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Reeves HC, Ryan SD, Firestone SM, Milne M. A repeatable CT protocol for quantifying caudal vena cava growth in medium and large breed dogs. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2023. [PMID: 37005361 DOI: 10.1111/vru.13237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Revised: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 04/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Developmental malformations can cause stunted or abnormal growth and clinical disease in dogs. In humans, measurements of the inferior vena cava are used as methods for detecting abnormal growth trajectories. The objectives of this retrospective, multicenter, analytical, cross-sectional study were to develop a repeatable protocol to measure the caudal vena cava (CVC) and generate growth curves in medium and large-breed dogs during development. Contrast-enhanced CT DICOM images from 438 normal dogs, aged from 1 to 18 months, from five specific breeds were included. A "best guess" measurement protocol was created. Dogs were stratified into medium or large breed groups based on growth rate trajectories. Linear regression models and logarithmic trend lines were used to evaluate the CVC growth over time. The CVC measurements were analyzed from four anatomical regions: thorax, diaphragm, intra-hepatic, and renal. The thoracic segment produced the most repeatable measurements with the highest explanatory power. The CVC thoracic circumference ranged from 2.5 to 4.9 cm from 1 to 18 months of age. Medium and large breeds had similar CVC growth trajectories, with comparable estimated marginal means, however medium dogs reached 80% of predicted final CVC size approximately 4 weeks earlier than large breed dogs. This new protocol provides a standardized technique for evaluation of the CVC circumference over time using contrast-enhanced CT and is most repeatable when taken at the thoracic level. This approach could be adapted for other vessels to predict their growth trajectories, generating healthy reference population data for comparison against patients with vascular anomalies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah C Reeves
- Translational Research and Animal Clinical Trial Study Group (TRACTS), Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Science, University of Melbourne, Werribee, Victoria, Australia
| | - Stewart D Ryan
- Translational Research and Animal Clinical Trial Study Group (TRACTS), Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Science, University of Melbourne, Werribee, Victoria, Australia
| | - Simon M Firestone
- Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Science, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Marjorie Milne
- Veterinary Radiologist, VetCT, Unit 3, VetCT, Applecross, WA, Australia
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Li J, Xie L, Ren J, Zhang T, Cui J, Bao Z, Zhou W, Bai J, Gong C. CkREV regulates xylem vessel development in Caragana korshinskii in response to drought. Front Plant Sci 2022; 13:982853. [PMID: 36092404 PMCID: PMC9453446 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.982853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Drought stress poses severe threat to the development and even the survival status of plants. Plants utilize various methods responding to drought, among which the forming of more well-developed xylem in leaf vein in woody plants deserves our attention. Herein, we report a transcription factor CkREV from HD-ZIP III family in Caragana korshinskii, which possesses significant functions in drought response by regulating xylem vessel development in leaf vein. Research reveal that in C. korshinskii the expression level of CkREV located in xylem vessel and adjacent cells will increase as the level of drought intensifies, and can directly induce the expression of CkLAX3, CkVND6, CkVND7, and CkPAL4 by binding to their promoter regions. In Arabidopsis thaliana, CkREV senses changes in drought stress signals and bidirectionally regulates the expression of related genes to control auxin polar transport, vessel differentiation, and synthesis of cell wall deposits, thereby significantly enhancing plant drought tolerance. In conclusion, our findings offer a novel understanding of the regulation of CkREV, a determinant of leaf adaxial side, on the secondary development of xylem vessels in leaf vein to enhance stress tolerance in woody plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayang Li
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, Shaanxi, China
| | - Lifang Xie
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jiejie Ren
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, Shaanxi, China
| | - Tianxin Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jinhao Cui
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, Shaanxi, China
| | - Zhulatai Bao
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, Shaanxi, China
| | - Wenfei Zhou
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, Shaanxi, China
| | - Juan Bai
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, Shaanxi, China
| | - Chunmei Gong
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, Shaanxi, China
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Alfaidy N, Brouillet S, Rajaraman G, Kalionis B, Hoffmann P, Barjat T, Benharouga M, Murthi P. The Emerging Role of the Prokineticins and Homeobox Genes in the Vascularization of the Placenta: Physiological and Pathological Aspects. Front Physiol 2020; 11:591850. [PMID: 33281622 PMCID: PMC7689260 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.591850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Vasculogenesis and angiogenesis are key processes of placental development, which occur throughout pregnancy. Placental vasculogenesis occurs during the first trimester of pregnancy culminating in the formation of hemangioblasts from intra-villous stem cells. Placental angiogenesis occurs subsequently, forming new blood vessels from existing ones. Angiogenesis also takes place at the fetomaternal interface, allowing essential spiral arteriole remodeling to establish the fetomaternal circulation. Vasculogenesis and angiogenesis in animal models and in humans have been studied in a wide variety of in vitro, physiological and pathological conditions, with a focus on the pro- and anti-angiogenic factors that control these processes. Recent studies revealed roles for new families of proteins, including direct participants such as the prokineticin family, and regulators of these processes such as the homeobox genes. This review summarizes recent advances in understanding the molecular mechanisms of actions of these families of proteins. Over the past decade, evidence suggests increased production of placental anti-angiogenic factors, as well as angiogenic factors are associated with fetal growth restriction (FGR) and preeclampsia (PE): the most threatening pathologies of human pregnancy with systemic vascular dysfunction. This review also reports novel clinical strategies targeting members of these family of proteins to treat PE and its consequent effects on the maternal vascular system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Alfaidy
- Unité 1036, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Grenoble, France.,Department of Biology, University of Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France.,Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives (CEA), Biosciences and Biotechnology Institute of Grenoble, Grenoble, France
| | - Sophie Brouillet
- INSERM U1203, Department of Reproductive Biology, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Gayathri Rajaraman
- Faculty of Health and Biomedicine, First Year College, Victoria University, St. Albans, VIC, Australia
| | - Bill Kalionis
- Department of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Pregnancy Research Centre, Royal Women's Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Pascale Hoffmann
- Unité 1036, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Grenoble, France.,Department of Biology, University of Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France.,Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives (CEA), Biosciences and Biotechnology Institute of Grenoble, Grenoble, France
| | - Tiphaine Barjat
- Unité 1059, Saint-Etienne Hospital, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Saint-Étienne, France
| | - Mohamed Benharouga
- Unité Mixte de Recherche 5249, Laboratoire de Chimie et Biologie des Métaux, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Grenoble, France
| | - Padma Murthi
- Department of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Pregnancy Research Centre, Royal Women's Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Department of Pharmacology, The Ritchie Centre, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
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Jacobsen AL, Valdovinos-Ayala J, Pratt RB. Functional lifespans of xylem vessels: Development, hydraulic function, and post-function of vessels in several species of woody plants. Am J Bot 2018; 105:142-150. [PMID: 29570215 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.1029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Accepted: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE OF THE STUDY Xylem vessels transition through different stages during their functional lifespan, including expansion and development of vessel elements, transition to vessel hydraulic functionality, and eventual transition to post-functionality. We used information on vessel development and function to develop a model of vessel lifespan for woody plants. METHODS We examined vessel functional lifespan using repeated anatomical sampling throughout the growing season, combined with active-xylem staining to evaluate vessel hydraulic transport functionality. These data were combined with a literature review. The transitions between vessel functional lifespans for several species are illustrated, including grapevine (Vitis vinifera L., Vitaceae), English oak (Quercus robur L., Fagaceae), American chestnut [Castanea dentata (Marshall) Borkh.; Fagaceae], and several arid and semi-arid shrub species. KEY RESULTS In intact woody plants, development and maturation of vessel elements may be gradual. Once hydraulically functional, vessel elements connect to form a vessel network that is responsible for bulk hydraulic flow through the xylem. Vessels become nonfunctional due to the formation of gas emboli. In some species and under some conditions, vessel functionality of embolized conduits may be restored through refilling. Blockages, such as tyloses, gels, or gums, indicate permanent losses in hydraulic functional capacity; however, there may be some interesting exceptions to permanent loss of functionality for gel-based blockages. CONCLUSIONS The gradual development and maturation of vessel elements in woody plants, variation in the onset of functionality between different populations of vessels throughout the growing season, and differences in the timing of vessel transitions to post-functionality are important aspects of plant hydraulic function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna L Jacobsen
- Department of Biology, California State University, Bakersfield, 9001 Stockdale Hwy., Bakersfield, California, 93311, USA
| | - Jessica Valdovinos-Ayala
- Department of Biology, California State University, Bakersfield, 9001 Stockdale Hwy., Bakersfield, California, 93311, USA
| | - R Brandon Pratt
- Department of Biology, California State University, Bakersfield, 9001 Stockdale Hwy., Bakersfield, California, 93311, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- H Jochen Schenk
- Department of Biological Science, California State University Fullerton, 800 N. State College Boulevard, Fullerton, CA, 92831, USA
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Hacke UG, Spicer R, Schreiber SG, Plavcová L. An ecophysiological and developmental perspective on variation in vessel diameter. Plant Cell Environ 2017; 40:831-845. [PMID: 27304704 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2016] [Revised: 05/27/2016] [Accepted: 05/31/2016] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Variation in xylem vessel diameter is one of the most important parameters when evaluating plant water relations. This review provides a synthesis of the ecophysiological implications of variation in lumen diameter together with a summary of our current understanding of vessel development and its endogenous regulation. We analyzed inter-specific variation of the mean hydraulic vessel diameter (Dv ) across biomes, intra-specific variation of Dv under natural and controlled conditions, and intra-plant variation. We found that the Dv measured in young branches tends to stay below 30 µm in regions experiencing winter frost, whereas it is highly variable in the tropical rainforest. Within a plant, the widest vessels are often found in the trunk and in large roots; smaller diameters have been reported for leaves and small lateral roots. Dv varies in response to environmental factors and is not only a function of plant size. Despite the wealth of data on vessel diameter variation, the regulation of diameter is poorly understood. Polar auxin transport through the vascular cambium is a key regulator linking foliar and xylem development. Limited evidence suggests that auxin transport is also a determinant of vessel diameter. The role of auxin in cell expansion and in establishing longitudinal continuity during secondary growth deserve further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uwe G Hacke
- University of Alberta, Department of Renewable Resources, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E3, Canada
| | - Rachel Spicer
- Connecticut College, Department of Botany, New London, CT 06320, USA
| | - Stefan G Schreiber
- University of Alberta, Department of Renewable Resources, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E3, Canada
| | - Lenka Plavcová
- University of Hradec Králové, Department of Biology, Rokitanského 62, Hradec Králové, 500 03, Czech Republic
- Charles University, Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Viničná 5, Prague, 128 44, Czech Republic
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Copini P, den Ouden J, Robert EMR, Tardif JC, Loesberg WA, Goudzwaard L, Sass-Klaassen U. Flood-Ring Formation and Root Development in Response to Experimental Flooding of Young Quercus robur Trees. Front Plant Sci 2016; 7:775. [PMID: 27379108 PMCID: PMC4906004 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Spring flooding in riparian forests can cause significant reductions in earlywood-vessel size in submerged stem parts of ring-porous tree species, leading to the presence of 'flood rings' that can be used as a proxy to reconstruct past flooding events, potentially over millennia. The mechanism of flood-ring formation and the relation with timing and duration of flooding are still to be elucidated. In this study, we experimentally flooded 4-year-old Quercus robur trees at three spring phenophases (late bud dormancy, budswell, and internode expansion) and over different flooding durations (2, 4, and 6 weeks) to a stem height of 50 cm. The effect of flooding on root and vessel development was assessed immediately after the flooding treatment and at the end of the growing season. Ring width and earlywood-vessel size and density were measured at 25- and 75-cm stem height and collapsed vessels were recorded. Stem flooding inhibited earlywood-vessel development in flooded stem parts. In addition, flooding upon budswell and internode expansion led to collapsed earlywood vessels below the water level. At the end of the growing season, mean earlywood-vessel size in the flooded stem parts (upon budswell and internode expansion) was always reduced by approximately 50% compared to non-flooded stem parts and 55% compared to control trees. This reduction was already present 2 weeks after flooding and occurred independent of flooding duration. Stem and root flooding were associated with significant root dieback after 4 and 6 weeks and mean radial growth was always reduced with increasing flooding duration. By comparing stem and root flooding, we conclude that flood rings only occur after stem flooding. As earlywood-vessel development was hampered during flooding, a considerable number of narrow earlywood vessels present later in the season, must have been formed after the actual flooding events. Our study indicates that root dieback, together with strongly reduced hydraulic conductivity due to anomalously narrow earlywood vessels in flooded stem parts, contribute to reduced radial growth after flooding events. Our findings support the value of flood rings to reconstruct spring flooding events that occurred prior to instrumental flood records.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Copini
- Forest Ecology and Forest Management Group, Wageningen University and Research CentreWageningen, Netherlands
- Alterra, Wageningen University and Research CentreWageningen, Netherlands
- *Correspondence: Paul Copini,
| | - Jan den Ouden
- Forest Ecology and Forest Management Group, Wageningen University and Research CentreWageningen, Netherlands
| | - Elisabeth M. R. Robert
- Laboratory of Wood Biology and Xylarium, Royal Museum for Central AfricaTervuren, Belgium
- Laboratory of Plant Biology and Nature Management, Vrije Universiteit BrusselBrussels, Belgium
| | - Jacques C. Tardif
- Centre for Forest Interdisciplinary Research, Department of Biology, The University of WinnipegWinnipeg, Canada
| | - Walter A. Loesberg
- Forest Ecology and Forest Management Group, Wageningen University and Research CentreWageningen, Netherlands
| | - Leo Goudzwaard
- Forest Ecology and Forest Management Group, Wageningen University and Research CentreWageningen, Netherlands
| | - Ute Sass-Klaassen
- Forest Ecology and Forest Management Group, Wageningen University and Research CentreWageningen, Netherlands
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