compression fossils, while anatomical preservation, which is much more taxonomically informative, is rare. The Lower Cretaceous of Vancouver Island (British Columbia, Canada) hosts a diverse anatomically preserved flora at Apple Bay. While the vascular plant component of the Apple Bay flora has received much attention, the numerous bryophytes identified at the locality have yet to be characterized. METHODS Fossil moss gametophytes in more than 20 carbonate concretions collected from the Apple Bay locality on Vancouver Island were studied in serial sections prepared using the cellulose acetate peel technique. KEY RESULTS We describe Tricosta plicata gen. et sp. nov., a pleurocarpous moss with much-branched gametophytes, tricostate plicate leaves, rhizoid-bearing bases, and delicate gametangia (antheridia and archegonia) borne on specialized branches. A new family of hypnanaean mosses, Tricostaceae fam. nov., is recognized based on the novel combination of characters of T. plicata. CONCLUSIONS Tricosta plicata reveals pleurocarpous moss diversity unaccounted for in extant floras. This new moss adds the first bryophyte component to an already diverse assemblage of vascular plants described from the Early Cretaceous at Apple Bay and, as the oldest representative of the Hypnanae, provides a hard minimum age for the group (136 Ma).
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Affiliation(s)
- Glenn W K Shelton
- Department of Biological Sciences, Humboldt State University, Arcata, California 95221 USA
| | - Ruth A Stockey
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331 USA
| | - Gar W Rothwell
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331 USA Department of Environmental and Plant Biology, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio 45701 USA
| | - Alexandru M F Tomescu
- Department of Biological Sciences, Humboldt State University, Arcata, California 95221 USA
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22
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Ronceret A, Vielle-Calzada JP. Meiosis, unreduced gametes, and parthenogenesis: implications for engineering clonal seed formation in crops. Plant Reprod 2015; 28:91-102. [PMID: 25796397 DOI: 10.1007/s00497-015-0262-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2014] [Accepted: 03/09/2015] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Meiosis and unreduced gametes. Sexual flowering plants produce meiotically derived cells that give rise to the male and female haploid gametophytic phase. In the ovule, usually a single precursor (the megaspore mother cell) undergoes meiosis to form four haploid megaspores; however, numerous mutants result in the formation of unreduced gametes, sometimes showing female specificity, a phenomenon reminiscent of the initiation of gametophytic apomixis. Here, we review the developmental events that occur during female meiosis and megasporogenesis at the light of current possibilities to engineer unreduced gamete formation. We also provide an overview of the current understanding of mechanisms leading to parthenogenesis and discuss some of the conceptual implications for attempting the induction of clonal seed production in cultivated plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnaud Ronceret
- Group of Reproductive Development and Apomixis, UGA Laboratorio Nacional de Genómica para la Biodiversidad, CINVESTAV Irapuato, Km 9.6 Libramiento Norte Carretera Irapuato-León, CP 36821, Irapuato, Guanajuato, Mexico
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23
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Fesenko IA, Arapidi GP, Skripnikov AY, Alexeev DG, Kostryukova ES, Manolov AI, Altukhov IA, Khazigaleeva RA, Seredina AV, Kovalchuk SI, Ziganshin RH, Zgoda VG, Novikova SE, Semashko TA, Slizhikova DK, Ptushenko VV, Gorbachev AY, Govorun VM, Ivanov VT. Specific pools of endogenous peptides are present in gametophore, protonema, and protoplast cells of the moss Physcomitrella patens. BMC Plant Biol 2015; 15:87. [PMID: 25848929 PMCID: PMC4365561 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-015-0468-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2014] [Accepted: 02/26/2015] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Protein degradation is a basic cell process that operates in general protein turnover or to produce bioactive peptides. However, very little is known about the qualitative and quantitative composition of a plant cell peptidome, the actual result of this degradation. In this study we comprehensively analyzed a plant cell peptidome and systematically analyzed the peptide generation process. RESULTS We thoroughly analyzed native peptide pools of Physcomitrella patens moss in two developmental stages as well as in protoplasts. Peptidomic analysis was supplemented by transcriptional profiling and quantitative analysis of precursor proteins. In total, over 20,000 unique endogenous peptides, ranging in size from 5 to 78 amino acid residues, were identified. We showed that in both the protonema and protoplast states, plastid proteins served as the main source of peptides and that their major fraction formed outside of chloroplasts. However, in general, the composition of peptide pools was very different between these cell types. In gametophores, stress-related proteins, e.g., late embryogenesis abundant proteins, were among the most productive precursors. The Driselase-mediated protonema conversion to protoplasts led to a peptide generation "burst", with a several-fold increase in the number of components in the latter. Degradation of plastid proteins in protoplasts was accompanied by suppression of photosynthetic activity. CONCLUSION We suggest that peptide pools in plant cells are not merely a product of waste protein degradation, but may serve as important functional components for plant metabolism. We assume that the peptide "burst" is a form of biotic stress response that might produce peptides with antimicrobial activity from originally functional proteins. Potential functions of peptides in different developmental stages are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor A Fesenko
- />Department of Proteomics, Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 16/10, Miklukho-Maklaya, GSP-7, Moscow, 117997 Russian Federation
| | - Georgij P Arapidi
- />Department of Proteomics, Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 16/10, Miklukho-Maklaya, GSP-7, Moscow, 117997 Russian Federation
- />Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, 9 Institutskiy per., Dolgoprudny, Moscow Region, 141700 Russian Federation
| | - Alexander Yu Skripnikov
- />Department of Proteomics, Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 16/10, Miklukho-Maklaya, GSP-7, Moscow, 117997 Russian Federation
- />Biology Department, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 199234 Russian Federation
| | - Dmitry G Alexeev
- />Research Institute of Physical-Chemical Medicine, Federal Medical & Biological Agency, 1a, Malaya Pirogovskaya, Moscow, 119992 Russian Federation
- />Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, 9 Institutskiy per., Dolgoprudny, Moscow Region, 141700 Russian Federation
| | - Elena S Kostryukova
- />Research Institute of Physical-Chemical Medicine, Federal Medical & Biological Agency, 1a, Malaya Pirogovskaya, Moscow, 119992 Russian Federation
| | - Alexander I Manolov
- />Research Institute of Physical-Chemical Medicine, Federal Medical & Biological Agency, 1a, Malaya Pirogovskaya, Moscow, 119992 Russian Federation
- />Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, 9 Institutskiy per., Dolgoprudny, Moscow Region, 141700 Russian Federation
| | - Ilya A Altukhov
- />Research Institute of Physical-Chemical Medicine, Federal Medical & Biological Agency, 1a, Malaya Pirogovskaya, Moscow, 119992 Russian Federation
- />Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, 9 Institutskiy per., Dolgoprudny, Moscow Region, 141700 Russian Federation
| | - Regina A Khazigaleeva
- />Department of Proteomics, Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 16/10, Miklukho-Maklaya, GSP-7, Moscow, 117997 Russian Federation
| | - Anna V Seredina
- />Department of Proteomics, Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 16/10, Miklukho-Maklaya, GSP-7, Moscow, 117997 Russian Federation
| | - Sergey I Kovalchuk
- />Department of Proteomics, Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 16/10, Miklukho-Maklaya, GSP-7, Moscow, 117997 Russian Federation
- />Research Institute of Physical-Chemical Medicine, Federal Medical & Biological Agency, 1a, Malaya Pirogovskaya, Moscow, 119992 Russian Federation
| | - Rustam H Ziganshin
- />Department of Proteomics, Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 16/10, Miklukho-Maklaya, GSP-7, Moscow, 117997 Russian Federation
| | - Viktor G Zgoda
- />Institute of Biomedical Chemistry RAMS im. V.N. Orehovicha, 10, Pogodinskaya Street, Moscow, 119121 Russian Federation
| | - Svetlana E Novikova
- />Institute of Biomedical Chemistry RAMS im. V.N. Orehovicha, 10, Pogodinskaya Street, Moscow, 119121 Russian Federation
| | - Tatiana A Semashko
- />Research Institute of Physical-Chemical Medicine, Federal Medical & Biological Agency, 1a, Malaya Pirogovskaya, Moscow, 119992 Russian Federation
| | - Darya K Slizhikova
- />Department of Proteomics, Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 16/10, Miklukho-Maklaya, GSP-7, Moscow, 117997 Russian Federation
| | - Vasilij V Ptushenko
- />A. N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskye Gory, House 1, Building 40, Moscow, 119992 Russian Federation
| | - Alexey Y Gorbachev
- />Research Institute of Physical-Chemical Medicine, Federal Medical & Biological Agency, 1a, Malaya Pirogovskaya, Moscow, 119992 Russian Federation
| | - Vadim M Govorun
- />Department of Proteomics, Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 16/10, Miklukho-Maklaya, GSP-7, Moscow, 117997 Russian Federation
- />Research Institute of Physical-Chemical Medicine, Federal Medical & Biological Agency, 1a, Malaya Pirogovskaya, Moscow, 119992 Russian Federation
- />Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, 9 Institutskiy per., Dolgoprudny, Moscow Region, 141700 Russian Federation
| | - Vadim T Ivanov
- />Department of Proteomics, Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 16/10, Miklukho-Maklaya, GSP-7, Moscow, 117997 Russian Federation
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Eeckhout S, Leroux O, Willats WGT, Popper ZA, Viane RLL. Comparative glycan profiling of Ceratopteris richardii 'C-Fern' gametophytes and sporophytes links cell-wall composition to functional specialization. Ann Bot 2014; 114:1295-307. [PMID: 24699895 PMCID: PMC4195545 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcu039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2013] [Accepted: 02/14/2014] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Innovations in vegetative and reproductive characters were key factors in the evolutionary history of land plants and most of these transformations, including dramatic changes in life cycle structure and strategy, necessarily involved cell-wall modifications. To provide more insight into the role of cell walls in effecting changes in plant structure and function, and in particular their role in the generation of vascularization, an antibody-based approach was implemented to compare the presence and distribution of cell-wall glycan epitopes between (free-living) gametophytes and sporophytes of Ceratopteris richardii 'C-Fern', a widely used model system for ferns. METHODS Microarrays of sequential diamino-cyclohexane-tetraacetic acid (CDTA) and NaOH extractions of gametophytes, spores and different organs of 'C-Fern' sporophytes were probed with glycan-directed monoclonal antibodies. The same probes were employed to investigate the tissue- and cell-specific distribution of glycan epitopes. KEY RESULTS While monoclonal antibodies against pectic homogalacturonan, mannan and xyloglucan widely labelled gametophytic and sporophytic tissues, xylans were only detected in secondary cell walls of the sporophyte. The LM5 pectic galactan epitope was restricted to sporophytic phloem tissue. Rhizoids and root hairs showed similarities in arabinogalactan protein (AGP) and xyloglucan epitope distribution patterns. CONCLUSIONS The differences and similarities in glycan cell-wall composition between 'C-Fern' gametophytes and sporophytes indicate that the molecular design of cell walls reflects functional specialization rather than genetic origin. Glycan epitopes that were not detected in gametophytes were associated with cell walls of specialized tissues in the sporophyte.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon Eeckhout
- Research Group Pteridology, Department of Biology, Ghent University, K.L. Ledeganckstraat 35, B-9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - Olivier Leroux
- Research Group Pteridology, Department of Biology, Ghent University, K.L. Ledeganckstraat 35, B-9000 Gent, Belgium Botany and Plant Science and The Ryan Institute for Environmental, Marine and Energy Research, School of Natural Sciences, National University of Ireland Galway, University Road, Galway, Ireland
| | - William G T Willats
- Department of Plant Biology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Buelowsvej 17-1870 Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Zoë A Popper
- Botany and Plant Science and The Ryan Institute for Environmental, Marine and Energy Research, School of Natural Sciences, National University of Ireland Galway, University Road, Galway, Ireland
| | - Ronald L L Viane
- Research Group Pteridology, Department of Biology, Ghent University, K.L. Ledeganckstraat 35, B-9000 Gent, Belgium
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25
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Liu M, Shi S, Zhang S, Xu P, Lai J, Liu Y, Yuan D, Wang Y, Du J, Yang C. SUMO E3 ligase AtMMS21 is required for normal meiosis and gametophyte development in Arabidopsis. BMC Plant Biol 2014; 14:153. [PMID: 24893774 PMCID: PMC4189105 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2229-14-153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2013] [Accepted: 05/28/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND MMS21 is a SUMO E3 ligase that is conserved in eukaryotes, and has previously been shown to be required for DNA repair and maintenance of chromosome integrity. Loss of the Arabidopsis MMS21 causes defective meristems and dwarf phenotypes. RESULTS Here, we show a role for AtMMS21 during gametophyte development. AtMMS21 deficient plants are semisterile with shorter mature siliques and abortive seeds. The mms21-1 mutant shows reduced pollen number, and viability, and germination and abnormal pollen tube growth. Embryo sac development is also compromised in the mutant. During meiosis, chromosome mis-segregation and fragmentation is observed, and the products of meiosis are frequently dyads or irregular tetrads. Several transcripts for meiotic genes related to chromosome maintenance and behavior are altered. Moreover, accumulation of SUMO-protein conjugates in the mms21-1 pollen grains is distinct from that in wild-type. CONCLUSIONS Thus, these results suggest that AtMMS21 mediated SUMOylation may stabilize the expression and accumulation of meiotic proteins and affect gametophyte development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Liu
- Guangdong Key Lab of Biotechnology for Plant Development, College of Life Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
- Vegetable Research Institute Guangdong Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510640, China
| | - Songfeng Shi
- Guangdong Key Lab of Biotechnology for Plant Development, College of Life Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
| | - Shengchun Zhang
- Guangdong Key Lab of Biotechnology for Plant Development, College of Life Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
| | - Panglian Xu
- Guangdong Key Lab of Biotechnology for Plant Development, College of Life Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
| | - Jianbin Lai
- Guangdong Key Lab of Biotechnology for Plant Development, College of Life Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
| | - Yiyang Liu
- Guangdong Key Lab of Biotechnology for Plant Development, College of Life Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
| | - Dongke Yuan
- Guangdong Key Lab of Biotechnology for Plant Development, College of Life Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
| | - Yaqin Wang
- Guangdong Key Lab of Biotechnology for Plant Development, College of Life Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
| | - Jinju Du
- Guangdong Key Lab of Biotechnology for Plant Development, College of Life Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
| | - Chengwei Yang
- Guangdong Key Lab of Biotechnology for Plant Development, College of Life Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
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Schubert V, Lermontova I, Schubert I. Loading of the centromeric histone H3 variant during meiosis-how does it differ from mitosis? Chromosoma 2014; 123:491-7. [PMID: 24806806 DOI: 10.1007/s00412-014-0466-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2014] [Revised: 04/16/2014] [Accepted: 04/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
In eukaryotic phyla studied so far, the essential centromeric histone H3 variant (CENH3) is loaded to centromeric nucleosomes after S-phase (except for yeast) but before mitotic segregation (except for metazoan). While the C-terminal part of CENH3 seems to be sufficient for mitotic centromere function in plants, meiotic centromeres neither load nor tolerate impaired CENH3 molecules. However, details about CENH3 deposition in meiocytes are unknown (except for Drosophila). Therefore, we quantified fluorescence signals after the immunostaining of CENH3 along meiotic and mitotic nuclear division cycles of rye, a monocotyledonous plant. One peak of fluorescence intensity appeared in the early meiotic prophase of pollen mother cells and a second one during interkinesis, both followed by a decrease of CENH3. Then, the next loading occurred in the male gametophyte before its first mitotic division. These data indicate that CENH3 loading differs between mitotic and meiotic nuclei. Contrary to the situation in mitotic cycles, CENH3 deposition is biphasic during meiosis and apparently linked with a quality check, a removal of impaired CENH3 molecules, and a general loss of CENH3 after each loading phase. These steps ensure an endowment of centromeres with a sufficient amount of correct CENH3 molecules as a prerequisite for centromere maintenance during mitotic cycles of the microgametophyte and the progeny. From a comparison with data available for Drosophila, we hypothesise that the post-divisional mitotic CENH3 loading in metazoans is evolutionarily derived from the post-divisional meiotic loading phase, while the pre-divisional first meiotic loading has been conserved among eukaryotes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veit Schubert
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), 06466, Gatersleben, Germany,
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27
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Kofuji R, Hasebe M. Eight types of stem cells in the life cycle of the moss Physcomitrella patens. Curr Opin Plant Biol 2014; 17:13-21. [PMID: 24507489 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2013.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2013] [Revised: 10/13/2013] [Accepted: 10/14/2013] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Stem cells self-renew and produce cells that differentiate to become the source of the plant body. The moss Physcomitrella patens forms eight types of stem cells during its life cycle and serves as a useful model in which to explore the evolution of such cells. The common ancestor of land plants is inferred to have been haplontic and to have formed stem cells only in the gametophyte generation. A single stem cell would have been maintained in the ancestral gametophyte meristem, as occurs in extant basal land plants. During land plant evolution, stem cells diverged in the gametophyte generation to form different types of body parts, including the protonema and rhizoid filaments, leafy-shoot and thalloid gametophores, and gametangia formed in moss. A simplex meristem with a single stem cell was acquired in the sporophyte generation early in land plant evolution. Subsequently, sporophyte stem cells became multiple in the meristem and were elaborated further in seed plant lineages, although the evolutionary origin of niche cells, which maintain stem cells is unknown. Comparisons of gene regulatory networks are expected to give insights into the general mechanisms of stem cell formation and maintenance in land plants and provide information about their evolution. P. patens develops at least seven types of simplex meristem in the gametophyte and at least one type in the sporophyte generation and is a good material for regulatory network comparisons. In this review, we summarize recently revealed molecular mechanisms of stem cell initiation and maintenance in the moss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rumiko Kofuji
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Mitsuyasu Hasebe
- National Institute for Basic Biology, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan; Department of Basic Biology, Graduate School of Advanced Studies, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan.
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28
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Boavida LC, Qin P, Broz M, Becker JD, McCormick S. Arabidopsis tetraspanins are confined to discrete expression domains and cell types in reproductive tissues and form homo- and heterodimers when expressed in yeast. Plant Physiol 2013; 163:696-712. [PMID: 23946353 PMCID: PMC3793051 DOI: 10.1104/pp.113.216598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2013] [Accepted: 08/10/2013] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Tetraspanins are evolutionary conserved transmembrane proteins present in all multicellular organisms. In animals, they are known to act as central organizers of membrane complexes and thought to facilitate diverse biological processes, such as cell proliferation, movement, adhesion, and fusion. The genome of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) encodes 17 members of the tetraspanin family; however, little is known about their functions in plant development. Here, we analyzed their phylogeny, protein topology, and domain structure and surveyed their expression and localization patterns in reproductive tissues. We show that, despite their low sequence identity with metazoan tetraspanins, plant tetraspanins display the typical structural topology and most signature features of tetraspanins in other multicellular organisms. Arabidopsis tetraspanins are expressed in diverse tissue domains or cell types in reproductive tissues, and some accumulate at the highest levels in response to pollination in the transmitting tract and stigma, male and female gametophytes and gametes. Arabidopsis tetraspanins are preferentially targeted to the plasma membrane, and they variously associate with specialized membrane domains, in a polarized fashion, to intercellular contacts or plasmodesmata. A membrane-based yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) two-hybrid system established that tetraspanins can physically interact, forming homo- and heterodimer complexes. These results, together with a likely genetic redundancy, suggest that, similar to their metazoan counterparts, plant tetraspanins might be involved in facilitating intercellular communication, whose functions might be determined by the composition of tetraspanin complexes and their binding partners at the cell surface of specific cell types.
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29
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Nakamura M, Buzas DM, Kato A, Fujita M, Kurata N, Kinoshita T. The role of Arabidopsis thaliana NAR1, a cytosolic iron-sulfur cluster assembly component, in gametophytic gene expression and oxidative stress responses in vegetative tissue. New Phytol 2013; 199:925-935. [PMID: 23734982 DOI: 10.1111/nph.12350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2013] [Accepted: 04/25/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Iron-sulfur proteins have iron-sulfur clusters as a prosthetic group and are responsible for various cellular processes, including general transcriptional regulation, photosynthesis and respiration. The cytosolic iron-sulfur assembly (CIA) pathway of yeast has been shown to be responsible for regulation of iron-sulfur cluster assembly in both the cytosol and the nucleus. However, little is known about the roles of this pathway in multicellular organisms. In a forward genetic screen, we identified an Arabidopsis thaliana mutant with impaired expression of the endosperm-specific gene Flowering Wageningen (FWA). To characterize this mutant, we carried out detailed phenotypic and genetic analyses during reproductive and vegetative development. The mutation affects NAR1, which encodes a homolog of a yeast CIA pathway component. Comparison of embryo development in nar1-3 and other A. thaliana mutants affected in the CIA pathway showed that the embryos aborted at a similar stage, suggesting that this pathway potentially functions in early seed development. Transcriptome analysis of homozygous viable nar1-4 seedlings showed transcriptional repression of a subset of genes involved in 'iron ion transport' and 'response to nitrate'. nar1-4 also exhibited resistance to the herbicide paraquat. Our results indicate that A. thaliana NAR1 has various functions including transcriptional regulation in gametophytes and abiotic stress responses in vegetative tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miyuki Nakamura
- Plant Reproductive Genetics Group, Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5 Takayama-cho, Ikoma, Nara, 630-0192, Japan
| | - Diana Mihaela Buzas
- Plant Reproductive Genetics Group, Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5 Takayama-cho, Ikoma, Nara, 630-0192, Japan
| | - Akira Kato
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Niigata University, Ikarashi, Niigata, 950-2181, Japan
| | - Masahiro Fujita
- Plant Genetics Laboratory, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, 411-8540, Japan
| | - Nori Kurata
- Plant Genetics Laboratory, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, 411-8540, Japan
| | - Tetsu Kinoshita
- Plant Reproductive Genetics Group, Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5 Takayama-cho, Ikoma, Nara, 630-0192, Japan
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30
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Abiko M, Furuta K, Yamauchi Y, Fujita C, Taoka M, Isobe T, Okamoto T. Identification of proteins enriched in rice egg or sperm cells by single-cell proteomics. PLoS One 2013; 8:e69578. [PMID: 23936051 PMCID: PMC3723872 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0069578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2013] [Accepted: 06/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In angiosperms, female gamete differentiation, fertilization, and subsequent zygotic development occur in embryo sacs deeply embedded in the ovaries. Despite their importance in plant reproduction and development, how the egg cell is specialized, fuses with the sperm cell, and converts into an active zygote for early embryogenesis remains unclear. This lack of knowledge is partly attributable to the difficulty of direct analyses of gametes in angiosperms. In the present study, proteins from egg and sperm cells obtained from rice flowers were separated by one-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and globally identified by highly sensitive liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectroscopy. Proteome analyses were also conducted for seedlings, callus, and pollen grains to compare their protein expression profiles to those of gametes. The proteomics data have been deposited to the ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD000265. A total of 2,138 and 2,179 expressed proteins were detected in egg and sperm cells, respectively, and 102 and 77 proteins were identified as preferentially expressed in egg and sperm cells, respectively. Moreover, several rice or Arabidopsis lines with mutations in genes encoding the putative gamete-enriched proteins showed clear phenotypic defects in seed set or seed development. These results suggested that the proteomic data presented in this study are foundational information toward understanding the mechanisms of reproduction and early development in angiosperms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mafumi Abiko
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo, Japan,
| | - Kensyo Furuta
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo, Japan,
| | - Yoshio Yamauchi
- Department of Chemistry, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Chiharu Fujita
- Department of Chemistry, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masato Taoka
- Department of Chemistry, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshiaki Isobe
- Department of Chemistry, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takashi Okamoto
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo, Japan,
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Igawa T, Yanagawa Y, Miyagishima SY, Mori T. Analysis of gamete membrane dynamics during double fertilization of Arabidopsis. J Plant Res 2013; 126:387-94. [PMID: 23076439 PMCID: PMC4194012 DOI: 10.1007/s10265-012-0528-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2012] [Accepted: 09/20/2012] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Angiosperms have a unique sexual reproduction system called "double fertilization." One sperm cell fertilizes the egg and another sperm cell fertilizes the central cell. To date, plant gamete membrane dynamics during fertilization has been poorly understood. To analyze this unrevealed gamete subcellular behavior, live cell imaging analyses of Arabidopsis double fertilization were performed. We produced female gamete membrane marker lines in which fluorescent proteins conjugated with PIP2a finely visualized egg cell and central cell surfaces. Using those lines together with a sperm cell membrane marker line expressing GCS1-GFP, the double fertilization process was observed. As a result, after gamete fusion, putative sperm plasma membrane GFP signals were occasionally detected on the egg cell surface adjacent to the central cell. In addition, time-lapse imaging revealed that GCS1-GFP signals entered both the egg cell and the central cell in parallel with the sperm cell movement toward the female gametes during double fertilization. These findings suggested that the gamete fusion process based on membrane dynamics was composed of (1) plasma membrane fusion on male and female gamete surfaces, (2) entry of sperm internal membrane components into the female gametes, and (3) plasmogamy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoko Igawa
- />The Plant Science Education Unit, The Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5 Takayama-cho, Ikoma, Nara 630-0101 Japan
- />Initiative Research Program, RIKEN Advanced Science Institute, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198 Japan
- />Graduate School of Horticulture, Chiba University, 648 Matsudo, Matsudo, Chiba 271-8510 Japan
| | - Yuki Yanagawa
- />The Plant Science Education Unit, The Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5 Takayama-cho, Ikoma, Nara 630-0101 Japan
- />Plant Functional Genomics Research Group, RIKEN Plant Science Center, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045 Japan
| | - Shin-ya Miyagishima
- />Initiative Research Program, RIKEN Advanced Science Institute, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198 Japan
- />Center for Frontier Research, National Institute of Genetics, 1111 Yata, Mishima, Shizuoka 411-8540 Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Mori
- />Initiative Research Program, RIKEN Advanced Science Institute, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198 Japan
- />Waseda Institute for Advanced Study, Waseda University, 1-6-1 Nishiwaseda, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 169-8050 Japan
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32
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Budke JM, Goffinet B, Jones CS. Dehydration protection provided by a maternal cuticle improves offspring fitness in the moss Funaria hygrometrica. Ann Bot 2013; 111:781-9. [PMID: 23471009 PMCID: PMC3631323 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mct033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS In bryophytes the sporophyte offspring are in contact with, nourished from, and partially surrounded by the maternal gametophyte throughout their lifespan. During early development, the moss sporophyte is covered by the calyptra, a cap of maternal gametophyte tissue that has a multilayered cuticle. In this study the effects on sporophyte offspring fitness of removing the maternal calyptra cuticle, in combination with dehydration stress, is experimentally determined. METHODS Using the moss Funaria hygrometrica, calyptra cuticle waxes were removed by chemical extraction and individuals were exposed to a short-term dehydration event. Sporophytes were returned to high humidity to complete development and then aspects of sporophyte survival, development, functional morphology, and reproductive output were measured. KEY RESULTS It was found that removal of calyptra cuticle under low humidity results in significant negative impacts to moss sporophyte fitness, resulting in decreased survival, increased tissue damage, incomplete sporophyte development, more peristome malformations, and decreased reproductive output. CONCLUSIONS This study represents the strongest evidence to date that the structure of the calyptra cuticle functions in dehydration protection of the immature moss sporophyte. The investment in a maternal calyptra with a multilayered cuticle increases offspring fitness and provides a functional explanation for calyptra retention across mosses. The moss calyptra may represent the earliest occurance of maternal protection via structural provisioning of a cuticle in green plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica M Budke
- University of Connecticut, Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, 75 North Eagleville Road, U-3043, Storrs, CT 06269, USA.
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33
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Ogura-Tsujita Y, Sakoda A, Ebihara A, Yukawa T, Imaichi R. Arbuscular mycorrhiza formation in cordate gametophytes of two ferns, Angiopteris lygodiifolia and Osmunda japonica. J Plant Res 2013; 126:41-50. [PMID: 22806582 DOI: 10.1007/s10265-012-0511-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2012] [Accepted: 06/16/2012] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Mycorrhizal symbiosis is common among land plants including pteridophytes (monilophytes and lycophytes). In pteridophytes with diplohaplontic life cycle, mycorrhizal formations were mostly reported for sporophytes, but very few for gametophytes. To clarify the mycorrhizal association of photosynthetic gametophytes, field-collected gametophytes of Angiopteris lygodiifolia (Marattiaceae, n = 52) and Osmunda japonica (Osmundaceae, n = 45) were examined using microscopic and molecular techniques. Collected gametophytes were mostly cut into two pieces. One piece was used for light and scanning microscopic observations, and the other for molecular identification of plant species (chloroplast rbcL sequences) and mycorrhizal fungi (small subunit rDNA sequences). Microscopic observations showed that 96 % (50/52) of Angiopteris and 95 % (41/43) of Osmunda gametophytes contained intracellular hyphae with arbuscules and/or vesicles and fungal colonization was limited to the inner tissue of the thick midribs (cushion). Fungal DNA analyses showed that 92 % (48/52) of Angiopteris and 92 % (35/38) of Osmunda have sequences of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, which were highly divergent but all belonged to Glomus group A. These results suggest that A. lygodiifolia and O. japonica gametophytes consistently form arbuscular mycorrhizae. Mycorrhizal formation in wild fern gametophytes, based on large-scale sampling with molecular identification of host plant species, was demonstrated for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Ogura-Tsujita
- Department of Chemical and Biological Sciences, Japan Women's University, 2-8-1 Mejirodai, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 112-8681, Japan.
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Arun A, Peters NT, Scornet D, Peters AF, Mark Cock J, Coelho SM. Non-cell autonomous regulation of life cycle transitions in the model brown alga Ectocarpus. New Phytol 2013; 197:503-510. [PMID: 23106314 DOI: 10.1111/nph.12007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2012] [Accepted: 09/24/2012] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The model brown alga Ectocarpus has a haploid-diploid life cycle, involving alternation between two independent multicellular generations, the gametophyte and the sporophyte. Recent work has shown that alternation of generations is not determined by ploidy but is rather under genetic control, involving at least one master regulatory locus, OUROBOROS (ORO). Using cell biology approaches combined with measurements of generation-specific transcript abundance we provide evidence that alternation of generations can also be regulated by non-cell autonomous mechanisms. The Ectocarpus sporophyte produces a diffusible factor that causes major developmental reprogramming in gametophyte cells. Cells become resistant to reprogramming when the cell wall is synthetized, suggesting that the cell wall may play a role in locking an individual into the developmental program that has been engaged. A functional ORO gene is necessary for the induction of the developmental switch. Our results highlight the role of the cell wall in maintaining the differentiated generation stage once the appropriate developmental program has been engaged and also indicate that ORO is a key member of the developmental pathway triggered by the sporophyte factor. Alternation between gametophyte and sporophyte generations in Ectocarpus is surprisingly labile, perhaps reflecting an adaptation to the variable seashore environment inhabited by this alga.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alok Arun
- UMR 7139, Laboratoire International Associé Dispersal and Adaptation in Marine Species, Station Biologique de Roscoff, CNRS, Place Georges Teissier, BP74, 29682, Roscoff Cedex, France
- The Marine Plants and Biomolecules Laboratory, UMR 7139, UPMC Université Paris 06, Station Biologique de Roscoff, BP74, 29682, Roscoff Cedex, France
| | - Nick T Peters
- UMR 7139, Laboratoire International Associé Dispersal and Adaptation in Marine Species, Station Biologique de Roscoff, CNRS, Place Georges Teissier, BP74, 29682, Roscoff Cedex, France
- The Marine Plants and Biomolecules Laboratory, UMR 7139, UPMC Université Paris 06, Station Biologique de Roscoff, BP74, 29682, Roscoff Cedex, France
- Department of Biology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Delphine Scornet
- UMR 7139, Laboratoire International Associé Dispersal and Adaptation in Marine Species, Station Biologique de Roscoff, CNRS, Place Georges Teissier, BP74, 29682, Roscoff Cedex, France
| | - Akira F Peters
- UMR 7139, Laboratoire International Associé Dispersal and Adaptation in Marine Species, Station Biologique de Roscoff, CNRS, Place Georges Teissier, BP74, 29682, Roscoff Cedex, France
- The Marine Plants and Biomolecules Laboratory, UMR 7139, UPMC Université Paris 06, Station Biologique de Roscoff, BP74, 29682, Roscoff Cedex, France
- Bezhin Rosko, 29250, Santec, France
| | - J Mark Cock
- UMR 7139, Laboratoire International Associé Dispersal and Adaptation in Marine Species, Station Biologique de Roscoff, CNRS, Place Georges Teissier, BP74, 29682, Roscoff Cedex, France
- The Marine Plants and Biomolecules Laboratory, UMR 7139, UPMC Université Paris 06, Station Biologique de Roscoff, BP74, 29682, Roscoff Cedex, France
| | - Susana M Coelho
- UMR 7139, Laboratoire International Associé Dispersal and Adaptation in Marine Species, Station Biologique de Roscoff, CNRS, Place Georges Teissier, BP74, 29682, Roscoff Cedex, France
- The Marine Plants and Biomolecules Laboratory, UMR 7139, UPMC Université Paris 06, Station Biologique de Roscoff, BP74, 29682, Roscoff Cedex, France
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Abstract
Meiosis is at the heart of Mendelian heredity. Recently, much progress has been made in the understanding of this process, in various organisms. In the last 15 years, the functional characterization of numerous genes involved in meiosis has dramatically deepened our knowledge of key events, including recombination, the cell cycle, and chromosome distribution. Through a constantly advancing tool set and knowledge base, a number of advances have been made that will allow manipulation of meiosis from a plant breeding perspective. This review focuses on the aspects of meiosis that can be tinkered with to create and propagate new varieties. We would like to dedicate this review to the memory of Simon W. Chan (1974-2012) (http://www.plb.ucdavis.edu/labs/srchan/).
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Leshem Y, Johnson C, Wuest SE, Song X, Ngo QA, Grossniklaus U, Sundaresan V. Molecular characterization of the glauce mutant: a central cell-specific function is required for double fertilization in Arabidopsis. Plant Cell 2012; 24:3264-77. [PMID: 22872756 PMCID: PMC3462630 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.112.096420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2012] [Revised: 07/08/2012] [Accepted: 07/23/2012] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Double fertilization of the egg cell and the central cell by two sperm cells, resulting in the formation of the embryo and the endosperm, respectively, is a defining characteristic of flowering plants. The Arabidopsis thaliana female gametophytic mutant glauce (glc) can exhibit embryo development without any endosperm. Here, we show that in glc mutant embryo sacs one sperm cell successfully fuses with the egg cell but the second sperm cell fails to fuse with the central cell, resulting in single fertilization. Complementation studies using genes from the glc deletion interval identified an unusual genomic locus having homology to BAHD (for BEAT, AHCT, HCBT, and DAT) acyl-transferases with dual transcription units and alternative splicing that could rescue the sterility defect of glc. Expression of these transcripts appears restricted to the central cell, and expression within the central cell is sufficient to restore fertility. We conclude that the central cell actively promotes its own fertilization by the sperm cell through a signaling mechanism involving products of At1g65450. Successful fertilization of the egg cell is not blocked in the glc mutant, suggesting that evolution of double fertilization in flowering plants involved acquisition of specific functions by the central cell to enable its role as a second female gamete.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yehoram Leshem
- Department of Plant Biology, University of California, Davis, California 95616
| | - Cameron Johnson
- Department of Plant Biology, University of California, Davis, California 95616
| | - Samuel E. Wuest
- Institute of Plant Biology and Zurich-Basel Plant Science Center, University of Zurich, CH-8008 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Xiaoya Song
- Department of Plant Biology, University of California, Davis, California 95616
| | - Quy A. Ngo
- Institute of Plant Biology and Zurich-Basel Plant Science Center, University of Zurich, CH-8008 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ueli Grossniklaus
- Institute of Plant Biology and Zurich-Basel Plant Science Center, University of Zurich, CH-8008 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Venkatesan Sundaresan
- Department of Plant Biology, University of California, Davis, California 95616
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, California 95616
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37
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Russell SD, Gou X, Wong CE, Wang X, Yuan T, Wei X, Bhalla PL, Singh MB. Genomic profiling of rice sperm cell transcripts reveals conserved and distinct elements in the flowering plant male germ lineage. New Phytol 2012; 195:560-573. [PMID: 22716952 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2012.04199.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Genomic assay of sperm cell RNA provides insight into functional control, modes of regulation, and contributions of male gametes to double fertilization. Sperm cells of rice (Oryza sativa) were isolated from field-grown, disease-free plants and RNA was processed for use with the full-genome Affymetrix microarray. Comparison with Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) reference arrays confirmed expressionally distinct gene profiles. A total of 10,732 distinct gene sequences were detected in sperm cells, of which 1668 were not expressed in pollen or seedlings. Pathways enriched in male germ cells included ubiquitin-mediated pathways, pathways involved in chromatin modeling including histones, histone modification and nonhistone epigenetic modification, and pathways related to RNAi and gene silencing. Genome-wide expression patterns in angiosperm sperm cells indicate common and divergent themes in the male germline that appear to be largely self-regulating through highly up-regulated chromatin modification pathways. A core of highly conserved genes appear common to all sperm cells, but evidence is still emerging that another class of genes have diverged in expression between monocots and dicots since their divergence. Sperm cell transcripts present at fusion may be transmitted through plasmogamy during double fertilization to effect immediate post-fertilization expression of early embryo and (or) endosperm development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott D Russell
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Biology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019, USA
| | - Xiaoping Gou
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Biology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019, USA
| | - Chui E Wong
- Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Laboratory, Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Integrative Legume Research, Melbourne School of Land and Environment, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Xinkun Wang
- Higuchi Biosciences Center, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66047, USA
| | - Tong Yuan
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Biology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019, USA
| | - Xiaoping Wei
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Biology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019, USA
| | - Prem L Bhalla
- Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Laboratory, Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Integrative Legume Research, Melbourne School of Land and Environment, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Mohan B Singh
- Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Laboratory, Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Integrative Legume Research, Melbourne School of Land and Environment, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
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Domenichini S, Benhamed M, De Jaeger G, Van De Slijke E, Blanchet S, Bourge M, De Veylder L, Bergounioux C, Raynaud C. Evidence for a role of Arabidopsis CDT1 proteins in gametophyte development and maintenance of genome integrity. Plant Cell 2012; 24:2779-91. [PMID: 22773747 PMCID: PMC3426114 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.112.100156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Meristems retain the ability to divide throughout the life cycle of plants, which can last for over 1000 years in some species. Furthermore, the germline is not laid down early during embryogenesis but originates from the meristematic cells relatively late during development. Thus, accurate cell cycle regulation is of utmost importance to avoid the accumulation of mutations during vegetative growth and reproduction. The Arabidopsis thaliana genome encodes two homologs of the replication licensing factor CDC10 Target1 (CDT1), and overexpression of CDT1a stimulates DNA replication. Here, we have investigated the respective functions of Arabidopsis CDT1a and CDT1b. We show that CDT1 proteins have partially redundant functions during gametophyte development and are required for the maintenance of genome integrity. Furthermore, CDT1-RNAi plants show endogenous DNA stress, are more tolerant than the wild type to DNA-damaging agents, and show constitutive induction of genes involved in DNA repair. This DNA stress response may be a direct consequence of reduced CDT1 accumulation on DNA repair or may relate to the ability of CDT1 proteins to form complexes with DNA polymerase ε, which functions in DNA replication and in DNA stress checkpoint activation. Taken together, our results provide evidence for a crucial role of Arabidopsis CDT1 proteins in genome stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Séverine Domenichini
- Institut de Biologie des Plantes, UMR8618 Université Paris-Sud XI, 91405 Orsay, France
| | - Moussa Benhamed
- Institut de Biologie des Plantes, UMR8618 Université Paris-Sud XI, 91405 Orsay, France
| | - Geert De Jaeger
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Eveline Van De Slijke
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Sophie Blanchet
- Institut de Biologie des Plantes, UMR8618 Université Paris-Sud XI, 91405 Orsay, France
| | - Mickaël Bourge
- Pôle de Biologie Cellulaire, Imagif, Centre de Recherche de Gif, CNRS, IFR87, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette cedex, France
| | - Lieven De Veylder
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Catherine Bergounioux
- Institut de Biologie des Plantes, UMR8618 Université Paris-Sud XI, 91405 Orsay, France
| | - Cécile Raynaud
- Institut de Biologie des Plantes, UMR8618 Université Paris-Sud XI, 91405 Orsay, France
- Address correspondence to
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Geisler DA, Päpke C, Obata T, Nunes-Nesi A, Matthes A, Schneitz K, Maximova E, Araújo WL, Fernie AR, Persson S. Downregulation of the δ-subunit reduces mitochondrial ATP synthase levels, alters respiration, and restricts growth and gametophyte development in Arabidopsis. Plant Cell 2012; 24:2792-811. [PMID: 22805435 PMCID: PMC3426115 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.112.099424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The mitochondrial ATP synthase (F(1)F(o) complex) is an evolutionary conserved multimeric protein complex that synthesizes the main bulk of cytosolic ATP, but the regulatory mechanisms of the subunits are only poorly understood in plants. In yeast, the δ-subunit links the membrane-embedded F(o) part to the matrix-facing central stalk of F(1). We used genetic interference and an inhibitor to investigate the molecular function and physiological impact of the δ-subunit in Arabidopsis thaliana. Delta mutants displayed both male and female gametophyte defects. RNA interference of delta resulted in growth retardation, reduced ATP synthase amounts, and increased alternative oxidase capacity and led to specific long-term increases in Ala and Gly levels. By contrast, inhibition of the complex using oligomycin triggered broad metabolic changes, affecting glycolysis and the tricarboxylic acid cycle, and led to a successive induction of transcripts for alternative respiratory pathways and for redox and biotic stress-related transcription factors. We conclude that (1) the δ-subunit is essential for male gametophyte development in Arabidopsis, (2) a disturbance of the ATP synthase appears to lead to an early transition phase and a long-term metabolic steady state, and (3) the observed long-term adjustments in mitochondrial metabolism are linked to reduced growth and deficiencies in gametophyte development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela A. Geisler
- Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, D-14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Carola Päpke
- Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, D-14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Toshihiro Obata
- Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, D-14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Adriano Nunes-Nesi
- Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, D-14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 36570-000 Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Annemarie Matthes
- Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, D-14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Kay Schneitz
- Entwicklungsbiologie der Pflanzen, Technische Universität München, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Eugenia Maximova
- Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, D-14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Wagner L. Araújo
- Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, D-14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 36570-000 Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Alisdair R. Fernie
- Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, D-14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Staffan Persson
- Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, D-14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
- Address correspondence to
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40
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Howe ES, Clemente TE, Bass HW. Maize histone H2B-mCherry: a new fluorescent chromatin marker for somatic and meiotic chromosome research. DNA Cell Biol 2012; 31:925-38. [PMID: 22662764 PMCID: PMC3378959 DOI: 10.1089/dna.2011.1514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2011] [Revised: 01/26/2012] [Accepted: 01/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytological studies of fluorescent proteins are rapidly yielding insights into chromatin structure and dynamics. Here we describe the production and cytological characterization of new transgenic maize lines expressing a fluorescent histone fusion protein, H2B-mCherry. The transgene is expressed under the control of the maize ubiquitin1 promoter, including its first exon and intron. Polymerase chain reaction-based genotyping and root-tip microscopy showed that most of the lines carrying the transgene also expressed it, producing bright uniform staining of nuclei. Further, plants showing expression in root tips at the seedling stage also showed expression during meiosis, late in the life cycle. Detailed high-resolution three-dimensional imaging of cells and nuclei from various somatic and meiotic cell types showed that H2B-mCherry produced remarkably clear images of chromatin and chromosome fiber morphology, as seen in somatic, male meiotic prophase, and early microgametophyte cells. H2B-mCherry also yielded distinct nucleolus staining and was shown to be compatible with fluorescence in situ hybridization. We found several instances where H2B-mCherry was superior to DAPI as a generalized chromatin stain. Our study establishes these histone H2B-mCherry lines as new biological reagents for visualizing chromatin structure, chromosome morphology, and nuclear dynamics in fixed and living cells in a model plant genetic system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth S. Howe
- Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida
| | - Thomas E. Clemente
- Department of Agronomy and Horticulture, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska
| | - Hank W. Bass
- Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida
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Goss CA, Brockmann DJ, Bushoven JT, Roberts AW. A CELLULOSE SYNTHASE (CESA) gene essential for gametophore morphogenesis in the moss Physcomitrella patens. Planta 2012; 235:1355-67. [PMID: 22215046 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-011-1579-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2011] [Accepted: 12/19/2011] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
In seed plants, different groups of orthologous genes encode the CELLULOSE SYNTHASE (CESA) proteins that are responsible for cellulose biosynthesis in primary and secondary cell walls. The seven CESA sequences of the moss Physcomitrella patens (Hedw.) B. S. G. form a monophyletic sister group to seed plant CESAs, consistent with independent CESA diversification and specialization in moss and seed plant lines. The role of PpCESA5 in the development of P. patens was investigated by targeted mutagenesis. The cesa5 knockout lines were tested for cellulose deficiency using carbohydrate-binding module affinity cytochemistry and the morphology of the leafy gametophores was analyzed by 3D reconstruction of confocal images. No defects were identified in the development of the filamentous protonema or in production of bud initials that normally give rise to the leafy gametophores. However, the gametophore buds were cellulose deficient and defects in subsequent cell expansion, cytokinesis, and leaf initiation resulted in the formation of irregular cell clumps instead of leafy shoots. Analysis of the cesa5 knockout phenotype indicates that a biophysical model of organogenesis can be extended to the moss gametophore shoot apical meristem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chessa A Goss
- Department of Biological Sciences, CBLS, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881, USA
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Takahashi N, Kami C, Morita N, Imaichi R. Comparative development of heavily asymmetric-cordate gametophytes of Anemia phyllitidis (Anemiaceae) focusing on meristem behavior. J Plant Res 2012; 125:371-380. [PMID: 21904874 DOI: 10.1007/s10265-011-0453-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2011] [Accepted: 08/18/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Development of heavily asymmetric cordate gametophytes of Anemia phyllitidis (Anemiaceae), one of the schizaeoid ferns, was examined using a sequential observation technique; epi-illuminated light micrographs of the same growing gametophytes were taken approximately every 24 h. The apical cell-like wedge-shaped cell was produced once from the terminal cell of a germ filament, but it stopped dividing soon after production of one or two derivative cells. Without a functional apical cell, the gametophyte developed by intercalary growth until the early stage of wing formation, and then the multicellular (pluricellular) meristem arose from the lower lateral side of the gametophyte. This was in sharp contrast to the observation that the multicellular meristem forms in place of the apical cell in typical cordate gametophytes. Loss of the functional apical cell probably caused a site-shift in the multicellular meristem of the Anemia phyllitidis gametophyte during evolution from apical to lateral. The results suggest that apical cell-based and multicellular meristems are primarily independent of each other. The multicellular meristem produced cells equally in the distal and proximal directions to form wings in both directions but proximally produced cells divided much less frequently. As a result, a heavily asymmetric gametophyte was formed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoko Takahashi
- Department of Chemical and Biological Sciences, Japan Women's University, 2-8-1 Mejirodai, Tokyo 112-8681, Japan
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Sugiyama T, Ishida T, Tabei N, Shigyo M, Konishi M, Yoneyama T, Yanagisawa S. Involvement of PpDof1 transcriptional repressor in the nutrient condition-dependent growth control of protonemal filaments in Physcomitrella patens. J Exp Bot 2012; 63:3185-97. [PMID: 22345635 PMCID: PMC3350930 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ers042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2011] [Revised: 01/22/2012] [Accepted: 01/26/2012] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
In higher plants, the Dof transcription factors that harbour a conserved plant-specific DNA-binding domain function in the regulation of diverse biological processes that are unique to plants. Although these factors are present in both higher and lower plants, they have not yet been characterized in lower plants. Here six genes encoding Dof transcription factors in the moss Physcomitrella patens are characterized and two of these genes, PpDof1 and PpDof2, are functionally analysed. The targeted disruption of PpDof1 caused delayed or reduced gametophore formation, accompanied by an effect on development of the caulonema from the chloronema. Furthermore, the ppdof1 disruptants were found to form smaller colonies with a reduced frequency of branching of protonemal filaments, depending on the nutrients in the media. Most of these phenotypes were not apparent in the ppdof2 disruptant, although the ppdof2 disruptants also formed smaller colonies on a particular medium. Transcriptional repressor activity of PpDof1 and PpDof2 and modified expression of a number of genes in the ppdof disruptant lines were also shown. These results thus suggest that the PpDof1 transcriptional repressor has a role in controlling nutrient-dependent filament growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takumi Sugiyama
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Yayoi 1-1-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Ishida
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Yayoi 1-1-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
- Biotechnology Research Center, The University of Tokyo, Yayoi 1-1-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Nobumitsu Tabei
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Yayoi 1-1-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Mikao Shigyo
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Yayoi 1-1-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Mineko Konishi
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Yayoi 1-1-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
- Biotechnology Research Center, The University of Tokyo, Yayoi 1-1-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Tadakatsu Yoneyama
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Yayoi 1-1-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Shuichi Yanagisawa
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Yayoi 1-1-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
- Biotechnology Research Center, The University of Tokyo, Yayoi 1-1-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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Ikegaya H, Nakase T, Iwata K, Tsuchida H, Sonobe S, Shimmen T. Studies on conjugation of Spirogyra using monoclonal culture. J Plant Res 2012; 125:457-464. [PMID: 22006213 PMCID: PMC3336050 DOI: 10.1007/s10265-011-0457-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2011] [Accepted: 09/12/2011] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
We succeeded in inducing conjugation of Spirogyra castanacea by incubating algal filaments on agar plate. Conjugation could be induced using clone culture. The scalariform conjugation was generally observed, while lateral conjugation was rarely. When two filaments formed scalariform conjugation, all cells of one filament behaved as male and those of other filament did as female. Very rarely, however, zygospores were formed in both of pair filaments. The surface of conjugation tube was stained with fluorescently labeled-lectins, such as Bandeiraea (Griffonia) simplicifolia lectin (BSL-I) and jacalin. BSL-I strongly stained the conjugation tubes, while weakly did the cell surface of female gamete first and then that of male gamete. Jacalin stained mainly the conjugation tubes. Addition of jacalin inhibited the formation of papilla, suggesting some important role of jacalin-binding material at the initial step of formation of the conjugation tubes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisato Ikegaya
- Pioneering Research Unit for Next Generation, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan.
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Yang RL, Zhou W, Shen SD, Wang GC, He LW, Pan GH. Morphological and photosynthetic variations in the process of spermatia formation from vegetative cells in Porphyra yezoensis Ueda (Bangiales, Rhodophyta) and their responses to desiccation. Planta 2012; 235:885-893. [PMID: 22101945 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-011-1549-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2011] [Accepted: 11/04/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Porphyra yezoensis has a macroscopic foliage gametophyte phase with only a single cell layer, and is ideally suited for the study of the sexual differentiation process, from the vegetative cell to the spermatia. Firstly, we compared variations in the responses of the vegetative and male sectors to desiccation. Later, cell tracking experiments were carried out during the formation of spermatia from vegetative cells. The two sectors showed similar tolerance to desiccation, and the formation of spermatia from vegetative cells was independent of the degree of desiccation. Both light and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) observations of the differentiation process showed that the formation of spermatia could be divided into six phases: the one-cell, two-cell, four-cell, eight-cell, pre-release and spermatia phases. Photomicrographs of Fluorescent Brightener staining showed that the released spermatia had no cell walls. Photosynthetic data showed that there was a significant rise in Y(II) in the four-cell phase, indicating an increase in photosynthetic efficiency of PSII during this phase. We propose that this photosynthetic rise may be substantial and provide the increased energy needed for the formation and release of spermatia in P. yezoensis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui-Ling Yang
- College of Marine Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, 300457, Tianjin, China
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46
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Cao JG, Dai XL, Wang QX. Ultrastructural and cytochemical studies on oogenesis of the fern Pteridium aquilinum. Sex Plant Reprod 2012; 25:147-56. [PMID: 22476325 DOI: 10.1007/s00497-012-0185-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2012] [Accepted: 03/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Egg development in Pteridium aquilinum var. latiusculum was studied using ultrastructural and cytochemical methods to examine structural features influencing fertilization in leptosporangiate ferns. Ultrastructural observations indicate a separation cavity is first formed above the egg during oogenesis with a pore region persistently connecting the egg and the ventral canal cell. The egg envelope is formed by deposition of amorphous materials in the separation cavity on the outer surface of plasmalemma. The egg envelope was not formed across the pore region; instead, a fertilization pore was formed. During oogenesis, the egg nucleus produced extensive evaginations containing osmiophilic bodies. Cytochemical experiments revealed that the egg envelope displays strong periodic acid-Schiff reaction indicative of polysaccharides, with negligible Sudan black B staining for lipids, suggesting that the egg envelope is composed principally of polysaccharides, and not lipids. The present manuscript provides new insights into egg structure and development of Pteridium, including discovery and characterization of the fertilization pore and observations on the chemical nature of the egg envelope, thus contributing to the understanding of the cytological mechanism of the sexual reproduction of ferns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Guo Cao
- College of Life and Environment Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, 200234, China.
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47
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Hotta T, Kong Z, Ho CMK, Zeng CJT, Horio T, Fong S, Vuong T, Lee YRJ, Liu B. Characterization of the Arabidopsis augmin complex uncovers its critical function in the assembly of the acentrosomal spindle and phragmoplast microtubule arrays. Plant Cell 2012; 24:1494-509. [PMID: 22505726 PMCID: PMC3398559 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.112.096610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2012] [Revised: 03/10/2012] [Accepted: 03/20/2012] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Plant cells assemble the bipolar spindle and phragmoplast microtubule (MT) arrays in the absence of the centrosome structure. Our recent findings in Arabidopsis thaliana indicated that AUGMIN subunit3 (AUG3), a homolog of animal dim γ-tubulin 3, plays a critical role in γ-tubulin-dependent MT nucleation and amplification during mitosis. Here, we report the isolation of the entire plant augmin complex that contains eight subunits. Among them, AUG1 to AUG6 share low sequence similarity with their animal counterparts, but AUG7 and AUG8 share homology only with proteins of plant origin. Genetic analyses indicate that the AUG1, AUG2, AUG4, and AUG5 genes are essential, as stable mutations in these genes could only be transmitted to heterozygous plants. The sterile aug7-1 homozygous mutant in which AUG7 expression is significantly reduced exhibited pleiotropic phenotypes of seriously retarded vegetative and reproductive growth. The aug7-1 mutation caused delocalization of γ-tubulin in the mitotic spindle and phragmoplast. Consequently, spindles were abnormally elongated, and their poles failed to converge, as MTs were splayed to discrete positions rendering deformed arrays. In addition, the mutant phragmoplasts often had disorganized MT bundles with uneven edges. We conclude that assembly of MT arrays during plant mitosis depends on the augmin complex, which includes two plant-specific subunits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Hotta
- Department of Plant Biology, University of California, Davis, California 95616
| | - Zhaosheng Kong
- Department of Plant Biology, University of California, Davis, California 95616
| | - Chin-Min Kimmy Ho
- Department of Plant Biology, University of California, Davis, California 95616
| | - Cui Jing Tracy Zeng
- Department of Plant Biology, University of California, Davis, California 95616
| | - Tetsuya Horio
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045
| | - Sophia Fong
- Department of Plant Biology, University of California, Davis, California 95616
| | - Trang Vuong
- Department of Plant Biology, University of California, Davis, California 95616
| | - Yuh-Ru Julie Lee
- Department of Plant Biology, University of California, Davis, California 95616
| | - Bo Liu
- Department of Plant Biology, University of California, Davis, California 95616
- Address correspondence to
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48
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Rothwell GW, Mapes G, Stockey RA, Hilton J. The seed cone Eathiestrobus gen. nov.: fossil evidence for a Jurassic origin of Pinaceae. Am J Bot 2012; 99:708-720. [PMID: 22491001 DOI: 10.3732/ajb.1100595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE OF THE STUDY Pinaceae and nonpinoid species are sister groups within the conifer clade as inferred from molecular systematic comparisons of living species and therefore should have comparable geological ages. However, the fossil record for the nonpinoid lineage of extant conifer families is Triassic, nearly 100 million years older than the oldest widely accepted Lower Cretaceous record for Pinaceae. An anatomically preserved fossil conifer seed cone described here extends the stratigraphic range of Pinaceae nearly 30 million years, thus reducing the apparent discrepancy between evidence from the fossil record and inferences from systematic studies of living species. METHODS Material was prepared as serial thin sections by the cellulose acetate peel technique, mounted on microscope slides, and viewed and photographed using transmitted light. KEY RESULTS A large cylindrical cone consisting of bract-scale complexes that diverge from the cone axis in a helical phyllotaxis has bracts and scales that separate from each other in the midregion and are of equal length and of nearly equal width. The cone has two inverted and winged seeds that are attached to the adaxial surface of each cone scale and, thus, represents an early member of the Pinaceae. CONCLUSIONS Eathiestrobus mackenziei gen. et sp. nov. extends the fossil record for well-documented members of the family Pinaceae from the Lower Cretaceous to the Kimmeridgian Stage of the Upper Jurassic. This species also clarifies the set of characters that are diagnostic for seed cones of Pinaceae and reveals possible plesiomorphic characters for seed cones of the family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gar W Rothwell
- Department of Environmental and Plant Biology, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio 45701, USA.
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49
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Radchuk V, Kumlehn J, Rutten T, Sreenivasulu N, Radchuk R, Rolletschek H, Herrfurth C, Feussner I, Borisjuk L. Fertility in barley flowers depends on Jekyll functions in male and female sporophytes. New Phytol 2012; 194:142-157. [PMID: 22269089 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2011.04032.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
• Owing to its evolutional plasticity and adaptability, barley (Hordeum vulgare) is one of the most widespread crops in the world. Despite this evolutionary success, sexual reproduction of small grain cereals is poorly investigated, making discovery of novel genes and functions a challenging priority. Barley gene Jekyll appears to be a key player in grain development; however, its role in flowers has remained unknown. • Here, we studied RNAi lines of barley, where Jekyll expression was repressed to different extents. The impact of Jekyll on flower development was evaluated based on differential gene expression analysis applied to anthers and gynoecia of wildtype and transgenic plants, as well as using isotope labeling experiments, hormone analysis, immunogold- and TUNEL-assays and in situ hybridization. • Jekyll is expressed in nurse tissues mediating gametophyte-sporophyte interaction in anthers and gynoecia, where JEKYLL was found within the intracellular membranes. The repression of Jekyll impaired pollen maturation, anther dehiscence and induced a significant loss of fertility. The presence of JEKYLL on the pollen surface also hints at possible involvement in the fertilization process. • We conclude that the role of Jekyll in cereal sexual reproduction is clearly much broader than has been hitherto realized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Volodymyr Radchuk
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Corrensstrasse 3, D-06466 Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Jochen Kumlehn
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Corrensstrasse 3, D-06466 Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Twan Rutten
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Corrensstrasse 3, D-06466 Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Nese Sreenivasulu
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Corrensstrasse 3, D-06466 Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Ruslana Radchuk
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Corrensstrasse 3, D-06466 Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Hardy Rolletschek
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Corrensstrasse 3, D-06466 Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Cornelia Herrfurth
- Georg August University, Albrecht von Haller Institute, Department of Plant Biochemistry, Justus-von-Liebig Weg 11, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Ivo Feussner
- Georg August University, Albrecht von Haller Institute, Department of Plant Biochemistry, Justus-von-Liebig Weg 11, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Ljudmilla Borisjuk
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Corrensstrasse 3, D-06466 Gatersleben, Germany
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Abstract
The colonization and radiation of multicellular plants on land that started over 470 Ma was one of the defining events in the history of this planet. For the first time, large amounts of primary productivity occurred on the continental surface, paving the way for the evolution of complex terrestrial ecosystems and altering global biogeochemical cycles; increased weathering of continental silicates and organic carbon burial resulted in a 90 per cent reduction in atmospheric carbon dioxide levels. The evolution of plants on land was itself characterized by a series of radical transformations of their body plans that included the formation of three-dimensional tissues, de novo evolution of a multicellular diploid sporophyte generation, evolution of multicellular meristems, and the development of specialized tissues and organ systems such as vasculature, roots, leaves, seeds and flowers. In this review, we discuss the evolution of the genes and developmental mechanisms that drove the explosion of plant morphologies on land. Recent studies indicate that many of the gene families which control development in extant plants were already present in the earliest land plants. This suggests that the evolution of novel morphologies was to a large degree driven by the reassembly and reuse of pre-existing genetic mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Liam Dolan
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3RB, UK
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