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Xu R, Huang J, Guo H, Wang C, Zhan H. Functions of silicon and phytolith in higher plants. Plant Signal Behav 2023; 18:2198848. [PMID: 37031433 PMCID: PMC10085572 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2023.2198848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Silicon (Si) is abundant in the lithosphere, and previous studies have confirmed that silicon plays an important role in plant growth. Higher plants absorb soluble silicon from soil through roots which is deposited in plant tissues mainly in the form of phytoliths. Based on previous studies, the research progress in silicon and phytoliths in the structural protection, enhancement on photosynthesis and transpiration of plants and plant growth and stress resistance was reviewed. Meanwhile, gaps in phytolith research, including phytolith morphology and function, impact of diverse environmental factors coupling with phytoliths, phytolith characteristics at different stages of plant development and phytoliths in regional vegetation are identified. The paper intends to promote the wider application of phytolith research findings and provides reference for further research on phytoliths.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Xu
- Key Laboratory for Sympodial Bamboo Research, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, China
- Science and Technology Innovation Team of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, China
| | - Jianfeng Huang
- Yunnan Academy of Biodiversity/College of Biodiversity and Conservation, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, China
| | - Huijun Guo
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, China
| | - Changming Wang
- Key Laboratory for Sympodial Bamboo Research, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, China
- Science and Technology Innovation Team of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, China
- College of Forestry, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, China
- Changming Wang Key Laboratory for Sympodial Bamboo Research, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, China
| | - Hui Zhan
- Key Laboratory for Sympodial Bamboo Research, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, China
- Science and Technology Innovation Team of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, China
- College of Forestry, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, China
- CONTACT Hui Zhan
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Hirayama T. PARN-like Proteins Regulate Gene Expression in Land Plant Mitochondria by Modulating mRNA Polyadenylation. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms221910776. [PMID: 34639116 PMCID: PMC8509313 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221910776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria have their own double-stranded DNA genomes and systems to regulate transcription, mRNA processing, and translation. These systems differ from those operating in the host cell, and among eukaryotes. In recent decades, studies have revealed several plant-specific features of mitochondrial gene regulation. The polyadenylation status of mRNA is critical for its stability and translation in mitochondria. In this short review, I focus on recent advances in understanding the mechanisms regulating mRNA polyadenylation in plant mitochondria, including the role of poly(A)-specific ribonuclease-like proteins (PARNs). Accumulating evidence suggests that plant mitochondria have unique regulatory systems for mRNA poly(A) status and that PARNs play pivotal roles in these systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Hirayama
- Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, 2-20-1 Chuo, Kurahiki 710-0046, Okayama, Japan
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3
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Julca I, Ferrari C, Flores-Tornero M, Proost S, Lindner AC, Hackenberg D, Steinbachová L, Michaelidis C, Gomes Pereira S, Misra CS, Kawashima T, Borg M, Berger F, Goldberg J, Johnson M, Honys D, Twell D, Sprunck S, Dresselhaus T, Becker JD, Mutwil M. Comparative transcriptomic analysis reveals conserved programmes underpinning organogenesis and reproduction in land plants. Nat Plants 2021; 7:1143-1159. [PMID: 34253868 DOI: 10.1101/2020.10.29.361501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The appearance of plant organs mediated the explosive radiation of land plants, which shaped the biosphere and allowed the establishment of terrestrial animal life. The evolution of organs and immobile gametes required the coordinated acquisition of novel gene functions, the co-option of existing genes and the development of novel regulatory programmes. However, no large-scale analyses of genomic and transcriptomic data have been performed for land plants. To remedy this, we generated gene expression atlases for various organs and gametes of ten plant species comprising bryophytes, vascular plants, gymnosperms and flowering plants. A comparative analysis of the atlases identified hundreds of organ- and gamete-specific orthogroups and revealed that most of the specific transcriptomes are significantly conserved. Interestingly, our results suggest that co-option of existing genes is the main mechanism for evolving new organs. In contrast to female gametes, male gametes showed a high number and conservation of specific genes, which indicates that male reproduction is highly specialized. The expression atlas capturing pollen development revealed numerous transcription factors and kinases essential for pollen biogenesis and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Julca
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Camilla Ferrari
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - María Flores-Tornero
- Cell Biology and Plant Biochemistry, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Sebastian Proost
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
- Laboratory of Molecular Bacteriology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- VIB, Center for Microbiology, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Dieter Hackenberg
- Department of Genetics and Genome Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
- School of Life Sciences, Gibbet Hill Campus, The University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - Lenka Steinbachová
- Laboratory of Pollen Biology, Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Christos Michaelidis
- Laboratory of Pollen Biology, Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | | | - Chandra Shekhar Misra
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Oeiras, Portugal
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Tomokazu Kawashima
- Gregor Mendel Institute (GMI), Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, BioCenter (VBC), Vienna, Austria
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Michael Borg
- Gregor Mendel Institute (GMI), Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, BioCenter (VBC), Vienna, Austria
| | - Frédéric Berger
- Gregor Mendel Institute (GMI), Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, BioCenter (VBC), Vienna, Austria
| | - Jacob Goldberg
- Department of Molecular Biology, Cell Biology, and Biochemistry, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Mark Johnson
- Department of Molecular Biology, Cell Biology, and Biochemistry, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - David Honys
- Laboratory of Pollen Biology, Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - David Twell
- Department of Genetics and Genome Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Stefanie Sprunck
- Cell Biology and Plant Biochemistry, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Dresselhaus
- Cell Biology and Plant Biochemistry, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Jörg D Becker
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Oeiras, Portugal.
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal.
| | - Marek Mutwil
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore.
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Julca I, Ferrari C, Flores-Tornero M, Proost S, Lindner AC, Hackenberg D, Steinbachová L, Michaelidis C, Gomes Pereira S, Misra CS, Kawashima T, Borg M, Berger F, Goldberg J, Johnson M, Honys D, Twell D, Sprunck S, Dresselhaus T, Becker JD, Mutwil M. Comparative transcriptomic analysis reveals conserved programmes underpinning organogenesis and reproduction in land plants. Nat Plants 2021; 7:1143-1159. [PMID: 34253868 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-021-00958-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The appearance of plant organs mediated the explosive radiation of land plants, which shaped the biosphere and allowed the establishment of terrestrial animal life. The evolution of organs and immobile gametes required the coordinated acquisition of novel gene functions, the co-option of existing genes and the development of novel regulatory programmes. However, no large-scale analyses of genomic and transcriptomic data have been performed for land plants. To remedy this, we generated gene expression atlases for various organs and gametes of ten plant species comprising bryophytes, vascular plants, gymnosperms and flowering plants. A comparative analysis of the atlases identified hundreds of organ- and gamete-specific orthogroups and revealed that most of the specific transcriptomes are significantly conserved. Interestingly, our results suggest that co-option of existing genes is the main mechanism for evolving new organs. In contrast to female gametes, male gametes showed a high number and conservation of specific genes, which indicates that male reproduction is highly specialized. The expression atlas capturing pollen development revealed numerous transcription factors and kinases essential for pollen biogenesis and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Julca
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Camilla Ferrari
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - María Flores-Tornero
- Cell Biology and Plant Biochemistry, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Sebastian Proost
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
- Laboratory of Molecular Bacteriology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- VIB, Center for Microbiology, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Dieter Hackenberg
- Department of Genetics and Genome Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
- School of Life Sciences, Gibbet Hill Campus, The University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - Lenka Steinbachová
- Laboratory of Pollen Biology, Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Christos Michaelidis
- Laboratory of Pollen Biology, Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | | | - Chandra Shekhar Misra
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Oeiras, Portugal
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Tomokazu Kawashima
- Gregor Mendel Institute (GMI), Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, BioCenter (VBC), Vienna, Austria
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Michael Borg
- Gregor Mendel Institute (GMI), Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, BioCenter (VBC), Vienna, Austria
| | - Frédéric Berger
- Gregor Mendel Institute (GMI), Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, BioCenter (VBC), Vienna, Austria
| | - Jacob Goldberg
- Department of Molecular Biology, Cell Biology, and Biochemistry, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Mark Johnson
- Department of Molecular Biology, Cell Biology, and Biochemistry, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - David Honys
- Laboratory of Pollen Biology, Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - David Twell
- Department of Genetics and Genome Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Stefanie Sprunck
- Cell Biology and Plant Biochemistry, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Dresselhaus
- Cell Biology and Plant Biochemistry, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Jörg D Becker
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Oeiras, Portugal.
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal.
| | - Marek Mutwil
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore.
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5
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Wang S, Huang J. Fungal genes in the innovation and evolution of land plants. Plant Signal Behav 2021; 16:1879534. [PMID: 33522394 PMCID: PMC7971291 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2021.1879534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Although fungal association has been instrumental to the evolution of land plants, how genes of fungal origin might have contributed to major plant innovations remains unclear. In a recent study, we showed that a macro2 domain-containing gene likely acquired from mycorrhiza-like fungi is important in gametophore development of mosses, suggesting a role of fungi-derived genes in the three-dimensional growth of land plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuanghua Wang
- Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Yunnan Key Laboratory for Fungal Diversity and Green Development, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jinling Huang
- Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Yunnan Key Laboratory for Fungal Diversity and Green Development, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, Key Laboratory of Plant Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
- Department of Biology, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA
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6
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Geng Y, Guo L, Han H, Liu X, Banks JA, Wisecaver JH, Zhou Y. Conservation and diversification of HAIRY MERISTEM gene family in land plants. Plant J 2021; 106:366-378. [PMID: 33484592 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Revised: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The shoot apical meristems (SAMs) of land plants are crucial for plant growth and organ formation. In several angiosperms, the HAIRY MERISTEM (HAM) genes function as key regulators that control meristem development and stem cell homeostasis. To date, the origin and evolutionary history of the HAM family in land plants remains unclear. Potentially shared and divergent functions of HAM family members from angiosperms and non-angiosperms are also not known. In constructing a comprehensive phylogeny of the HAM family, we show that HAM proteins are widely present in land plants and that HAM proteins originated prior to the divergence of bryophytes. The HAM family was duplicated in a common ancestor of angiosperms, leading to two distinct groups: type I and type II. Type-II HAM members are widely present in angiosperms, whereas type-I HAM members were independently lost in different orders of monocots. Furthermore, HAM members from angiosperms and non-angiosperms (including bryophytes, lycophytes, ferns and gymnosperms) are able to replace the role of the type-II HAM genes in Arabidopsis, maintaining established SAMs and promoting the initiation of new stem cell niches. Our results uncover the conserved functions of HAM family members and reveal the conserved regulatory mechanisms underlying HAM expression patterning in meristems, providing insight into the evolution of key stem cell regulators in land plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Geng
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
- Purdue Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Lei Guo
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
- Purdue Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Han Han
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
- Purdue Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Xing Liu
- Purdue Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Jo Ann Banks
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
- Purdue Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Jennifer H Wisecaver
- Purdue Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Yun Zhou
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
- Purdue Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
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Bykowski M, Mazur R, Wójtowicz J, Suski S, Garstka M, Mostowska A, Kowalewska Ł. Too rigid to fold: Carotenoid-dependent decrease in thylakoid fluidity hampers the formation of chloroplast grana. Plant Physiol 2021; 185:210-227. [PMID: 33631810 PMCID: PMC8133577 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiaa009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In chloroplasts of land plants, the thylakoid network is organized into appressed regions called grana stacks and loosely arranged parallel stroma thylakoids. Many factors determining such intricate structural arrangements have been identified so far, including various thylakoid-embedded proteins, and polar lipids that build the thylakoid matrix. Although carotenoids are important components of proteins and the lipid phase of chloroplast membranes, their role in determining the thylakoid network structure remains elusive. We studied 2D and 3D thylakoid network organization in carotenoid-deficient mutants (ccr1-1, lut5-1, szl1-1, and szl1-1npq1-2) of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) to reveal the structural role of carotenoids in the formation and dynamics of the internal chloroplast membrane system. The most significant structural aberrations took place in chloroplasts of the szl1-1 and szl1-1npq1-2 plants. Increased lutein/carotene ratio in these mutants impaired the formation of grana, resulting in a significant decrease in the number of thylakoids used to build a particular stack. Further, combined biochemical and biophysical analyses revealed that hampered grana folding was related to decreased thylakoid membrane fluidity and significant changes in the amount, organization, and phosphorylation status of photosystem (PS) II (PSII) supercomplexes in the szl1-1 and szl1-1npq1-2 plants. Such changes resulted from a synergistic effect of lutein overaccumulation in the lipid matrix and a decreased level of carotenes bound with PS core complexes. Moreover, more rigid membrane in the lutein overaccumulating plants led to binding of Rubisco to the thylakoid surface, additionally providing steric hindrance for the dynamic changes in the level of membrane folding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michał Bykowski
- Department of Plant Anatomy and Cytology, Institute of Plant Experimental Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw 02-096, Poland
| | - Radosław Mazur
- Department of Metabolic Regulation, Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw 02-096, Poland
| | - Joanna Wójtowicz
- Department of Plant Anatomy and Cytology, Institute of Plant Experimental Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw 02-096, Poland
| | - Szymon Suski
- Laboratory of Electron Microscopy, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw 02-093, Poland
| | - Maciej Garstka
- Department of Metabolic Regulation, Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw 02-096, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Mostowska
- Department of Plant Anatomy and Cytology, Institute of Plant Experimental Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw 02-096, Poland
| | - Łucja Kowalewska
- Department of Plant Anatomy and Cytology, Institute of Plant Experimental Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw 02-096, Poland
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Yokochi Y, Yoshida K, Hahn F, Miyagi A, Wakabayashi KI, Kawai-Yamada M, Weber APM, Hisabori T. Redox regulation of NADP-malate dehydrogenase is vital for land plants under fluctuating light environment. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:e2016903118. [PMID: 33531363 PMCID: PMC8017969 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2016903118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Many enzymes involved in photosynthesis possess highly conserved cysteine residues that serve as redox switches in chloroplasts. These redox switches function to activate or deactivate enzymes during light-dark transitions and have the function of fine-tuning their activities according to the intensity of light. Accordingly, many studies on chloroplast redox regulation have been conducted under the hypothesis that "fine regulation of the activities of these enzymes is crucial for efficient photosynthesis." However, the impact of the regulatory system on plant metabolism is still unclear. To test this hypothesis, we here studied the impact of the ablation of a redox switch in chloroplast NADP-malate dehydrogenase (MDH). By genome editing, we generated a mutant plant whose MDH lacks one of its redox switches and is active even in dark conditions. Although NADPH consumption by MDH in the dark is expected to be harmful to plant growth, the mutant line did not show any phenotypic differences under standard long-day conditions. In contrast, the mutant line showed severe growth retardation under short-day or fluctuating light conditions. These results indicate that thiol-switch redox regulation of MDH activity is crucial for maintaining NADPH homeostasis in chloroplasts under these conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuichi Yokochi
- Laboratory of Chemistry and Life Science, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 226-8503 Yokohama, Japan
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 226-8503 Yokohama, Japan
| | - Keisuke Yoshida
- Laboratory of Chemistry and Life Science, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 226-8503 Yokohama, Japan
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 226-8503 Yokohama, Japan
| | - Florian Hahn
- Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences, Center for Synthetic Life Sciences, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Atsuko Miyagi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, 338-8570 Saitama, Japan
| | - Ken-Ichi Wakabayashi
- Laboratory of Chemistry and Life Science, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 226-8503 Yokohama, Japan
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 226-8503 Yokohama, Japan
| | - Maki Kawai-Yamada
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, 338-8570 Saitama, Japan
| | - Andreas P M Weber
- Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences, Center for Synthetic Life Sciences, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Toru Hisabori
- Laboratory of Chemistry and Life Science, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 226-8503 Yokohama, Japan;
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 226-8503 Yokohama, Japan
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9
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Althoff F, Zachgo S. Transformation of Riccia fluitans, an Amphibious Liverwort Dynamically Responding to Environmental Changes. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E5410. [PMID: 32751392 PMCID: PMC7432341 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21155410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Revised: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The colonization of land by streptophyte algae, ancestors of embryophyte plants, was a fundamental event in the history of life on earth. Bryophytes are early diversifying land plants that mark the transition from freshwater to terrestrial ecosystems. The amphibious liverwort Riccia fluitans can thrive in aquatic and terrestrial environments and thus represents an ideal organism to investigate this major transition. Therefore, we aimed to establish a transformation protocol for R. fluitans to make it amenable for genetic analyses. An Agrobacterium transformation procedure using R. fluitans callus tissue allows to generate stably transformed plants within 10 weeks. Furthermore, for comprehensive studies spanning all life stages, we demonstrate that the switch from vegetative to reproductive development can be induced by both flooding and poor nutrient availability. Interestingly, a single R. fluitans plant can consecutively adapt to different growth environments and forms distinctive and reversible features of the thallus, photosynthetically active tissue that is thus functionally similar to leaves of vascular plants. The morphological plasticity affecting vegetative growth, air pore formation, and rhizoid development realized by one genotype in response to two different environments makes R. fluitans ideal to study the adaptive molecular mechanisms enabling the colonialization of land by aquatic plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Althoff
- Botany Department, School of Biology and Chemistry, Osnabrück University, 49076 Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Sabine Zachgo
- Botany Department, School of Biology and Chemistry, Osnabrück University, 49076 Osnabrück, Germany
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10
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Moody LA. Three-dimensional growth: a developmental innovation that facilitated plant terrestrialization. J Plant Res 2020; 133:283-290. [PMID: 32095969 PMCID: PMC7214384 DOI: 10.1007/s10265-020-01173-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
One of the most transformative events in the history of life on earth was the transition of plants from water to land approximately 470 million years ago. Within the Charophyte green algae, the closest living relatives of land plants, body plans have evolved from those that comprise simple unicells to those that are morphologically complex, large and multicellular. The Charophytes developed these broad ranging body plans by exploiting a range of one-dimensional and two-dimensional growth strategies to produce filaments, mats and branches. When plants were confronted with harsh conditions on land, they were required to make significant changes to the way they shaped their body plans. One of the fundamental developmental transitions that occurred was the evolution of three-dimensional growth and the acquisition of apical cells with three or more cutting faces. Plants subsequently developed a range of morphological adaptations (e.g. vasculature, roots, flowers, seeds) that enabled them to colonise progressively drier environments. 3D apical growth also evolved convergently in the brown algae, completely independently of the green lineage. This review summarises the evolving developmental complexities observed in the early divergent Charophytes all the way through to the earliest conquerors of land, and investigates 3D apical growth in the brown algae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura A Moody
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3RB, UK.
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11
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Sawicki J, Bączkiewicz A, Buczkowska K, Górski P, Krawczyk K, Mizia P, Myszczyński K, Ślipiko M, Szczecińska M. The Increase of Simple Sequence Repeats during Diversification of Marchantiidae, An Early Land Plant Lineage, Leads to the First Known Expansion of Inverted Repeats in the Evolutionarily-Stable Structure of Liverwort Plastomes. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:E299. [PMID: 32178248 PMCID: PMC7140840 DOI: 10.3390/genes11030299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Revised: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The chloroplast genomes of liverworts, an early land plant lineage, exhibit stable structure and gene content, however the known resources are very limited. The newly sequenced plastomes of Conocephalum, Riccia and Sphaerocarpos species revealed an increase of simple sequence repeats during the diversification of complex thalloid liverwort lineage. The presence of long TA motifs forced applying the long-read nanopore sequencing method for proper and dependable plastome assembly, since the length of dinucleotide repeats overcome the length of Illumina short reads. The accumulation of SSRs (simple sequence repeats) enabled the expansion of inverted repeats by the incorporation of rps12 and rps7 genes, which were part of large single copy (LSC) regions in the previously sequenced plastomes. The expansion of inverted repeat (IR) at the genus level is reported for the first time for non-flowering plants. Moreover, comparative analyses with remaining liverwort lineages revealed that the presence of SSR in plastomes is specific for simple thalloid species. Phylogenomic analysis resulted in trees confirming monophyly of Marchantiidae and partially congruent with previous studies, due to dataset-dependent results of Dumortiera-Reboulia relationships. Despite the lower evolutionary rate of Marchantiales plastomes, significant barcoding gap was detected, even for recently divergent holarctic Conocephalum species. The sliding window analyses revealed the presence of 18 optimal (500 bp long) barcodes that enable the molecular identification of all studied species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakub Sawicki
- Department of Botany and Nature Protection, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn; 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland; (K.K.); (P.M.); (K.M.); (M.Ś.); (M.S.)
| | - Alina Bączkiewicz
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, 61-614 Poznań, Poland; (A.B.); (K.B.)
| | - Katarzyna Buczkowska
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, 61-614 Poznań, Poland; (A.B.); (K.B.)
| | - Piotr Górski
- Department of Botany, Poznań University of Life Sciences, 60-625 Poznań, Poland;
| | - Katarzyna Krawczyk
- Department of Botany and Nature Protection, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn; 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland; (K.K.); (P.M.); (K.M.); (M.Ś.); (M.S.)
| | - Patryk Mizia
- Department of Botany and Nature Protection, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn; 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland; (K.K.); (P.M.); (K.M.); (M.Ś.); (M.S.)
| | - Kamil Myszczyński
- Department of Botany and Nature Protection, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn; 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland; (K.K.); (P.M.); (K.M.); (M.Ś.); (M.S.)
| | - Monika Ślipiko
- Department of Botany and Nature Protection, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn; 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland; (K.K.); (P.M.); (K.M.); (M.Ś.); (M.S.)
| | - Monika Szczecińska
- Department of Botany and Nature Protection, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn; 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland; (K.K.); (P.M.); (K.M.); (M.Ś.); (M.S.)
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12
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Lucero L, Bazin J, Rodriguez Melo J, Ibañez F, Crespi MD, Ariel F. Evolution of the Small Family of Alternative Splicing Modulators Nuclear Speckle RNA-binding Proteins in Plants. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:genes11020207. [PMID: 32085457 PMCID: PMC7073835 DOI: 10.3390/genes11020207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Revised: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
RNA-Binding Protein 1 (RBP1) was first identified as a protein partner of the long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) ENOD40 in Medicago truncatula, involved in symbiotic nodule development. RBP1 is localized in nuclear speckles and can be relocalized to the cytoplasm by the interaction with ENOD40. The two closest homologs to RBP1 in Arabidopsis thaliana were called Nuclear Speckle RNA-binding proteins (NSRs) and characterized as alternative splicing modulators of specific mRNAs. They can recognize in vivo the lncRNA ALTERNATIVE SPLICING COMPETITOR (ASCO) among other lncRNAs, regulating lateral root formation. Here, we performed a phylogenetic analysis of NSR/RBP proteins tracking the roots of the family to the Embryophytes. Strikingly, eudicots faced a reductive trend of NSR/RBP proteins in comparison with other groups of flowering plants. In Medicago truncatula and Lotus japonicus, their expression profile during nodulation and in specific regions of the symbiotic nodule was compared to that of the lncRNA ENOD40, as well as to changes in alternative splicing. This hinted at distinct and specific roles of each member during nodulation, likely modulating the population of alternatively spliced transcripts. Our results establish the basis to guide future exploration of NSR/RBP function in alternative splicing regulation in different developmental contexts along the plant lineage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leandro Lucero
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología del Litoral, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, CONICET, FBCB, Centro Científico Tecnológico CONICET Santa Fe, Colectora Ruta Nacional No 168 km. 0, Paraje El Pozo, Santa Fe 3000, Argentina;
| | - Jeremie Bazin
- CNRS, INRA, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay IPS2, Universite Paris Sud, Universite Evry, Universite Paris-Diderot, Sorbonne Paris-Cite, Universite Paris-Saclay, 91405 Orsay, France;
| | - Johan Rodriguez Melo
- Instituto de Investigaciones Agrobiotecnológicas, CONICET, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Río Cuarto 5800, Argentina; (J.R.M.)
| | - Fernando Ibañez
- Instituto de Investigaciones Agrobiotecnológicas, CONICET, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Río Cuarto 5800, Argentina; (J.R.M.)
| | - Martín D. Crespi
- CNRS, INRA, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay IPS2, Universite Paris Sud, Universite Evry, Universite Paris-Diderot, Sorbonne Paris-Cite, Universite Paris-Saclay, 91405 Orsay, France;
- Correspondence: (M.D.C.); (F.A.); Tel./Fax: +54-342-4511-370 (ext. 5017) (F.A.)
| | - Federico Ariel
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología del Litoral, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, CONICET, FBCB, Centro Científico Tecnológico CONICET Santa Fe, Colectora Ruta Nacional No 168 km. 0, Paraje El Pozo, Santa Fe 3000, Argentina;
- Correspondence: (M.D.C.); (F.A.); Tel./Fax: +54-342-4511-370 (ext. 5017) (F.A.)
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13
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Enquist BJ, Feng X, Boyle B, Maitner B, Newman EA, Jørgensen PM, Roehrdanz PR, Thiers BM, Burger JR, Corlett RT, Couvreur TLP, Dauby G, Donoghue JC, Foden W, Lovett JC, Marquet PA, Merow C, Midgley G, Morueta-Holme N, Neves DM, Oliveira-Filho AT, Kraft NJB, Park DS, Peet RK, Pillet M, Serra-Diaz JM, Sandel B, Schildhauer M, Šímová I, Violle C, Wieringa JJ, Wiser SK, Hannah L, Svenning JC, McGill BJ. The commonness of rarity: Global and future distribution of rarity across land plants. Sci Adv 2019; 5:eaaz0414. [PMID: 31807712 PMCID: PMC6881168 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aaz0414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
A key feature of life's diversity is that some species are common but many more are rare. Nonetheless, at global scales, we do not know what fraction of biodiversity consists of rare species. Here, we present the largest compilation of global plant diversity to quantify the fraction of Earth's plant biodiversity that are rare. A large fraction, ~36.5% of Earth's ~435,000 plant species, are exceedingly rare. Sampling biases and prominent models, such as neutral theory and the k-niche model, cannot account for the observed prevalence of rarity. Our results indicate that (i) climatically more stable regions have harbored rare species and hence a large fraction of Earth's plant species via reduced extinction risk but that (ii) climate change and human land use are now disproportionately impacting rare species. Estimates of global species abundance distributions have important implications for risk assessments and conservation planning in this era of rapid global change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian J. Enquist
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
- Santa Fe Institute, 1399 Hyde Park Rd., Santa Fe, NM 87501, USA
| | - Xiao Feng
- Institute of the Environment, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Brad Boyle
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Brian Maitner
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Erica A. Newman
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
- Institute of the Environment, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | | | - Patrick R. Roehrdanz
- Betty and Gordon Moore Center for Science, Conservation International, 2011 Crystal Dr., Arlington, VA 22202, USA
| | - Barbara M. Thiers
- New York Botanical Garden, 2900 Southern Blvd., Bronx, NY 10348, USA
| | - Joseph R. Burger
- Institute of the Environment, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Richard T. Corlett
- Centre for Integrative Conservation, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden and Center of Conservation Biology, Core Botanical Gardens, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Menglun, Yunnan, China
| | | | - Gilles Dauby
- AMAP, IRD, CIRAD, CNRS, INRA, Université Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Wendy Foden
- Cape Research Centre, South African National Parks, Tokai, 7947 Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Jon C. Lovett
- School of Geography, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey, UK
| | - Pablo A. Marquet
- Santa Fe Institute, 1399 Hyde Park Rd., Santa Fe, NM 87501, USA
- Departamento de Ecología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, CP 8331150 Santiago, Chile
- Instituto de Ecología y Biodiversidad (IEB), Laboratorio Internacional de Cambio Global and Centro de Cambio Global UC, Chile
| | - Cory Merow
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Connecticut, CT 06269, USA
| | - Guy Midgley
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Naia Morueta-Holme
- Center for Macroecology, Evolution and University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, Building 3, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Danilo M. Neves
- Department of Botany, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Ary T. Oliveira-Filho
- Department of Botany, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Nathan J. B. Kraft
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Daniel S. Park
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, MA 02138, USA
| | - Robert K. Peet
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, NC 27599, USA
| | - Michiel Pillet
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | | | - Brody Sandel
- Department of Biology, Santa Clara University, Santa Clara, CA 95053, USA
| | - Mark Schildhauer
- National Center for Ecological Analysis and Synthesis, Santa Barbara, CA 93101, USA
| | - Irena Šímová
- Centre for Theoretical Study, Charles University, Prague 1, Czech Republic
- Department of Ecology, Faculty of Sciences, Charles University, Czech Republic
| | - Cyrille Violle
- Université Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE, IRD, Université Paul Valéry Montpellier 3, Montpellier, France
| | - Jan J. Wieringa
- Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Darwinweg 2, Leiden, Netherlands
| | | | - Lee Hannah
- Betty and Gordon Moore Center for Science, Conservation International, 2011 Crystal Dr., Arlington, VA 22202, USA
| | - Jens-Christian Svenning
- Center for Biodiversity Dynamics in a Changing World (BIOCHANGE) and Section for Ecoinformatics and Biodiversity, Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Ny Munkegade 114, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Brian J. McGill
- School of Biology and Ecology and Senator George J. Mitchell Center of Sustainability Solutions, University of Maine, Orono, ME 04469, USA
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14
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Abstract
Vegetation phenology is driven by environmental factors such as photoperiod, precipitation, temperature, insolation, and nutrient availability. However, across Africa, there's ambiguity about these drivers, which can lead to uncertainty in the predictions of global warming impacts on terrestrial ecosystems and their representation in dynamic vegetation models. Using satellite data, we undertook a systematic analysis of the relationship between phenological parameters and these drivers. The analysis across different regions consistently revealed photoperiod as the dominant factor controlling the onset and end of vegetation growing season. Moreover, the results suggest that not one, but a combination of drivers control phenological events. Consequently, to enhance our predictions of climate change impacts, the role of photoperiod should be incorporated into vegetation-climate and ecosystem modelling. Furthermore, it is necessary to define clearly the responses of vegetation to interactions between a consistent photoperiod cue and inter-annual variation in other drivers, especially under a changing climate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracy Adole
- School of Geography and Environmental Science, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ UK
| | - Jadunandan Dash
- School of Geography and Environmental Science, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ UK
| | - Victor Rodriguez-Galiano
- Physical Geography and Regional Geographic Analysis, University of Seville, Seville, 41004 Spain
| | - Peter M. Atkinson
- School of Geography and Environmental Science, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ UK
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YR UK
- School of Geography, Archaeology and Palaeoecology, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast, BT7 1NN Northern Ireland, UK
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15
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Moulia B, Bastien R, Chauvet-Thiry H, Leblanc-Fournier N. Posture control in land plants: growth, position sensing, proprioception, balance, and elasticity. J Exp Bot 2019; 70:3467-3494. [PMID: 31305901 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erz278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 07/07/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The colonization of the atmosphere by land plants was a major evolutionary step. The mechanisms that allow for vertical growth through air and the establishment and control of a stable erect habit are just starting to be understood. A key mechanism was found to be continuous posture control to counterbalance the mechanical and developmental challenges of maintaining a growing upright structure. An interdisciplinary systems biology approach was invaluable in understanding the underlying principles and in designing pertinent experiments. Since this discovery previously held views of gravitropic perception had to be reexamined and this has led to the description of proprioception in plants. In this review, we take a purposefully pedagogical approach to present the dynamics involved from the cellular to whole-plant level. We show how the textbook model of how plants sense gravitational force has been replaced by a model of position sensing, a clinometer mechanism that involves both passive avalanches and active motion of statoliths, granular starch-filled plastids, in statocytes. Moreover, there is a transmission of information between statocytes and other specialized cells that sense the degree of organ curvature and reset asymmetric growth to straighten and realign the structure. We give an overview of how plants have used the interplay of active posture control and elastic sagging to generate a whole range of spatial displays during their life cycles. Finally, a position-integrating mechanism has been discovered that prevents directional plant growth from being disrupted by wind-induced oscillations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Moulia
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRA, PIAF, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Renaud Bastien
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRA, PIAF, Clermont-Ferrand, France
- Department of Collective Behaviour, Max Planck Institute for Ornithology and Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Hugo Chauvet-Thiry
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRA, PIAF, Clermont-Ferrand, France
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, IUSTI, Marseille, France
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16
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Dai J, Xu Y, Wang H, Alatalo J, Tao Z, Ge Q. Variations in the temperature sensitivity of spring leaf phenology from 1978 to 2014 in Mudanjiang, China. Int J Biometeorol 2019; 63:569-577. [PMID: 29249042 DOI: 10.1007/s00484-017-1489-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2017] [Revised: 11/24/2017] [Accepted: 12/03/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Continuous long-term temperature sensitivity (ST) of leaf unfolding date (LUD) and main impacting factors in spring in the period 1978-2014 for 40 plant species in Mudanjiang, Heilongjiang Province, Northeast China, were analyzed by using observation data from the China Phenological Observation Network (CPON), together with the corresponding meteorological data from the China Meteorological Data Service Center. Temperature sensitivities, slopes of the regression between LUD and mean temperature during the optimum preseason (OP), were analyzed using 15-year moving window to determine their temporal trends. Major factors impacting ST were then chosen and evaluated by applying a random sampling method. The results showed that LUD was sensitive to mean temperature in a defined period before phenophase onset for all plant species analyzed. Over the period 1978-2014, the mean ST of LUD for all plant species was - 3.2 ± 0.49 days °C-1. The moving window analysis revealed that 75% of species displayed increasing ST of LUD, with 55% showing significant increases (P < 0.05). ST for the other 25% exhibited a decreasing trend, with 17% showing significant decreases (P < 0.05). On average, ST increased by 16%, from - 2.8 ± 0.83 days °C-1 during 1980-1994 to - 3.30 ± 0.65 days °C-1 during 2000-2014. For species with later LUD and longer OP, ST tended to increase more, while species with earlier LUD and shorter OP tended to display a decreasing ST. The standard deviation of preseason temperature impacted the temporal variation in ST. Chilling conditions influenced ST for some species, but photoperiod limitation did not have significant or coherent effects on changes in ST.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junhu Dai
- Key Laboratory of Land Surface Pattern and Simulation, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
| | - Yunjia Xu
- Key Laboratory of Land Surface Pattern and Simulation, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Huanjiong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Land Surface Pattern and Simulation, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Juha Alatalo
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Zexing Tao
- Key Laboratory of Land Surface Pattern and Simulation, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Quansheng Ge
- Key Laboratory of Land Surface Pattern and Simulation, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
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17
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Wang H, Zhong S, Tao Z, Dai J, Ge Q. Changes in flowering phenology of woody plants from 1963 to 2014 in North China. Int J Biometeorol 2019; 63:579-590. [PMID: 28547481 DOI: 10.1007/s00484-017-1377-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2017] [Revised: 05/04/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Existing evidence demonstrates that the first flowering date (FFD) of most plant species became earlier in response to temperature increase over the past several decades. However, the studies on changes in flowering duration (FD) were limited. By using the non-parametric Theil-Sen estimator, this study investigated the temporal trends in 127 time series of FFD, end of flowering date (EFD), and FD of 97 woody plants from 1963 to 2014 at three sites (Harbin, Beijing, and Xi'an) in North China. The relationship between flowering phenophases and temperature was analyzed using two phenological models. The results showed that most of FFD and EFD time series exhibited an apparent advancing trend. Among them, trends of 52.0% (40.9%) of FFD (EFD) time series were significant (P < 0.05). FFD and EFD time series (95.3 and 89.8%, respectively) responded negatively and significantly to preseason temperature (P < 0.05). The direction of FD changes varied among sites and species. On average, a shortening trend of FD was observed at Harbin (-0.51 days decade-1), with 7.5% of species significantly. However, FD on average extended by 0.42 and 0.93 days decade-1 at Beijing (24.5% significantly) and Xi'an (28.9% significantly), respectively. The regression models could simulate the interannual changes in FFD and EFD with the mean goodness of fit (R2) ranging from 0.37 to 0.67, but fail to simulate the changes in FD accurately (R2 ranging from 0.09 to 0.18). The growing degree day model could improve the R2 for simulating FFD and EFD except for FD. Therefore, more phenological models need to be tested, and more drivers of FD need to be further investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huanjiong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Land Surface Pattern and Simulation, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shuying Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Land Surface Pattern and Simulation, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zexing Tao
- Key Laboratory of Land Surface Pattern and Simulation, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Junhu Dai
- Key Laboratory of Land Surface Pattern and Simulation, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
| | - Quansheng Ge
- Key Laboratory of Land Surface Pattern and Simulation, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
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18
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Duncan JMA, Boruff B, Saunders A, Sun Q, Hurley J, Amati M. Turning down the heat: An enhanced understanding of the relationship between urban vegetation and surface temperature at the city scale. Sci Total Environ 2019; 656:118-128. [PMID: 30504014 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.11.223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2018] [Revised: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Guiding urban planners on the cooling returns of different configurations of urban vegetation is important to protect urban dwellers from adverse heat impacts. To this end, we estimated statistical models that fused multi-temporal very fine spatial (20 cm) and vertical (1 mm) resolution imagery, that captures the complexity of urban vegetation, with remotely sensed temperature data to assess how urban vegetation configuration influences urban temperatures. Perth, Western Australia, was used as a case-study for this analysis. Panel regression models showed that within a location an increase in tree and shrub cover has a larger cooling effect than grass coverage. On average, holding all else equal, an approximate 1 km2 increase in shrub (tree) cover within a location reduces surface temperatures by 12 °C (5 °C). We included a range of robustness checks for the observed relationships between urban vegetation type and temperature. Geographically weighted regression models showed spatial variation in the cooling effect of different vegetation types; this indicates that i) unobserved factors moderate temperature-vegetation relationships across urban landscapes, and ii) that urban vegetation type and temperature relationships are complex. Machine learning models (Random Forests) were used to further explore complex and non-linear relationships between different urban vegetation configurations and temperature. The Random Forests showed that vegetation type explained 31.84% of the out-of-bag variance in summer surface temperatures, that increased cover of large vegetation within a location increases cooling, and that different configurations of urban vegetation structure can lead to cooling gains. The models in this study were trained with vegetation data capturing local detail, multiple time-periods, and entire city coverage. Thus, these models illustrate the potential to develop locally-detailed and spatially explicit tools to guide planning of vegetation configuration to optimise cooling at local- and city-scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M A Duncan
- UWA School of Agriculture and Environment, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia.
| | - B Boruff
- UWA School of Agriculture and Environment, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia.
| | - A Saunders
- UWA School of Agriculture and Environment, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia.
| | - Q Sun
- Geospatial Science, School of Science, RMIT, Melbourne, Australia.
| | - J Hurley
- Global, Urban and Social Studies, RMIT, Melbourne, Australia.
| | - M Amati
- Global, Urban and Social Studies, RMIT, Melbourne, Australia.
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19
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Motte H, Beeckman T. The evolution of root branching: increasing the level of plasticity. J Exp Bot 2019; 70:785-793. [PMID: 30481325 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ery409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Plant roots and root systems are indispensable for water and nutrient foraging, and are a major evolutionary achievement for plants to cope with dry land conditions. The ability of roots to branch contributes substantially to their capacity to explore the soil for water and nutrients, and led ~400 million years ago to the successful colonization of land by plants, eventually even in arid regions. During this colonization, different forms of root branching evolved, reinforcing step by step the phenotypic plasticity of the root system. Whereas the lycophytes, the most ancient land plants with roots, only branch at the root tip, ferns are able to form roots laterally in a fixed pattern along the main root. Finally, roots of seed plants show the highest phenotypic plasticity, because lateral roots can possibly, dependent on internal and/or external signals, be produced at almost any position along the main root. The competence to form lateral roots in seed plants is based on the presence of internal cell files with stem cell-like features. Despite the dissimilarities between the different clades, a number of genetic modules seem to be co-opted in order to acquire root branching capacity. In this review, starting from the lateral root pathways in seed plants, we review root branching in the different land plant lineages and discuss the hitherto described genetic modules that contribute to their root branching capacity. We try to obtain insight into how land plants have acquired an increasing root branching plasticity during evolution that contributed to the successful colonization of our planet by seed plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans Motte
- Ghent University, Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Tom Beeckman
- Ghent University, Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Ghent, Belgium
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20
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Arun A, Coelho SM, Peters AF, Bourdareau S, Pérès L, Scornet D, Strittmatter M, Lipinska AP, Yao H, Godfroy O, Montecinos GJ, Avia K, Macaisne N, Troadec C, Bendahmane A, Cock JM. Convergent recruitment of TALE homeodomain life cycle regulators to direct sporophyte development in land plants and brown algae. eLife 2019; 8:e43101. [PMID: 30644818 PMCID: PMC6368402 DOI: 10.7554/elife.43101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2018] [Accepted: 01/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Three amino acid loop extension homeodomain transcription factors (TALE HD TFs) act as life cycle regulators in green algae and land plants. In mosses these regulators are required for the deployment of the sporophyte developmental program. We demonstrate that mutations in either of two TALE HD TF genes, OUROBOROS or SAMSARA, in the brown alga Ectocarpus result in conversion of the sporophyte generation into a gametophyte. The OUROBOROS and SAMSARA proteins heterodimerise in a similar manner to TALE HD TF life cycle regulators in the green lineage. These observations demonstrate that TALE-HD-TF-based life cycle regulation systems have an extremely ancient origin, and that these systems have been independently recruited to regulate sporophyte developmental programs in at least two different complex multicellular eukaryotic supergroups, Archaeplastida and Chromalveolata.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alok Arun
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Algal Genetics Group, Integrative Biology of Marine Models (LBI2M), Station Biologique de Roscoff (SBR)RoscoffFrance
| | - Susana M Coelho
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Algal Genetics Group, Integrative Biology of Marine Models (LBI2M), Station Biologique de Roscoff (SBR)RoscoffFrance
| | | | - Simon Bourdareau
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Algal Genetics Group, Integrative Biology of Marine Models (LBI2M), Station Biologique de Roscoff (SBR)RoscoffFrance
| | - Laurent Pérès
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Algal Genetics Group, Integrative Biology of Marine Models (LBI2M), Station Biologique de Roscoff (SBR)RoscoffFrance
| | - Delphine Scornet
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Algal Genetics Group, Integrative Biology of Marine Models (LBI2M), Station Biologique de Roscoff (SBR)RoscoffFrance
| | - Martina Strittmatter
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Algal Genetics Group, Integrative Biology of Marine Models (LBI2M), Station Biologique de Roscoff (SBR)RoscoffFrance
| | - Agnieszka P Lipinska
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Algal Genetics Group, Integrative Biology of Marine Models (LBI2M), Station Biologique de Roscoff (SBR)RoscoffFrance
| | - Haiqin Yao
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Algal Genetics Group, Integrative Biology of Marine Models (LBI2M), Station Biologique de Roscoff (SBR)RoscoffFrance
| | - Olivier Godfroy
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Algal Genetics Group, Integrative Biology of Marine Models (LBI2M), Station Biologique de Roscoff (SBR)RoscoffFrance
| | - Gabriel J Montecinos
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Algal Genetics Group, Integrative Biology of Marine Models (LBI2M), Station Biologique de Roscoff (SBR)RoscoffFrance
| | - Komlan Avia
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Algal Genetics Group, Integrative Biology of Marine Models (LBI2M), Station Biologique de Roscoff (SBR)RoscoffFrance
| | - Nicolas Macaisne
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Algal Genetics Group, Integrative Biology of Marine Models (LBI2M), Station Biologique de Roscoff (SBR)RoscoffFrance
| | - Christelle Troadec
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), CNRS, Université Paris-SudOrsayFrance
| | - Abdelhafid Bendahmane
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), CNRS, Université Paris-SudOrsayFrance
| | - J Mark Cock
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Algal Genetics Group, Integrative Biology of Marine Models (LBI2M), Station Biologique de Roscoff (SBR)RoscoffFrance
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21
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Gazara RK, Moharana KC, Bellieny-Rabelo D, Venancio TM. Expansion and diversification of the gibberellin receptor GIBBERELLIN INSENSITIVE DWARF1 (GID1) family in land plants. Plant Mol Biol 2018; 97:435-449. [PMID: 29956113 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-018-0750-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Accepted: 06/14/2018] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Here we uncover the major evolutionary events shaping the evolution of the GID1 family of gibberellin receptors in land plants at the sequence, structure and gene expression levels. Gibberellic acid (gibberellin, GA) controls key developmental processes in the life cycle of land plants. By interacting with the GIBBERELLIN INSENSITIVE DWARF1 (GID1) receptor, GA regulates the expression of a wide range of genes through different pathways. Here we report the systematic identification and classification of GID1s in 54 plants genomes, encompassing from bryophytes and lycophytes, to several monocots and eudicots. We investigated the evolutionary relationship of GID1s using a comparative genomics framework and found strong support for a previously proposed phylogenetic classification of this family in land plants. We identified lineage-specific expansions of particular subfamilies (i.e. GID1ac and GID1b) in different eudicot lineages (e.g. GID1b in legumes). Further, we found both, shared and divergent structural features between GID1ac and GID1b subgroups in eudicots that provide mechanistic insights on their functions. Gene expression data from several species show that at least one GID1 gene is expressed in every sampled tissue, with a strong bias of GID1b expression towards underground tissues and dry legume seeds (which typically have low GA levels). Taken together, our results indicate that GID1ac retained canonical GA signaling roles, whereas GID1b specialized in conditions of low GA concentrations. We propose that this functional specialization occurred initially at the gene expression level and was later fine-tuned by mutations that conferred greater GA affinity to GID1b, including a Phe residue in the GA-binding pocket. Finally, we discuss the importance of our findings to understand the diversification of GA perception mechanisms in land plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajesh K Gazara
- Laboratório de Química e Função de Proteínas e Peptídeos, Centro de Biociências e Biotecnologia, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Av. Alberto Lamego 2000/P5/217, Parque Califórnia, Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ, CEP: 28013-602, Brazil
| | - Kanhu C Moharana
- Laboratório de Química e Função de Proteínas e Peptídeos, Centro de Biociências e Biotecnologia, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Av. Alberto Lamego 2000/P5/217, Parque Califórnia, Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ, CEP: 28013-602, Brazil
| | - Daniel Bellieny-Rabelo
- Laboratório de Química e Função de Proteínas e Peptídeos, Centro de Biociências e Biotecnologia, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Av. Alberto Lamego 2000/P5/217, Parque Califórnia, Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ, CEP: 28013-602, Brazil
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of Pretoria, Lunnon Road, Pretoria, 0028, South Africa
| | - Thiago M Venancio
- Laboratório de Química e Função de Proteínas e Peptídeos, Centro de Biociências e Biotecnologia, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Av. Alberto Lamego 2000/P5/217, Parque Califórnia, Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ, CEP: 28013-602, Brazil.
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22
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Tyler T, Herbertsson L, Olsson PA, Fröberg L, Olsson KA, Svensson Å, Olsson O. Climate warming and land-use changes drive broad-scale floristic changes in Southern Sweden. Glob Chang Biol 2018; 24:2607-2621. [PMID: 29282822 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.14031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2017] [Revised: 12/15/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Land-use changes, pollution and climate warming during the 20th century have caused changes in biodiversity across the world. However, in many cases, the environmental drivers are poorly understood. To identify and rank the drivers currently causing broad-scale floristic changes in N Europe, we analysed data from two vascular plant surveys of 200 randomly selected 2.5 × 2.5 km grid-squares in Scania, southernmost Sweden, conducted 1989-2006 and 2008-2015, respectively, and related the change in frequency (performance) of the species to a wide range of species-specific plant traits. We chose traits representing all plausible drivers of recent floristic changes: climatic change (northern distribution limit, flowering time), land-use change (light requirement, response to grazing/mowing, response to soil disturbance), drainage (water requirement), acidification (pH optimum), nitrogen deposition and eutrophication (N requirement, N fixation ability, carnivory, parasitism, mycorrhizal associations), pollinator decline (mode of reproduction) and changes in CO2 levels (photosynthetic pathway). Our results suggest that climate warming and changes in land-use were the main drivers of changes in the flora during the last decades. Climate warming appeared as the most influential driver, with northern distribution limit explaining 30%-60% of the variance in the GLMM models. However, the relative importance of the drivers differed among habitat types, with grassland species being affected the most by cessation of grazing/mowing and species of ruderal habitats by on-going concentration of both agriculture and human population to the most productive soils. For wetland species, only pH optimum was significantly related to species performance, possibly an effect of the increasing humification of acidic water bodies. An observed relative decline of mycorrhizal species may possibly be explained by decreasing nitrogen deposition resulting in less competition for phosphorus. We found no effect of shortage or decline of pollinating lepidopterans and bees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Torbjörn Tyler
- Department of Biology, The Biological Museum, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Lina Herbertsson
- Centre for Environmental and Climate Research, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Pål Axel Olsson
- Biodiversity Unit, Department of Biology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | | | | | | | - Ola Olsson
- Biodiversity Unit, Department of Biology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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23
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Sáez PL, Cavieres LA, Galmés J, Gil-Pelegrín E, Peguero-Pina JJ, Sancho-Knapik D, Vivas M, Sanhueza C, Ramírez CF, Rivera BK, Corcuera LJ, Bravo LA. In situ warming in the Antarctic: effects on growth and photosynthesis in Antarctic vascular plants. New Phytol 2018; 218:1406-1418. [PMID: 29682746 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2017] [Accepted: 02/15/2018] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The Antarctic Peninsula has experienced a rapid warming in the last decades. Although recent climatic evidence supports a new tendency towards stabilization of temperatures, the impacts on the biosphere, and specifically on Antarctic plant species, remain unclear. We evaluated the in situ warming effects on photosynthesis, including the underlying diffusive, biochemical and anatomical determinants, and the relative growth of two Antarctic vascular species, Colobanthus quitensis and Deschampsia antarctica, using open top chambers (OTCs) and gas exchange measurements in the field. In C. quitensis, the photosynthetic response to warming relied on specific adjustments in the anatomical determinants of the leaf CO2 transfer, which enhanced mesophyll conductance and photosynthetic assimilation, thereby promoting higher leaf carbon gain and plant growth. These changes were accompanied by alterations in the leaf chemical composition. By contrast, D. antarctica showed no response to warming, with a lack of significant differences between plants grown inside OTCs and plants grown in the open field. Overall, the present results are the first reporting a contrasting effect of in situ warming on photosynthesis and its underlying determinants, of the two unique Antarctic vascular plant species, which could have direct consequences on their ecological success under future climate conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia L Sáez
- Laboratorio Cultivo de Tejidos Vegetales, Centro de Biotecnología, Departamento de Silvicultura, Facultad de Ciencias Forestales, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, 4030000, Chile
| | - Lohengrin A Cavieres
- ECOBIOSIS, Departamento de Botánica, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Oceanográficas, Universidad de Concepción, Barrio Universitario s/n, Concepción, 4030000, Chile
| | - Jeroni Galmés
- Research Group on Plant Biology under Mediterranean Conditions, INAGEA-Universitat de les Illes Balears, Balearic Islands, 07122, Spain
| | - Eustaquio Gil-Pelegrín
- Unidad de Recursos Forestales, Centro de Investigación y Tecnología Agroalimentaria de Aragón, Zaragoza, 50059, Spain
| | - José Javier Peguero-Pina
- Unidad de Recursos Forestales, Centro de Investigación y Tecnología Agroalimentaria de Aragón, Zaragoza, 50059, Spain
| | - Domingo Sancho-Knapik
- Unidad de Recursos Forestales, Centro de Investigación y Tecnología Agroalimentaria de Aragón, Zaragoza, 50059, Spain
| | - Mercedes Vivas
- ECOBIOSIS, Departamento de Botánica, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Oceanográficas, Universidad de Concepción, Barrio Universitario s/n, Concepción, 4030000, Chile
| | - Carolina Sanhueza
- ECOBIOSIS, Departamento de Botánica, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Oceanográficas, Universidad de Concepción, Barrio Universitario s/n, Concepción, 4030000, Chile
| | - Constanza F Ramírez
- Laboratorio Cultivo de Tejidos Vegetales, Centro de Biotecnología, Departamento de Silvicultura, Facultad de Ciencias Forestales, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, 4030000, Chile
| | - Betsy K Rivera
- Laboratorio Cultivo de Tejidos Vegetales, Centro de Biotecnología, Departamento de Silvicultura, Facultad de Ciencias Forestales, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, 4030000, Chile
| | - Luis J Corcuera
- Laboratorio de Fisiología Vegetal, Departamento de Botánica, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Oceanográficas, Universidad de Concepción, Barrio Universitario s/n, Concepción, 4030000, Chile
| | - León A Bravo
- Laboratorio de Fisiología y Biología Molecular Vegetal, Instituto de Agroindustria, Departamento de Ciencias Agronómicas y Recursos Naturales, Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias y Forestales, Center of Plant, Soil Interaction and Natural Resources Biotechnology, Scientific and Technological Bioresource Nucleus, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, 4811230, Chile
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24
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Speed JDM, Bendiksby M, Finstad AG, Hassel K, Kolstad AL, Prestø T. Contrasting spatial, temporal and environmental patterns in observation and specimen based species occurrence data. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0196417. [PMID: 29698441 PMCID: PMC5919666 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0196417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Species occurrence data records the location and time of an encounter with a species, and is valuable for many aspects of ecological and evolutionary analyses. A key distinction within species occurrence data is between (1) collected and preserved specimens that can be taxonomically validated (i.e., natural history collections), and (2) observations, which are more error prone but richer in terms of number and spread of observations. In this study we analyse the distribution in temporal, spatial, taxonomic and environmental coverage of specimen- and observation based species occurrence data for land plants in Norway, a region with strong climatic and human population density gradients. Of 4.8 million species occurrence records, the majority (78%) were observations. However, there was a greater species richness in the specimen record (N = 4691) than in the observation record (N = 3193) and most species were recorded more as specimens than observations. Specimen data was on average older, and collected later during the year. Both record types were highly influenced by a small number of prolific contributors. The species most highly represented in the observation data set were widespread or invasive, while in the specimen records, taxonomically challenging species were overrepresented. Species occurrence records were unevenly spatially distributed. Both specimen and observation records were concentrated in regions of Norway with high human population density and with high temperatures and precipitation, but in different regions within Norway. Observation and specimen records thus differ in taxonomic, temporal, spatial and environmental coverage for a well-sampled group and study region, potentially influencing the ecological inferences made from studies utilizing species occurrence data. The distribution of observation data dominates the dataset, so inferences of species diversity and distributions do not correspond to the evolutionary or physiological knowledge of species, which is based on specimen data. We make recommendations for users of biodiversity data, and collectors to better exploit the complementary strengths of these distinct biodiversity data types.
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Affiliation(s)
- James D. M. Speed
- Department of Natural History, NTNU University Museum, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
- * E-mail:
| | - Mika Bendiksby
- Department of Natural History, NTNU University Museum, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Anders G. Finstad
- Department of Natural History, NTNU University Museum, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Kristian Hassel
- Department of Natural History, NTNU University Museum, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Anders L. Kolstad
- Department of Natural History, NTNU University Museum, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Tommy Prestø
- Department of Natural History, NTNU University Museum, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
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25
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Mutte SK, Kato H, Rothfels C, Melkonian M, Wong GKS, Weijers D. Origin and evolution of the nuclear auxin response system. eLife 2018; 7:33399. [PMID: 29580381 DOI: 10.7554/elife.33399.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Accepted: 03/06/2018] [Indexed: 05/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The small signaling molecule auxin controls numerous developmental processes in land plants, acting mostly by regulating gene expression. Auxin response proteins are represented by large families of diverse functions, but neither their origin nor their evolution is understood. Here, we use a deep phylogenomics approach to reconstruct both the origin and the evolutionary trajectory of all nuclear auxin response protein families. We found that, while all subdomains are ancient, a complete auxin response mechanism is limited to land plants. Functional phylogenomics predicts defined steps in the evolution of response system properties, and comparative transcriptomics across six ancient lineages revealed how these innovations shaped a sophisticated response mechanism. Genetic analysis in a basal land plant revealed unexpected contributions of ancient non-canonical proteins in auxin response as well as auxin-unrelated function of core transcription factors. Our study provides a functional evolutionary framework for understanding diverse functions of the auxin signal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumanth K Mutte
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Hirotaka Kato
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Carl Rothfels
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, United States
| | - Michael Melkonian
- Botanical Institute, Cologne Biocenter, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Gane Ka-Shu Wong
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
- Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
| | - Dolf Weijers
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands
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26
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Affiliation(s)
- H Jochen Schenk
- Department of Biological Science, California State University Fullerton, 800 N. State College Boulevard, Fullerton, CA, 92831, USA
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27
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Grigorjeva VV, Gabarayeva N. Pollen wall ontogeny in Polemonium caeruleum (Polemoniaceae) and suggested underlying mechanisms of development. Protoplasma 2018; 255:109-128. [PMID: 28667410 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-017-1121-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2017] [Accepted: 05/07/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
By a detailed ontogenetic study of Polemonium caeruleum pollen, tracing each stage of development at high TEM resolution, we aim to understand the establishment of the pollen wall and to unravel the mechanisms underlying sporoderm development. The main steps of exine ontogeny in Polemonium caeruleum, observed in the microspore periplasmic space, are spherical units, gradually transforming into columns, then to rod-like units (procolumellae), the appearance of the initial tectum, growth of columellae in height and tectum in thickness and initial sporopollenin accumulation on them, the appearance of the endexine lamellae and of dark-contrasted particles on the tectum, the appearance of a sponge-like layer and of the intine in aperture sites, the appearance of the foot layer on the base of the sponge-like layer and of spinules on the tectum, and massive sporopollenin accumulation. This sequence of developmental events fits well to the sequence of self-assembling micellar mesophases. This gives (together with earlier findings and experimental exine simulations) strong evidence that genome and self-assembly probably share control of exine formation. It is highly probable that self-assembly is an intrinsic instrument of evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina V Grigorjeva
- Komarov Botanical Institute of Russian Academy of Sciences, Popov St. 2, 197376, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Nina Gabarayeva
- Komarov Botanical Institute of Russian Academy of Sciences, Popov St. 2, 197376, St. Petersburg, Russia.
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28
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Cui D, Tian F, Wang Y, Li C, Yu C, Yu L. On the Growth and Detectability of Land Plants on Habitable Planets around M Dwarfs. Astrobiology 2017; 17:1219-1232. [PMID: 29148825 DOI: 10.1089/ast.2016.1617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
One signature of life on Earth is the vegetation red edge (VRE) feature of land plants, a dramatic change of reflectivity at wavelength near 0.7 μm. Potentially habitable planets around M dwarfs are tidally locked, which can limit the distribution of land plants. In this study, we used a biogeochemical model to investigate the distribution of land plants on potentially habitable planets around M dwarfs driven by climate data produced in a general circulation model (GCM). When considering the effects of clouds, the observation time needed for VRE detection on nearby p = 1 exoplanets around nearby M dwarfs is on the order of days using a 25 m2 telescope if a large continent faces Earth during observations. For p = 1.5 exoplanets, the detection time could be similar if land plants developed the capability to endure a dark/cold environment for extended periods of time and the continent configuration favors observations. Our analysis suggests that hypothetical exovegetation VRE features are easier to detect than Earth vegetation and that VRE detection is possible for nearby exoplanets even under cloudy conditions. Key Words: Vegetation red edge-Exoplanets-M dwarfs-Biosignature detection. Astrobiology 17, 1219-1232.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duo Cui
- 1 Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Earth System Modeling, Center for Earth System Science, Tsinghua University , Beijing, China
| | - Feng Tian
- 1 Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Earth System Modeling, Center for Earth System Science, Tsinghua University , Beijing, China
| | - Yuwei Wang
- 2 Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, McGill University , Montreal, Canada
| | - Changshen Li
- 3 Institute for the Study of Earth, Oceans, and Space, University of New Hampshire , Durham, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Chaoqing Yu
- 1 Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Earth System Modeling, Center for Earth System Science, Tsinghua University , Beijing, China
| | - Le Yu
- 1 Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Earth System Modeling, Center for Earth System Science, Tsinghua University , Beijing, China
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29
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Gordon CE, Price OF, Tasker EM. Mapping and exploring variation in post-fire vegetation recovery following mixed severity wildfire using airborne LiDAR. Ecol Appl 2017; 27:1618-1632. [PMID: 28390084 DOI: 10.1002/eap.1555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2016] [Revised: 01/04/2017] [Accepted: 03/03/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
There is a public perception that large high-severity wildfires decrease biodiversity and increase fire hazard by homogenizing vegetation composition and increasing the cover of mid-story vegetation. But a growing literature suggests that vegetation responses are nuanced. LiDAR technology provides a promising remote sensing tool to test hypotheses about post-fire vegetation regrowth because vegetation cover can be quantified within different height strata at fine scales over large areas. We assess the usefulness of airborne LiDAR data for measuring post-fire mid-story vegetation regrowth over a range of spatial resolutions (10 × 10 m, 30 × 30 m, 50 × 50 m, 100 × 100 m cell size) and investigate the effect of fire severity on regrowth amount and spatial pattern following a mixed severity wildfire in Warrumbungle National Park, Australia. We predicted that recovery would be more vigorous in areas of high fire severity, because park managers observed dense post-fire regrowth in these areas. Moderate to strong positive associations were observed between LiDAR and field surveys of mid-story vegetation cover between 0.5-3.0 m. Thus our LiDAR survey was an apt representation of on-ground vegetation cover. LiDAR-derived mid-story vegetation cover was 22-40% lower in areas of low and moderate than high fire severity. Linear mixed-effects models showed that fire severity was among the strongest biophysical predictors of mid-story vegetation cover irrespective of spatial resolution. However much of the variance associated with these models was unexplained, presumably because soil seed banks varied at finer scales than our LiDAR maps. Dense patches of mid-story vegetation regrowth were small (median size 0.01 ha) and evenly distributed between areas of low, moderate and high fire severity, demonstrating that high-severity fires do not homogenize vegetation cover. Our results are relevant for ecosystem conservation and fire management because they: indicate that native vegetation are responsive and resilient to high-severity fire, and show the usefulness of remote sensing tools such as LiDAR to monitor post-fire vegetation recovery over large areas in situ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher E Gordon
- Centre for Environmental Risk Management of Bushfires, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, 2522, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Owen F Price
- Centre for Environmental Risk Management of Bushfires, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, 2522, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Elizabeth M Tasker
- Science Division, New South Wales Office of Environment and Heritage, 43 Bridge Street, Hurstville, 2220, New South Wales, Australia
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30
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Abstract
The colonization of land by plants shaped the terrestrial biosphere, the geosphere and global climates. The nature of morphological and molecular innovation driving land plant evolution has been an enigma for over 200 years. Recent phylogenetic and palaeobotanical advances jointly demonstrate that land plants evolved from freshwater algae and pinpoint key morphological innovations in plant evolution. In the haploid gametophyte phase of the plant life cycle, these include the innovation of mulitcellular forms with apical growth and multiple growth axes. In the diploid phase of the life cycle, multicellular axial sporophytes were an early innovation priming subsequent diversification of indeterminate branched forms with leaves and roots. Reverse and forward genetic approaches in newly emerging model systems are starting to identify the genetic basis of such innovations. The data place plant evo-devo research at the cusp of discovering the developmental and genetic changes driving the radiation of land plant body plans.This article is part of the themed issue 'Evo-devo in the genomics era, and the origins of morphological diversity'.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Jill Harrison
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, 24 Tyndall Avenue, Bristol BS8 1TQ, UK
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31
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Verdaguer D, Jansen MAK, Llorens L, Morales LO, Neugart S. UV-A radiation effects on higher plants: Exploring the known unknown. Plant Sci 2017; 255:72-81. [PMID: 28131343 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2016.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2016] [Revised: 11/28/2016] [Accepted: 11/29/2016] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Ultraviolet-A radiation (UV-A: 315-400nm) is a component of solar radiation that exerts a wide range of physiological responses in plants. Currently, field attenuation experiments are the most reliable source of information on the effects of UV-A. Common plant responses to UV-A include both inhibitory and stimulatory effects on biomass accumulation and morphology. UV-A effects on biomass accumulation can differ from those on root: shoot ratio, and distinct responses are described for different leaf tissues. Inhibitory and enhancing effects of UV-A on photosynthesis are also analysed, as well as activation of photoprotective responses, including UV-absorbing pigments. UV-A-induced leaf flavonoids are highly compound-specific and species-dependent. Many of the effects on growth and development exerted by UV-A are distinct to those triggered by UV-B and vary considerably in terms of the direction the response takes. Such differences may reflect diverse UV-perception mechanisms with multiple photoreceptors operating in the UV-A range and/or variations in the experimental approaches used. This review highlights a role that various photoreceptors (UVR8, phototropins, phytochromes and cryptochromes) may play in plant responses to UV-A when dose, wavelength and other conditions are taken into account.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dolors Verdaguer
- Environmental Sciences Department, Faculty of Sciences, University of Girona, Campus de Montilivi, C/Maria Aurèlia Capmany I Farnés, 69, E-17003 Girona, Spain.
| | - Marcel A K Jansen
- School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University College Cork, Distillery Field, North Mall, Cork, Ireland.
| | - Laura Llorens
- Environmental Sciences Department, Faculty of Sciences, University of Girona, Campus de Montilivi, C/Maria Aurèlia Capmany I Farnés, 69, E-17003 Girona, Spain.
| | - Luis O Morales
- Division of Plant Biology, Department of Biosciences, Viikki Plant Science Center, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Susanne Neugart
- Leibniz-Institute of Vegetable and Ornamental Crops Grossbeeren/Erfurt e.V., Theodor-Echtermeyer-Weg 1, 14979, Grossbeeren, Germany.
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Ohtani M, Akiyoshi N, Takenaka Y, Sano R, Demura T. Evolution of plant conducting cells: perspectives from key regulators of vascular cell differentiation. J Exp Bot 2017; 68:17-26. [PMID: 28013230 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erw473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
One crucial problem that plants faced during their evolution, particularly during the transition to growth on land, was how to transport water, nutrients, metabolites, and small signaling molecules within a large, multicellular body. As a solution to this problem, land plants developed specific tissues for conducting molecules, called water-conducting cells (WCCs) and food-conducting cells (FCCs). The well-developed WCCs and FCCs in extant plants are the tracheary elements and sieve elements, respectively, which are found in vascular plants. Recent molecular genetic studies revealed that transcriptional networks regulate the differentiation of tracheary and sieve elements, and that the networks governing WCC differentiation are largely conserved among land plant species. In this review, we discuss the molecular evolution of plant conducting cells. By focusing on the evolution of the key transcription factors that regulate vascular cell differentiation, the NAC transcription factor VASCULAR-RELATED NAC-DOMAIN for WCCs and the MYB-coiled-coil (CC)-type transcription factor ALTERED PHLOEM DEVELOPMENT for sieve elements, we describe how land plants evolved molecular systems to produce the specialized cells that function as WCCs and FCCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Misato Ohtani
- Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Nara, 630-0192 Japan
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045 Japan
| | - Nobuhiro Akiyoshi
- Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Nara, 630-0192 Japan
| | - Yuto Takenaka
- Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Nara, 630-0192 Japan
| | - Ryosuke Sano
- Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Nara, 630-0192 Japan
| | - Taku Demura
- Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Nara, 630-0192 Japan
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045 Japan
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Peeters ETHM, Neefjes REM, van Zuidam BG. Competition between Free-Floating Plants Is Strongly Driven by Previously Experienced Phosphorus Concentrations in the Water Column. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0162780. [PMID: 27622519 PMCID: PMC5021290 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0162780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2016] [Accepted: 08/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Nutrients can determine the outcome of the competition between different floating plant species. The response of floating plants to current phosphorus levels may be affected by previously experienced phosphorus concentrations because some species have the ability to store excess phosphorus for later use. This might have an impact on their competition. Here, we investigate the effect of previous and actual phosphorus concentrations on the growth rate of free-floating plant species (Azolla filiculoides, Lemna minor/gibba and Ricciocarpus natans)and the effect of phosphorus history on the competition between L. minor/gibba and A. filiculoides and between L. minor/gibba and R. natans. As expected, plant growth was lower when previously kept at low instead of high phosphorus concentrations. Growth of L. minor/gibba and A. filiculoides with a phosphorus rich history was comparable for low and high actual phosphorus concentrations, however, internal phosphorus concentrations were significantly lower with low actual phosphorus concentration. This indicates that both species perform luxury phosphorus uptake. Furthermore, internal P concentration in Azolla and Lemna increased within two weeks after a period of P deficit without a strong increase in growth. A. filiculoides in a mixture with L. minor/gibba grew faster than its monoculture. Morphological differences may explain why A. filiculoides outcompeted L. minor/gibba and these differences may be induced by phosphorus concentrations in the past. Growth of L. minor/gibba was only reduced by the presence of A. filiculoides with a high phosphorus history. Growth of L. minor/gibba and R. natans in mixtures was positively affected only when they had a high phosphorus history themselves and their competitor a low phosphorus history. These observations clearly indicate that phosphorus history of competing plants is important for understanding the outcome of the competition. Therefore, actual and previously experienced phosphorus concentrations should be taken into account in future studies dealing with competition between plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edwin T. H. M. Peeters
- Aquatic Ecology and Water Quality Management Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
| | - Rozemarijn E. M. Neefjes
- Aquatic Ecology and Water Quality Management Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Bastiaan G. van Zuidam
- Aquatic Ecology and Water Quality Management Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Cullen E, Rudall PJ. The remarkable stomata of horsetails (Equisetum): patterning, ultrastructure and development. Ann Bot 2016; 118:207-18. [PMID: 27268485 PMCID: PMC4970360 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcw094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Revised: 02/18/2016] [Accepted: 03/31/2016] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The stomata of Equisetum - the sole extant representative of an ancient group of land plants - are unique with respect to both structure and development, yet little is known about details of ultrastructure and patterning, and existing accounts of key developmental stages are conflicting. METHODS We used light and electron microscopy to examine mature stomata and stomatal development in Equisetum myriochaetum, and compared them with other land plants, including another putative fern relative, Psilotum We reviewed published reports of stomatal development to provide a comprehensive discussion of stomata in more distantly related taxa. KEY RESULTS Stomatal development in Equisetum is basipetal and sequential in strict linear cell files, in contrast with Psilotum, in which stomatal development occurs acropetally. In Equisetum, cell asymmetry occurs in the axial stomatal cell file, resulting in a meristemoidal mother cell that subsequently undergoes two successive asymmetric mitoses. Each stomatal cell complex is formed from a single precursor meristemoid, and consists of four cells: two guard cells and two mesogene subsidiary cells. Late periclinal divisions occur in the developing intervening cells. CONCLUSIONS In addition to the unique mature structure, several highly unusual developmental features include a well-defined series of asymmetric and symmetric mitoses in Equisetum, which differs markedly from Psilotum and other land plants. The results contribute to our understanding of the diverse patterns of stomatal development in land plants, including contrasting pathways to paracytic stomata. They add to a considerable catalogue of highly unusual traits of horsetails - one of the most evolutionarily isolated land-plant taxa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin Cullen
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey TW9 3AB, UK
| | - Paula J Rudall
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey TW9 3AB, UK
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Edwards EJ, Spriggs EL, Chatelet DS, Donoghue MJ. Unpacking a century-old mystery: Winter buds and the latitudinal gradient in leaf form. Am J Bot 2016; 103:975-978. [PMID: 27221280 DOI: 10.3732/ajb.1600129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2016] [Accepted: 04/22/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Erika J Edwards
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Brown University, 80 Waterman St., Box G-W, Providence, Rhode Island 02912
| | - Elizabeth L Spriggs
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, PO Box 208106, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8106
| | - David S Chatelet
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Brown University, 80 Waterman St., Box G-W, Providence, Rhode Island 02912
| | - Michael J Donoghue
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, PO Box 208106, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8106
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Snyder RE, Ellner SP. We Happy Few: Using Structured Population Models to Identify the Decisive Events in the Lives of Exceptional Individuals. Am Nat 2016; 188:E28-45. [PMID: 27420793 DOI: 10.1086/686996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
In any population, some individuals make it big: they are among the few that produce many offspring, grow to large size, and so on. What distinguishes the lives of these happy few? We present three approaches for identifying what factors distinguish those "lucky" individuals who come to dominate reproduction in a population without fixed differences between individuals (genotype, site quality, etc.): comparing life-history trajectories for lucky and unlucky individuals and calculating the elasticity of the probability of becoming lucky to perturbations in demographic rates at a given size or a given age. As examples we consider published size-structured integral projection models for the tropical tree Dacrydium elatum and the semiarid shrub Artemisia ordosica and an age-size-structured matrix model for the tropical tree Cedrela ordosica. We find that good fortune (e.g., rapid growth) when small and young matters much more than good fortune when older and larger. Becoming lucky is primarily a matter of surviving while others die. For species with more variable growth (such as Cedrela and Ordosica), it is also a matter of growing fast. We focus on reproductive skew, but our methods are broadly applicable and can be used to investigate how individuals come to be exceptional in any aspect.
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Dudov SV. [Modeling of species distribution using topography and remote sensing data, with vascular plants of the Tukuringra Range low mountain belt (Zeya state Nature Reserve, Amur Region) as a case study]. Zh Obshch Biol 2016; 77:122-134. [PMID: 27266017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
On the basis of maximum entropy method embedded in MaxEnt software, the cartographic models are designed for spatial distribution of 63 species of vascular plants inhabiting low mountain belt of the Tukuringra Range. Initial data for modeling were actual points of a species occurrence, data on remote sensing (multispectral space snapshots by Landsat), and a digital topographic model. It is found out that the structure of factors contributing to the model is related to species ecological amplitude. The distribution of stenotopic species is determined, mainly, by the topography, which thermal and humidity conditions of habitats are associated with. To the models for eurytopic species, variables formed on the basis of remote sensing contribute significantly, those variables encompassing the parameters of the soil-vegetable cover. In course of the obtained models analyzing, three principal groups of species are revealed that have similar distribution pattern. Species of the first group are restricted in their distribution by the slopes of the. River Zeya and River Giluy gorges. Species of the second group are associated with the southern macroslope of the range and with southern slopes of large rivers' valleys. The third group incorporates those species that are distributed over the whole territory under study.
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38
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Malinowska E, Jankowski K. Pesticide residues in some herbs growing in agricultural areas in Poland. Environ Monit Assess 2015; 187:775. [PMID: 26612566 PMCID: PMC4661190 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-015-4997-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2015] [Accepted: 11/20/2015] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this paper was to assess residue content of plant protection products in selected herbs: Achillea millefolium L., Cichorium intybus L., Equisetum arvense L., Polygonum persicaria L., Plantago lanceolata L., and Plantago major L. The study comprises herbs growing in their natural habitat, 1 and 10 m away from crop fields. The herbs, 30 plants of each species, were sampled during the flowering stage between 1 and 20 July 2014. Pesticide residue content was measured with the QuECHERS method in the dry matter of leaves, stalks, and inflorescence, all mixed together. Out of six herb species growing close to wheat and maize fields, pesticide residues were found in three species: A. millefolium L., E. arvense L., and P. lanceolata L. Most plants containing the residues grew 1 m away from the wheat field. Two active substances of fungicides were found: diphenylamine and tebuconazole, and one active substance of insecticides: chlorpyrifos-ethyl. Those substances are illegal to use on herbal plants. Samples of E. arvense L. and P. lanceolata L. contained two active substances each, which constituted 10% of all samples, while A. millefolium L. contained one substance, which is 6.6% of all samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elżbieta Malinowska
- Department of Grassland and Landscape Architecture, Siedlce University of Natural Sciences and Humanities, B. Prusa 14 Street, 08-110, Siedlce, Poland.
| | - Kazimierz Jankowski
- Department of Grassland and Landscape Architecture, Siedlce University of Natural Sciences and Humanities, B. Prusa 14 Street, 08-110, Siedlce, Poland
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Yang Z, Zhou Y, Huang J, Hu Y, Zhang E, Xie Z, Ma S, Gao Y, Song S, Xu C, Liang G. Ancient horizontal transfer of transaldolase-like protein gene and its role in plant vascular development. New Phytol 2015; 206:807-816. [PMID: 25420550 PMCID: PMC4407918 DOI: 10.1111/nph.13183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2014] [Accepted: 10/18/2014] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
A major event in land plant evolution is the origin of vascular tissues, which ensure the long-distance transport of water, nutrients and organic compounds. However, the molecular basis for the origin and evolution of plant vascular tissues remains largely unknown. Here, we investigate the evolution of the land plant TAL-type transaldolase (TAL) gene and its potential function in rice (Oryza sativa) based on phylogenetic analyses and transgenic experiments, respectively. TAL genes are only present in land plants and bacteria. Phylogenetic analyses suggest that land plant TAL genes are derived from Actinobacteria through an ancient horizontal gene transfer (HGT) event. Further evidence reveals that land plant TAL genes have undergone positive selection and gained several introns following its acquisition by the most recent common ancestor of land plants. Transgenic plant experiments show that rice TAL is specifically expressed in vascular tissues and that knockdown of TAL expression leads to changes in both the number and pattern of vascular bundles. Our findings show that the ancient HGT of TAL from bacteria probably plays an important role in plant vascular development and adaptation to land environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zefeng Yang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology/Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou UniversityYangzhou, 225009, China
- Department of Biology, East Carolina UniversityGreenville, NC, 27858, USA
| | - Yong Zhou
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology/Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou UniversityYangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Jinling Huang
- Department of Biology, East Carolina UniversityGreenville, NC, 27858, USA
| | - Yunyun Hu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology/Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou UniversityYangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Enying Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology/Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou UniversityYangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Zhengwen Xie
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology/Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou UniversityYangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Sijia Ma
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology/Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou UniversityYangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Yun Gao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology/Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou UniversityYangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Song Song
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology/Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou UniversityYangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Chenwu Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology/Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou UniversityYangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Guohua Liang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology/Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou UniversityYangzhou, 225009, China
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Moustafa K. Toward breeding new land-sea plant hybrid species irrigable with seawater for dry regions. Plant Signal Behav 2015; 10:e992744. [PMID: 25806436 PMCID: PMC4622069 DOI: 10.4161/15592324.2014.992744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2014] [Revised: 11/05/2014] [Accepted: 11/06/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
A plant species growing in sea or coastal saltmarsh is greatly tolerant to high concentrations of salts, and a plant species growing in desert or dry regions is highly tolerant to drought. Breeding a new plant hybrid species from both species by means of cellular grafting, genome fusion or nuclear transfer would generate, at least in theory, a hybrid plant species that should be strongly tolerant to harsh aridity and salinity and would be potentially irrigable with seawater. Such prospective species can be used for example as a fodder, biofuel crop or stabilizer species to protect soil from wind erosion and sandy storms in dry regions. Breeding such species would change the surface of the world and help to solve major challenges of starvation, malnutrition and poverty. Here, I propose potential approaches that would be worthy of investigation toward this purpose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khaled Moustafa
- Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers (CNAM); Paris, France
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Zhao J, Favero DS, Qiu J, Roalson EH, Neff MM. Insights into the evolution and diversification of the AT-hook Motif Nuclear Localized gene family in land plants. BMC Plant Biol 2014; 14:266. [PMID: 25311531 PMCID: PMC4209074 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-014-0266-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2014] [Accepted: 09/25/2014] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Members of the ancient land-plant-specific transcription factor AT-Hook Motif Nuclear Localized (AHL) gene family regulate various biological processes. However, the relationships among the AHL genes, as well as their evolutionary history, still remain unexplored. RESULTS We analyzed over 500 AHL genes from 19 land plant species, ranging from the early diverging Physcomitrella patens and Selaginella to a variety of monocot and dicot flowering plants. We classified the AHL proteins into three types (Type-I/-II/-III) based on the number and composition of their functional domains, the AT-hook motif(s) and PPC domain. We further inferred their phylogenies via Bayesian inference analysis and predicted gene gain/loss events throughout their diversification. Our analyses suggested that the AHL gene family emerged in embryophytes and further evolved into two distinct clades, with Type-I AHLs forming one clade (Clade-A), and the other two types together diversifying in another (Clade-B). The two AHL clades likely diverged before the separation of Physcomitrella patens from the vascular plant lineage. In angiosperms, Clade-A AHLs expanded into 5 subfamilies; while, the ones in Clade-B expanded into 4 subfamilies. Examination of their expression patterns suggests that the AHLs within each clade share similar expression patterns with each other; however, AHLs in one monophyletic clade exhibit distinct expression patterns from the ones in the other clade. Over-expression of a Glycine max AHL PPC domain in Arabidopsis thaliana recapitulates the phenotype observed when over-expressing its Arabidopsis thaliana counterpart. This result suggests that the AHL genes from different land plant species may share conserved functions in regulating plant growth and development. Our study further suggests that such functional conservation may be due to conserved physical interactions among the PPC domains of AHL proteins. CONCLUSIONS Our analyses reveal a possible evolutionary scenario for the AHL gene family in land plants, which will facilitate the design of new studies probing their biological functions. Manipulating the AHL genes has been suggested to have tremendous effects in agriculture through increased seedling establishment, enhanced plant biomass and improved plant immunity. The information gleaned from this study, in turn, has the potential to be utilized to further improve crop production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianfei Zhao
- />Molecular Plant Sciences Graduate Program, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164 USA
- />Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164 USA
- />Present Address: Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA
| | - David S Favero
- />Molecular Plant Sciences Graduate Program, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164 USA
- />Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164 USA
| | - Jiwen Qiu
- />Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164 USA
| | - Eric H Roalson
- />Molecular Plant Sciences Graduate Program, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164 USA
- />School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164 USA
| | - Michael M Neff
- />Molecular Plant Sciences Graduate Program, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164 USA
- />Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164 USA
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Abstract
Thylakoids of land plants have a bipartite structure, consisting of cylindrical grana stacks, made of membranous discs piled one on top of the other, and stroma lamellae which are helically wound around the cylinders. Protein complexes predominantly located in the stroma lamellae and grana end membranes are either bulky [photosystem I (PSI) and the chloroplast ATP synthase (cpATPase)] or are involved in cyclic electron flow [the NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (NDH) and PGRL1-PGR5 heterodimers], whereas photosystem II (PSII) and its light-harvesting complex (LHCII) are found in the appressed membranes of the granum. Stacking of grana is thought to be due to adhesion between Lhcb proteins (LHCII or CP26) located in opposed thylakoid membranes. The grana margins contain oligomers of CURT1 proteins, which appear to control the size and number of grana discs in a dosage- and phosphorylation-dependent manner. Depending on light conditions, thylakoid membranes undergo dynamic structural changes that involve alterations in granum diameter and height, vertical unstacking of grana, and swelling of the thylakoid lumen. This plasticity is realized predominantly by reorganization of the supramolecular structure of protein complexes within grana stacks and by changes in multiprotein complex composition between appressed and non-appressed membrane domains. Reversible phosphorylation of LHC proteins (LHCPs) and PSII components appears to initiate most of the underlying regulatory mechanisms. An update on the roles of lipids, proteins, and protein complexes, as well as possible trafficking mechanisms, during thylakoid biogenesis and the de-etiolation process complements this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathias Pribil
- Plant Molecular Biology, Department of Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich (LMU), D-82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
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43
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Tomescu AMF, Wyatt SE, Hasebe M, Rothwell GW. Early evolution of the vascular plant body plan - the missing mechanisms. Curr Opin Plant Biol 2014; 17:126-36. [PMID: 24507504 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2013.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2013] [Revised: 11/12/2013] [Accepted: 11/27/2013] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The complex body plan of modern vascular plants evolved by modification of simple systems of branching axes which originated from the determinate vegetative axis of a bryophyte-grade ancestor. Understanding body plan evolution and homologies has implications for land plant phylogeny and requires resolution of the specific developmental changes and their evolutionary sequence. The branched sporophyte may have evolved from a sterilized bryophyte sporangium, but prolongation of embryonic vegetative growth is a more parsimonious explanation. Research in the bryophyte model system Physcomitrella points to mechanisms regulating sporophyte meristem maintenance, indeterminacy, branching and the transition to reproductive development. These results can form the basis for hypotheses to identify and refine the nature and sequence of changes in development that occurred during the evolution of the indeterminate branched sporophyte from an unbranched bryophyte-grade sporophyte.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandru M F Tomescu
- Department of Biological Sciences, Humboldt State University, Arcata, CA 95521, USA.
| | - Sarah E Wyatt
- Department of Environmental and Plant Biology, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA
| | - Mitsuyasu Hasebe
- National Institute for Basic Biology and Department of Basic Biology, School of Life Science, The Graduate School for Advanced Studies, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan
| | - Gar W Rothwell
- Department of Environmental and Plant Biology, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA; Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
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Roberts I, Smith S, De Rybel B, Van Den Broeke J, Smet W, De Cokere S, Mispelaere M, De Smet I, Beeckman T. The CEP family in land plants: evolutionary analyses, expression studies, and role in Arabidopsis shoot development. J Exp Bot 2013; 64:5371-81. [PMID: 24179095 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ert331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
In Arabidopsis, more than 1000 putative small signalling peptides have been predicted, but very few have been functionally characterized. One class of small post-translationally modified signalling peptides is the C-TERMINALLY ENCODED PEPTIDE (CEP) family, of which one member has been shown to be involved in regulating root architecture. This work applied a bioinformatics approach to identify more members of the CEP family. It identified 10 additional members and revealed that this family only emerged in flowering plants and was absent from extant members of more primitive plants. The data suggest that the CEP proteins form two subgroups according to the CEP domain. This study further provides an overview of specific CEP expression patterns that offers a comprehensive framework to study the role of the CEP signalling peptides in plant development. For example, expression patterns point to a role in aboveground tissues which was corroborated by the analysis of transgenic lines with perturbed CEP levels. These results form the basis for further exploration of the mechanisms underlying this family of peptides and suggest their putative roles in distinct developmental events of higher plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ianto Roberts
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Technologiepark 927, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
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Decombeix AL, Meyer-Berthaud B. A Callixylon (Archaeopteridales, Progymnospermopsida) trunk with preserved secondary phloem from the Late Devonian of Morocco. Am J Bot 2013; 100:2219-2230. [PMID: 24169429 DOI: 10.3732/ajb.1300167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE OF THE STUDY During the Devonian, the evolution of secondary phloem produced by a bifacial vascular cambium was a key innovation that increased the ability of plants within the lignophyte clade to redistribute photosynthates and other organic compounds throughout their body. Unraveling the secondary phloem anatomy of the first arborescent lignophytes is crucial to understand the evolution of this tissue and the physiology of early trees. METHODS A 10 cm wide stem of Callixylon with preserved secondary phloem from the Famennian of Morocco is described using thin-sections. KEY RESULTS The secondary phloem of this Callixylon zalesskyi-type of stem is composed of fibers, sclereids, rays, axial parenchyma, and putative sieve cells. Fibers differentiate early and are relatively abundant in the inner phloem. In the older phloem, fibers are arranged in tangential bands alternating with extensive layers of axial parenchyma. Changes between the young and old phloem involve the periclinal division and radial elongation of the axial parenchyma cells. The presence of fibers in the inner, presumably functional phloem, combined with evidence for rhythmicity in the production of different phloem cell types are documented for the first time in detail in an archaeopteridalean progymnosperm. No periderm was observed within the preserved seven millimeters of bark tissues. CONCLUSIONS The secondary phloem anatomy supports a close affinity of archaeopteridalean progymnosperms with both aneurophytalean progymnosperms and seed plants. The production of secondary phloem might have provided an advantage to these first arborescent lignophytes over other types of Devonian early trees, especially in dry conditions.
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Nishihama R, Kohchi T. Evolutionary insights into photoregulation of the cell cycle in the green lineage. Curr Opin Plant Biol 2013; 16:630-7. [PMID: 23978389 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2013.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2013] [Revised: 07/25/2013] [Accepted: 07/29/2013] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Plant growth depends solely on light energy, which drives photosynthesis. Thus, linking growth control to light signals during certain developmental events, such as seed or spore germination and organ formation, is a crucial feature that plants evolved to use energy efficiently. How light controls the cell cycle depends on growth habitats, body plans (unicellular vs. multicellular), and photosensors. For example, the photosensors mediating light signaling to promote cell division appear to differ between green algae and land plants. In this review, we focus on cell-cycle regulation by light and discuss the transition of its molecular mechanisms during evolution. Recent advances show that light-dependent cell-cycle control involves global changes in transcription of cell-cycle genes, and is mediated by auxin and cytokinin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryuichi Nishihama
- Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
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Zhang XD, Jia X, Chen YY, Shao JJ, Wu XR, Shang L, Li B. Crabs mediate interactions between native and invasive salt marsh plants: a mesocosm study. PLoS One 2013; 8:e74095. [PMID: 24023926 PMCID: PMC3762776 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0074095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2012] [Accepted: 07/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Soil disturbance has been widely recognized as an important factor influencing the structure and dynamics of plant communities. Although soil reworkers were shown to increase habitat complexity and raise the risk of plant invasion, their role in regulating the interactions between native and invasive species remains unclear. We proposed that crab activities, via improving soil nitrogen availability, may indirectly affect the interactions between invasive Spartina alterniflora and native Phragmites australis and Scirpus mariqueter in salt marsh ecosystems. We conducted a two-year mesocosm experiment consisting of five species combinations, i.e., monocultures of three species and pair-wise mixtures of invasive and native species, with crabs being either present or absent for each combination. We found that crabs could mitigate soil nitrogen depletion in the mesocosm over the two years. Plant performance of all species, at both the ramet-level (height and biomass per ramet) and plot-level (density, total above- and belowground biomass), were promoted by crab activities. These plants responded to crab disturbance primarily by clonal propagation, as plot-level performance was more sensitive to crabs than ramet-level. Moreover, crab activities altered the competition between Spartina and native plants in favor of the former, since Spartina was more promoted than native plants by crab activities. Our results suggested that crab activities may increase the competition ability of Spartina over native Phragmites and Scirpus through alleviating soil nitrogen limitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-dong Zhang
- Coastal Ecosystems Research Station of the Yangtze River Estuary, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, Institute of Biodiversity Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Wetland Services and Restoration, Institute of Wetland Research, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
| | - Xin Jia
- School of Soil and Water Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Yang-yun Chen
- Coastal Ecosystems Research Station of the Yangtze River Estuary, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, Institute of Biodiversity Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jun-jiong Shao
- Coastal Ecosystems Research Station of the Yangtze River Estuary, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, Institute of Biodiversity Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xin-ru Wu
- Coastal Ecosystems Research Station of the Yangtze River Estuary, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, Institute of Biodiversity Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lei Shang
- Coastal Ecosystems Research Station of the Yangtze River Estuary, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, Institute of Biodiversity Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Bo Li
- Coastal Ecosystems Research Station of the Yangtze River Estuary, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, Institute of Biodiversity Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- * E-mail:
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Shupert LA, Ebbs SD, Lawrence J, Gibson DJ, Filip P. Dissolution of copper and iron from automotive brake pad wear debris enhances growth and accumulation by the invasive macrophyte Salvinia molesta Mitchell. Chemosphere 2013; 92:45-51. [PMID: 23582708 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2012] [Revised: 02/27/2013] [Accepted: 03/01/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Automotive vehicles release particulate matter into the environment when their brakes are applied. The environmental effects of this automotive brake pad wear debris (BPWD) on the environment is a matter of growing debate yet the effects on plants have been largely untested. In this study, the effect of BPWD on the growth of the aquatic invasive Salvinia molesta Mitchell was examined. Salvinia molesta, plants were grown hydroponically in distilled water or in a distilled water extract containing BPWD. Growth of floating leaves, submerged leaves, and leaf nodes were measured over 20 d at 4-d intervals. At the conclusion of the study the amount of BPWD present in solutions and plant tissues was quantified using atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS). Cultivation of S. molesta in the water containing BPWD resulted in greater dissolution of Cu and Fe than occurred in the absence of plants. The tissue Cu and Fe concentrations of plants cultivated in the BPWD were significantly higher than plants grown in the absence of BPWD. Growth of S. molesta significantly increased when cultivated in the BPWD solutions in comparison to the distilled water. The results suggest that S. molesta and similar aquatic plants may be capable of increasing the dissolution of metal micronutrients from BPWD and utilizing those micronutrients to increase growth. Such growth responses could indicate that BPWD may interact with invasive floating macrophytes to more rapidly degrade the quality and stability of aquatic communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay A Shupert
- Department of Plant Biology and Center for Ecology, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL 62901, USA
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Wind JJ, Peviani A, Snel B, Hanson J, Smeekens SC. ABI4: versatile activator and repressor. Trends Plant Sci 2013; 18:125-132. [PMID: 23182343 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2012.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2012] [Revised: 09/26/2012] [Accepted: 10/11/2012] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The ABSCISIC ACID INSENSITIVE4 (ABI4) gene was discovered to be an abscisic acid (ABA) signaling responsive transcription factor active during seed germination. The evolutionary history of the ABI4 gene supports its role as an ABA signaling intermediate in land plants. Investigating the ABI4 protein-cis element interaction supports the proposal that ABI4 binding to its known CE1 cis-element competes with transcription factor binding to the overlapping G-Box element. Recent publications report on ABI4 as a regulatory factor in diverse processes. In developing seedlings, ABI4 mediates sugar signaling, lipid breakdown, and plastid-to-nucleus signaling. Moreover, ABI4 is a regulator of rosette growth, redox signaling, cell wall metabolism and the effect of nitrate on lateral root development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia J Wind
- Molecular Plant Physiology, Institute of Environmental Biology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Ligrone R, Duckett JG, Renzaglia KS. The origin of the sporophyte shoot in land plants: a bryological perspective. Ann Bot 2012; 110:935-41. [PMID: 22875816 PMCID: PMC3448429 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcs176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2012] [Accepted: 05/31/2012] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Land plants (embryophytes) are monophyletic and encompass four major clades: liverworts, mosses, hornworts and polysporangiophytes. The liverworts are resolved as the earliest divergent lineage and the mosses as sister to a crown clade formed by the hornworts and polysporangiophytes (lycophytes, monilophytes and seed plants). Alternative topologies resolving the hornworts as sister to mosses plus polysporangiophytes are less well supported. Sporophyte development in liverworts depends only on embryonic formative cell divisions. A transient basal meristem contributes part of the sporophyte in mosses. The sporophyte body in hornworts and polysporangiophytes develops predominantly by post-embryonic meristematic activity. SCOPE This paper explores the origin of the sporophyte shoot in terms of changes in embryo organization. Pressure towards amplification of the sporangium-associated photosynthetic apparatus was a major driver of sporophyte evolution. Starting from a putative ancestral condition in which a transient basal meristem produced a sporangium-supporting seta, we postulate that in the hornwort-polysporangiophyte lineage the basal meristem acquired indeterminate meristematic activity and ectopically expressed the sporangium morphogenetic programme. The resulting sporophyte body plan remained substantially unaltered in hornworts, whereas in polysporangiophytes the persistent meristem shifted from a mid-embryo to a superficial position and was converted into an ancestral shoot apical meristem with the evolution of sequential vegetative and reproductive growth. CONCLUSIONS The sporophyte shoot is interpreted as a sterilized sporangial axis interpolated between the embryo and the fertile sporangium. With reference to the putatively ancestral condition found in mosses, the sporophyte body plans in hornworts and polysporangiophytes are viewed as the product of opposite heterochronic events, i.e. an anticipation and a delay, respectively, in the development of the sporangium. In either case the result was a pedomorphic sporophyte permanently retaining juvenile characters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Ligrone
- Dipartimento di Scienze ambientali, Seconda Università di Napoli, Caserta, Italy.
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