1
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Wingler A, Sandel B. Relationships of the competitor, stress tolerator, ruderal functional strategies of grass species with lifespan, photosynthetic type, naturalization and climate. AoB Plants 2023; 15:plad021. [PMID: 37197712 PMCID: PMC10184452 DOI: 10.1093/aobpla/plad021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Grass species (family Poaceae) are globally distributed, adapted to a wide range of climates and express a diversity of functional strategies. We explored the functional strategies of grass species using the competitor, stress tolerator, ruderal (CSR) system and asked how a species' strategy relates to its functional traits, climatic distribution and propensity to become naturalized outside its native range. We used a global set of trait data for grass species to classify functional strategies according to the CSR system based on leaf traits. Differences in strategies in relation to lifespan (annual or perennial), photosynthetic type (C3 or C4), or naturalisation (native or introduced) were investigated. In addition, correlations with traits not included in the CSR classification were analyzed, and a model was fitted to predict a species' average mean annual temperature and annual precipitation across its range as a function of CSR scores. Values for competitiveness were higher in C4 species than in C3 species, values for stress tolerance were higher in perennials than in annuals, and introduced species had more pronounced competitive-ruderal strategies than native species. Relationships between the CSR classification, based on leaf traits, and other functional traits were analyzed. Competitiveness was positively correlated with height, while ruderality was correlated with specific root length, indicating that both above- and belowground traits underlying leaf and root economics contribute to realized CSR strategies. Further, relationships between climate and CSR classification showed that species with competitive strategies were more common in warm climates and at high precipitation, whereas species with stress tolerance strategies were more common in cold climates and at low precipitation. The findings presented here demonstrate that CSR classification of functional strategies based on leaf traits matches expectations for the adaptations of grass species that underlie lifespan, photosynthetic type, naturalization and climate.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Brody Sandel
- Department of Biology, Santa Clara University, Santa Clara, CA, USA
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2
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Qian H, Chu C, Li D, Cao Y, Sandel B, Anas MUM, Mandrak NE. Effects of non‐native species on phylogenetic dispersion of freshwater fish communities in North America. DIVERS DISTRIB 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/ddi.13647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hong Qian
- Research and Collections Center Illinois State Museum Springfield Illinois USA
- Illinois Natural History Survey Prairie Research Institute, University of Illinois Champaign Illinois USA
| | - Cindy Chu
- Great Lakes Laboratory for Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, Fisheries and Oceans Canada Burlington Ontario Canada
| | - Daijiang Li
- Department of Biological Sciences Louisiana State University Baton Rouge Louisiana USA
- Center for Computation & Technology, Louisiana State University Baton Rouge Louisiana USA
| | - Yong Cao
- Illinois Natural History Survey Prairie Research Institute, University of Illinois Champaign Illinois USA
| | - Brody Sandel
- Department of Biology Santa Clara University Santa Clara California USA
| | - M. U. Mohamed Anas
- Department of Biological Sciences University of Alberta Edmonton Alberta Canada
| | - Nicholas E. Mandrak
- Department of Biological Sciences University of Toronto Scarborough Toronto Ontario Canada
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3
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Neves DM, Kerkhoff AJ, Echeverría-Londoño S, Merow C, Morueta-Holme N, Peet RK, Sandel B, Svenning JC, Wiser SK, Enquist BJ. The adaptive challenge of extreme conditions shapes evolutionary diversity of plant assemblages at continental scales. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:e2021132118. [PMID: 34504011 PMCID: PMC8449343 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2021132118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The tropical conservatism hypothesis (TCH) posits that the latitudinal gradient in biological diversity arises because most extant clades of animals and plants originated when tropical environments were more widespread and because the colonization of colder and more seasonal temperate environments is limited by the phylogenetically conserved environmental tolerances of these tropical clades. Recent studies have claimed support of the TCH, indicating that temperate plant diversity stems from a few more recently derived lineages that are nested within tropical clades, with the colonization of the temperate zone being associated with key adaptations to survive colder temperatures and regular freezing. Drought, however, is an additional physiological stress that could shape diversity gradients. Here, we evaluate patterns of evolutionary diversity in plant assemblages spanning the full extent of climatic gradients in North and South America. We find that in both hemispheres, extratropical dry biomes house the lowest evolutionary diversity, while tropical moist forests and many temperate mixed forests harbor the highest. Together, our results support a more nuanced view of the TCH, with environments that are radically different from the ancestral niche of angiosperms having limited, phylogenetically clustered diversity relative to environments that show lower levels of deviation from this niche. Thus, we argue that ongoing expansion of arid environments is likely to entail higher loss of evolutionary diversity not just in the wet tropics but in many extratropical moist regions as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danilo M Neves
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Brazil;
| | | | - Susy Echeverría-Londoño
- MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, W2 1PG, United Kingdom
| | - Cory Merow
- Eversource Energy Center, Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06268
| | - Naia Morueta-Holme
- Center for Macroecology, Evolution and Climate, GLOBE Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2100, Denmark
| | - Robert K Peet
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| | - Brody Sandel
- Department of Biology, Santa Clara University, Santa Clara, CA 95053
| | - Jens-Christian Svenning
- Center for Biodiversity Dynamics in a Changing World, Department of Biology, Aarhus University, Aarhus 8000, Denmark
| | - Susan K Wiser
- Ecosystems and Conservation Group, Manaaki Whenua - Landcare Research, Lincoln 7640, New Zealand
| | - Brian J Enquist
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721
- The Santa Fe Institute, Santa Fe, NM 87501
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4
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Acevedo S, Sandel B. Phylogenetic Endemism Hotspots of North American Birds Are Associated With Warm Temperatures and Long- and Short-Term Climate Stability. Front Ecol Evol 2021. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2021.645396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Human activities have dramatically altered the distribution and abundance of species, and our impacts are likely to increase in the near future. Conservation efforts are typically faced with scarce resources, forcing us to prioritize areas based in part on estimates of their conservation value. Two major factors in conservation value are a species uniqueness and its extinction risk. Though these ideas are multidimensional, one important component of uniqueness is evolutionary distinctness, while risk is strongly related to geographic range size. These components are combined in an assemblage-level measure called phylogenetic endemism (PE), which measures the degree to which the species in an assemblage are small-ranged and phylogenetically distinct. Broad-scale patterns and correlates of PE are becoming better known for a variety of groups, and have been shown to depend on current climate, geographic isolation and long-term climate stability. Human impacts (e.g., land cover changes), are likely to shape PE as well, though the coarse resolution of most previous studies may make this difficult to detect. Overall, PE patterns at fine spatial and temporal resolutions are not well understood. Here, we fill this gap using data from the North American Breeding Bird Survey. These data comprise a long-term annual record with fine spatial resolution and a near-continental extent. We assess geographic patterns and trends in PE, and relate these to a range of putative predictor variables including measures of current climate, land cover, long-term and recent climate change. Bird PE is concentrated in three main hotspots: the west coast, the southeast and south-central Canada east of the Rockies. High PE values tended to occur in regions with high temperatures and stability in temperature, both in the long (21,000 year) and short (35 year) time scales. PE patterns are driven more strongly by patterns of range size than phylogenetic distinctiveness, and are trending gradually upward, driven by increasingly frequent sightings of small-ranged species. These results indicate the importance of climate stability on multiple time scales in influencing endemism patterns and suggest a surprisingly minor influence of direct human land use. The increase in PE through time may reflect successful conservation efforts that have led to population recoveries of some small-ranged species.
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Rech AR, Ollerton J, Dalsgaard B, Ré Jorge L, Sandel B, Svenning J, Baronio GJ, Sazima M. Population‐level plant pollination mode is influenced by Quaternary climate and pollinators. Biotropica 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/btp.12905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- André Rodrigo Rech
- Programas de Pós‐graduação em Ciência Florestal e em Biologia Animal Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri Diamantina Brasil
| | - Jeff Ollerton
- Faculty of Arts, Science and Technology University of Northampton Northampton UK
| | - Bo Dalsgaard
- Center for Macroecology, Evolution and Climate GLOBE Institute University of Copenhagen Copenhagen Ø Denmark
| | - Leonardo Ré Jorge
- Department of Ecology Institute of Entomology Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences České Budějovice Czech Republic
| | - Brody Sandel
- Department of Biology Santa Clara University Santa Clara CA USA
| | - Jens‐Christian Svenning
- Center for Biodiversity Dynamics in a Changing World (BIOCHANGE) Department of Biology Aarhus University Aarhus C Denmark
- Departamento Section for Ecoinformatics & Biodiversity Department of Biology Aarhus University Aarhus C Denmark
| | - Gudryan J. Baronio
- Programas de Pós‐graduação em Ciência Florestal e em Biologia Animal Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri Diamantina Brasil
| | - Marlies Sazima
- Laboratório de Biologia Vegetal Instituto de Biologia Universidade Estadual de Campinas Campinas Brasil
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Whittall JB, Butler TM, Dick C, Sandel B. Two cryptic species of California mustard within Caulanthus lasiophyllus. Am J Bot 2020; 107:1815-1830. [PMID: 33370466 PMCID: PMC7839454 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.1562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE Cryptic species are evolutionarily distinct lineages lacking distinguishing morphological traits. Hidden diversity may be lurking in widespread species whose distributions cross phylogeographic barriers. This study investigates molecular and morphological variation in the widely distributed Caulanthus lasiophyllus (Brassicaceae) in comparison to its closest relatives. METHODS Fifty-two individuals of C. lasiophyllus from across the species' range were sequenced for the nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer region (ITS) and the chloroplast trnL-F region. A subset of these samples were examined for the chloroplast ndhF gene. All 52 individuals were scored for 13 morphological traits, as well as monthly and annual climate conditions at the collection locality. Morphological and molecular results are compared with the closest relatives-C. anceps and C. flavescens-in the "Guillenia Clade." To test for polyploidy, genome size estimates were made for four populations. RESULTS Caulanthus lasiophyllus consists of two distinct lineages separated by eight ITS differences-eight times more variation than what distinguishes C. anceps and C. flavescens. Fewer variable sites were detected in trnL-F and ndhF regions, yet these data are consistent with the ITS results. The two lineages of C. lasiophyllus are geographically and climatically distinct; yet morphologically overlapping. Their genome sizes are not consistently different. CONCLUSIONS Two cryptic species within C. lasiophyllus are distinguished at the molecular, geographic, and climatic scales. They have similar genome sizes and are morphologically broadly overlapping, but an ephemeral basal leaf character may help distinguish the species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justen B. Whittall
- Department of BiologySanta Clara University500 El Camino RealSanta ClaraCalifornia95053USA
| | - Timothy M. Butler
- Department of BiologySanta Clara University500 El Camino RealSanta ClaraCalifornia95053USA
| | - Cynthia Dick
- Department of BiologySanta Clara University500 El Camino RealSanta ClaraCalifornia95053USA
| | - Brody Sandel
- Department of BiologySanta Clara University500 El Camino RealSanta ClaraCalifornia95053USA
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7
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Scherer L, Svenning JC, Huang J, Seymour CL, Sandel B, Mueller N, Kummu M, Bekunda M, Bruelheide H, Hochman Z, Siebert S, Rueda O, van Bodegom PM. Global priorities of environmental issues to combat food insecurity and biodiversity loss. Sci Total Environ 2020; 730:139096. [PMID: 32388110 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Revised: 03/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Various environmental challenges are rapidly threatening ecosystems and societies globally. Major interventions and a strategic approach are required to minimize harm and to avoid reaching catastrophic tipping points. Setting evidence-based priorities aids maximizing the impact of the limited resources available for environmental interventions. Focusing on protecting both food security and biodiversity, international experts prioritized major environmental challenges for intervention based on three comprehensive criteria - importance, neglect, and tractability. The top priorities differ between food security and biodiversity. For food security, the top priorities are pollinator loss, soil compaction, and nutrient depletion, and for biodiversity conservation, ocean acidification and land and sea use (especially habitat degradation) are the main concerns. While climate change might be the most pressing environmental challenge and mitigation is clearly off-track, other issues rank higher because of climate change's high attention in research. Research and policy agendas do not yet consistently cover these priorities. Thus, a shift in attention towards the high-priority environmental challenges, identified here, is needed to increase the effectiveness of global environmental protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Scherer
- Institute of Environmental Sciences (CML), Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands.
| | - Jens-Christian Svenning
- Center for Biodiversity Dynamics in a Changing World (BIOCHANGE) & Section for Ecoinformatics and Biodiversity, Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Jing Huang
- Institute of Environmental Sciences (CML), Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands; College of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, China.
| | - Colleen L Seymour
- South African National Biodiversity Institute, Kirstenbosch Research Centre, Claremont, South Africa; DST/NRF Centre of Excellence at the FitzPatrick Institute, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, 7701, South Africa
| | - Brody Sandel
- Department of Biology, Santa Clara University, Santa Clara, United States
| | - Nathaniel Mueller
- Department of Ecosystem Science and Sustainability, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States; Department of Soil and Crop Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Matti Kummu
- Water & Development Research Group, Aalto University, Espoo, Finland
| | - Mateete Bekunda
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Arusha, Tanzania
| | - Helge Bruelheide
- Institute of Biology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany; German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Zvi Hochman
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, St Lucia, Australia
| | - Stefan Siebert
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Oscar Rueda
- Institute of Environmental Sciences (CML), Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Peter M van Bodegom
- Institute of Environmental Sciences (CML), Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands
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8
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Zielke C, Pan CW, Gutierrez Ramirez AJ, Feit C, Dobson C, Davidson C, Sandel B, Abbyad P. Microfluidic Platform for the Isolation of Cancer-Cell Subpopulations Based on Single-Cell Glycolysis. Anal Chem 2020; 92:6949-6957. [PMID: 32297730 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b05738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
High rates of glycolysis in tumors have been associated with cancer metastasis, tumor recurrence, and poor outcomes. In this light, single cells that exhibit high glycolysis are specific targets for therapy. However, the study of these cells requires efficient tools for their isolation. We use a droplet microfluidic technique developed in our lab, Sorting by Interfacial Tension (SIFT), to isolate cancer cell subpopulations based on glycolysis without the use of labels or active sorting components. By controlling the flow conditions on chip, the threshold of selection can be modified, enabling the isolation of cells with different levels of glycolysis. Hypoxia in tumors, that can be simulated with treatment with CoCl2, leads to an increase in glycolysis, and more dangerous tumors. The device was used to enrich CoCl2 treated MDA-MB 231 breast cancer cells from an untreated population. It is also used to sort K562 human chronic myelogenous leukemia cells that have either been treated or untreated with 2-deoxy-d-glucose (2DG), a pharmaceutical that targets cell metabolism. The technique provides a facile and robust way of separating cells based on elevated glycolytic activity; a biomarker associated with cancer cell malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Zielke
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Santa Clara University, Santa Clara, California 95053, United States
| | - Ching W Pan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Santa Clara University, Santa Clara, California 95053, United States
| | - Adriana J Gutierrez Ramirez
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Santa Clara University, Santa Clara, California 95053, United States
| | - Cameron Feit
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Santa Clara University, Santa Clara, California 95053, United States
| | - Chandler Dobson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Santa Clara University, Santa Clara, California 95053, United States
| | - Catherine Davidson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Santa Clara University, Santa Clara, California 95053, United States
| | - Brody Sandel
- Department of Biology, Santa Clara University, Santa Clara, California 95053, United States
| | - Paul Abbyad
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Santa Clara University, Santa Clara, California 95053, United States
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9
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Thomas HJD, Bjorkman AD, Myers-Smith IH, Elmendorf SC, Kattge J, Diaz S, Vellend M, Blok D, Cornelissen JHC, Forbes BC, Henry GHR, Hollister RD, Normand S, Prevéy JS, Rixen C, Schaepman-Strub G, Wilmking M, Wipf S, Cornwell WK, Beck PSA, Georges D, Goetz SJ, Guay KC, Rüger N, Soudzilovskaia NA, Spasojevic MJ, Alatalo JM, Alexander HD, Anadon-Rosell A, Angers-Blondin S, Te Beest M, Berner LT, Björk RG, Buchwal A, Buras A, Carbognani M, Christie KS, Collier LS, Cooper EJ, Elberling B, Eskelinen A, Frei ER, Grau O, Grogan P, Hallinger M, Heijmans MMPD, Hermanutz L, Hudson JMG, Johnstone JF, Hülber K, Iturrate-Garcia M, Iversen CM, Jaroszynska F, Kaarlejarvi E, Kulonen A, Lamarque LJ, Lantz TC, Lévesque E, Little CJ, Michelsen A, Milbau A, Nabe-Nielsen J, Nielsen SS, Ninot JM, Oberbauer SF, Olofsson J, Onipchenko VG, Petraglia A, Rumpf SB, Shetti R, Speed JDM, Suding KN, Tape KD, Tomaselli M, Trant AJ, Treier UA, Tremblay M, Venn SE, Vowles T, Weijers S, Wookey PA, Zamin TJ, Bahn M, Blonder B, van Bodegom PM, Bond-Lamberty B, Campetella G, Cerabolini BEL, Chapin FS, Craine JM, Dainese M, Green WA, Jansen S, Kleyer M, Manning P, Niinemets Ü, Onoda Y, Ozinga WA, Peñuelas J, Poschlod P, Reich PB, Sandel B, Schamp BS, Sheremetiev SN, de Vries FT. Global plant trait relationships extend to the climatic extremes of the tundra biome. Nat Commun 2020; 11:1351. [PMID: 32165619 PMCID: PMC7067758 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-15014-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The majority of variation in six traits critical to the growth, survival and reproduction of plant species is thought to be organised along just two dimensions, corresponding to strategies of plant size and resource acquisition. However, it is unknown whether global plant trait relationships extend to climatic extremes, and if these interspecific relationships are confounded by trait variation within species. We test whether trait relationships extend to the cold extremes of life on Earth using the largest database of tundra plant traits yet compiled. We show that tundra plants demonstrate remarkably similar resource economic traits, but not size traits, compared to global distributions, and exhibit the same two dimensions of trait variation. Three quarters of trait variation occurs among species, mirroring global estimates of interspecific trait variation. Plant trait relationships are thus generalizable to the edge of global trait-space, informing prediction of plant community change in a warming world.
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Affiliation(s)
- H J D Thomas
- School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3FF, Scotland, UK.
| | - A D Bjorkman
- School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3FF, Scotland, UK
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Medicinaregatan 18, 40530, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Gothenburg Global Biodiversity Centre, Carl Skottsbergs gata 22B, 41319, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - I H Myers-Smith
- School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3FF, Scotland, UK
| | - S C Elmendorf
- Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, 80309-0450, USA
| | - J Kattge
- Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, 07701, Jena, Germany
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv), Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - S Diaz
- Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal (IMBIV), CONICET, Av.Velez Sarsfield 299, Cordoba, Argentina
- FCEFyN, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Av. Vélez Sarsfield 299, X5000JJC, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - M Vellend
- Département de Biologie, Université de Sherbrooke, 2500, boul. de l'Université Sherbrooke, Québec, J1K 2R1, Canada
| | - D Blok
- Dutch Research Council, (NWO), Postbus 93460, 2509 AL, Den Haag, The Netherlands
| | - J H C Cornelissen
- Systems Ecology, Department of Ecological Science, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - B C Forbes
- Arctic Centre, University of Lapland, 96101, Rovaniemi, Finland
| | - G H R Henry
- Department of Geography, University of British Columbia, 1984 West Mall, Vancouver, V6T 1Z2, Canada
| | - R D Hollister
- Biology Department, Grand Valley State University, 1 Campus Drive, 3300a Kindschi Hall of Science, Allendale, Michigan, USA
| | - S Normand
- Department of Biology, Aarhus University, Ny Munkegade 114-116, DK-8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - J S Prevéy
- U.S. Geological Survey, Fort Collins Science Center, Fort Collins, CO, 80526, USA
- WSL Institute for Snow and Avalanche Research SLF, Flüelastrasse 11, 7260, Davos Dorf, Switzerland
| | - C Rixen
- WSL Institute for Snow and Avalanche Research SLF, Flüelastrasse 11, 7260, Davos Dorf, Switzerland
| | - G Schaepman-Strub
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - M Wilmking
- Institute of Botany and Landscape Ecology, Greifswald University, Soldmannstraße 15, 17487, Greifswald, Germany
| | - S Wipf
- WSL Institute for Snow and Avalanche Research SLF, Flüelastrasse 11, 7260, Davos Dorf, Switzerland
- Swiss National Park, Runatsch 124, Chastè Planta-Wildenberg, 7530, Zernez, Switzerland
| | - W K Cornwell
- Ecology and Evolution Research Centre, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - P S A Beck
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Via Enrico Fermi, 2749, Ispra, 21027, Italy
| | - D Georges
- School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3FF, Scotland, UK
- International Agency for Research in Cancer, 150 Cours Albert Thomas, 69372, Lyon, France
| | - S J Goetz
- School of Informatics, Computing and Cyber Systems, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, 1295S Knoles Dr, AZ, 86011, USA
| | - K C Guay
- Bigelow Laboratory for Ocean Sciences, 60 Bigelow Dr, East Boothbay, Maine, 04544, USA
| | - N Rüger
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv), Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Luis Clement Avenue, Bldg. 401 Tupper, Balboa Ancón, Panama
| | - N A Soudzilovskaia
- Environmental Biology Department, Institute of Environmental Sciences, Leiden University, 2300 RA, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - M J Spasojevic
- Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal Biology, University of California Riverside, Life Sciences Building, Eucalyptus Dr #2710, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| | - J M Alatalo
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, Qatar University, P.O. Box 2713, Doha, Qatar
- Environmental Science Center, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - H D Alexander
- Department of Forestry, Forest and Wildlife Research Center, Mississippi State University, Mississippi, MS, 39762, USA
| | - A Anadon-Rosell
- Institute of Botany and Landscape Ecology, Greifswald University, Soldmannstraße 15, 17487, Greifswald, Germany
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, Ecology and Environmental Sciences, University of Barcelona, Diagonal, 643, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
- Biodiversity Research Institute, University of Barcelona, Av. Diagonal, 645, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - S Angers-Blondin
- School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3FF, Scotland, UK
| | - M Te Beest
- Environmental Sciences, Copernicus Institute of Sustainable Development, Utrecht University, Heidelberglaan 8, 3584 CS, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Ecology and Environmental Science Umeå University, SE-901 87, Umeå, Sweden
| | - L T Berner
- School of Informatics, Computing and Cyber Systems, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, 1295S Knoles Dr, AZ, 86011, USA
| | - R G Björk
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Gothenburg, 405 30, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Gothenburg Global Biodiversity Centre, SE-405 30, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - A Buchwal
- Adam Mickiewicz University, Institute of Geoecology and Geoinformation, B. Krygowskiego 10, 61-680, Poznan, Poland
- University of Alaska Anchorage, 3211 Providence Dr, Anchorage, AK, 99508, USA
| | - A Buras
- Land Surface-Atmosphere Interactions, Technische Universität München, Hans-Carl-von-Carlowitz Platz 2, 85354, Freising, Germany
| | - M Carbognani
- Deptartment of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze, 11/a, 43124, Parma, Italy
| | - K S Christie
- Alaska Department of Fish and Game, 333 Raspberry Rd, Anchorage, AK, 99518, USA
| | - L S Collier
- Department of Biology, Memorial University, St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, A1C 5S7, Canada
| | - E J Cooper
- Deptartment of Arctic and Marine Biology, Faculty of Bioscences Fisheries and Economics, UiT-The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - B Elberling
- Center for Permafrost (CENPERM), Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen, Øster Voldgade 10, DK-1350, Copenhagen K, Denmark
| | - A Eskelinen
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv), Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
- Department of Physiological Diversity, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ, Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
- Department of Ecology and Genetics, University of Oulu, Pentti Kaiteran katu 1, Linnanmaa, Oulu, Finland
| | - E R Frei
- Department of Geography, University of British Columbia, 1984 West Mall, Vancouver, V6T 1Z2, Canada
- Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, Zürcherstrasse 111, 8903, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - O Grau
- CSIC, Global Ecology Unit CREAF-CSIC-UAB, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain
- CREAF, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Catalonia, Spain
- Cirad, UMR EcoFoG (AgroParisTech, CNRS, Inra, Univ Antilles, Univ Guyane), Campus Agronomique, 97310, Kourou, French Guiana
| | - P Grogan
- Department of Biology, Queen's University, Biosciences Complex, 116 Barrie St., Kingston, ON, K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - M Hallinger
- Biology Department, Swedish Agricultural University (SLU), SE-750 07, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - M M P D Heijmans
- Plant Ecology and Nature Conservation Group, Wageningen University and Research, 6700 AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - L Hermanutz
- Department of Biology, Memorial University, St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, A1C 5S7, Canada
| | - J M G Hudson
- British Columbia Public Service, Vancouver, Canada
| | - J F Johnstone
- Department of Biology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5E2, Canada
| | - K Hülber
- Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research, University of Vienna, Rennweg 14, 1030, Vienna, Austria
| | - M Iturrate-Garcia
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - C M Iversen
- Climate Change Science Institute and Environmental Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, 1 Bethel Valley Road, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831-6134, USA
| | - F Jaroszynska
- WSL Institute for Snow and Avalanche Research SLF, Flüelastrasse 11, 7260, Davos Dorf, Switzerland
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research, University of Bergen, N-5020, Bergen, Norway
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, AB24 3FX, Scotland, UK
| | - E Kaarlejarvi
- Biodiversity Research Institute, University of Barcelona, Av. Diagonal, 645, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Biology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Pleinlaan 2, 1050, Elsene, Brussles, Belgium
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, University of Helsinki, PO Box, 65, FI-00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - A Kulonen
- WSL Institute for Snow and Avalanche Research SLF, Flüelastrasse 11, 7260, Davos Dorf, Switzerland
| | - L J Lamarque
- Département des Sciences de l'environnement et Centre d'études nordiques, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, 3351, boul. des Forges, Québec, Canada
| | - T C Lantz
- School of Environmental Studies, University of Victoria, David Turpin Building, B243, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - E Lévesque
- Département des Sciences de l'environnement et Centre d'études nordiques, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, 3351, boul. des Forges, Québec, Canada
| | - C J Little
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Aquatic Ecology, Eawag, the Swiss Federal Institute for Aquatic Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 133, CH-8600, Duebendorf, Switzerland
| | - A Michelsen
- Center for Permafrost (CENPERM), Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen, Øster Voldgade 10, DK-1350, Copenhagen K, Denmark
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Terrestrial Ecology Section, Universitetsparken 15, DK-2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - A Milbau
- Research Institute for Nature and Forest (INBO), Havenlaan 88 bus 73, 1000, Brussels, Belgium
| | - J Nabe-Nielsen
- Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Frederiksborgvej 399, 4000, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - S S Nielsen
- Department of Biology, Aarhus University, Ny Munkegade 114-116, DK-8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - J M Ninot
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, Ecology and Environmental Sciences, University of Barcelona, Diagonal, 643, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
- Biodiversity Research Institute, University of Barcelona, Av. Diagonal, 645, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - S F Oberbauer
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, 11200S.W. 8th Street, Miami, FL, 33199, USA
| | - J Olofsson
- Department of Ecology and Environmental Science Umeå University, SE-901 87, Umeå, Sweden
| | - V G Onipchenko
- Department of Ecology and Plant Geography, Moscow State Lomonosov University, 119234, Moscow, 1-12 Leninskie Gory, Russia
| | - A Petraglia
- Deptartment of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze, 11/a, 43124, Parma, Italy
| | - S B Rumpf
- Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research, University of Vienna, Rennweg 14, 1030, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, Bâtiment Biophore, Quartier UNIL-Sorge, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - R Shetti
- Institute of Botany and Landscape Ecology, Greifswald University, Soldmannstraße 15, 17487, Greifswald, Germany
| | - J D M Speed
- Department of Natural History, NTNU University Museum, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, NO-7491, Trondheim, Norway
| | - K N Suding
- Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, 80309-0450, USA
| | - K D Tape
- Institute of Northern Engineering, University of Alaska, Engineering Learning and Innovation Facility (ELIF), Suite 240, 1764 Tanana Loop, Fairbanks, AK, 99775-5910, USA
| | - M Tomaselli
- Deptartment of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze, 11/a, 43124, Parma, Italy
| | - A J Trant
- School of Environment, Resources and Sustainability, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - U A Treier
- Department of Biology, Aarhus University, Ny Munkegade 114-116, DK-8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - M Tremblay
- Département des Sciences de l'environnement et Centre d'études nordiques, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, 3351, boul. des Forges, Québec, Canada
| | - S E Venn
- Centre for Integrative Ecology, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, 75 Pigdons Rd, Waurn Ponds Victoria, 3216, Australia
| | - T Vowles
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Gothenburg, 405 30, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - S Weijers
- Department of Geography, University of Bonn, Meckenheimer Allee 166, D-53115, Bonn, Germany
| | - P A Wookey
- Biological and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, FK9 4LA, Scotland, UK
| | - T J Zamin
- Department of Biology, Queen's University, Biosciences Complex, 116 Barrie St., Kingston, ON, K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - M Bahn
- Department of Ecology, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 52, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - B Blonder
- Environmental Change Institute, School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, 3 South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QY, UK
- Rocky Mountain Biological Laboratory, 8000 Co Rd 317, Crested Butte, CO, 81224, USA
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94706, USA
| | - P M van Bodegom
- Environmental Biology Department, Institute of Environmental Sciences, Leiden University, 2300 RA, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - B Bond-Lamberty
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Joint Global Change Research Institute, 5825 University Research Ct, College Park, MD, 20740, USA
| | - G Campetella
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine-Plant Diversity and Ecosystems Management Unit, Univeristy of Camerino, Via Gentile III Da Varano, 62032, Camerino, Italy
| | - B E L Cerabolini
- DBSV-University of Insubria, Via Dunant, 3, 21100, Varese, Italy
| | - F S Chapin
- Institute of Arctic Biology, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK, 99775, USA
| | - J M Craine
- Jonah Ventures, 1600 Range Street Suite 201, Boulder, CO, 80301, USA
| | - M Dainese
- Department of Animal Ecology and Tropical Biology, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
- Institute for Alpine Environment, EURAC Research, Viale Druso, 1, 39100, Bolzano, Italy
| | - W A Green
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, 52 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - S Jansen
- Institute of Systematic Botany and Ecology, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, D-89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - M Kleyer
- Institute of Biology and Environmental Sciences, University of Oldenburg, Carl-von-Ossietzky-Strasse 9-11, 26129, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - P Manning
- Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre, 60325, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Ü Niinemets
- Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Fr.R.Kreutzwaldi 1, 51006, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Y Onoda
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - W A Ozinga
- Vegetation, Forest and Landscape Ecology, Wageningen University and Research, P.O. Box 47, NL-6700 AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - J Peñuelas
- CSIC, Global Ecology Unit CREAF-CSIC-UAB, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain
- CREAF, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Catalonia, Spain
| | - P Poschlod
- Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - P B Reich
- Department of Forest Resources, University of Minnesota, 115 Green Hall, 1530 Cleveland Ave. N., St. Paul, MN, 55108, USA
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, 2751, Australia
| | - B Sandel
- Department of Biology, Santa Clara University, 500 El Camino Real, Santa Clara, CA, 95053, USA
| | - B S Schamp
- Department of Biology, Algoma University, 1520 Queen Street East, Sault Ste., Marie, ON, P6A 2G4, Canada
| | - S N Sheremetiev
- Komarov Botanical Institute, Professor Popova Street, 2, St Petersburg, Russia
| | - F T de Vries
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Postbus 94240, 1090 GE, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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van der Sande MT, Bruelheide H, Dawson W, Dengler J, Essl F, Field R, Haider S, van Kleunen M, Kreft H, Pagel J, Pergl J, Purschke O, Pyšek P, Weigelt P, Winter M, Attorre F, Aubin I, Bergmeier E, Chytrý M, Dainese M, De Sanctis M, Fagundez J, Golub V, Guerin GR, Gutiérrez AG, Jandt U, Jansen F, Jiménez‐Alfaro B, Kattge J, Kearsley E, Klotz S, Kramer K, Moretti M, Niinemets Ü, Peet RK, Penuelas J, Petřík P, Reich PB, Sandel B, Schmidt M, Sibikova M, Violle C, Whitfeld TJS, Wohlgemuth T, Knight TM. Similar factors underlie tree abundance in forests in native and alien ranges. Glob Ecol Biogeogr 2020; 29:281-294. [PMID: 32063745 PMCID: PMC7006795 DOI: 10.1111/geb.13027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Revised: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
AIM Alien plant species can cause severe ecological and economic problems, and therefore attract a lot of research interest in biogeography and related fields. To identify potential future invasive species, we need to better understand the mechanisms underlying the abundances of invasive tree species in their new ranges, and whether these mechanisms differ between their native and alien ranges. Here, we test two hypotheses: that greater relative abundance is promoted by (a) functional difference from locally co-occurring trees, and (b) higher values than locally co-occurring trees for traits linked to competitive ability. LOCATION Global. TIME PERIOD Recent. MAJOR TAXA STUDIED Trees. METHODS We combined three global plant databases: sPlot vegetation-plot database, TRY plant trait database and Global Naturalized Alien Flora (GloNAF) database. We used a hierarchical Bayesian linear regression model to assess the factors associated with variation in local abundance, and how these relationships vary between native and alien ranges and depend on species' traits. RESULTS In both ranges, species reach highest abundance if they are functionally similar to co-occurring species, yet are taller and have higher seed mass and wood density than co-occurring species. MAIN CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that light limitation leads to strong environmental and biotic filtering, and that it is advantageous to be taller and have denser wood. The striking similarities in abundance between native and alien ranges imply that information from tree species' native ranges can be used to predict in which habitats introduced species may become dominant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masha T. van der Sande
- Department of Community EcologyHelmholtz Centre for Environmental Research–UFZHalle (Saale)Germany
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle‐Jena‐LeipzigLeipzigGermany
- Department of Biological SciencesFlorida Institute of TechnologyMelbourneFlorida
- Institute for Biodiversity & Ecosystem DynamicsUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
- Forest Ecology and Forest Management GroupWageningen University & ResearchWageningenThe Netherlands
| | - Helge Bruelheide
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle‐Jena‐LeipzigLeipzigGermany
- Martin Luther University Halle‐WittenbergInstitute of Biology/Geobotany and Botanical GardenHalle (Saale)Germany
| | - Wayne Dawson
- Department of BiosciencesDurham UniversityDurhamUnited Kingdom
| | - Jürgen Dengler
- Plant Ecology, Bayreuth Center of Ecology and Environmental Research (BayCEER), University of BayreuthBayreuthGermany
- Vegetation EcologyInstitute of Environment and Natural Resources (IUNR), Zurich University of Applied Sciences (ZHAW)Switzerland
| | - Franz Essl
- Division of Conservation Biology, Vegetation Ecology and Landscape Ecology, Department of Botany and Biodiversity ResearchUniversity of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Richard Field
- School of GeographyUniversity of NottinghamNottinghamUnited Kingdom
| | - Sylvia Haider
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle‐Jena‐LeipzigLeipzigGermany
- Martin Luther University Halle‐WittenbergInstitute of Biology/Geobotany and Botanical GardenHalle (Saale)Germany
| | - Mark van Kleunen
- Ecology, Department of BiologyUniversity of KonstanzKonstanzGermany
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Evolutionary Ecology and ConservationTaizhou UniversityTaizhouChina
| | - Holger Kreft
- Biodiversity, Macroecology & BiogeographyUniversity of GoettingenGöttingenGermany
- Centre of Biodiversity and Sustainable Land Use (CBL), University of GoettingenGöttingenGermany
| | - Joern Pagel
- Landscape & Plant EcologyUniversity of HohenheimStuttgartGermany
| | - Jan Pergl
- Institute of BotanyCzech Academy of SciencesPrůhoniceCzech Republic
| | - Oliver Purschke
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle‐Jena‐LeipzigLeipzigGermany
- Martin Luther University Halle‐WittenbergInstitute of Biology/Geobotany and Botanical GardenHalle (Saale)Germany
| | - Petr Pyšek
- Institute of BotanyCzech Academy of SciencesPrůhoniceCzech Republic
- Faculty of Science, Department of EcologyCharles UniversityPragueCzech Republic
| | - Patrick Weigelt
- Biodiversity, Macroecology & BiogeographyUniversity of GoettingenGöttingenGermany
| | - Marten Winter
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle‐Jena‐LeipzigLeipzigGermany
| | - Fabio Attorre
- Department of Environmental BiologyUniversity Sapienza of RomeRomeItaly
| | - Isabelle Aubin
- Great Lakes Forestry Centre, Canadian Forest ServiceNatural Resources CanadaSault Ste MarieOntarioCanada
| | - Erwin Bergmeier
- Vegetation & Phytodiversity AnalysisUniversity of GöttingenGöttingenGermany
| | - Milan Chytrý
- Department of Botany and ZoologyMasaryk UniversityBrnoCzech Republic
| | - Matteo Dainese
- Department of Animal Ecology and Tropical Biology, BiocenterUniversity of WürzburgWürzburgGermany
- Institute for Alpine EnvironmentEURAC ResearchBolzanoItaly
| | | | - Jaime Fagundez
- Faculty of Science, Department of BiologyUniversity of A CoruñaCoruñaSpain
| | - Valentin Golub
- Institute of Ecology of the Volga River BasinRussian Academy of SciencesTolyattiRussia
| | - Greg R. Guerin
- Terrestrial Ecosystem Research Network, School of Biological SciencesThe University of AdelaideAdelaideSouth AustraliaAustralia
| | - Alvaro G. Gutiérrez
- Departamento de Ciencias Ambientales y Recursos Naturales Renovables, Facultad de Ciencias AgronómicasUniversidad de ChileSantiagoChile
| | - Ute Jandt
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle‐Jena‐LeipzigLeipzigGermany
- Martin Luther University Halle‐WittenbergInstitute of Biology/Geobotany and Botanical GardenHalle (Saale)Germany
| | - Florian Jansen
- Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental ScienceUniversity of RostockRostockGermany
| | | | - Jens Kattge
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle‐Jena‐LeipzigLeipzigGermany
- Max Planck Institute for BiogeochemistryJenaGermany
| | - Elizabeth Kearsley
- Computational and Applied Vegetation Ecology (CAVElab)Ghent UniversityGhentBelgium
| | - Stefan Klotz
- Department of Community EcologyHelmholtz Centre for Environmental Research–UFZHalle (Saale)Germany
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle‐Jena‐LeipzigLeipzigGermany
| | - Koen Kramer
- Forest Ecology and Forest Management GroupWageningen University & ResearchWageningenThe Netherlands
- Vegetation, Forest and Landscape Ecology, Wageningen Environmental Research (Alterra)Wageningen University and ResearchWageningenThe Netherlands
| | - Marco Moretti
- Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, Biodiversity and Conservation BiologyBirmensdorfSwitzerland
| | - Ülo Niinemets
- Chair of Crop Science and Plant BiologyEstonian University of Life SciencesTartuEstonia
- Estonian Academy of SciencesTallinnEstonia
| | - Robert K. Peet
- Department of BiologyUniversity of North CarolinaChapel HillNorth Carolina
| | - Josep Penuelas
- CSIC, Global Ecology Unit CREAF‐CSIC‐UABBarcelonaSpain
- CREAFBarcelonaSpain
| | - Petr Petřík
- Institute of BotanyCzech Academy of SciencesPrůhoniceCzech Republic
| | - Peter B. Reich
- Department of Forest ResourcesUniversity of MinnesotaSt. PaulMinnesota
- Hawkesbury Institute for the EnvironmentWestern Sydney UniversityPenrith South DCNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Brody Sandel
- Department of BiologySanta Clara UniversitySanta ClaraCalifornia
| | - Marco Schmidt
- Data and Modelling CentreSenckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (SBiK‐F)Frankfurt am MainGermany
- Scientific ServicePalmengarten der Stadt FrankfurtFrankfurt am MainGermany
| | - Maria Sibikova
- Institute of Botany, Plant Science and Biodiversity CenterSlovak Academy of SciencesBratislavaSlovakia
| | - Cyrille Violle
- Centre d’Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive (UMR 5175)CNRS, Université Paul Valéry Montpellier, EPHE, Univ MontpellierMontpellierFrance
| | | | - Thomas Wohlgemuth
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSLBirmensdorfSwitzerland
| | - Tiffany M. Knight
- Department of Community EcologyHelmholtz Centre for Environmental Research–UFZHalle (Saale)Germany
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle‐Jena‐LeipzigLeipzigGermany
- Martin Luther University Halle‐WittenbergInstitute of Biology/Geobotany and Botanical GardenHalle (Saale)Germany
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11
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Pedersen PBM, Ejrnæs R, Sandel B, Svenning JC. Trophic Rewilding Advancement in Anthropogenically Impacted Landscapes (TRAAIL): A framework to link conventional conservation management and rewilding. Ambio 2020; 49:231-244. [PMID: 31201614 PMCID: PMC6889113 DOI: 10.1007/s13280-019-01192-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2018] [Revised: 12/15/2018] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
A variety of rewilding initiatives are being implemented across Europe, generally characterized by a more functionalist approach to nature management compared to the classic compositional approach. To address the increasing need for a framework to support implementation of rewilding in practical management, we present TRAAIL-Trophic Rewilding Advancement in Anthropogenically Impacted Landscapes. TRAAIL has been co-produced with managers and other stakeholders and provides managers with a framework to categorize rewilding initiatives and to link conventional nature management and rewilding by guiding steps towards a higher degree of self-regulation. Applying TRAAIL to data obtained in a Danish survey of rewilding-inspired initiatives we find that out of 44 initiatives there is no "Full rewilding" initiatives, 3 "Near-full rewilding" initiatives, 23 "Partial rewilding" initiatives, 2 "minimal rewilding" initiatives and 16 "Effort-intensive conservation management" initiatives. This study shows how TRAAIL can guide and inform trophic rewilding on a local and national scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pil Birkefeldt Møller Pedersen
- Section for Ecoinformatics & Biodiversity, Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Ny Munkegade 116, 8000 Århus C, Denmark
- Center for Biodiversity Dynamics in a Changing World (BIOCHANGE), Aarhus University, Ny Munkegade 116, 8000 Århus C, Denmark
- Section for Biodiversity & Conservation, Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Grenåvej 14, Rønde, 8410 Århus, Denmark
| | - Rasmus Ejrnæs
- Section for Biodiversity & Conservation, Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Grenåvej 14, Rønde, 8410 Århus, Denmark
| | - Brody Sandel
- Section for Ecoinformatics & Biodiversity, Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Ny Munkegade 116, 8000 Århus C, Denmark
- Department of Biology, Santa Clara University, 500 El Camino Real, Santa Clara, CA 95053 USA
| | - Jens-Christian Svenning
- Section for Ecoinformatics & Biodiversity, Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Ny Munkegade 116, 8000 Århus C, Denmark
- Center for Biodiversity Dynamics in a Changing World (BIOCHANGE), Aarhus University, Ny Munkegade 116, 8000 Århus C, Denmark
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12
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Pedersen PBM, Olsen JB, Sandel B, Svenning JC. Wild Steps in a semi-wild setting? Habitat selection and behavior of European bison reintroduced to an enclosure in an anthropogenic landscape. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0198308. [PMID: 31697680 PMCID: PMC6837835 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0198308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently, several wild or semi-wild herds of European bison have been reintroduced across Europe. It is essential for future successful bison reintroductions to know how the European bison use different habitats, which environmental parameters drive their habitat selection, and whether their habitat use and behavioural patterns in new reintroduction sites differ from habitats where European bison have been roaming freely for a long time. Here, we address these questions for a 40-ha enclosed site that has been inhabited by semi-free ranging European bison since 2012. The site, Vorup Meadows, is adjacent to the Gudenå river in Denmark and consists of human-modified riparian meadows. During 2013 we monitored the behavioural pattern and spatial use of the 11 bison present and in parallel carried out floristic analyses to assess habitat structure and food quality in the enclosure. We tested habitat use and selection against environmental parameters such as habitat characteristics, plant community traits, topography, and management area (release area vs. meadow area) using linear regression and spatial models. The bison herd had comparable diurnal activity patterns as observed in previous studies on free-roaming bison herds. Topography emerged as the main predictor of the frequency of occurrence in our spatial models, with high-lying drier areas being used more. Bison did not prefer open areas over areas with tree cover when accounting for habitat availability. However, they spent significantly more time in the release area, a former agricultural field with supplementary fodder, than expected from availability compared to the rest of the enclosure, a meadow with tree patches. We wish to increase awareness of possible long-term ethological effects of the release site and the management protocols accomplished here that might reduce the ecological impact by the bison in the target habitat, and thereby compromise or even oppose the conservation goals of the conservation efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pil Birkefeldt Møller Pedersen
- Department of Bioscience, Section for Ecoinformatics & Biodiversity, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Bioscience, Center for Biodiversity Dynamics in a Changing World (BIOCHANGE), Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- * E-mail:
| | - Joanna B. Olsen
- Department of Bioscience, Section for Ecoinformatics & Biodiversity, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Brody Sandel
- Department of Bioscience, Section for Ecoinformatics & Biodiversity, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Jens-Christian Svenning
- Department of Bioscience, Section for Ecoinformatics & Biodiversity, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Bioscience, Center for Biodiversity Dynamics in a Changing World (BIOCHANGE), Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
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13
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Enquist BJ, Feng X, Boyle B, Maitner B, Newman EA, Jørgensen PM, Roehrdanz PR, Thiers BM, Burger JR, Corlett RT, Couvreur TLP, Dauby G, Donoghue JC, Foden W, Lovett JC, Marquet PA, Merow C, Midgley G, Morueta-Holme N, Neves DM, Oliveira-Filho AT, Kraft NJB, Park DS, Peet RK, Pillet M, Serra-Diaz JM, Sandel B, Schildhauer M, Šímová I, Violle C, Wieringa JJ, Wiser SK, Hannah L, Svenning JC, McGill BJ. The commonness of rarity: Global and future distribution of rarity across land plants. Sci Adv 2019; 5:eaaz0414. [PMID: 31807712 PMCID: PMC6881168 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aaz0414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
A key feature of life's diversity is that some species are common but many more are rare. Nonetheless, at global scales, we do not know what fraction of biodiversity consists of rare species. Here, we present the largest compilation of global plant diversity to quantify the fraction of Earth's plant biodiversity that are rare. A large fraction, ~36.5% of Earth's ~435,000 plant species, are exceedingly rare. Sampling biases and prominent models, such as neutral theory and the k-niche model, cannot account for the observed prevalence of rarity. Our results indicate that (i) climatically more stable regions have harbored rare species and hence a large fraction of Earth's plant species via reduced extinction risk but that (ii) climate change and human land use are now disproportionately impacting rare species. Estimates of global species abundance distributions have important implications for risk assessments and conservation planning in this era of rapid global change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian J. Enquist
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
- Santa Fe Institute, 1399 Hyde Park Rd., Santa Fe, NM 87501, USA
| | - Xiao Feng
- Institute of the Environment, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Brad Boyle
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Brian Maitner
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Erica A. Newman
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
- Institute of the Environment, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | | | - Patrick R. Roehrdanz
- Betty and Gordon Moore Center for Science, Conservation International, 2011 Crystal Dr., Arlington, VA 22202, USA
| | - Barbara M. Thiers
- New York Botanical Garden, 2900 Southern Blvd., Bronx, NY 10348, USA
| | - Joseph R. Burger
- Institute of the Environment, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Richard T. Corlett
- Centre for Integrative Conservation, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden and Center of Conservation Biology, Core Botanical Gardens, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Menglun, Yunnan, China
| | | | - Gilles Dauby
- AMAP, IRD, CIRAD, CNRS, INRA, Université Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Wendy Foden
- Cape Research Centre, South African National Parks, Tokai, 7947 Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Jon C. Lovett
- School of Geography, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey, UK
| | - Pablo A. Marquet
- Santa Fe Institute, 1399 Hyde Park Rd., Santa Fe, NM 87501, USA
- Departamento de Ecología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, CP 8331150 Santiago, Chile
- Instituto de Ecología y Biodiversidad (IEB), Laboratorio Internacional de Cambio Global and Centro de Cambio Global UC, Chile
| | - Cory Merow
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Connecticut, CT 06269, USA
| | - Guy Midgley
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Naia Morueta-Holme
- Center for Macroecology, Evolution and University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, Building 3, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Danilo M. Neves
- Department of Botany, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Ary T. Oliveira-Filho
- Department of Botany, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Nathan J. B. Kraft
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Daniel S. Park
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, MA 02138, USA
| | - Robert K. Peet
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, NC 27599, USA
| | - Michiel Pillet
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | | | - Brody Sandel
- Department of Biology, Santa Clara University, Santa Clara, CA 95053, USA
| | - Mark Schildhauer
- National Center for Ecological Analysis and Synthesis, Santa Barbara, CA 93101, USA
| | - Irena Šímová
- Centre for Theoretical Study, Charles University, Prague 1, Czech Republic
- Department of Ecology, Faculty of Sciences, Charles University, Czech Republic
| | - Cyrille Violle
- Université Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE, IRD, Université Paul Valéry Montpellier 3, Montpellier, France
| | - Jan J. Wieringa
- Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Darwinweg 2, Leiden, Netherlands
| | | | - Lee Hannah
- Betty and Gordon Moore Center for Science, Conservation International, 2011 Crystal Dr., Arlington, VA 22202, USA
| | - Jens-Christian Svenning
- Center for Biodiversity Dynamics in a Changing World (BIOCHANGE) and Section for Ecoinformatics and Biodiversity, Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Ny Munkegade 114, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Brian J. McGill
- School of Biology and Ecology and Senator George J. Mitchell Center of Sustainability Solutions, University of Maine, Orono, ME 04469, USA
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14
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Ji N, Gao C, Sandel B, Zheng Y, Chen L, Wu B, Li X, Wang Y, Lü P, Sun X, Guo L. Late Quaternary climate change explains soil fungal community composition rather than fungal richness in forest ecosystems. Ecol Evol 2019; 9:6678-6692. [PMID: 31236252 PMCID: PMC6580281 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.5247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Revised: 04/21/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The dramatic climate fluctuations of the late Quaternary have influenced the diversity and composition of macroorganism communities, but how they structure belowground microbial communities is less well known. Fungi constitute an important component of soil microorganism communities. They play an important role in biodiversity maintenance, community assembly, and ecosystem functioning, and differ from many macroorganisms in many traits. Here, we examined soil fungal communities in Chinese temperate, subtropical, and tropic forests using Illumina MiSeq sequencing of the fungal ITS1 region. The relative effect of late Quaternary climate change and contemporary environment (plant, soil, current climate, and geographic distance) on the soil fungal community was analyzed. The richness of the total fungal community, along with saprotrophic, ectomycorrhizal (EM), and pathogenic fungal communities, was influenced primarily by the contemporary environment (plant and/or soil) but not by late Quaternary climate change. Late Quaternary climate change acted in concert with the contemporary environment to shape total, saprotrophic, EM, and pathogenic fungal community compositions and with a stronger effect in temperate forest than in tropic-subtropical forest ecosystems. Some contemporary environmental factors influencing total, saprotrophic, EM, and pathogenic fungal communities in temperate and tropic-subtropical forests were different. We demonstrate that late Quaternary climate change can help to explain current soil fungal community composition and argue that climatic legacies can help to predict soil fungal responses to climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niu‐Niu Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of MicrobiologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- College of Life SciencesUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Cheng Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of MicrobiologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Brody Sandel
- Department of BiologySanta Clara UniversitySanta ClaraCalifornia
| | - Yong Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of MicrobiologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Liang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of MicrobiologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Bin‐Wei Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of MicrobiologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- College of Life SciencesUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Xing‐Chun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of MicrobiologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Yong‐Long Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of MicrobiologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- College of Life SciencesUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Peng‐Peng Lü
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of MicrobiologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- College of Life SciencesUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Xiang Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of MicrobiologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Liang‐Dong Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of MicrobiologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- College of Life SciencesUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
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15
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McFadden IR, Sandel B, Tsirogiannis C, Morueta-Holme N, Svenning JC, Enquist BJ, Kraft NJB. Temperature shapes opposing latitudinal gradients of plant taxonomic and phylogenetic β diversity. Ecol Lett 2019; 22:1126-1135. [PMID: 31066203 DOI: 10.1111/ele.13269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Revised: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Latitudinal and elevational richness gradients have received much attention from ecologists but there is little consensus on underlying causes. One possible proximate cause is increased levels of species turnover, or β diversity, in the tropics compared to temperate regions. Here, we leverage a large botanical dataset to map taxonomic and phylogenetic β diversity, as mean turnover between neighboring 100 × 100 km cells, across the Americas and determine key climatic drivers. We find taxonomic and tip-weighted phylogenetic β diversity is higher in the tropics, but that basal-weighted phylogenetic β diversity is highest in temperate regions. Supporting Janzen's 'mountain passes' hypothesis, tropical mountainous regions had higher β diversity than temperate regions for taxonomic and tip-weighted metrics. The strongest climatic predictors of turnover were average temperature and temperature seasonality. Taken together, these results suggest β diversity is coupled to latitudinal richness gradients and that temperature is a major driver of plant community composition and change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian R McFadden
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Brody Sandel
- Department of Biology, Santa Clara University, 500 El Camino Real, Santa Clara, CA, 95053, USA
| | - Constantinos Tsirogiannis
- Center for Massive Data Algorithmics, Department of Computer Science, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Naia Morueta-Holme
- Center for Macroecology, Evolution and Climate, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jens-Christian Svenning
- Center for Biodiversity Dynamics in a Changing World (BIOCHANGE), Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark.,Section for Ecoinformatics and Biodiversity, Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Brian J Enquist
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA.,The Santa Fe Institute, Santa Fe, NM, 8750, USA
| | - Nathan J B Kraft
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
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16
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17
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Echeverría-Londoño S, Enquist BJ, Neves DM, Violle C, Boyle B, Kraft NJB, Maitner BS, McGill B, Peet RK, Sandel B, Smith SA, Svenning JC, Wiser SK, Kerkhoff AJ. Plant Functional Diversity and the Biogeography of Biomes in North and South America. Front Ecol Evol 2018. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2018.00219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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18
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Buitenwerf R, Sandel B, Normand S, Mimet A, Svenning JC. Land surface greening suggests vigorous woody regrowth throughout European semi-natural vegetation. Glob Chang Biol 2018; 24:5789-5801. [PMID: 30238566 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.14451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Revised: 08/27/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The satellite record has revealed substantial land surface "greening" in the northern hemisphere over recent decades. Process-based Earth system models (ESMs) attribute enhanced vegetation productivity (greening) to CO2 fertilisation. However, the models poorly reproduce observed spatial patterns of greening, suggesting that they ignore crucial processes. Here, we explore whether fine-scale land cover dynamics, as modified by ecological and land-use processes, can explain the discrepancy between models and satellite-based estimates of greening. We used 500 m satellite-derived Leaf Area Index (LAI) to quantify greening. We focus on semi-natural vegetation in Europe, and distinguish between conservation areas and unprotected land. Within these ecological and land-use categories, we then explored the relationships between vegetation change and major climatic gradients. Despite the relatively short time-series (15 years), we found a strong overall increase in LAI (i.e., greening) across all European semi-natural vegetation types. The spatial pattern of vegetation change identifies land-use change, particularly land abandonment, as a major initiator of vegetation change both in- and outside of protected areas. The strongest LAI increases were observed in mild climates, consistent with more vigorous woody regrowth after cessation of intensive management in these environments. Surprisingly, rates of vegetation change within protected areas did not differ significantly from unprotected semi-natural vegetation. Overall, the detected LAI increases are consistent with previous, coarser-scale, studies. The evidence indicates that woody regrowth following land abandonment is an important driver of land surface greening throughout Europe. The results offer an explanation for the large discrepancies between ESM-derived and satellite-derived greening estimates and thus generate new avenues for improving the ESMs on which we rely for crucial climate forecasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Buitenwerf
- Section for Ecoinformatics and Biodiversity, Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
- Department of Bioscience, Center for Biodiversity Dynamics in a Changing World (BIOCHANGE), Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Brody Sandel
- Section for Ecoinformatics and Biodiversity, Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
- Department of Biology, Santa Clara University, Santa Clara, California
| | - Signe Normand
- Section for Ecoinformatics and Biodiversity, Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
- Department of Bioscience, Center for Biodiversity Dynamics in a Changing World (BIOCHANGE), Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Anne Mimet
- Section for Ecoinformatics and Biodiversity, Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
- Biodiversity Conservation Group, German Center for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jens-Christian Svenning
- Section for Ecoinformatics and Biodiversity, Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
- Department of Bioscience, Center for Biodiversity Dynamics in a Changing World (BIOCHANGE), Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
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19
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Bjorkman AD, Myers-Smith IH, Elmendorf SC, Normand S, Rüger N, Beck PSA, Blach-Overgaard A, Blok D, Cornelissen JHC, Forbes BC, Georges D, Goetz SJ, Guay KC, Henry GHR, HilleRisLambers J, Hollister RD, Karger DN, Kattge J, Manning P, Prevéy JS, Rixen C, Schaepman-Strub G, Thomas HJD, Vellend M, Wilmking M, Wipf S, Carbognani M, Hermanutz L, Lévesque E, Molau U, Petraglia A, Soudzilovskaia NA, Spasojevic MJ, Tomaselli M, Vowles T, Alatalo JM, Alexander HD, Anadon-Rosell A, Angers-Blondin S, Beest MT, Berner L, Björk RG, Buchwal A, Buras A, Christie K, Cooper EJ, Dullinger S, Elberling B, Eskelinen A, Frei ER, Grau O, Grogan P, Hallinger M, Harper KA, Heijmans MMPD, Hudson J, Hülber K, Iturrate-Garcia M, Iversen CM, Jaroszynska F, Johnstone JF, Jørgensen RH, Kaarlejärvi E, Klady R, Kuleza S, Kulonen A, Lamarque LJ, Lantz T, Little CJ, Speed JDM, Michelsen A, Milbau A, Nabe-Nielsen J, Nielsen SS, Ninot JM, Oberbauer SF, Olofsson J, Onipchenko VG, Rumpf SB, Semenchuk P, Shetti R, Collier LS, Street LE, Suding KN, Tape KD, Trant A, Treier UA, Tremblay JP, Tremblay M, Venn S, Weijers S, Zamin T, Boulanger-Lapointe N, Gould WA, Hik DS, Hofgaard A, Jónsdóttir IS, Jorgenson J, Klein J, Magnusson B, Tweedie C, Wookey PA, Bahn M, Blonder B, van Bodegom PM, Bond-Lamberty B, Campetella G, Cerabolini BEL, Chapin FS, Cornwell WK, Craine J, Dainese M, de Vries FT, Díaz S, Enquist BJ, Green W, Milla R, Niinemets Ü, Onoda Y, Ordoñez JC, Ozinga WA, Penuelas J, Poorter H, Poschlod P, Reich PB, Sandel B, Schamp B, Sheremetev S, Weiher E. Plant functional trait change across a warming tundra biome. Nature 2018; 562:57-62. [PMID: 30258229 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-018-0563-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 206] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Accepted: 08/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The tundra is warming more rapidly than any other biome on Earth, and the potential ramifications are far-reaching because of global feedback effects between vegetation and climate. A better understanding of how environmental factors shape plant structure and function is crucial for predicting the consequences of environmental change for ecosystem functioning. Here we explore the biome-wide relationships between temperature, moisture and seven key plant functional traits both across space and over three decades of warming at 117 tundra locations. Spatial temperature-trait relationships were generally strong but soil moisture had a marked influence on the strength and direction of these relationships, highlighting the potentially important influence of changes in water availability on future trait shifts in tundra plant communities. Community height increased with warming across all sites over the past three decades, but other traits lagged far behind predicted rates of change. Our findings highlight the challenge of using space-for-time substitution to predict the functional consequences of future warming and suggest that functions that are tied closely to plant height will experience the most rapid change. They also reveal the strength with which environmental factors shape biotic communities at the coldest extremes of the planet and will help to improve projections of functional changes in tundra ecosystems with climate warming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne D Bjorkman
- School of GeoSciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK. .,Ecoinformatics and Biodiversity, Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark. .,Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung, Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (BiK-F), Frankfurt, Germany.
| | | | - Sarah C Elmendorf
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA.,National Ecological Observatory Network, Boulder, CO, USA.,Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Signe Normand
- Ecoinformatics and Biodiversity, Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.,Arctic Research Center, Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.,Center for Biodiversity Dynamics in a Changing World (BIOCHANGE), Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Nadja Rüger
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.,Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa, Panama
| | - Pieter S A Beck
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Directorate D - Sustainable Resources, Bio-Economy Unit, Ispra, Italy
| | - Anne Blach-Overgaard
- Ecoinformatics and Biodiversity, Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.,Center for Biodiversity Dynamics in a Changing World (BIOCHANGE), Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Daan Blok
- Department of Physical Geography and Ecosystem Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - J Hans C Cornelissen
- Systems Ecology, Department of Ecological Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Bruce C Forbes
- Arctic Centre, University of Lapland, Rovaniemi, Finland
| | - Damien Georges
- School of GeoSciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.,International Agency for Research in Cancer, Lyon, France
| | - Scott J Goetz
- School of Informatics, Computing and Cyber Systems, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, USA
| | - Kevin C Guay
- Bigelow Laboratory for Ocean Sciences, East Boothbay, ME, USA
| | - Gregory H R Henry
- Department of Geography, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | | | | | - Dirk N Karger
- Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Jens Kattge
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.,Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Jena, Germany
| | - Peter Manning
- Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung, Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (BiK-F), Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Janet S Prevéy
- WSL Institute for Snow and Avalanche Research SLF, Davos, Switzerland
| | - Christian Rixen
- WSL Institute for Snow and Avalanche Research SLF, Davos, Switzerland
| | - Gabriela Schaepman-Strub
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Mark Vellend
- Département de biologie, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
| | - Martin Wilmking
- Institute of Botany and Landscape Ecology, Greifswald University, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Sonja Wipf
- WSL Institute for Snow and Avalanche Research SLF, Davos, Switzerland
| | - Michele Carbognani
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Luise Hermanutz
- Department of Biology, Memorial University, St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada
| | - Esther Lévesque
- Département des Sciences de l'environnement et Centre d'études nordiques, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Trois-Rivières, Québec, Canada
| | - Ulf Molau
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Alessandro Petraglia
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Nadejda A Soudzilovskaia
- Environmental Biology Department, Institute of Environmental Sciences, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Marko J Spasojevic
- Department of Evolution, Ecology and Organismal Biology, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Marcello Tomaselli
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Tage Vowles
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Juha M Alatalo
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Heather D Alexander
- Department of Forestry, Forest and Wildlife Research Center, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, USA
| | - Alba Anadon-Rosell
- Institute of Botany and Landscape Ecology, Greifswald University, Greifswald, Germany.,Department of Evolutionary Biology, Ecology and Environmental Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Biodiversity Research Institute, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Mariska Te Beest
- Department of Ecology and Environmental Science, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.,Environmental Sciences, Copernicus Institute of Sustainable Development, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Logan Berner
- School of Informatics, Computing and Cyber Systems, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, USA
| | - Robert G Björk
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Gothenburg Global Biodiversity Centre, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Agata Buchwal
- Institute of Geoecology and Geoinformation, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznan, Poland.,Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alaska, Anchorage, Anchorage, AK, USA
| | - Allan Buras
- Forest Ecology and Forest Management, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Elisabeth J Cooper
- Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, Faculty of Biosciences, Fisheries and Economics, UiT-The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Stefan Dullinger
- Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Bo Elberling
- Center for Permafrost (CENPERM), Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anu Eskelinen
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.,Department of Physiological Diversity, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ, Leipzig, Germany.,Department of Ecology and Genetics, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Esther R Frei
- Department of Geography, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Oriol Grau
- Global Ecology Unit, CREAF-CSIC-UAB, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain.,CREAF, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - Paul Grogan
- Department of Biology, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Martin Hallinger
- Biology Department, Swedish Agricultural University (SLU), Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Karen A Harper
- Biology Department, Saint Mary's University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Monique M P D Heijmans
- Plant Ecology and Nature Conservation Group, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - James Hudson
- British Columbia Public Service, Surrey, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Karl Hülber
- Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Maitane Iturrate-Garcia
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Colleen M Iversen
- Climate Change Science Institute and Environmental Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | - Francesca Jaroszynska
- WSL Institute for Snow and Avalanche Research SLF, Davos, Switzerland.,Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Jill F Johnstone
- Department of Biology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Rasmus Halfdan Jørgensen
- Forest and Landscape College, Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen, Nødebo, Denmark
| | - Elina Kaarlejärvi
- Department of Ecology and Environmental Science, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.,Department of Biology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Rebecca Klady
- Department of Forest Resources Management, Faculty of Forestry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Sara Kuleza
- Department of Biology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Aino Kulonen
- WSL Institute for Snow and Avalanche Research SLF, Davos, Switzerland
| | - Laurent J Lamarque
- Département des Sciences de l'environnement et Centre d'études nordiques, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Trois-Rivières, Québec, Canada
| | - Trevor Lantz
- School of Environmental Studies, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Chelsea J Little
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Department of Aquatic Ecology, Eawag: Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Dubendorf, Switzerland
| | - James D M Speed
- NTNU University Museum, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Anders Michelsen
- Center for Permafrost (CENPERM), Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ann Milbau
- Research Institute for Nature and Forest (INBO), Brussels, Belgium
| | | | - Sigrid Schøler Nielsen
- Ecoinformatics and Biodiversity, Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Josep M Ninot
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, Ecology and Environmental Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Biodiversity Research Institute, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Steven F Oberbauer
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Johan Olofsson
- Department of Ecology and Environmental Science, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | | | - Sabine B Rumpf
- Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Philipp Semenchuk
- Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, Faculty of Biosciences, Fisheries and Economics, UiT-The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway.,Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Rohan Shetti
- Institute of Botany and Landscape Ecology, Greifswald University, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Laura Siegwart Collier
- Department of Biology, Memorial University, St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada
| | - Lorna E Street
- School of GeoSciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Katharine N Suding
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Ken D Tape
- Institute of Northern Engineering, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK, USA
| | - Andrew Trant
- Department of Biology, Memorial University, St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada.,School of Environment, Resources and Sustainability, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Urs A Treier
- Ecoinformatics and Biodiversity, Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.,Arctic Research Center, Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.,Center for Biodiversity Dynamics in a Changing World (BIOCHANGE), Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Jean-Pierre Tremblay
- Département de biologie, Centre d'études nordiques and Centre d'étude de la forêt, Université Laval, Quebec City, Québec, Canada
| | - Maxime Tremblay
- Département des Sciences de l'environnement et Centre d'études nordiques, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Trois-Rivières, Québec, Canada
| | - Susanna Venn
- Centre for Integrative Ecology, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Burwood, Victoria, Australia
| | - Stef Weijers
- Department of Geography, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Tara Zamin
- Department of Biology, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - William A Gould
- USDA Forest Service International Institute of Tropical Forestry, Río Piedras, Puerto Rico
| | - David S Hik
- Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | | | - Ingibjörg S Jónsdóttir
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavík, Iceland.,University Centre in Svalbard, Longyearbyen, Norway
| | - Janet Jorgenson
- Arctic National Wildlife Refuge, US Fish and Wildlife Service, Fairbanks, AK, USA
| | - Julia Klein
- Department of Ecosystem Science and Sustainability, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | | | | | - Philip A Wookey
- Biology and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, UK
| | - Michael Bahn
- Institute of Ecology, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Benjamin Blonder
- Environmental Change Institute, School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,Rocky Mountain Biological Laboratory, Crested Butte, CO, USA
| | - Peter M van Bodegom
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Benjamin Bond-Lamberty
- Joint Global Change Research Institute, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Giandiego Campetella
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, Plant Diversity and Ecosystems Management Unit, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy
| | | | - F Stuart Chapin
- Institute of Arctic Biology, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK, USA
| | - William K Cornwell
- School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, Ecology and Evolution Research Centre, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | | | - Matteo Dainese
- Institute for Alpine Environment, Eurac Research, Bolzano, Italy
| | - Franciska T de Vries
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Sandra Díaz
- Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal (IMBIV), CONICET and FCEFyN, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Brian J Enquist
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA.,The Santa Fe Institute, Santa Fe, NM, USA
| | - Walton Green
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Ruben Milla
- Área de Biodiversidad y Conservación. Departamento de Biología, Geología, Física y Química Inorgánica, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ülo Niinemets
- Estonian University of Life Sciences, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Yusuke Onoda
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | | | - Wim A Ozinga
- Team Vegetation, Forest and Landscape Ecology, Wageningen Environmental Research (Alterra), Wageningen, The Netherlands.,Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Josep Penuelas
- CREAF, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain.,Global Ecology Unit CREAF-CSIC-UAB, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Hendrik Poorter
- Plant Sciences (IBG-2), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich, Germany.,Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Peter Poschlod
- Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Peter B Reich
- Department of Forest Resources, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA.,Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Brody Sandel
- Department of Biology, Santa Clara University, Santa Clara, CA, USA
| | - Brandon Schamp
- Department of Biology, Algoma University, Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Evan Weiher
- Department of Biology, University of Wisconsin - Eau Claire, Eau Claire, WI, USA
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20
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Chalmandrier L, Albouy C, Descombes P, Sandel B, Faurby S, Svenning JC, Zimmermann NE, Pellissier L. Comparing spatial diversification and meta-population models in the Indo-Australian Archipelago. R Soc Open Sci 2018; 5:171366. [PMID: 29657753 PMCID: PMC5882677 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.171366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2017] [Accepted: 01/31/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Reconstructing the processes that have shaped the emergence of biodiversity gradients is critical to understand the dynamics of diversification of life on Earth. Islands have traditionally been used as model systems to unravel the processes shaping biological diversity. MacArthur and Wilson's island biogeographic model predicts diversity to be based on dynamic interactions between colonization and extinction rates, while treating islands themselves as geologically static entities. The current spatial configuration of islands should influence meta-population dynamics, but long-term geological changes within archipelagos are also expected to have shaped island biodiversity, in part by driving diversification. Here, we compare two mechanistic models providing inferences on species richness at a biogeographic scale: a mechanistic spatial-temporal model of species diversification and a spatial meta-population model. While the meta-population model operates over a static landscape, the diversification model is driven by changes in the size and spatial configuration of islands through time. We compare the inferences of both models to floristic diversity patterns among land patches of the Indo-Australian Archipelago. Simulation results from the diversification model better matched observed diversity than a meta-population model constrained only by the contemporary landscape. The diversification model suggests that the dynamic re-positioning of islands promoting land disconnection and reconnection induced an accumulation of particularly high species diversity on Borneo, which is central within the island network. By contrast, the meta-population model predicts a higher diversity on the mainlands, which is less compatible with empirical data. Our analyses highlight that, by comparing models with contrasting assumptions, we can pinpoint the processes that are most compatible with extant biodiversity patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loïc Chalmandrier
- Landscape Ecology, Institute of Terrestrial Ecosystems, ETH Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, 8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Camille Albouy
- Landscape Ecology, Institute of Terrestrial Ecosystems, ETH Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, 8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Patrice Descombes
- Landscape Ecology, Institute of Terrestrial Ecosystems, ETH Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, 8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Brody Sandel
- Department of Biology, Santa Clara University, 500 El Camino Real, Santa Clara, CA 95053, USA
| | - Soren Faurby
- Department of Biogeography and Global Change, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Box 461, SE 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Jens-Christian Svenning
- Section for Ecoinformatics and Biodiversity, Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
- Center for Biodiversity Dynamics in a Changing World (BIOCHANGE), Aarhus University, Ny Munkegade 114, Aarhus, Denmark
| | | | - Loïc Pellissier
- Landscape Ecology, Institute of Terrestrial Ecosystems, ETH Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, 8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland
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21
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Eiserhardt WL, Antonelli A, Bennett DJ, Botigué LR, Burleigh JG, Dodsworth S, Enquist BJ, Forest F, Kim JT, Kozlov AM, Leitch IJ, Maitner BS, Mirarab S, Piel WH, Pérez-Escobar OA, Pokorny L, Rahbek C, Sandel B, Smith SA, Stamatakis A, Vos RA, Warnow T, Baker WJ. A roadmap for global synthesis of the plant tree of life. Am J Bot 2018; 105:614-622. [PMID: 29603138 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.1041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2017] [Accepted: 11/08/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Providing science and society with an integrated, up-to-date, high quality, open, reproducible and sustainable plant tree of life would be a huge service that is now coming within reach. However, synthesizing the growing body of DNA sequence data in the public domain and disseminating the trees to a diverse audience are often not straightforward due to numerous informatics barriers. While big synthetic plant phylogenies are being built, they remain static and become quickly outdated as new data are published and tree-building methods improve. Moreover, the body of existing phylogenetic evidence is hard to navigate and access for non-experts. We propose that our community of botanists, tree builders, and informaticians should converge on a modular framework for data integration and phylogenetic analysis, allowing easy collaboration, updating, data sourcing and flexible analyses. With support from major institutions, this pipeline should be re-run at regular intervals, storing trees and their metadata long-term. Providing the trees to a diverse global audience through user-friendly front ends and application development interfaces should also be a priority. Interactive interfaces could be used to solicit user feedback and thus improve data quality and to coordinate the generation of new data. We conclude by outlining a number of steps that we suggest the scientific community should take to achieve global phylogenetic synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolf L Eiserhardt
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, TW9 3AE, Richmond, Surrey, UK
- Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Ny Munkegade 116, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Alexandre Antonelli
- Gothenburg Global Biodiversity Centre, Box 461, 405 30, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Box 461, 405 30, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Gothenburg Botanical Garden, Carl Skottsbergs Gata 22B, SE-413 19, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Dominic J Bennett
- Gothenburg Global Biodiversity Centre, Box 461, 405 30, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Box 461, 405 30, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Gothenburg Botanical Garden, Carl Skottsbergs Gata 22B, SE-413 19, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | | | | | | | - Brian J Enquist
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
- The Santa Fe Institute, Santa Fe, NM, 87501, USA
| | - Félix Forest
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, TW9 3AE, Richmond, Surrey, UK
| | - Jan T Kim
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, TW9 3AE, Richmond, Surrey, UK
| | - Alexey M Kozlov
- Scientific Computing Group, Heidelberg Institute for Theoretical Studies, 69118, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ilia J Leitch
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, TW9 3AE, Richmond, Surrey, UK
| | - Brian S Maitner
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Siavash Mirarab
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, 92093, USA
| | - William H Piel
- Yale-NUS College, 16 College Avenue West, Singapore, 138527, Republic of Singapore
| | | | - Lisa Pokorny
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, TW9 3AE, Richmond, Surrey, UK
| | - Carsten Rahbek
- Center for Macroecology, Evolution and Climate, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, DK-2100, Copenhagen O, Denmark
- Imperial College London, Silwood Park, Buckhurst Road, Ascot, Berkshire, SL5 7PY, UK
| | - Brody Sandel
- Department of Biology, Santa Clara University, Santa Clara, CA, 95053, USA
| | - Stephen A Smith
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Alexandros Stamatakis
- Scientific Computing Group, Heidelberg Institute for Theoretical Studies, 69118, Heidelberg, Germany
- Institute for Theoretical Informatics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76128, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Rutger A Vos
- Naturalis Biodiversity Center, P.O. Box 9517, 2300RA, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Institute of Biology Leiden, P.O. Box 9505, 2300RA, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Tandy Warnow
- Department of Computer Science, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
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22
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Amano T, Székely T, Sandel B, Nagy S, Mundkur T, Langendoen T, Blanco D, Soykan CU, Sutherland WJ. Successful conservation of global waterbird populations depends on effective governance. Nature 2017; 553:199-202. [DOI: 10.1038/nature25139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 11/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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23
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Qian
- Research and Collections Center; Illinois State Museum; Springfield IL USA
| | - Brody Sandel
- Department of Biology; Santa Clara University; Santa Clara; CA USA
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24
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Maitner BS, Boyle B, Casler N, Condit R, Donoghue J, Durán SM, Guaderrama D, Hinchliff CE, Jørgensen PM, Kraft NJ, McGill B, Merow C, Morueta‐Holme N, Peet RK, Sandel B, Schildhauer M, Smith SA, Svenning J, Thiers B, Violle C, Wiser S, Enquist BJ. The
bien r
package: A tool to access the Botanical Information and Ecology Network (BIEN) database. Methods Ecol Evol 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/2041-210x.12861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Brian S. Maitner
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of Arizona Tucson AZ USA
| | - Brad Boyle
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of Arizona Tucson AZ USA
| | - Nathan Casler
- National Center for Supercomputing Applications University of Illinois Urbana‐Champaign Urbana IL USA
| | - Rick Condit
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute Center for Tropical Forest Science Global Forest Observatory Network Panama City Panama
| | - John Donoghue
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of Arizona Tucson AZ USA
| | - Sandra M. Durán
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of Arizona Tucson AZ USA
| | - Daniel Guaderrama
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of Arizona Tucson AZ USA
| | - Cody E. Hinchliff
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI USA
| | | | - Nathan J.B. Kraft
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of California Los Angeles CA USA
| | - Brian McGill
- School of Biology and Ecology University of Maine Orono ME USA
| | - Cory Merow
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Yale University New Haven CT USA
| | - Naia Morueta‐Holme
- Department of Integrative Biology University of California Berkeley CA USA
| | - Robert K. Peet
- Department of Biology University of North Carolina Chapel Hill NC USA
| | - Brody Sandel
- Department of Biology Santa Clara University Santa Clara CA USA
| | - Mark Schildhauer
- National Center for Ecological Analysis and Synthesis Santa Barbara CA USA
| | - Stephen A. Smith
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI USA
| | - Jens‐Christian Svenning
- Section for Ecoinformatics & Biodiversity Department of Bioscience Aarhus University Aarhus C Denmark
| | - Barbara Thiers
- William and Lynda Steere Herbarium at the New York Botanical Garden Bronx NY USA
| | - Cyrille Violle
- Center for Functional and Evolutionary Ecology (UMR 5175) CNRS ‐ University of Montpellier ‐ Paul Valéry University of Montpellier EPHE Montpellier France
| | | | - Brian J. Enquist
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of Arizona Tucson AZ USA
- The Santa Fe Institute Santa Fe NM USA
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25
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuqing N. Teng
- Section for Ecoinformatics & BiodiversityDepartment of BioscienceAarhus University Aarhus C Denmark
| | - Chi Xu
- School of Life SciencesNanjing University Nanjing China
| | - Brody Sandel
- Section for Ecoinformatics & BiodiversityDepartment of BioscienceAarhus University Aarhus C Denmark
| | - Jens‐Christian Svenning
- Section for Ecoinformatics & BiodiversityDepartment of BioscienceAarhus University Aarhus C Denmark
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26
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Blonder B, Moulton DE, Blois J, Enquist BJ, Graae BJ, Macias-Fauria M, McGill B, Nogué S, Ordonez A, Sandel B, Svenning JC. Predictability in community dynamics. Ecol Lett 2017; 20:293-306. [DOI: 10.1111/ele.12736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2016] [Revised: 11/14/2016] [Accepted: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Blonder
- Environmental Change Institute; School of Geography and the Environment; University of Oxford; Oxford OX1 3QY UK
- Department of Biology; Norwegian University of Science and Technology; Trondheim N-7491 Norway
| | | | - Jessica Blois
- School of Natural Sciences; University of California - Merced; Merced CA 95343 USA
| | - Brian J. Enquist
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology; University of Arizona; Tucson Arizona 85721 USA
| | - Bente J. Graae
- Department of Biology; Norwegian University of Science and Technology; Trondheim N-7491 Norway
| | - Marc Macias-Fauria
- School of Geography and the Environment; University of Oxford; Oxford OX1 3QY UK
| | - Brian McGill
- School of Biology and Ecology; University of Maine; Orono ME 04469 USA
| | - Sandra Nogué
- Department of Geography and Environment; University of Southampton; Southampton SO17 1BJ UK
| | - Alejandro Ordonez
- Section for Biodiversity & Ecoinformatics; Department of Bioscience; Aarhus University; Aarhus C DK-8000 Denmark
| | - Brody Sandel
- Section for Biodiversity & Ecoinformatics; Department of Bioscience; Aarhus University; Aarhus C DK-8000 Denmark
| | - Jens-Christian Svenning
- Section for Biodiversity & Ecoinformatics; Department of Bioscience; Aarhus University; Aarhus C DK-8000 Denmark
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27
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Sonne J, Martín González AM, Maruyama PK, Sandel B, Vizentin-Bugoni J, Schleuning M, Abrahamczyk S, Alarcón R, Araujo AC, Araújo FP, Mendes de Azevedo S, Baquero AC, Cotton PA, Ingversen TT, Kohler G, Lara C, Guedes Las-Casas FM, Machado AO, Machado CG, Maglianesi MA, Moura AC, Nogués-Bravo D, Oliveira GM, Oliveira PE, Ornelas JF, Rodrigues LDC, Rosero-Lasprilla L, Rui AM, Sazima M, Timmermann A, Varassin IG, Wang Z, Watts S, Fjeldså J, Svenning JC, Rahbek C, Dalsgaard B. High proportion of smaller ranged hummingbird species coincides with ecological specialization across the Americas. Proc Biol Sci 2017; 283:rspb.2015.2512. [PMID: 26842573 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2015.2512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Ecological communities that experience stable climate conditions have been speculated to preserve more specialized interspecific associations and have higher proportions of smaller ranged species (SRS). Thus, areas with disproportionally large numbers of SRS are expected to coincide geographically with a high degree of community-level ecological specialization, but this suggestion remains poorly supported with empirical evidence. Here, we analysed data for hummingbird resource specialization, range size, contemporary climate, and Late Quaternary climate stability for 46 hummingbird-plant mutualistic networks distributed across the Americas, representing 130 hummingbird species (ca 40% of all hummingbird species). We demonstrate a positive relationship between the proportion of SRS of hummingbirds and community-level specialization, i.e. the division of the floral niche among coexisting hummingbird species. This relationship remained strong even when accounting for climate, furthermore, the effect of SRS on specialization was far stronger than the effect of specialization on SRS, suggesting that climate largely influences specialization through species' range-size dynamics. Irrespective of the exact mechanism involved, our results indicate that communities consisting of higher proportions of SRS may be vulnerable to disturbance not only because of their small geographical ranges, but also because of their high degree of specialization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesper Sonne
- Center for Macroecology, Evolution and Climate, Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, Copenhagen Ø 2100, Denmark
| | - Ana M Martín González
- Center for Macroecology, Evolution and Climate, Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, Copenhagen Ø 2100, Denmark Pacific Ecoinformatics and Computational Ecology Lab, 1604 McGee Avenue, Berkeley, CA 94703, USA
| | - Pietro K Maruyama
- Center for Macroecology, Evolution and Climate, Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, Copenhagen Ø 2100, Denmark Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Cx. Postal 6109, Campinas, SP 13083-865, Brazil
| | - Brody Sandel
- Section for Ecoinformatics and Biodiversity, Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Ny Munkegade 114, Aarhus C 8000, Denmark
| | - Jeferson Vizentin-Bugoni
- Center for Macroecology, Evolution and Climate, Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, Copenhagen Ø 2100, Denmark Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Cx. Postal 6109, Campinas, SP 13083-865, Brazil
| | - Matthias Schleuning
- Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (BiK-F), Senckenberganlage 25, Frankfurt (Main) 60325, Germany
| | - Stefan Abrahamczyk
- Nees Institute of Plant Biodiversity, Meckenheimer Allee 170, Bonn 53115, Germany Institute of Systematic Botany, Zollikerstrasse, Zurich 107, Switzerland
| | - Ruben Alarcón
- Biology Program, California State University Channel Islands, Camarillo, CA 93012, USA
| | - Andréa C Araujo
- Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul 79070-900, Brazil
| | - Francielle P Araújo
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Cx. Postal 6109, Campinas, SP 13083-865, Brazil
| | | | - Andrea C Baquero
- Center for Macroecology, Evolution and Climate, Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, Copenhagen Ø 2100, Denmark
| | - Peter A Cotton
- Marine Biology and Ecology Research Centre, Plymouth University, Plymouth PL4 8AA, UK
| | | | - Glauco Kohler
- Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Avenida André Araújo 2936, Petrópolis, Manaus CEP 69080-971, Brazil
| | - Carlos Lara
- Centro de Investigación en Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Tlaxcala, Km 10.5 Autopista Tlaxcala-San Martín Texmelucan, San Felipe Ixtacuixtla, Tlaxcala 90120, Mexico
| | | | - Adriana O Machado
- Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia -UFU, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Caio Graco Machado
- Laboratório de Ornitologia, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana, Feira de Santana, Bahia 44036-900, Brazil
| | - María Alejandra Maglianesi
- Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (BiK-F), Senckenberganlage 25, Frankfurt (Main) 60325, Germany Vicerrectoría de Investigación, Universidad Estatal a Distancia (UNED), San José, Costa Rica
| | - Alan Cerqueira Moura
- Vicerrectoría de Investigación, Universidad Estatal a Distancia (UNED), San José, Costa Rica
| | - David Nogués-Bravo
- Center for Macroecology, Evolution and Climate, Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, Copenhagen Ø 2100, Denmark
| | - Genilda M Oliveira
- Instituto Federal do Triângulo Mineiro, Campus Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Paulo E Oliveira
- Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia -UFU, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Juan Francisco Ornelas
- Departamento de Biología Evolutiva, Instituto de Ecología AC, Carretera antigua aCoatepec 351, El Haya, Xalapa, Veracruz 91070, Mexico
| | - Licléia da Cruz Rodrigues
- Laboratory of Ornithology, Department of Zoology, ICB, Minas Gerais Federal University, PO Box 486, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Liliana Rosero-Lasprilla
- Grupo de Investigación Biología para la Conservación, Escuela de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Pedagógica y Tecnológica de Colombia, Tunja, Colombia
| | - Ana Maria Rui
- Departamento de Ecologia, Zoologia e Genética, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Capao do Leao, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Marlies Sazima
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Cx. Postal 6109, Campinas-SP 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Allan Timmermann
- Section for Ecoinformatics and Biodiversity, Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Ny Munkegade 114, Aarhus C 8000, Denmark
| | - Isabela Galarda Varassin
- Laboratório de Ecologia Vegetal, Departamento de Botânica, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná 81531-980, Brazil
| | - Zhiheng Wang
- Department of Ecology and Key Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes of the Ministry of Education, Peking University, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
| | - Stella Watts
- Landscape and Biodiversity Research Group, Department of Geographical and Environmental Sciences, University of Northampton, Avenue Campus, St George's Avenue, Northampton NN2 6JD, UK
| | - Jon Fjeldså
- Center for Macroecology, Evolution and Climate, Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, Copenhagen Ø 2100, Denmark
| | - Jens-Christian Svenning
- Section for Ecoinformatics and Biodiversity, Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Ny Munkegade 114, Aarhus C 8000, Denmark
| | - Carsten Rahbek
- Center for Macroecology, Evolution and Climate, Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, Copenhagen Ø 2100, Denmark Imperial College London, Silwood Park Campus, Ascot, Berkshire SL5 7PY, UK
| | - Bo Dalsgaard
- Center for Macroecology, Evolution and Climate, Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, Copenhagen Ø 2100, Denmark
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Sandel B, Monnet AC, Govaerts R, Vorontsova M. Late Quaternary climate stability and the origins and future of global grass endemism. Ann Bot 2017; 119:279-288. [PMID: 27578766 PMCID: PMC5321059 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcw178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2016] [Revised: 05/31/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Earth's climate is dynamic, with strong glacial-interglacial cycles through the Late Quaternary. These climate changes have had major consequences for the distributions of species through time, and may have produced historical legacies in modern ecological patterns. Unstable regions are expected to contain few endemic species, many species with strong dispersal abilities, and to be susceptible to the establishment of exotic species from relatively stable regions. We test these hypotheses with a global dataset of grass species distributions. METHODS We described global patterns of endemism, variation in the potential for rapid population spread, and exotic establishment in grasses. We then examined relationships of these response variables to a suite of predictor variables describing the mean, seasonality and spatial pattern of current climate and the temperature change velocity from the Last Glacial Maximum to the present. KEY RESULTS Grass endemism is strongly concentrated in regions with historically stable climates. It also depends on the spatial pattern of current climate, with many endemic species in areas with regionally unusual climates. There was no association between the proportion of annual species (representing potential population spread rates) and climate change velocity. Rather, the proportion of annual species depended very strongly on current temperature. Among relatively stable regions (<10 m year-1), increasing velocity decreased the proportion of species that were exotic, but this pattern reversed for higher-velocity regions (>10 m year-1). Exotic species were most likely to originate from relatively stable regions with climates similar to those found in their exotic range. CONCLUSIONS Long-term climate stability has important influences on global endemism patterns, largely confirming previous work from other groups. Less well recognized is its role in generating patterns of exotic species establishment. This result provides an important historical context for the conjecture that climate change in the near future may promote species invasions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brody Sandel
- Section for Ecoinformatics and Biodiversity, Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Anne-Christine Monnet
- Section for Ecoinformatics and Biodiversity, Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Rafaël Govaerts
- Comparative Plant and Fungal Biology, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, London TW9 3AE, UK
| | - Maria Vorontsova
- Comparative Plant and Fungal Biology, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, London TW9 3AE, UK
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29
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Engemann K, Sandel B, Boyle B, Enquist BJ, Jørgensen PM, Kattge J, McGill BJ, Morueta-Holme N, Peet RK, Spencer NJ, Violle C, Wiser SK, Svenning JC. A plant growth form dataset for the New World. Ecology 2016; 97:3243. [DOI: 10.1002/ecy.1569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Revised: 06/23/2016] [Accepted: 07/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- K. Engemann
- Section for Ecoinformatics & Biodiversity; Department of Bioscience; Aarhus University; Ny Munkegade 114 Aarhus C DK-8000 Denmark
| | - B. Sandel
- Section for Ecoinformatics & Biodiversity; Department of Bioscience; Aarhus University; Ny Munkegade 114 Aarhus C DK-8000 Denmark
| | - B. Boyle
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology; University of Arizona; Biosciences West 310 Tuscon Arizona 85721 USA
| | - B. J. Enquist
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology; University of Arizona; Biosciences West 310 Tuscon Arizona 85721 USA
| | - P. M. Jørgensen
- Missouri Botanical Garden; P.O. Box 299 St. Louis Missouri 63166 USA
| | - J. Kattge
- Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry; Jena 07745 Germany
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research Halle-Jena-Leipzig; Leipzig 04103 Germany
| | - B. J. McGill
- School of Biology & Ecology and Mitchell Center for Sustainability Solutions; University of Maine; Orono Maine 04473 USA
| | - N. Morueta-Holme
- Department of Integrative Biology; University of California - Berkeley; 3040 VLSB Berkeley California 94720 USA
| | - R. K. Peet
- Department of Biology; University of North Carolina; Chapel Hill North Carolina 27599 USA
| | - N. J. Spencer
- Landcare Research; PO Box 69040 Lincoln 7640 New Zealand
| | - C. Violle
- CEFE UMR 5175; CNRS - Université de Montpellier - Université Paul-Valéry Montpellier - EPHE; 1919 route de Mende Montpellier CEDEX 5 F-34293 France
| | - S. K. Wiser
- Landcare Research; PO Box 69040 Lincoln 7640 New Zealand
| | - J.-C. Svenning
- Section for Ecoinformatics & Biodiversity; Department of Bioscience; Aarhus University; Ny Munkegade 114 Aarhus C DK-8000 Denmark
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30
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Abstract
Many species assemblages represent a nonrandom subset of a larger species pool. When an assemblage tends to contain close evolutionary relatives or species with similar functional traits, it can be described as phylogenetically or functionally clustered. Clustering is often interpreted as evidence for filtering by some combination of environmental and biotic factors. At sufficiently large spatial extents, however, biogeographic barriers can also lead to strong clustering. Here, we suggest that the breakdown of biogeographic barriers associated with human introductions of exotic species can be used as an unintentional experiment to assess their importance in driving phylogenetic and functional structure. An important role of biogeographic barriers would be revealed by a breakdown in clustering, particularly phylogenetic clustering, following species introductions. On the other hand, a role of filtering can be supported by similar patterns of clustering in the native and exotic assemblages along environmental gradients. We test these predictions using the grasses of California, a diverse group including many introduced species. Native grass assemblages in the state are highly clustered with respect to the global grass species pool, both phylogenetically and functionally. Within the state, variation in the strength of clustering is well explained by climatic variables, suggesting an important role for environmental-biotic filtering. Further, subregions within the state with highly clustered native assemblages also contain highly clustered exotic assemblages. Contrary to expectation, though, the introduction of exotic species led to even more strongly clustered assemblages. We conclude that biogeographic barriers have generally not excluded the major grass lineages (e.g., tribes) from the state and likely act only on finer taxonomic scales (for example, excluding particular genera). Our approach should prove broadly applicable and contribute to improved understanding of broad-scale patterns of assemblage structure.
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31
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Abstract
For many applications in ecology, it is important to examine the phylogenetic relations between two communities of species. More formally, let [Formula: see text] be a phylogenetic tree and let A and B be two samples of its tips, representing the examined communities. We want to compute a value that expresses the phylogenetic diversity between A and B in [Formula: see text]. There exist several measures that can do this; these are the so-called phylogenetic beta diversity (β-diversity) measures. Two popular measures of this kind are the Community Distance (CD) and the Common Branch Length (CBL). In most applications, it is not sufficient to compute the value of a beta diversity measure for two communities A and B; we also want to know if this value is relatively large or small compared to all possible pairs of communities in [Formula: see text] that have the same size. To decide this, the ideal approach is to compute a standardised index that involves the mean and the standard deviation of this measure among all pairs of species samples that have the same number of elements as A and B. However, no method exists for computing exactly and efficiently this index for CD and CBL. We present analytical expressions for computing the expectation and the standard deviation of CD and CBL. Based on these expressions, we describe efficient algorithms for computing the standardised indices of the two measures. Using standard algorithmic analysis, we provide guarantees on the theoretical efficiency of our algorithms. We implemented our algorithms and measured their efficiency in practice. Our implementations compute the standardised indices of CD and CBL in less than twenty seconds for a hundred pairs of samples on trees with 7 ⋅ 10(4) tips. Our implementations are available through the R package PhyloMeasures.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Brody Sandel
- MADALGO and Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
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32
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Ma Z, Sandel B, Svenning JC. Phylogenetic assemblage structure of North American trees is more strongly shaped by glacial-interglacial climate variability in gymnosperms than in angiosperms. Ecol Evol 2016; 6:3092-106. [PMID: 27252830 PMCID: PMC4870196 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.2100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2015] [Revised: 03/02/2016] [Accepted: 03/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
How fast does biodiversity respond to climate change? The relationship of past and current climate with phylogenetic assemblage structure helps us to understand this question. Studies of angiosperm tree diversity in North America have already suggested effects of current water–energy balance and tropical niche conservatism. However, the role of glacial–interglacial climate variability remains to be determined, and little is known about any of these relationships for gymnosperms. Moreover, phylogenetic endemism, the concentration of unique lineages in restricted ranges, may also be related to glacial–interglacial climate variability and needs more attention. We used a refined phylogeny of both angiosperms and gymnosperms to map phylogenetic diversity, clustering and endemism of North American trees in 100‐km grid cells, and climate change velocity since Last Glacial Maximum together with postglacial accessibility to recolonization to quantify glacial–interglacial climate variability. We found: (1) Current climate is the dominant factor explaining the overall patterns, with more clustered angiosperm assemblages toward lower temperature, consistent with tropical niche conservatism. (2) Long‐term climate stability is associated with higher angiosperm endemism, while higher postglacial accessibility is linked to to more phylogenetic clustering and endemism in gymnosperms. (3) Factors linked to glacial–interglacial climate change have stronger effects on gymnosperms than on angiosperms. These results suggest that paleoclimate legacies supplement current climate in shaping phylogenetic patterns in North American trees, and especially so for gymnosperms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyu Ma
- Section for Ecoinformatics and Biodiversity Department of Bioscience Aarhus University Ny Munkegade 114 DK-8000 Aarhus C Denmark
| | - Brody Sandel
- Section for Ecoinformatics and Biodiversity Department of Bioscience Aarhus University Ny Munkegade 114 DK-8000 Aarhus C Denmark
| | - Jens-Christian Svenning
- Section for Ecoinformatics and Biodiversity Department of Bioscience Aarhus University Ny Munkegade 114 DK-8000 Aarhus C Denmark
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33
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Goldsmith GR, Morueta‐Holme N, Sandel B, Fitz ED, Fitz SD, Boyle B, Casler N, Engemann K, Jørgensen PM, Kraft NJB, McGill B, Peet RK, Piel WH, Spencer N, Svenning J, Thiers BM, Violle C, Wiser SK, Enquist BJ. Plant‐O‐Matic
: a dynamic and mobile guide to all plants of the Americas. Methods Ecol Evol 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/2041-210x.12548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gregory R. Goldsmith
- Ecosystem Fluxes Group Paul Scherrer Institute Villigen 5232 Switzerland
- Environmental Change Institute School of Geography and the Environment University of Oxford Oxford OX13QY UK
- Ocotea Technologies LLC Newton MA 02458 USA
| | - Naia Morueta‐Holme
- Integrative Biology University of California Berkeley Berkeley CA 94720 USA
| | - Brody Sandel
- Section for Ecoinformatics & Biodiversity Department of Bioscience Aarhus University Ny Munkegade 114 DK‐8000 Aarhus C Denmark
| | | | | | - Brad Boyle
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of Arizona Tucson AZ 85721 USA
| | - Nathan Casler
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of Arizona Tucson AZ 85721 USA
| | - Kristine Engemann
- Section for Ecoinformatics & Biodiversity Department of Bioscience Aarhus University Ny Munkegade 114 DK‐8000 Aarhus C Denmark
| | | | - Nathan J. B. Kraft
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles CA 90025 USA
| | - Brian McGill
- School of Biology and Ecology & Mitchell Center for Sustainability Solutions University of Maine Orono ME 04469 USA
| | - Robert K. Peet
- Department of Biology University of North Carolina Chapel Hill NC 27599‐3280 USA
| | - William H. Piel
- Yale‐NUS College 16 College Avenue West Singapore 138527 Singapore
- Department of Biological Sciences National University of Singapore 14 Science Drive 4 Singapore 117543 Singapore
| | - Nick Spencer
- Landcare Research P.O. Box 69040 Lincoln 7640 NZ USA
| | - Jens‐Christian Svenning
- Section for Ecoinformatics & Biodiversity Department of Bioscience Aarhus University Ny Munkegade 114 DK‐8000 Aarhus C Denmark
| | - Barbara M. Thiers
- The New York Botanical Garden 2900 Southern Blvd. Bronx NY 10348‐5126 USA
| | - Cyrille Violle
- CEFE UMR 5175 CNRS ‐ Université de Montpellier ‐ Université Paul‐Valéry Montpellier – EPHE 1919 route de Mende F‐34293 Montpellier CEDEX 5 France
| | | | - Brian J. Enquist
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of Arizona Tucson AZ 85721 USA
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34
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Milton K, Nolin DA, Ellis K, Lozier J, Sandel B, Lacey EA. Genetic, spatial, and social relationships among adults in a group of howler monkeys (Alouatta palliata) from Barro Colorado Island, Panama. Primates 2016; 57:253-65. [PMID: 26935548 DOI: 10.1007/s10329-016-0523-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2015] [Accepted: 02/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Kinship plays an important role in the social behavior of many primate species, including patterns of intra-group affiliation and cooperation. Within social groups, kinship is strongly affected by dispersal patterns, with the degree of relatedness among group-mates expected to decrease as the tendency to disperse increases. In primate species characterized by bisexual dispersal, relatedness among adult group-mates is predicted to be low, with social interactions shaped largely by factors other than kinship. To date, however, few studies have examined the role of kinship in social interactions in bisexually dispersing species. Accordingly, we collected genetic, spatial and behavioral data on all adult members (three males, six females) in a group of free-ranging mantled howler monkeys (Alouatta palliata)--a bisexually dispersing species of atelid primate--from Barro Colorado Island (BCI), Panama. Analyses of microsatellite variation revealed that relatedness was greater among adult males in this group (mean pairwise relatedness = 0.32 for males versus 0.09 for females). Relatedness among individuals, however, was not associated with either spatial proximity or frequency of social interactions. Instead, sex was a better predictor of both of these aspects of social behavior. While relatedness among adults had no discernible effect on the intra-group social interactions documented in this study, we postulate that kinship may facilitate affiliative and cooperative behaviors among male group-mates when interacting competitively with neighboring howler groups over access to food or potential mates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharine Milton
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California, 130 Mulford Hall, Berkeley, CA, 94720-3114, USA.
| | - David A Nolin
- Department of Anthropology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Kelsey Ellis
- Department of Anthropology, University of Texas, Austin, TX, 78705, USA
| | - Jeffrey Lozier
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, 35487, USA
| | - Brody Sandel
- Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Eileen A Lacey
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
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35
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Svenning JC, Eiserhardt WL, Normand S, Ordonez A, Sandel B. The Influence of Paleoclimate on Present-Day Patterns in Biodiversity and Ecosystems. Annu Rev Ecol Evol Syst 2015. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-112414-054314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jens-Christian Svenning
- Section for Ecoinformatics and Biodiversity, Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark;
| | | | - Signe Normand
- Section for Ecoinformatics and Biodiversity, Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark;
| | - Alejandro Ordonez
- Section for Ecoinformatics and Biodiversity, Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark;
| | - Brody Sandel
- Section for Ecoinformatics and Biodiversity, Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark;
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36
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Blonder B, Nogués-Bravo D, Borregaard MK, Donoghue JC, Jørgensen PM, Kraft NJB, Lessard JP, Morueta-Holme N, Sandel B, Svenning JC, Violle C, Rahbek C, Enquist BJ. Linking environmental filtering and disequilibrium to biogeography with a community climate framework. Ecology 2015; 96:972-85. [PMID: 26230018 DOI: 10.1890/14-0589.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
We present a framework to measure the strength of environmental filtering and disequilibrium of the species composition of a local community across time, relative to past, current, and future climates. We demonstrate the framework by measuring the impact of climate change on New World forests, integrating data for climate niches of more than 14000 species, community composition of 471 New World forest plots, and observed climate across the most recent glacial-interglacial interval. We show that a majority of communities have species compositions that are strongly filtered and are more in equilibrium with current climate than random samples from the regional pool. Variation in the level of current community disequilibrium can be predicted from Last Glacial Maximum climate and will increase with near-future climate change.
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37
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Engemann K, Enquist BJ, Sandel B, Boyle B, Jørgensen PM, Morueta-Holme N, Peet RK, Violle C, Svenning JC. Limited sampling hampers "big data" estimation of species richness in a tropical biodiversity hotspot. Ecol Evol 2015; 5:807-20. [PMID: 25692000 PMCID: PMC4328781 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.1405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2014] [Revised: 12/19/2014] [Accepted: 12/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Macro-scale species richness studies often use museum specimens as their main source of information. However, such datasets are often strongly biased due to variation in sampling effort in space and time. These biases may strongly affect diversity estimates and may, thereby, obstruct solid inference on the underlying diversity drivers, as well as mislead conservation prioritization. In recent years, this has resulted in an increased focus on developing methods to correct for sampling bias. In this study, we use sample-size-correcting methods to examine patterns of tropical plant diversity in Ecuador, one of the most species-rich and climatically heterogeneous biodiversity hotspots. Species richness estimates were calculated based on 205,735 georeferenced specimens of 15,788 species using the Margalef diversity index, the Chao estimator, the second-order Jackknife and Bootstrapping resampling methods, and Hill numbers and rarefaction. Species richness was heavily correlated with sampling effort, and only rarefaction was able to remove this effect, and we recommend this method for estimation of species richness with “big data” collections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristine Engemann
- Ecoinformatics & Biodiversity, Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University Ny Munkegade 114, Aarhus C, DK-8000, Denmark
| | - Brian J Enquist
- Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona Biosciences West 310, Tuscon, Arizona, 85721
| | - Brody Sandel
- Ecoinformatics & Biodiversity, Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University Ny Munkegade 114, Aarhus C, DK-8000, Denmark
| | - Brad Boyle
- Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona Biosciences West 310, Tuscon, Arizona, 85721
| | | | - Naia Morueta-Holme
- Integrative Biology, University of California 3040 VLSB, Berkeley, California, 94720-3140
| | - Robert K Peet
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599-3280
| | - Cyrille Violle
- CEFE UMR 5175, CNRS - Université de Montpellier - Université Paul-Valéry Montpellier EPHE 1919 route de Mende, Montpellier, CEDEX 5, F-34293, France
| | - Jens-Christian Svenning
- Ecoinformatics & Biodiversity, Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University Ny Munkegade 114, Aarhus C, DK-8000, Denmark
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38
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Abstract
The late Quaternary megafauna extinction was a severe global-scale event. Two factors, climate change and modern humans, have received broad support as the primary drivers, but their absolute and relative importance remains controversial. To date, focus has been on the extinction chronology of individual or small groups of species, specific geographical regions or macroscale studies at very coarse geographical and taxonomic resolution, limiting the possibility of adequately testing the proposed hypotheses. We present, to our knowledge, the first global analysis of this extinction based on comprehensive country-level data on the geographical distribution of all large mammal species (more than or equal to 10 kg) that have gone globally or continentally extinct between the beginning of the Last Interglacial at 132 000 years BP and the late Holocene 1000 years BP, testing the relative roles played by glacial–interglacial climate change and humans. We show that the severity of extinction is strongly tied to hominin palaeobiogeography, with at most a weak, Eurasia-specific link to climate change. This first species-level macroscale analysis at relatively high geographical resolution provides strong support for modern humans as the primary driver of the worldwide megafauna losses during the late Quaternary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Sandom
- Ecoinformatics and Biodiversity, Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Ny Munkegade 114, Aarhus C 8000, Denmark
| | - Søren Faurby
- Ecoinformatics and Biodiversity, Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Ny Munkegade 114, Aarhus C 8000, Denmark
| | - Brody Sandel
- Ecoinformatics and Biodiversity, Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Ny Munkegade 114, Aarhus C 8000, Denmark
| | - Jens-Christian Svenning
- Ecoinformatics and Biodiversity, Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Ny Munkegade 114, Aarhus C 8000, Denmark
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39
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Dalsgaard B, Carstensen DW, Fjeldså J, Maruyama PK, Rahbek C, Sandel B, Sonne J, Svenning JC, Wang Z, Sutherland WJ. Determinants of bird species richness, endemism, and island network roles in Wallacea and the West Indies: is geography sufficient or does current and historical climate matter? Ecol Evol 2014; 4:4019-31. [PMID: 25505528 PMCID: PMC4242583 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.1276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2014] [Accepted: 09/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Island biogeography has greatly contributed to our understanding of the processes determining species' distributions. Previous research has focused on the effects of island geography (i.e., island area, elevation, and isolation) and current climate as drivers of island species richness and endemism. Here, we evaluate the potential additional effects of historical climate on breeding land bird richness and endemism in Wallacea and the West Indies. Furthermore, on the basis of species distributions, we identify island biogeographical network roles and examine their association with geography, current and historical climate, and bird richness/endemism. We found that island geography, especially island area but also isolation and elevation, largely explained the variation in island species richness and endemism. Current and historical climate only added marginally to our understanding of the distribution of species on islands, and this was idiosyncratic to each archipelago. In the West Indies, endemic richness was slightly reduced on islands with historically unstable climates; weak support for the opposite was found in Wallacea. In both archipelagos, large islands with many endemics and situated far from other large islands had high importance for the linkage within modules, indicating that these islands potentially act as speciation pumps and source islands for surrounding smaller islands within the module and, thus, define the biogeographical modules. Large islands situated far from the mainland and/or with a high number of nonendemics acted as links between modules. Additionally, in Wallacea, but not in the West Indies, climatically unstable islands tended to interlink biogeographical modules. The weak and idiosyncratic effect of historical climate on island richness, endemism, and network roles indicates that historical climate had little effects on extinction-immigration dynamics. This is in contrast to the strong effect of historical climate observed on the mainland, possibly because surrounding oceans buffer against strong climate oscillations and because geography is a strong determinant of island richness, endemism and network roles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Dalsgaard
- Center for Macroecology, Evolution and Climate, Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen Universitetsparken 15, DK-2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark ; Conservation Science Group, Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3EJ, UK
| | - Daniel W Carstensen
- Department of Biological Sciences, Aarhus University Ny Munkegade 114, DK-8000, Aarhus C, Denmark ; Plant Phenology and Seed Dispersal Group, Departamento de Botânica, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) Avenida 24-A n° 1515, Rio Claro, SP, 13506-900, Brazil
| | - Jon Fjeldså
- Center for Macroecology, Evolution and Climate, Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen Universitetsparken 15, DK-2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Pietro K Maruyama
- Center for Macroecology, Evolution and Climate, Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen Universitetsparken 15, DK-2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark ; Programa de Pós-Graduacão em Ecologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP) Cx. Postal 6109, Campinas, SP, 13083-865, Brazil
| | - Carsten Rahbek
- Center for Macroecology, Evolution and Climate, Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen Universitetsparken 15, DK-2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Brody Sandel
- Department of Biological Sciences, Aarhus University Ny Munkegade 114, DK-8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Jesper Sonne
- Center for Macroecology, Evolution and Climate, Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen Universitetsparken 15, DK-2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Jens-Christian Svenning
- Department of Biological Sciences, Aarhus University Ny Munkegade 114, DK-8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Zhiheng Wang
- Center for Macroecology, Evolution and Climate, Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen Universitetsparken 15, DK-2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - William J Sutherland
- Conservation Science Group, Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3EJ, UK
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Amano T, Sandel B, Eager H, Bulteau E, Svenning JC, Dalsgaard B, Rahbek C, Davies RG, Sutherland WJ. Global distribution and drivers of language extinction risk. Proc Biol Sci 2014; 281:20141574. [PMID: 25186001 PMCID: PMC4173687 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2014.1574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2014] [Accepted: 08/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Many of the world's languages face serious risk of extinction. Efforts to prevent this cultural loss are severely constrained by a poor understanding of the geographical patterns and drivers of extinction risk. We quantify the global distribution of language extinction risk-represented by small range and speaker population sizes and rapid declines in the number of speakers-and identify the underlying environmental and socioeconomic drivers. We show that both small range and speaker population sizes are associated with rapid declines in speaker numbers, causing 25% of existing languages to be threatened based on criteria used for species. Language range and population sizes are small in tropical and arctic regions, particularly in areas with high rainfall, high topographic heterogeneity and/or rapidly growing human populations. By contrast, recent speaker declines have mainly occurred at high latitudes and are strongly linked to high economic growth. Threatened languages are numerous in the tropics, the Himalayas and northwestern North America. These results indicate that small-population languages remaining in economically developed regions are seriously threatened by continued speaker declines. However, risks of future language losses are especially high in the tropics and in the Himalayas, as these regions harbour many small-population languages and are undergoing rapid economic growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuya Amano
- Conservation Science Group, Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK
| | - Brody Sandel
- Section for Ecoinformatics and Biodiversity, Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Aarhus 8000 C, Denmark
| | - Heidi Eager
- Research Laboratory for Archaeology and the History of Art, School of Archaeology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 2HU, UK Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University, Corson Hall, Ithaca, NY 14853-2701, USA
| | - Edouard Bulteau
- Ecole Polytechnique, Route de Saclay, 91120 Palaiseau, France
| | - Jens-Christian Svenning
- Section for Ecoinformatics and Biodiversity, Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Aarhus 8000 C, Denmark
| | - Bo Dalsgaard
- Center for Macroecology, Evolution, and Climate, Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Carsten Rahbek
- Center for Macroecology, Evolution, and Climate, Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Richard G Davies
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - William J Sutherland
- Conservation Science Group, Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK
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Lamanna C, Blonder B, Violle C, Kraft NJB, Sandel B, Šímová I, Donoghue JC, Svenning JC, McGill BJ, Boyle B, Buzzard V, Dolins S, Jørgensen PM, Marcuse-Kubitza A, Morueta-Holme N, Peet RK, Piel WH, Regetz J, Schildhauer M, Spencer N, Thiers B, Wiser SK, Enquist BJ. Functional trait space and the latitudinal diversity gradient. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:13745-50. [PMID: 25225365 PMCID: PMC4183280 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1317722111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The processes causing the latitudinal gradient in species richness remain elusive. Ecological theories for the origin of biodiversity gradients, such as competitive exclusion, neutral dynamics, and environmental filtering, make predictions for how functional diversity should vary at the alpha (within local assemblages), beta (among assemblages), and gamma (regional pool) scales. We test these predictions by quantifying hypervolumes constructed from functional traits representing major axes of plant strategy variation (specific leaf area, plant height, and seed mass) in tree assemblages spanning the temperate and tropical New World. Alpha-scale trait volume decreases with absolute latitude and is often lower than sampling expectation, consistent with environmental filtering theory. Beta-scale overlap decays with geographic distance fastest in the temperate zone, again consistent with environmental filtering theory. In contrast, gamma-scale trait space shows a hump-shaped relationship with absolute latitude, consistent with no theory. Furthermore, the overall temperate trait hypervolume was larger than the overall tropical hypervolume, indicating that the temperate zone permits a wider range of trait combinations or that niche packing is stronger in the tropical zone. Although there are limitations in the data, our analyses suggest that multiple processes have shaped trait diversity in trees, reflecting no consistent support for any one theory.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Benjamin Blonder
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721; Center for Macroecology, Evolution, and Climate, Copenhagen University, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Cyrille Violle
- Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionelle et Evolutive, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5175, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique-Université de Montpellier-Université Paul-Valéry Montpellier-École Pratique des Hautes Études, 34293 Montpellier, France;
| | - Nathan J B Kraft
- Department of Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742
| | - Brody Sandel
- Section for Ecoinformatics and Biodiversity, Department of Bioscience and Center for Massive Data Algorithmics, Department of Computer Science, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Irena Šímová
- Center for Theoretical Study, Charles University in Prague and Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, 110 00 Praha, Czech Republic
| | - John C Donoghue
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721; iPlant Collaborative, Tucson, AZ 85721
| | | | - Brian J McGill
- Sustainability Solutions Initiative and School of Biology and Ecology, University of Maine, Orono, ME 04469
| | - Brad Boyle
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721; iPlant Collaborative, Tucson, AZ 85721
| | - Vanessa Buzzard
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721
| | - Steven Dolins
- Department of Computer Science and Information Systems, Bradley University, Peoria, IL 61625
| | | | - Aaron Marcuse-Kubitza
- iPlant Collaborative, Tucson, AZ 85721; National Center for Ecological Analysis and Synthesis, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106
| | - Naia Morueta-Holme
- Section for Ecoinformatics and Biodiversity, Department of Bioscience and
| | - Robert K Peet
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| | | | - James Regetz
- National Center for Ecological Analysis and Synthesis, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106
| | - Mark Schildhauer
- National Center for Ecological Analysis and Synthesis, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106
| | | | | | | | - Brian J Enquist
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721; iPlant Collaborative, Tucson, AZ 85721; Santa Fe Institute, Santa Fe, NM 87501
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Kissling WD, Dalby L, Fløjgaard C, Lenoir J, Sandel B, Sandom C, Trøjelsgaard K, Svenning JC. Establishing macroecological trait datasets: digitalization, extrapolation, and validation of diet preferences in terrestrial mammals worldwide. Ecol Evol 2014; 4:2913-30. [PMID: 25165528 PMCID: PMC4130448 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.1136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2014] [Revised: 05/08/2014] [Accepted: 05/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Ecological trait data are essential for understanding the broad-scale distribution of biodiversity and its response to global change. For animals, diet represents a fundamental aspect of species’ evolutionary adaptations, ecological and functional roles, and trophic interactions. However, the importance of diet for macroevolutionary and macroecological dynamics remains little explored, partly because of the lack of comprehensive trait datasets. We compiled and evaluated a comprehensive global dataset of diet preferences of mammals (“MammalDIET”). Diet information was digitized from two global and cladewide data sources and errors of data entry by multiple data recorders were assessed. We then developed a hierarchical extrapolation procedure to fill-in diet information for species with missing information. Missing data were extrapolated with information from other taxonomic levels (genus, other species within the same genus, or family) and this extrapolation was subsequently validated both internally (with a jack-knife approach applied to the compiled species-level diet data) and externally (using independent species-level diet information from a comprehensive continentwide data source). Finally, we grouped mammal species into trophic levels and dietary guilds, and their species richness as well as their proportion of total richness were mapped at a global scale for those diet categories with good validation results. The success rate of correctly digitizing data was 94%, indicating that the consistency in data entry among multiple recorders was high. Data sources provided species-level diet information for a total of 2033 species (38% of all 5364 terrestrial mammal species, based on the IUCN taxonomy). For the remaining 3331 species, diet information was mostly extrapolated from genus-level diet information (48% of all terrestrial mammal species), and only rarely from other species within the same genus (6%) or from family level (8%). Internal and external validation showed that: (1) extrapolations were most reliable for primary food items; (2) several diet categories (“Animal”, “Mammal”, “Invertebrate”, “Plant”, “Seed”, “Fruit”, and “Leaf”) had high proportions of correctly predicted diet ranks; and (3) the potential of correctly extrapolating specific diet categories varied both within and among clades. Global maps of species richness and proportion showed congruence among trophic levels, but also substantial discrepancies between dietary guilds. MammalDIET provides a comprehensive, unique and freely available dataset on diet preferences for all terrestrial mammals worldwide. It enables broad-scale analyses for specific trophic levels and dietary guilds, and a first assessment of trait conservatism in mammalian diet preferences at a global scale. The digitalization, extrapolation and validation procedures could be transferable to other trait data and taxa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilm Daniel Kissling
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics (IBED), University of Amsterdam P.O. Box 94248, 1090 GE, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Lars Dalby
- Section for Wildlife Ecology and Section for Biodiversity, Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University Grenåvej 14, DK-8410, Rønde, Denmark
| | - Camilla Fløjgaard
- Section for Wildlife Ecology and Section for Biodiversity, Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University Grenåvej 14, DK-8410, Rønde, Denmark
| | - Jonathan Lenoir
- Unité de Recherche Ecologie et Dynamique des Systèmes Anthropisés (EDYSAN, FRE 3498 CNRS-UPJV), Université de Picardie Jules Verne 1 Rue des Louvels, F-80037, Amiens Cedex, France
| | - Brody Sandel
- Section for Ecoinformatics & Biodiversity, Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University Ny Munkegade 114, DK-08000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Christopher Sandom
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Wildlife Conservation Research Unit, The Recanati-Kaplan Centre Tubney House, Abingdon Road, Tubney, Abingdon, OX13 5QL, U.K
| | - Kristian Trøjelsgaard
- Section for Genetics, Ecology and Evolution, Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University Ny Munkegade 114, DK-8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Jens-Christian Svenning
- Section for Ecoinformatics & Biodiversity, Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University Ny Munkegade 114, DK-08000, Aarhus C, Denmark
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Tsirogiannis C, Sandel B. Computing the skewness of the phylogenetic mean pairwise distance in linear time. Algorithms Mol Biol 2014; 9:15. [PMID: 25093036 PMCID: PMC4105894 DOI: 10.1186/1748-7188-9-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2013] [Accepted: 05/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The phylogenetic Mean Pairwise Distance (MPD) is one of the most popular measures for computing the phylogenetic distance between a given group of species. More specifically, for a phylogenetic tree and for a set of species R represented by a subset of the leaf nodes of , the MPD of R is equal to the average cost of all possible simple paths in that connect pairs of nodes in R. Among other phylogenetic measures, the MPD is used as a tool for deciding if the species of a given group R are closely related. To do this, it is important to compute not only the value of the MPD for this group but also the expectation, the variance, and the skewness of this metric. Although efficient algorithms have been developed for computing the expectation and the variance the MPD, there has been no approach so far for computing the skewness of this measure. Results In the present work we describe how to compute the skewness of the MPD on a tree optimally, in Θ(n) time; here n is the size of the tree . So far this is the first result that leads to an exact, let alone efficient, computation of the skewness for any popular phylogenetic distance measure. Moreover, we show how we can compute in Θ(n) time several interesting quantities in , that can be possibly used as building blocks for computing efficiently the skewness of other phylogenetic measures. Conclusions The optimal computation of the skewness of the MPD that is outlined in this work provides one more tool for studying the phylogenetic relatedness of species in large phylogenetic trees. Until now this has been infeasible, given that traditional techniques for computing the skewness are inefficient and based on inexact resampling.
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Barnagaud JY, Daniel Kissling W, Sandel B, Eiserhardt WL, Şekercioğlu ÇH, Enquist BJ, Tsirogiannis C, Svenning JC. Ecological traits influence the phylogenetic structure of bird species co-occurrences worldwide. Ecol Lett 2014; 17:811-20. [DOI: 10.1111/ele.12285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2013] [Revised: 10/10/2013] [Accepted: 03/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Yves Barnagaud
- Section for Ecoinformatics & Biodiversity; Department of Bioscience; Aarhus University; DK-8000 Aarhus C Denmark
| | - W. Daniel Kissling
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics (IBED); University of Amsterdam; P.O. Box 94248, 1090 GE Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Brody Sandel
- Section for Ecoinformatics & Biodiversity; Department of Bioscience; Aarhus University; DK-8000 Aarhus C Denmark
- Center for Massive Data Algorithmics (MADALGO); Aarhus University; DK-8000 Aarhus C Denmark
| | - Wolf L. Eiserhardt
- Section for Ecoinformatics & Biodiversity; Department of Bioscience; Aarhus University; DK-8000 Aarhus C Denmark
| | - Çağan H. Şekercioğlu
- Department of Biology; University of Utah; 257 S. 1400 E. Salt Lake City UT 84112 USA
- KuzeyDoğa Derneği; Ortakapı Mah. Șehit Yusuf Cad.; No:93 Kat:1 Merkez Kars 36100 Turkey
| | - Brian J. Enquist
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology; University of Arizona; P.O. Box 210088 Tucson 85721 AZ USA
- The Santa Fe Institute; 1399 Hyde Park Rd Santa Fe NM 87501 USA
| | - Constantinos Tsirogiannis
- Section for Ecoinformatics & Biodiversity; Department of Bioscience; Aarhus University; DK-8000 Aarhus C Denmark
- Center for Massive Data Algorithmics (MADALGO); Aarhus University; DK-8000 Aarhus C Denmark
| | - Jens-Christian Svenning
- Section for Ecoinformatics & Biodiversity; Department of Bioscience; Aarhus University; DK-8000 Aarhus C Denmark
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Abstract
Phenotypic traits mediate organisms' interactions with the environment and determine how they affect and are affected by their biotic and abiotic milieu. Thus, dispersion of trait values, or functional diversity (FD) of a community can offer insights into processes driving community assembly. For example, underdispersion of FD suggests that habitat "filtering" of species with unfavorable trait values restricts the species that can exist in a particular habitat, while even spacing of FD suggests that interspecific competition, or biotic "sorting," discourages the coexistence of species with similar trait values. Since assembly processes are expected to vary as a function of spatial scale, we should also expect patterns of FD to reflect scale dependence in filtering and biotic sorting. Here we present the concept of the functional-diversity-area relationship (FAR), which is similar to the species-area relationship but plots a measure of phenotypic trait diversity as a function of spatial scale. We develop a set of null model tests that discriminate between FARs generated predominantly by filtering or biotic sorting and indicate the scales at which these effects are pronounced. The utility of the FAR for addressing long-standing issues in ecology is illustrated with several examples. A multi-scale examination of FD and its pattern relative to null expectations provides an important tool for ecologists interested in understanding the scale dependence of community assembly processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam B Smith
- Center for Conservation and Sustainable Development, Missouri Botanical Garden, P.O. Box 299, St. Louis, Missouri 63166, USA.
| | - Brody Sandel
- Ecoinformatics and Biodiversity Group, Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Ny Munkegade 114, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Nathan J B Kraft
- Ecoinformatics and Biodiversity Group, Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Ny Munkegade 114, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
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Schleuning M, Ingmann L, Strauß R, Fritz SA, Dalsgaard B, Matthias Dehling D, Plein M, Saavedra F, Sandel B, Svenning JC, Böhning-Gaese K, Dormann CF. Ecological, historical and evolutionary determinants of modularity in weighted seed-dispersal networks. Ecol Lett 2014; 17:454-63. [DOI: 10.1111/ele.12245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2013] [Revised: 10/25/2013] [Accepted: 12/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Schleuning
- Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (BiK-F) and Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung; Senckenberganlage 25 60325 Frankfurt am Main Germany
| | - Lili Ingmann
- Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (BiK-F) and Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung; Senckenberganlage 25 60325 Frankfurt am Main Germany
| | - Rouven Strauß
- Department of Computer Science; Technion - Israel Institute of Technology; Haifa 32000 Israel
| | - Susanne A. Fritz
- Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (BiK-F) and Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung; Senckenberganlage 25 60325 Frankfurt am Main Germany
| | - Bo Dalsgaard
- Center for Macroecology, Evolution and Climate, Natural History Museum of Denmark; University of Copenhagen; 2100 Copenhagen Ø Denmark
| | - D. Matthias Dehling
- Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (BiK-F) and Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung; Senckenberganlage 25 60325 Frankfurt am Main Germany
| | - Michaela Plein
- Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (BiK-F) and Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung; Senckenberganlage 25 60325 Frankfurt am Main Germany
- School of Botany; The University of Melbourne; Parkville VIC 3010 Australia
| | - Francisco Saavedra
- Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (BiK-F) and Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung; Senckenberganlage 25 60325 Frankfurt am Main Germany
- Institute for Biology/Geobotany and Botanical Garden; Martin-Luther-University, Halle-Wittenberg; Am Kirchtor 1 06108 Halle (Saale) Germany
| | - Brody Sandel
- Ecoinformatics and Biodiversity; Department of Bioscience; Aarhus University; 8000 Aarhus C Denmark
| | - Jens-Christian Svenning
- Ecoinformatics and Biodiversity; Department of Bioscience; Aarhus University; 8000 Aarhus C Denmark
| | - Katrin Böhning-Gaese
- Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (BiK-F) and Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung; Senckenberganlage 25 60325 Frankfurt am Main Germany
- Department of Biological Sciences; Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität Frankfurt; Max-von-Laue-Straße 9 60438 Frankfurt (Main) Germany
| | - Carsten F. Dormann
- Biometry and Environmental System Analysis; University of Freiburg; 79106 Freiburg Germany
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Sandel B, Svenning JC. Human impacts drive a global topographic signature in tree cover. Nat Commun 2013; 4:2474. [DOI: 10.1038/ncomms3474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2013] [Accepted: 08/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
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Sandom C, Dalby L, Fløjgaard C, Kissling WD, Lenoir J, Sandel B, Trøjelsgaard K, Ejrnaes R, Svenning JC. Mammal predator and prey species richness are strongly linked at macroscales. Ecology 2013; 94:1112-22. [PMID: 23858651 DOI: 10.1890/12-1342.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Predator-prey interactions play an important role for species composition and community dynamics at local scales, but their importance in shaping large-scale gradients of species richness remains unexplored. Here, we use global range maps, structural equation models (SEM), and comprehensive databases of dietary preferences and body masses of all terrestrial, non-volant mammals worldwide, to test whether (1) prey bottom-up or predator top-down relationships are important drivers of broad-scale species richness gradients once the environment and human influence have been accounted for, (2) predator-prey richness associations vary among biogeographic regions, and (3) body size influences large-scale covariation between predators and prey. SEMs including only productivity, climate, and human factors explained a high proportion of variance in prey richness (R2=0.56) but considerably less in predator richness (R2=0.13). Adding predator-to-prey or prey-to-predator paths strongly increased the explained variance in both cases (prey R2=0.79, predator R2=0.57), suggesting that predator-prey interactions play an important role in driving global diversity gradients. Prey bottom-up effects prevailed over productivity, climate, and human influence to explain predator richness, whereas productivity and climate were more important than predator top-down effects for explaining prey richness, although predator top-down effects were still significant. Global predator-prey associations were not reproduced in all regions, indicating that distinct paleoclimate and evolutionary histories (Africa and Australia) may alter species interactions across trophic levels. Stronger cross-trophic-level associations were recorded within categories of similar body size (e.g., large prey to large predators) than between them (e.g., large prey to small predators), suggesting that mass-related energetic and physiological constraints influence broad-scale richness links, especially for large-bodied mammals. Overall, our results support the idea that trophic interactions can be important drivers of large-scale species richness gradients in combination with environmental effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Sandom
- Ecoinformatics and Biodiversity Group, Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Ny Munkegade 114, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark.
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Abstract
PREMISE OF THE STUDY Near-future climate changes are likely to elicit major vegetation changes. Disequilibrium dynamics, which occur when vegetation comes out of equilibrium with climate, are potentially a key facet of these. Understanding these dynamics is crucial for making accurate predictions, informing conservation planning, and understanding likely changes in ecosystem function on time scales relevant to society. However, many predictive studies have instead focused on equilibrium end-points with little consideration of the transient trajectories. METHODS We review what we should expect in terms of disequilibrium vegetation dynamics over the next 50-200 yr, covering a broad range of research fields including paleoecology, macroecology, landscape ecology, vegetation science, plant ecology, invasion biology, global change biology, and ecosystem ecology. KEY RESULTS The expected climate changes are likely to induce marked vegetation disequilibrium with climate at both leading and trailing edges, with leading-edge disequilibrium dynamics due to lags in migration at continental to landscape scales, in local population build-up and succession, in local evolutionary responses, and in ecosystem development, and trailing-edge disequilibrium dynamics involving delayed local extinctions and slow losses of ecosystem structural components. Interactions with habitat loss and invasive pests and pathogens are likely to further contribute to disequilibrium dynamics. Predictive modeling and climate-change experiments are increasingly representing disequilibrium dynamics, but with scope for improvement. CONCLUSIONS The likely pervasiveness and complexity of vegetation disequilibrium is a major challenge for forecasting ecological dynamics and, combined with the high ecological importance of vegetation, also constitutes a major challenge for future nature conservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens-Christian Svenning
- Ecoinformatics & Biodiversity Group, Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Ny Munkegade 114, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark.
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