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Langhammer PF, Bull JW, Bicknell JE, Oakley JL, Brown MH, Bruford MW, Butchart SHM, Carr JA, Church D, Cooney R, Cutajar S, Foden W, Foster MN, Gascon C, Geldmann J, Genovesi P, Hoffmann M, Howard-McCombe J, Lewis T, Macfarlane NBW, Melvin ZE, Merizalde RS, Morehouse MG, Pagad S, Polidoro B, Sechrest W, Segelbacher G, Smith KG, Steadman J, Strongin K, Williams J, Woodley S, Brooks TM. The positive impact of conservation action. Science 2024; 384:453-458. [PMID: 38662833 DOI: 10.1126/science.adj6598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Abstract
Governments recently adopted new global targets to halt and reverse the loss of biodiversity. It is therefore crucial to understand the outcomes of conservation actions. We conducted a global meta-analysis of 186 studies (including 665 trials) that measured biodiversity over time and compared outcomes under conservation action with a suitable counterfactual of no action. We find that in two-thirds of cases, conservation either improved the state of biodiversity or at least slowed declines. Specifically, we find that interventions targeted at species and ecosystems, such as invasive species control, habitat loss reduction and restoration, protected areas, and sustainable management, are highly effective and have large effect sizes. This provides the strongest evidence to date that conservation actions are successful but require transformational scaling up to meet global targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Penny F Langhammer
- Re:wild, PO Box 129, Austin, TX 78767, USA
- Arizona State University, School of Life Sciences, PO Box 874501, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - Joseph W Bull
- Department of Biology, University of Oxford, 11a Mansfield Rd, Oxford OX1 3SZ, UK
- Durrell Institute of Conservation and Ecology (DICE), School of Anthropology and Conservation, University of Kent, Canterbury CT2 7NR, UK
- Wild Business Ltd, London, UK
| | - Jake E Bicknell
- Durrell Institute of Conservation and Ecology (DICE), School of Anthropology and Conservation, University of Kent, Canterbury CT2 7NR, UK
| | | | | | - Michael W Bruford
- School of Biosciences and Sustainable Places Research Institute, Cathays Park, Cardiff CF10 3AX, UK
- IUCN SSC Conservation Genetics Specialist Group, 28 rue Mauverney, 1196 Gland, Switzerland
| | - Stuart H M Butchart
- BirdLife International, David Attenborough Building, Pembroke Street, Cambridge CB2 3QZ, UK
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Downing St., Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK
| | - Jamie A Carr
- Leverhulme Centre for Anthropocene Biodiversity, University of York, York YO10 15DD, UK
- Department of Environment and Geography, University of York, York YO10 5DD, UK
- IUCN SSC Climate Change Specialist Group, 28 rue Mauverney, 1196 Gland, Switzerland
| | - Don Church
- Re:wild, PO Box 129, Austin, TX 78767, USA
| | - Rosie Cooney
- CEESP/SSC IUCN Sustainable Use and Livelihoods Specialist Group, 28 rue Mauverney, 1196 Gland, Switzerland
- Fenner School of Environment and Society, Australian National University, ACT 2601, Australia
| | | | - Wendy Foden
- IUCN SSC Climate Change Specialist Group, 28 rue Mauverney, 1196 Gland, Switzerland
- South African National Parks, Cape Research Centre, Tokai, Cape Town, 7966, South Africa
- FitzPatrick Institute of African Ornithology, Rondebosch, Cape Town, 7701, South Africa
- Global Change Biology Group, Department of Botany and Zoology, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | | | - Claude Gascon
- The Global Environment Facility, 1818 H Street NW, Washington, DC 20433, USA
| | - Jonas Geldmann
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Downing St., Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK
- Center for Macroecology, Evolution and Climate, GLOBE Institute, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, 2100 Copenhagen E, Denmark
| | - Piero Genovesi
- Institute for Environmental Protection and Research, Via Vitaliano Brancati 48, 00144 Rome, Italy
- IUCN SSC Invasive Species Specialist Group, 00144 Rome, Italy
- Centre for Invasion Biology, Department of Botany and Zoology, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Michael Hoffmann
- IUCN Species Survival Commission, 28 rue Mauverney, 1196 Gland, Switzerland
- Zoological Society of London, Regent's Park, London NW1 4RY, UK
| | - Jo Howard-McCombe
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, The Sir Martin Evans Building, Museum Avenue, Cardiff, CF10 3AX, UK
- RZSS WildGenes, Conservation Department, Royal Zoological Society of Scotland, Edinburgh EH12 6TS, UK
| | - Tiffany Lewis
- Arizona State University, 427 E. Tyler Mall, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA
| | | | - Zoe E Melvin
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, The Sir Martin Evans Building, Museum Avenue, Cardiff, CF10 3AX, UK
- Bangor University, School of Natural Sciences, Deiniol Road, Bangor, Gwynedd, Wales LL57 2UW, UK
| | | | - Meredith G Morehouse
- LLaves: Keys to Bilingual Conservation, LLC, 346 Mayberry Hill Road, Casco, Maine 04015, USA
| | - Shyama Pagad
- University of Auckland, Auckland 1072, New Zealand
| | - Beth Polidoro
- IUCN Species Survival Commission, 28 rue Mauverney, 1196 Gland, Switzerland
- Arizona State University, 4701 W. Thunderbird Rd, Glendale, AZ 85382, USA
| | | | - Gernot Segelbacher
- IUCN SSC Conservation Genetics Specialist Group, 28 rue Mauverney, 1196 Gland, Switzerland
- University Freiburg, Tennenbacher Str. 4, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Kevin G Smith
- IUCN, The David Attenborough Building, Pembroke St, Cambridge CB2 3QZ, UK
| | - Janna Steadman
- Durrell Institute of Conservation and Ecology (DICE), School of Anthropology and Conservation, University of Kent, Canterbury CT2 7NR, UK
| | - Kyle Strongin
- Arizona State University, 800 S. Cady Mall, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA
| | - Jake Williams
- Imperial College London, Silwood Park, Ascot SL5 7PY, UK
| | - Stephen Woodley
- IUCN World Commission on Protected Areas, 64 Juniper Road, Chelsea, Quebec J9B 1T3, Canada
| | - Thomas M Brooks
- IUCN, 28 rue Mauverney, 1196 Gland, Switzerland
- World Agroforestry Center, University of The Philippines Los Baños, Laguna, Philippines
- Institute for Marine & Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia
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Mancini G, Santini L, Cazalis V, Akçakaya HR, Lucas PM, Brooks TM, Foden W, Di Marco M. A standard approach for including climate change responses in IUCN Red List assessments. Conserv Biol 2023:e14227. [PMID: 38111977 DOI: 10.1111/cobi.14227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/20/2023]
Abstract
The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List is a central tool for extinction risk monitoring and influences global biodiversity policy and action. But, to be effective, it is crucial that it consistently accounts for each driver of extinction. Climate change is rapidly becoming a key extinction driver, but consideration of climate change information remains challenging for the IUCN. Several methods can be used to predict species' future decline, but they often fail to provide estimates of the symptoms of endangerment used by IUCN. We devised a standardized method to measure climate change impact in terms of change in habitat quality to inform criterion A3 on future population reduction. Using terrestrial nonvolant tetrapods as a case study, we measured this impact as the difference between the current and the future species climatic niche, defined based on current and future bioclimatic variables under alternative model algorithms, dispersal scenarios, emission scenarios, and climate models. Our models identified 171 species (13% out of those analyzed) for which their current red-list category could worsen under criterion A3 if they cannot disperse beyond their current range in the future. Categories for 14 species (1.5%) could worsen if maximum dispersal is possible. Although ours is a simulation exercise and not a formal red-list assessment, our results suggest that considering climate change impacts may reduce misclassification and strengthen consistency and comprehensiveness of IUCN Red List assessments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giordano Mancini
- Department of Biology and Biotechnologies "Charles Darwin,", Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Luca Santini
- Department of Biology and Biotechnologies "Charles Darwin,", Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Victor Cazalis
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - H Reşit Akçakaya
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, Stony Brook University, New York, New York, USA
- IUCN Species Survival Commission (SSC), Gland, Switzerland
| | - Pablo M Lucas
- Department of Biology and Biotechnologies "Charles Darwin,", Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal y Ecología, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Thomas M Brooks
- IUCN Species Survival Commission (SSC), Gland, Switzerland
- World Agroforestry Center (ICRAF), University of The Philippines Los Baños, Los Baños, Philippines
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Wendy Foden
- Cape Research Centre, South African National Parks, Cape Town, South Africa
- Global Change Biology Group, Department of Botany and Zoology, University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Moreno Di Marco
- Department of Biology and Biotechnologies "Charles Darwin,", Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
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3
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Harper JRM, van Wilgen NJ, Turner AA, Tolley KA, Maritz B, Clusella‐Trullas S, da Silva JM, Cunningham SJ, Cheney C, de Villiers AL, Measey J, Foden W. Application of a trait‐based climate change vulnerability assessment to determine management priorities at protected area scale. Conservat Sci and Prac 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/csp2.12756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jack R. M. Harper
- DSI‐NRF Centre of Excellence FitzPatrick Institute of African Ornithology, University of Cape Town Rondebosch South Africa
| | - Nicola J. van Wilgen
- Cape Research Centre, South African National Parks Cape Town South Africa
- Centre for Invasion Biology, Dept. Botany and Zoology Stellenbosch University Stellenbosch South Africa
| | - Andrew A. Turner
- CapeNature, Scientific Services Stellenbosch South Africa
- Department of Biodiversity and Conservation Biology University of the Western Cape Bellville South Africa
| | - Krystal A. Tolley
- South African National Biodiversity Institute, Kirstenbosch Research Centre Cape Town South Africa
- Centre for Ecological Genomics and Wildlife Conservation, Department of Zoology University of Johannesburg South Africa
| | - Bryan Maritz
- Department of Biodiversity and Conservation Biology University of the Western Cape Bellville South Africa
| | - Susana Clusella‐Trullas
- Centre for Invasion Biology, Dept. Botany and Zoology Stellenbosch University Stellenbosch South Africa
| | - Jessica M. da Silva
- South African National Biodiversity Institute, Kirstenbosch Research Centre Cape Town South Africa
- Centre for Ecological Genomics and Wildlife Conservation, Department of Zoology University of Johannesburg South Africa
| | - Susan J. Cunningham
- DSI‐NRF Centre of Excellence FitzPatrick Institute of African Ornithology, University of Cape Town Rondebosch South Africa
| | - Chad Cheney
- South African National Parks Cape Town South Africa
| | | | - John Measey
- Centre for Invasion Biology, Dept. Botany and Zoology Stellenbosch University Stellenbosch South Africa
| | - Wendy Foden
- DSI‐NRF Centre of Excellence FitzPatrick Institute of African Ornithology, University of Cape Town Rondebosch South Africa
- Cape Research Centre, South African National Parks Cape Town South Africa
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Van der Colff D, Kumschick S, Foden W, Wilson JRU. Comparing the IUCN’s EICAT and Red List to improve assessments of the impact of biological invasions. NB 2020. [DOI: 10.3897/neobiota.62.52623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The IUCN recommends the use of two distinct schemes to assess the impacts of biological invasions on biodiversity at the species level. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species (Red List) categorises native species based on their risk of extinction. Such assessments evaluate the extent to which different pressures, including alien species, threaten native species. The much newer IUCN Environmental Impact Classification for Alien Taxa (EICAT) categorises alien species on the degree to which they have impacted native species. Conceptually, the schemes are related. One would expect that: 1) if a native species is assessed as threatened under the Red List due to the impacts of alien species, then at least one alien species involved should be classified as harmful under EICAT; and 2) if an alien species is assessed as harmful under EICAT, then at least one native species impacted should be assessed as threatened by alien species under the Red List. Here we test this by comparing the impacts of alien gastropods, assessed using EICAT, to the impact on native species as assessed based on the Red List. We found a weak positive correlation, but it is clear there is not a simple one-to-one relationship. We hypothesise that the relationship between EICAT and the Red List statuses will follow one of three forms: i) the EICAT status of an alien species is closely correlated to the Red List status of the impacted native species; ii) the alien species is classed as ‘harmful’ under EICAT, but it does not threaten the native species with extinction as per the Red List (for example, the impacted native species is still widespread or abundant despite significant negative impacts from the alien species); or iii) the native species is classified as threatened under the Red List regardless of the impacts of the alien species (threatened species are impacted by other pressures with alien species potentially a passenger and not a driver of change). We conclude that the two schemes are complementary rather than equivalent, and provide some recommendations for how categorisations and data can be used in concert.
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Enquist BJ, Feng X, Boyle B, Maitner B, Newman EA, Jørgensen PM, Roehrdanz PR, Thiers BM, Burger JR, Corlett RT, Couvreur TLP, Dauby G, Donoghue JC, Foden W, Lovett JC, Marquet PA, Merow C, Midgley G, Morueta-Holme N, Neves DM, Oliveira-Filho AT, Kraft NJB, Park DS, Peet RK, Pillet M, Serra-Diaz JM, Sandel B, Schildhauer M, Šímová I, Violle C, Wieringa JJ, Wiser SK, Hannah L, Svenning JC, McGill BJ. The commonness of rarity: Global and future distribution of rarity across land plants. Sci Adv 2019; 5:eaaz0414. [PMID: 31807712 PMCID: PMC6881168 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aaz0414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
A key feature of life's diversity is that some species are common but many more are rare. Nonetheless, at global scales, we do not know what fraction of biodiversity consists of rare species. Here, we present the largest compilation of global plant diversity to quantify the fraction of Earth's plant biodiversity that are rare. A large fraction, ~36.5% of Earth's ~435,000 plant species, are exceedingly rare. Sampling biases and prominent models, such as neutral theory and the k-niche model, cannot account for the observed prevalence of rarity. Our results indicate that (i) climatically more stable regions have harbored rare species and hence a large fraction of Earth's plant species via reduced extinction risk but that (ii) climate change and human land use are now disproportionately impacting rare species. Estimates of global species abundance distributions have important implications for risk assessments and conservation planning in this era of rapid global change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian J. Enquist
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
- Santa Fe Institute, 1399 Hyde Park Rd., Santa Fe, NM 87501, USA
| | - Xiao Feng
- Institute of the Environment, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Brad Boyle
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Brian Maitner
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Erica A. Newman
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
- Institute of the Environment, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | | | - Patrick R. Roehrdanz
- Betty and Gordon Moore Center for Science, Conservation International, 2011 Crystal Dr., Arlington, VA 22202, USA
| | - Barbara M. Thiers
- New York Botanical Garden, 2900 Southern Blvd., Bronx, NY 10348, USA
| | - Joseph R. Burger
- Institute of the Environment, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Richard T. Corlett
- Centre for Integrative Conservation, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden and Center of Conservation Biology, Core Botanical Gardens, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Menglun, Yunnan, China
| | | | - Gilles Dauby
- AMAP, IRD, CIRAD, CNRS, INRA, Université Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Wendy Foden
- Cape Research Centre, South African National Parks, Tokai, 7947 Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Jon C. Lovett
- School of Geography, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey, UK
| | - Pablo A. Marquet
- Santa Fe Institute, 1399 Hyde Park Rd., Santa Fe, NM 87501, USA
- Departamento de Ecología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, CP 8331150 Santiago, Chile
- Instituto de Ecología y Biodiversidad (IEB), Laboratorio Internacional de Cambio Global and Centro de Cambio Global UC, Chile
| | - Cory Merow
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Connecticut, CT 06269, USA
| | - Guy Midgley
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Naia Morueta-Holme
- Center for Macroecology, Evolution and University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, Building 3, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Danilo M. Neves
- Department of Botany, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Ary T. Oliveira-Filho
- Department of Botany, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Nathan J. B. Kraft
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Daniel S. Park
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, MA 02138, USA
| | - Robert K. Peet
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, NC 27599, USA
| | - Michiel Pillet
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | | | - Brody Sandel
- Department of Biology, Santa Clara University, Santa Clara, CA 95053, USA
| | - Mark Schildhauer
- National Center for Ecological Analysis and Synthesis, Santa Barbara, CA 93101, USA
| | - Irena Šímová
- Centre for Theoretical Study, Charles University, Prague 1, Czech Republic
- Department of Ecology, Faculty of Sciences, Charles University, Czech Republic
| | - Cyrille Violle
- Université Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE, IRD, Université Paul Valéry Montpellier 3, Montpellier, France
| | - Jan J. Wieringa
- Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Darwinweg 2, Leiden, Netherlands
| | | | - Lee Hannah
- Betty and Gordon Moore Center for Science, Conservation International, 2011 Crystal Dr., Arlington, VA 22202, USA
| | - Jens-Christian Svenning
- Center for Biodiversity Dynamics in a Changing World (BIOCHANGE) and Section for Ecoinformatics and Biodiversity, Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Ny Munkegade 114, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Brian J. McGill
- School of Biology and Ecology and Senator George J. Mitchell Center of Sustainability Solutions, University of Maine, Orono, ME 04469, USA
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Brooks TM, Pimm SL, Akçakaya HR, Buchanan GM, Butchart SHM, Foden W, Hilton-Taylor C, Hoffmann M, Jenkins CN, Joppa L, Li BV, Menon V, Ocampo-Peñuela N, Rondinini C. Measuring Terrestrial Area of Habitat (AOH) and Its Utility for the IUCN Red List. Trends Ecol Evol 2019; 34:977-986. [PMID: 31324345 DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2019.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Revised: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 06/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List of Threatened Species includes assessment of extinction risk for 98 512 species, plus documentation of their range, habitat, elevation, and other factors. These range, habitat and elevation data can be matched with terrestrial land cover and elevation datasets to map the species' area of habitat (AOH; also known as extent of suitable habitat; ESH). This differs from the two spatial metrics used for assessing extinction risk in the IUCN Red List criteria: extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO). AOH can guide conservation, for example, through targeting areas for field surveys, assessing proportions of species' habitat within protected areas, and monitoring habitat loss and fragmentation. We recommend that IUCN Red List assessments document AOH wherever practical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas M Brooks
- IUCN, 28 rue Mauverney, CH-1196, Gland, Switzerland; World Agroforestry Center (ICRAF), University of the Philippines Los Baños, Laguna, 4031, Philippines; Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS 7001, Australia.
| | - Stuart L Pimm
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Box 90328, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - H Resit Akçakaya
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - Graeme M Buchanan
- RSPB Centre for Conservation Science, Royal Society for the Protection of Birds, Edinburgh EH12 9DH, UK
| | - Stuart H M Butchart
- BirdLife International, David Attenborough Building, Pembroke Street, Cambridge CB2 3QZ, UK; Department of Zoology, Downing Street, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK
| | - Wendy Foden
- South African National Parks, Cape Research Centre, Tokai Park, Cape Town, South Africa; Global Change Biology Group, Department of Botany and Zoology, Stellenbosch University, Matieland, South Africa; Climate Change Specialist Group, Species Survival Commission, International Union for Conservation of Nature, Gland, Switzerland
| | | | - Michael Hoffmann
- Conservation and Policy, Zoological Society of London, Regent's Park, London NW1 4RY, UK
| | - Clinton N Jenkins
- IPÊ - Instituto de Pesquisas Ecológicas, Nazaré Paulista, São Paulo 12960-000, Brazil
| | - Lucas Joppa
- Chief Environmental Scientist, Microsoft, One Microsoft Way, Redmond, WA 98075, USA
| | - Binbin V Li
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Box 90328, Durham, NC 27708, USA; Environmental Research Centre, Duke Kunshan University, Kunshan, Jiangsu 215316, China
| | - Vivek Menon
- Wildlife Trust of India, F-13, Sector-8, Noida 201301, India
| | | | - Carlo Rondinini
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie, Università di Roma La Sapienza, Viale dell'Università 32, I-00185, Rome, Italy
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da Silva R, Pearce-Kelly P, Zimmerman B, Knott M, Foden W, Conde DA. Assessing the conservation potential of fish and corals in aquariums globally. J Nat Conserv 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jnc.2018.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Pearce-Higgins JW, Ockendon N, Baker DJ, Carr J, White EC, Almond REA, Amano T, Bertram E, Bradbury RB, Bradley C, Butchart SHM, Doswald N, Foden W, Gill DJC, Green RE, Sutherland WJ, Tanner EVJ. Geographical variation in species' population responses to changes in temperature and precipitation. Proc Biol Sci 2016; 282:20151561. [PMID: 26511054 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2015.1561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite increasing concerns about the vulnerability of species' populations to climate change, there has been little overall synthesis of how individual population responses to variation in climate differ between taxa, with trophic level or geographically. To address this, we extracted data from 132 long-term (greater than or equal to 20 years) studies of population responses to temperature and precipitation covering 236 animal and plant species across terrestrial and freshwater habitats. Our results identify likely geographical differences in the effects of climate change on populations and communities in line with macroecological theory. Temperature tended to have a greater overall impact on populations than precipitation, although the effects of increased precipitation varied strongly with latitude, being most positive at low latitudes. Population responses to increased temperature were generally positive, but did not vary significantly with latitude. Studies reporting significant climatic trends through time tended to show more negative effects of temperature and more positive effects of precipitation upon populations than other studies, indicating climate change has already impacted many populations. Most studies of climate change impacts on biodiversity have focused on temperature and are from middle to high northern latitudes. Our results suggest their findings may be less applicable to low latitudes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nancy Ockendon
- British Trust for Ornithology, The Nunnery, Thetford, Norfolk IP24 2PU, UK
| | - David J Baker
- British Trust for Ornithology, The Nunnery, Thetford, Norfolk IP24 2PU, UK School of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Durham University, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK
| | - Jamie Carr
- IUCN Global Species Programme, 219c Huntingdon Road, Cambridge CB3 0DL, UK
| | - Elizabeth C White
- United Nations Environment Programme World Conservation Monitoring Centre, 219 Huntingdon Road, Cambridge CB3 0DL, UK
| | - Rosamunde E A Almond
- Cambridge Conservation Initiative, c/o Cambridge Judge Business School, University of Cambridge, Trumpington Street, Cambridge CB2 1AG, UK
| | - Tatsuya Amano
- Conservation Science Group, Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, CB2 3EJ, UK
| | - Esther Bertram
- Fauna and Flora International, Jupiter House, Station Road, Cambridge CB1 2JD, UK
| | - Richard B Bradbury
- RSPB Centre for Conservation Science, RSPB, The Lodge, Sandy, Beds SG19 2DL, UK
| | - Cassie Bradley
- Fauna and Flora International, Jupiter House, Station Road, Cambridge CB1 2JD, UK
| | | | - Nathalie Doswald
- United Nations Environment Programme World Conservation Monitoring Centre, 219 Huntingdon Road, Cambridge CB3 0DL, UK
| | - Wendy Foden
- IUCN Global Species Programme, 219c Huntingdon Road, Cambridge CB3 0DL, UK Department of Botany and Zoology, University of Stellenbosch, P/Bag X1, Matieland, 7602 Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - David J C Gill
- Fauna and Flora International, Jupiter House, Station Road, Cambridge CB1 2JD, UK
| | - Rhys E Green
- Conservation Science Group, Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, CB2 3EJ, UK RSPB Centre for Conservation Science, RSPB, The Lodge, Sandy, Beds SG19 2DL, UK
| | - William J Sutherland
- Conservation Science Group, Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, CB2 3EJ, UK
| | - Edmund V J Tanner
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EA, UK
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Joppa LN, O'Connor B, Visconti P, Smith C, Geldmann J, Hoffmann M, Watson JEM, Butchart SHM, Virah-Sawmy M, Halpern BS, Ahmed SE, Balmford A, Sutherland WJ, Harfoot M, Hilton-Taylor C, Foden W, Minin ED, Pagad S, Genovesi P, Hutton J, Burgess ND. Filling in biodiversity threat gaps. Science 2016; 352:416-8. [DOI: 10.1126/science.aaf3565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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10
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Platts PJ, Garcia RA, Hof C, Foden W, Hansen LA, Rahbek C, Burgess ND. Conservation implications of omitting narrow-ranging taxa from species distribution models, now and in the future. DIVERS DISTRIB 2014. [DOI: 10.1111/ddi.12244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Philip J. Platts
- Environment Department; University of York; Heslington YO10 5DD York UK
| | - Raquel A. Garcia
- Center for Macroecology, Evolution and Climate; Natural History Museum of Denmark; University of Copenhagen; Copenhagen Denmark
- Department of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology; National Museum of Natural Sciences; CSIC; Calle José Gutierrez Abascal; 28006 Madrid Spain
- Rui Nabeiro Biodiversity Chair; University of Évora; CIBIO; Largo dos Colegiais 7000 Évora Portugal
| | - Christian Hof
- Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (BiK-F) & Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung; Senckenberganlage 25 60325 Frankfurt Germany
| | - Wendy Foden
- School of Animal, Plant and Environmental Sciences; University of the Witwatersrand; 2050 Johannesburg South Africa
- Climate Change Specialist Group; IUCN Species Survival Commission; Gland Switzerland
| | - Louis A. Hansen
- Center for Macroecology, Evolution and Climate; Natural History Museum of Denmark; University of Copenhagen; Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Carsten Rahbek
- Center for Macroecology, Evolution and Climate; Natural History Museum of Denmark; University of Copenhagen; Copenhagen Denmark
- Department of Life Sciences; Faculty of Natural Sciences; Imperial College London; Silwood Park, Buckhurst Road Ascot SL5 7PY Berkshire UK
| | - Neil D. Burgess
- Center for Macroecology, Evolution and Climate; Natural History Museum of Denmark; University of Copenhagen; Copenhagen Denmark
- United Nations Environment Programme World Conservation Monitoring Centre; 219 Huntingdon Road CB3 0DL Cambridge UK
- World Wildlife Fund-US; 1250 24th Street NW Washington 20037 DC USA
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11
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Ockendon N, Baker DJ, Carr JA, White EC, Almond REA, Amano T, Bertram E, Bradbury RB, Bradley C, Butchart SHM, Doswald N, Foden W, Gill DJC, Green RE, Sutherland WJ, Tanner EVJ, Pearce-Higgins JW. Mechanisms underpinning climatic impacts on natural populations: altered species interactions are more important than direct effects. Glob Chang Biol 2014; 20:2221-2229. [PMID: 24677405 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.12559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2013] [Revised: 01/14/2014] [Accepted: 02/05/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Shifts in species' distribution and abundance in response to climate change have been well documented, but the underpinning processes are still poorly understood. We present the results of a systematic literature review and meta-analysis investigating the frequency and importance of different mechanisms by which climate has impacted natural populations. Most studies were from temperate latitudes of North America and Europe; almost half investigated bird populations. We found significantly greater support for indirect, biotic mechanisms than direct, abiotic mechanisms as mediators of the impact of climate on populations. In addition, biotic effects tended to have greater support than abiotic factors in studies of species from higher trophic levels. For primary consumers, the impact of climate was equally mediated by biotic and abiotic mechanisms, whereas for higher level consumers the mechanisms were most frequently biotic, such as predation or food availability. Biotic mechanisms were more frequently supported in studies that reported a directional trend in climate than in studies with no such climatic change, although sample sizes for this comparison were small. We call for more mechanistic studies of climate change impacts on populations, particularly in tropical systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy Ockendon
- British Trust for Ornithology, The Nunnery, Thetford IP24 2PU, UK
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12
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Foden W, Midgley GF, Hughes G, Bond WJ, Thuiller W, Hoffman MT, Kaleme P, Underhill LG, Rebelo A, Hannah L. A changing climate is eroding the geographical range of the Namib Desert tree
Aloe
through population declines and dispersal lags. DIVERS DISTRIB 2007. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1472-4642.2007.00391.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Wendy Foden
- Global Change and Biodiversity Program,
- Threatened Species Programme, South African National Biodiversity Institute, Private Bag X101, Pretoria 0001, South Africa
- Percy FitzPatrick Institute of African Ornithology,
| | - Guy F. Midgley
- Global Change and Biodiversity Program,
- Center for Applied Biodiversity Science, Conservation International, 1919 M St NW, Suite 600, Washington DC 20036, USA,
| | - Greg Hughes
- Environment Systems, ADAS, Woodthorne, Wergs Road, Wolverhampton WV6 8TQ, UK,
| | | | - Wilfried Thuiller
- Global Change and Biodiversity Program,
- Laboratoire d'Ecologie Alpine, UMR CNRS 5553, Université J. Fourier, Grenoble Cedex 9, France
| | - M. Timm Hoffman
- Leslie Hill Institute of Plant Conservation, University of Cape Town, Private Bag X3, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
| | | | - Les G. Underhill
- Avian Demography Unit, Department of Statistical Sciences, University of Cape Town, South Africa, Private Bag X3, Rondebosch, 7701, South Africa
| | - Anthony Rebelo
- Protea Atlas Project, South African National Biodiversity Institute, Private Bag X7, Claremont 7735, South Africa
| | - Lee Hannah
- Center for Applied Biodiversity Science, Conservation International, 1919 M St NW, Suite 600, Washington DC 20036, USA,
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