1
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Ni M, Vellend M. Soil properties constrain forest understory plant distributions along an elevation gradient. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2024; 379:20230373. [PMID: 38583477 PMCID: PMC10999263 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2023.0373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 04/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Projections of spatial biodiversity dynamics under climate warming are often based on models including only climate variables, and when non-climatic factors (e.g. soil) are included, data are often at much coarser spatial resolutions than those experienced by plants. Field studies along elevation gradients permit the gathering of detailed soil data, while still covering a wide climatic gradient. Here, an intensive field survey of four spring forest herbs along an elevation gradient showed that soil properties had substantial impacts on the occurrence/abundance of all species, and that soil effects were more pronounced at higher elevations. For Trillium erectum and Claytonia caroliniana, very infrequent occurrences at high elevation were strongly associated with rare microsites with high pH or nutrients. In a seven-year transplant experiment with T. erectum, we found that individuals grew to much smaller sizes at high than low elevation, suggesting that environmental factors rather than dispersal limitation constrain the species' upper range limit, despite substantial warming in recent decades. Our study demonstrates that soil factors interact strongly with climate to determine plant range limits along climatic gradients. Unsuitable soils for plants at high elevations or latitudes may represent an important constraint on future plant migration and biodiversity change. This article is part of the theme issue 'Ecological novelty and planetary stewardship: biodiversity dynamics in a transforming biosphere'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Ni
- Université de Sherbrooke, Département de Biologie, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada J1K 2R1
| | - Mark Vellend
- Université de Sherbrooke, Département de Biologie, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada J1K 2R1
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2
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Kanjana N, Li Y, Shen Z, Mao J, Zhang L. Effect of phenolics on soil microbe distribution, plant growth, and gall formation. Sci Total Environ 2024; 924:171329. [PMID: 38462006 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.171329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
Phenolic compounds, abundant secondary metabolites in plants, profoundly influence soil ecosystems, plant growth, and interactions with herbivores. In this study, we explore the intricate relationships between phenolics, soil microbes, and gall formation in Ageratina adenophora (A. adenophora), an invasive plant species in China known for its allelopathic traits. Using metabolomic and microbial profiling, significant differences in soil microbial composition and metabolite profiles were observed between bulk and rhizosphere soil samples. Phenolics influenced bacterial communities, with distinct microbial populations enriched in each soil type. Additionally, phenolics impacted soil metabolic processes, with variations observed in Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analysis between different soil treatments. Analysis of phenolic content in plant and soil samples revealed considerable variations, with higher concentrations observed in certain plant tissues and soil types. Bioactive phenols extracted from plant and soil samples were identified using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC-MS), providing insights into the diverse chemical composition of these compounds. Furthermore, the effects of phenolics on plant growth and gall formation were investigated. Phenols exhibited both stimulatory and inhibitory effects on plant growth, with optimal concentrations promoting emergence but higher concentrations hindering growth. Gall formation was influenced by phenolic concentrations, leading to structural alterations in stem tissue and gall morphology. Histochemical analysis revealed starch and lipid accumulation in gall tissues, indicating metabolic changes induced by phenolics. The presence of phenolics disrupted tissue structures and influenced vascular bundle orientation in gall tissues. Overall, our study highlights the multifaceted roles of phenolic compounds in soil ecosystems, plant development, and gall formation, facilitating the utilization of secondary metabolites in agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nipapan Kanjana
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Key Laboratory of Natural Enemy Insects, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yuyan Li
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Key Laboratory of Natural Enemy Insects, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Zhongjian Shen
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Key Laboratory of Natural Enemy Insects, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jianjun Mao
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Key Laboratory of Natural Enemy Insects, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Lisheng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Key Laboratory of Natural Enemy Insects, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Biosafety Risk Prevention and Control (North) of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China.
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3
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Díaz FP, Dussarrat T, Carrasco-Puga G, Colombié S, Prigent S, Decros G, Bernillon S, Cassan C, Flandin A, Guerrero PC, Gibon Y, Rolin D, Cavieres LA, Pétriacq P, Latorre C, Gutiérrez RA. Ecological and metabolic implications of the nurse effect of Maihueniopsis camachoi in the Atacama Desert. New Phytol 2024; 241:1074-1087. [PMID: 37984856 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
Plant-plant positive interactions are key drivers of community structure. Yet, the underlying molecular mechanisms of facilitation processes remain unexplored. We investigated the 'nursing' effect of Maihueniopsis camachoi, a cactus that thrives in the Atacama Desert between c. 2800 and 3800 m above sea level. We hypothesised that an important protective factor is thermal amelioration of less cold-tolerant species with a corresponding impact on molecular phenotypes. To test this hypothesis, we compared plant cover and temperatures within the cactus foliage with open areas and modelled the effect of temperatures on plant distribution. We combined eco-metabolomics and machine learning to test the molecular consequences of this association. Multiple species benefited from the interaction with M. camachoi. A conspicuous example was the extended distribution of Atriplex imbricata to colder elevations in association with M. camachoi (400 m higher as compared to plants in open areas). Metabolomics identified 93 biochemical markers predicting the interaction status of A. imbricata with 79% accuracy, independently of year. These findings place M. camachoi as a key species in Atacama plant communities, driving local biodiversity with an impact on molecular phenotypes of nursed species. Our results support the stress-gradient hypothesis and provide pioneer insights into the metabolic consequences of facilitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisca P Díaz
- Instituto de Geografía, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, 2362807, Valparaíso, Chile
- Institute of Ecology and Biodiversity, Chile (IEB), Las Palmeras 3425, Ñuñoa, 7800003, Santiago, Chile
- ANID Millennium Institute Center for Genome Regulation and ANID Millennium Institute for Integrative Biology (iBio), Libertador Bernardo O'Higgins 340, 8331150, Santiago, Chile
| | - Thomas Dussarrat
- Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Libertador Bernardo O'Higgins 340, 8331150, Santiago, Chile
- Univ. Bordeaux, INRAE, UMR1332 BFP, 33882, Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Gabriela Carrasco-Puga
- ANID Millennium Institute Center for Genome Regulation and ANID Millennium Institute for Integrative Biology (iBio), Libertador Bernardo O'Higgins 340, 8331150, Santiago, Chile
- Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Libertador Bernardo O'Higgins 340, 8331150, Santiago, Chile
| | - Sophie Colombié
- Univ. Bordeaux, INRAE, UMR1332 BFP, 33882, Villenave d'Ornon, France
- Bordeaux Metabolome, MetaboHUB, PHENOME-EMPHASIS, 33140, Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Sylvain Prigent
- Univ. Bordeaux, INRAE, UMR1332 BFP, 33882, Villenave d'Ornon, France
- Bordeaux Metabolome, MetaboHUB, PHENOME-EMPHASIS, 33140, Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Guillaume Decros
- Univ. Bordeaux, INRAE, UMR1332 BFP, 33882, Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Stéphane Bernillon
- Univ. Bordeaux, INRAE, UMR1332 BFP, 33882, Villenave d'Ornon, France
- Bordeaux Metabolome, MetaboHUB, PHENOME-EMPHASIS, 33140, Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Cédric Cassan
- Univ. Bordeaux, INRAE, UMR1332 BFP, 33882, Villenave d'Ornon, France
- Bordeaux Metabolome, MetaboHUB, PHENOME-EMPHASIS, 33140, Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Amélie Flandin
- Univ. Bordeaux, INRAE, UMR1332 BFP, 33882, Villenave d'Ornon, France
- Bordeaux Metabolome, MetaboHUB, PHENOME-EMPHASIS, 33140, Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Pablo C Guerrero
- Institute of Ecology and Biodiversity, Chile (IEB), Las Palmeras 3425, Ñuñoa, 7800003, Santiago, Chile
- Departamento de Botánica, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Oceanográficas, Universidad de Concepción, 7800003, Concepción, Chile
- Instituto Milenio Biodiversidad de Ecosistemas Antárticos y Subantárticos, 8331150, Santiago, Chile
| | - Yves Gibon
- Univ. Bordeaux, INRAE, UMR1332 BFP, 33882, Villenave d'Ornon, France
- Bordeaux Metabolome, MetaboHUB, PHENOME-EMPHASIS, 33140, Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Dominique Rolin
- Univ. Bordeaux, INRAE, UMR1332 BFP, 33882, Villenave d'Ornon, France
- Bordeaux Metabolome, MetaboHUB, PHENOME-EMPHASIS, 33140, Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Lohengrin A Cavieres
- Institute of Ecology and Biodiversity, Chile (IEB), Las Palmeras 3425, Ñuñoa, 7800003, Santiago, Chile
- Departamento de Botánica, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Oceanográficas, Universidad de Concepción, 7800003, Concepción, Chile
| | - Pierre Pétriacq
- Univ. Bordeaux, INRAE, UMR1332 BFP, 33882, Villenave d'Ornon, France
- Bordeaux Metabolome, MetaboHUB, PHENOME-EMPHASIS, 33140, Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Claudio Latorre
- Institute of Ecology and Biodiversity, Chile (IEB), Las Palmeras 3425, Ñuñoa, 7800003, Santiago, Chile
- Departamento de Ecología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Libertador Bernardo O'Higgins 340, 8331150, Santiago, Chile
| | - Rodrigo A Gutiérrez
- Institute of Ecology and Biodiversity, Chile (IEB), Las Palmeras 3425, Ñuñoa, 7800003, Santiago, Chile
- ANID Millennium Institute Center for Genome Regulation and ANID Millennium Institute for Integrative Biology (iBio), Libertador Bernardo O'Higgins 340, 8331150, Santiago, Chile
- Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Libertador Bernardo O'Higgins 340, 8331150, Santiago, Chile
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4
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Gordon SCC, Martin JGA, Kerr JT. Dispersal mediates trophic interactions and habitat connectivity to alter metacommunity composition. Ecology 2024; 105:e4215. [PMID: 38037245 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.4215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Revised: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
Dispersal contributes vitally to metacommunity structure. However, interactions between dispersal and other key processes have rarely been explored, particularly in the context of multitrophic metacommunities. We investigated such a metacommunity in naturally fragmented habitats populated by butterfly species (whose dispersal capacities were previously assessed), flowering plants, and butterfly predators. Using data on butterfly species abundance, floral abundance, and predation (on experimentally placed clay butterfly models), we asked how dispersal ability mediates interactions with predators, mutualists, and the landscape matrix. In contrast to expectations, high densities of strong dispersers were found in more isolated sites and sites with low floral resource density, while intermediate dispersers maintained similar densities across isolation and floral gradients, and higher densities of poor dispersers were found in more connected sites and sites with higher floral density. These findings raise questions about how strong dispersers experience the landscape matrix and the quality of isolated and low-resource sites. Strong dispersers were able to escape habitat patches with high predation, while intermediate dispersers maintained similar densities along a predation gradient, and poor dispersers occurred at high densities in these patches, exposing them to interactions with predators. This work demonstrates that species that vary in dispersal capacities interact differently with predators and mutualist partners in a landscape context, shaping metacommunity composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan C C Gordon
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Julien G A Martin
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jeremy T Kerr
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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5
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Pironon S, Ondo I, Diazgranados M, Allkin R, Baquero AC, Cámara-Leret R, Canteiro C, Dennehy-Carr Z, Govaerts R, Hargreaves S, Hudson AJ, Lemmens R, Milliken W, Nesbitt M, Patmore K, Schmelzer G, Turner RM, van Andel TR, Ulian T, Antonelli A, Willis KJ. The global distribution of plants used by humans. Science 2024; 383:293-297. [PMID: 38236975 DOI: 10.1126/science.adg8028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
Plants sustain human life. Understanding geographic patterns of the diversity of species used by people is thus essential for the sustainable management of plant resources. Here, we investigate the global distribution of 35,687 utilized plant species spanning 10 use categories (e.g., food, medicine, material). Our findings indicate general concordance between utilized and total plant diversity, supporting the potential for simultaneously conserving species diversity and its contributions to people. Although Indigenous lands across Mesoamerica, the Horn of Africa, and Southern Asia harbor a disproportionate diversity of utilized plants, the incidence of protected areas is negatively correlated with utilized species richness. Finding mechanisms to preserve areas containing concentrations of utilized plants and traditional knowledge must become a priority for the implementation of the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Pironon
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey, UK
- UN Environment Programme World Conservation Monitoring Centre (UNEP-WCMC), Cambridge, UK
| | - I Ondo
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey, UK
- UN Environment Programme World Conservation Monitoring Centre (UNEP-WCMC), Cambridge, UK
| | - M Diazgranados
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey, UK
- International Plant Science Center, New York Botanical Garden, New York, NY, USA
| | - R Allkin
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey, UK
| | - A C Baquero
- UN Environment Programme World Conservation Monitoring Centre (UNEP-WCMC), Cambridge, UK
| | - R Cámara-Leret
- Department of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, University of Zurich, Switzerland
| | - C Canteiro
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey, UK
| | - Z Dennehy-Carr
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey, UK
- Herbarium, School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Whiteknights, UK
| | - R Govaerts
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey, UK
| | - S Hargreaves
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey, UK
| | - A J Hudson
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Wakehurst, Ardingly, UK
- Botanic Gardens Conservation International, Richmond, UK
| | - R Lemmens
- Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - W Milliken
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Wakehurst, Ardingly, UK
| | - M Nesbitt
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey, UK
- Department of Geography, Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham, UK
- Institute of Archaeology, University College London, London, UK
| | - K Patmore
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey, UK
| | - G Schmelzer
- Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - R M Turner
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey, UK
| | - T R van Andel
- Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
- Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - T Ulian
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Wakehurst, Ardingly, UK
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - A Antonelli
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey, UK
- Gothenburg Global Biodiversity Centre, Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Biology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - K J Willis
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey, UK
- Department of Biology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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6
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Bramon Mora B, Guisan A, Alexander JM. Uncovering Broad Macroecological Patterns by Comparing the Shape of Species' Distributions along Environmental Gradients. Am Nat 2024; 203:124-138. [PMID: 38207136 DOI: 10.1086/727518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
AbstractSpecies' distributions can take many different forms. For example, fat-tailed or skewed distributions are very common in nature, as these can naturally emerge as a result of individual variability and asymmetric environmental tolerances, respectively. Studying the basic shape of distributions can teach us a lot about the ways climatic processes and historical contingencies shape ecological communities. Yet we still lack a general understanding of how their shapes and properties compare to each other along gradients. Here, we use Bayesian nonlinear models to quantify range shape properties in empirical plant distributions. With this approach, we are able to distil the shape of plant distributions and compare them along gradients and across species. Studying the relationship between distribution properties, we revealed the existence of broad macroecological patterns along environmental gradients-such as those expected from Rapoport's rule and the abiotic stress limitation hypothesis. We also find that some aspects of the shape of observed ranges-such as kurtosis and skewness of the distributions-could be intrinsic properties of species or the result of their historical contexts. Overall, our modeling approach and results untangle the general shape of plant distributions and provide a mapping of how this changes along environmental gradients.
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7
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Fuks D, Melamed Y, Langgut D, Erickson-Gini T, Tepper Y, Bar-Oz G, Weiss E. Unprecedented yet gradual nature of first millennium CE intercontinental crop plant dispersal revealed in ancient Negev desert refuse. eLife 2023; 12:e85118. [PMID: 38011372 PMCID: PMC10846859 DOI: 10.7554/elife.85118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Global agro-biodiversity has resulted from processes of plant migration and agricultural adoption. Although critically affecting current diversity, crop diffusion from Classical antiquity to the Middle Ages is poorly researched, overshadowed by studies on that of prehistoric periods. A new archaeobotanical dataset from three Negev Highland desert sites demonstrates the first millennium CE's significance for long-term agricultural change in Southwest Asia. This enables evaluation of the 'Islamic Green Revolution (IGR)' thesis compared to 'Roman Agricultural Diffusion (RAD)', and both versus crop diffusion during and since the Neolithic. Among the findings, some of the earliest aubergine (Solanum melongena) seeds in the Levant represent the proposed IGR. Several other identified economic plants, including two unprecedented in Levantine archaeobotany-jujube (Ziziphus jujuba/mauritiana) and white lupine (Lupinus albus)-implicate RAD as the greater force for crop migrations. Altogether the evidence supports a gradualist model for Holocene-wide crop diffusion, within which the first millennium CE contributed more to global agricultural diversity than any earlier period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Fuks
- McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research, Department of Archaeology, University of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
- Department of Archaeology, Ben-Gurion University of the NegevBeer-ShevaIsrael
| | - Yoel Melamed
- Archaeobotany Lab, Martin (Szusz) Department of Land of Israel Studies and Archaeology, Bar-Ilan UniversityRamat-GanIsrael
| | - Dafna Langgut
- Laboratory of Archaeobotany and Ancient Environments, Institute of Archaeology & The Steinhardt Museum of Natural History, Tel Aviv UniversityTel AvivIsrael
| | - Tali Erickson-Gini
- Southern Region, Israel Antiquities Authority, Omer Industrial ParkOmerIsrael
| | - Yotam Tepper
- Central Region, Israel Antiquities Authority, HiPortShohamIsrael
- School of Archaeology and Maritime Cultures, University of HaifaHaifaIsrael
| | - Guy Bar-Oz
- School of Archaeology and Maritime Cultures, University of HaifaHaifaIsrael
| | - Ehud Weiss
- Archaeobotany Lab, Martin (Szusz) Department of Land of Israel Studies and Archaeology, Bar-Ilan UniversityRamat-GanIsrael
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8
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Ye L, Zhou J, Tian Y, Cui J, Chen C, Wang J, Wang Y, Wei Y, Ye J, Li C, Chai X, Sun C, Li F, Wang J, Guo Y, Jaakkola JJK, Lv Y, Zhang J, Shi X. Associations of residential greenness and ambient air pollution with overweight and obesity in older adults. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2023; 31:2627-2637. [PMID: 37649157 DOI: 10.1002/oby.23856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2023] [Revised: 05/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to examine the impact of greenness and fine particulate matter <2.5 μm (PM2.5 ) on overweight/obesity among older adults in China. METHODS A total of 21,355 participants aged ≥65 years were included from the Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Survey between 2000 and 2018. Normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) with a radius of 250 m and PM2.5 in a 1 × 1-km grid resolution were calculated around each participant's residence. Cox proportional hazards models were used to estimate the effects of NDVI and PM2.5 on overweight/obesity. Interaction and mediation analyses were conducted to explore combined effects. RESULTS The study observed 1895 incident cases of overweight/obesity over 109,566 person-years. For every 0.1-unit increase in NDVI the hazard ratio of overweight/obesity was 0.91 (95% CI: 0.88-0.95), and for every 10-μg/m3 increase in PM2.5 the hazard ratio was 1.11 (95% CI: 1.07-1.14). The effect of NDVI on overweight/obesity was partially mediated by PM2.5 , with a relative mediation proportion of 20.10% (95% CI: 1.63%-38.57%). CONCLUSIONS Greenness exposure appears to lower the risk of overweight/obesity in older adults in China, whereas PM2.5 , acting as a mediator, partly mediated this protective effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihong Ye
- China CDC Key Laboratory of Environment and Population Health, National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
- School of Population Medicine and Public Health, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Jinhui Zhou
- China CDC Key Laboratory of Environment and Population Health, National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Yanlin Tian
- Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jia Cui
- China CDC Key Laboratory of Environment and Population Health, National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
- School of Population Medicine and Public Health, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Chen Chen
- China CDC Key Laboratory of Environment and Population Health, National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Jun Wang
- China CDC Key Laboratory of Environment and Population Health, National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Yueqing Wang
- School of Population Medicine and Public Health, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yuan Wei
- China CDC Key Laboratory of Environment and Population Health, National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jiaming Ye
- China CDC Key Laboratory of Environment and Population Health, National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Chenfeng Li
- China CDC Key Laboratory of Environment and Population Health, National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
- School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Xin Chai
- School of Population Medicine and Public Health, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Chris Sun
- School of Population Medicine and Public Health, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Fangyu Li
- China CDC Key Laboratory of Environment and Population Health, National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
- School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Jiaonan Wang
- China CDC Key Laboratory of Environment and Population Health, National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
- Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yanbo Guo
- China CDC Key Laboratory of Environment and Population Health, National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jouni J K Jaakkola
- Research Unit of Population Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Finnish Meteorological Institute, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Yuebin Lv
- China CDC Key Laboratory of Environment and Population Health, National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Juan Zhang
- School of Population Medicine and Public Health, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- Research Unit of Population Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Xiaoming Shi
- China CDC Key Laboratory of Environment and Population Health, National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
- Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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9
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Papachristoforou A, Prodromou M, Hadjimitsis D, Christoforou M. Detecting and distinguishing between apicultural plants using UAV multispectral imaging. PeerJ 2023; 11:e15065. [PMID: 37077312 PMCID: PMC10108856 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.15065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 04/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Detecting and distinguishing apicultural plants are important elements of the evaluation and quantification of potential honey production worldwide. Today, remote sensing can provide accurate plant distribution maps using rapid and efficient techniques. In the present study, a five-band multispectral unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) was used in an established beekeeping area on Lemnos Island, Greece, for the collection of high-resolution images from three areas where Thymus capitatus and Sarcopoterium spinosum are present. Orthophotos of UAV bands for each area were used in combination with vegetation indices in the Google Earth Engine (GEE) platform, to classify the area occupied by the two plant species. From the five classifiers (Random Forest, RF; Gradient Tree Boost, GTB; Classification and Regression Trees, CART; Mahalanobis Minimum Distance, MMD; Support Vector Machine, SVM) in GEE, the RF gave the highest overall accuracy with a Kappa coefficient reaching 93.6%, 98.3%, 94.7%, and coefficient of 0.90, 0.97, 0.92 respectively for each case study. The training method used in the present study detected and distinguish the two plants with great accuracy and results were confirmed using 70% of the total score to train the GEE and 30% to assess the method's accuracy. Based on this study, identification and mapping of Thymus capitatus areas is possible and could help in the promotion and protection of this valuable species which, on many Greek Islands, is the sole foraging plant of honeybees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandros Papachristoforou
- Department of Food Science and Technology, School of Agriculture, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, School of the Environment, University of the Aegean, Myrina, Greece
| | - Maria Prodromou
- Department of Civil Engineering and Geomatics, Cyprus University of Technology, Limassol, Cyprus
- Department of Environment and Climate, Eratosthenes Center of Excelence, Limassol, Cyprus
| | - Diofantos Hadjimitsis
- Department of Civil Engineering and Geomatics, Cyprus University of Technology, Limassol, Cyprus
- Department of Environment and Climate, Eratosthenes Center of Excelence, Limassol, Cyprus
| | - Michalakis Christoforou
- Department of Environment and Climate, Eratosthenes Center of Excelence, Limassol, Cyprus
- Department of Agricultural Science, Biotechnology and Food Science, Cyprus University of Technology, Limassol, Cyprus
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10
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Vizentin-Bugoni J, Sperry JH, Kelley JP, Foster JT, Drake DR, Case SB, Gleditsch JM, Hruska AM, Wilcox RC, Tarwater CE. Mechanisms underlying interaction frequencies and robustness in a novel seed dispersal network: lessons for restoration. Proc Biol Sci 2022; 289:20221490. [PMID: 36100025 PMCID: PMC9470274 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2022.1490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
As human-caused extinctions and invasions accumulate across the planet, understanding the processes governing ecological functions mediated by species interactions, and anticipating the effect of species loss on such functions become increasingly urgent. In seed dispersal networks, the mechanisms that influence interaction frequencies may also influence the capacity of a species to switch to alternative partners (rewiring), influencing network robustness. Studying seed dispersal interactions in novel ecosystems on O'ahu island, Hawai'i, we test whether the same mechanisms defining interaction frequencies can regulate rewiring and increase network robustness to simulated species extinctions. We found that spatial and temporal overlaps were the primary mechanisms underlying interaction frequencies, and the loss of the more connected species affected networks to a greater extent. Further, rewiring increased network robustness, and morphological matching and spatial and temporal overlaps between partners were more influential on network robustness than species abundances. We argue that to achieve self-sustaining ecosystems, restoration initiatives can consider optimal morphological matching and spatial and temporal overlaps between consumers and resources to maximize chances of native plant dispersal. Specifically, restoration initiatives may benefit from replacing invasive species with native species possessing characteristics that promote frequent interactions and increase the probability of rewiring (such as long fruiting periods, small seeds and broad distributions).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeferson Vizentin-Bugoni
- Departamento de Ecologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Avenue Bento Gonçalves 9500, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul 91501-970, Brazil
- US Army Corps of Engineers, Engineer Research Development Center, 2902 Newmark Dr, Champaign, IL 61826, USA
- Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1102 South Goodwin Avenue, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Department of Zoology and Physiology, University of Wyoming, 1000 East University Avenue, Laramie, WY 82071, USA
| | - Jinelle H. Sperry
- US Army Corps of Engineers, Engineer Research Development Center, 2902 Newmark Dr, Champaign, IL 61826, USA
- Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1102 South Goodwin Avenue, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - J. Patrick Kelley
- Department of Zoology and Physiology, University of Wyoming, 1000 East University Avenue, Laramie, WY 82071, USA
| | - Jeffrey T. Foster
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Biomedical Sciences, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH 03824, USA
| | - Donald R. Drake
- School of Life Sciences, University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA
| | - Samuel B. Case
- Department of Zoology and Physiology, University of Wyoming, 1000 East University Avenue, Laramie, WY 82071, USA
| | - Jason M. Gleditsch
- Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1102 South Goodwin Avenue, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Integrative Ecology Laboratory, Center for Biodiversity, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA
| | - Amy M. Hruska
- Department of Botany, University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA
- Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, Edgewater, MD 21037, USA
| | - Rebecca C. Wilcox
- Department of Zoology and Physiology, University of Wyoming, 1000 East University Avenue, Laramie, WY 82071, USA
| | - Corey E. Tarwater
- Department of Zoology and Physiology, University of Wyoming, 1000 East University Avenue, Laramie, WY 82071, USA
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11
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Xia M, Cai M, Comes HP, Zheng L, Ohi-Toma T, Lee J, Qi Z, Konowalik K, Li P, Cameron KM, Fu C. An overlooked dispersal route of Cardueae (Asteraceae) from the Mediterranean to East Asia revealed by phylogenomic and biogeographical analyses of Atractylodes. Ann Bot 2022; 130:53-64. [PMID: 35533344 PMCID: PMC9295924 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcac059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The East Asian-Tethyan disjunction pattern and its mechanisms of formation have long been of interest to researchers. Here, we studied the biogeographical history of Asteraceae tribe Cardueae, with a particular focus on the temperate East Asian genus Atractylodes DC., to understand the role of tectonic and climatic events in driving the diversification and disjunctions of the genus. METHODS A total of 76 samples of Atractylodes from 36 locations were collected for RAD-sequencing. Three single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) datasets based on different filtering strategies were used for phylogenetic analyses. Molecular dating and ancestral distribution reconstruction were performed using both chloroplast DNA sequences (127 Cardueae samples) and SNP (36 Atractylodes samples) datasets. KEY RESULTS Six species of Atractylodes were well resolved as individually monophyletic, although some introgression was identified among accessions of A. chinensis, A. lancea and A. koreana. Dispersal of the subtribe Carlininae from the Mediterranean to East Asia occurred after divergence between Atractylodes and Carlina L. + Atractylis L. + Thevenotia DC. at ~31.57 Ma, resulting in an East Asian-Tethyan disjunction. Diversification of Atractylodes in East Asia mainly occurred from the Late Miocene to the Early Pleistocene. CONCLUSIONS Aridification of Asia and the closure of the Turgai Strait in the Late Oligocene promoted the dispersal of Cardueae from the Mediterranean to East China. Subsequent uplift of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau as well as changes in Asian monsoon systems resulted in an East Asian-Tethyan disjunction between Atractylodes and Carlina + Atractylis + Thevenotia. In addition, Late Miocene to Quaternary climates and sea level fluctuations played major roles in the diversification of Atractylodes. Through this study of different taxonomic levels using genomic data, we have revealed an overlooked dispersal route between the Mediterranean and far East Asia (Japan/Korea) via Central Asia and East China.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Hans Peter Comes
- Department of Biosciences, Salzburg University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Li Zheng
- Systematic & Evolutionary Botany and Biodiversity Group, MOE Laboratory of Biosystem Homeostasis and Protection, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Jiaxing Second Hospital, Jiaxing, Zhejiang, China
| | - Tetsuo Ohi-Toma
- Nature Fieldwork Center, Okayama University of Science, Okayama, Japan
| | - Joongku Lee
- Department of Environment and Forest Resources, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Zhechen Qi
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Kamil Konowalik
- Department of Plant Biology, Institute of Environmental Biology, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Kożuchowska 5b, 51-631, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Pan Li
- For correspondence. E-email
| | | | - Chengxin Fu
- Systematic & Evolutionary Botany and Biodiversity Group, MOE Laboratory of Biosystem Homeostasis and Protection, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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12
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Zhang L, He F, Guan Y. Immobilization of hexavalent chromium in contaminated soil by nano-sized layered double hydroxide intercalated with diethyldithiocarbamate: Fraction distribution, plant growth, and microbial evolution. J Hazard Mater 2022; 430:128382. [PMID: 35739652 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.128382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Revised: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Soil contamination by hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)) poses great risks to human health and ecosystem safety. We introduced a new cheap and efficient layered double hydroxide intercalated with diethyldithiocarbamate (DDTC-LDH) for in-situ remediation of Cr(VI)-contaminated soil. The content of Cr(VI) in contaminated soil (134.26 mg kg-1) was rapidly reduced to 1.39 mg kg-1 within 10 days by 0.5% of DDTC-LDH. This result attains to or even exceeds the effectiveness of most of reported soil amendments for Cr(VI) removal in soils. The production cost of DDTC-LDH ($4.02 kg-1) was relatively low than some common materials, such as nano zero-valent iron ($22.80-140.84 kg-1). The growth of water spinach became better with the increase of DDTC-LDH dose from 0% to 0.5%, suggesting the recovery of soil function. DDTC-LDH significantly altered the structure and function of soil microbial communities. The species that have Cr(VI)-resistant or Cr(VI)-reductive ability were enriched in DDTC-LDH remediated soils. Network analysis revealed a significant functional niche differentiation of soil microbial communities. In addition to the enhancement of Cr(VI) reduction, the stimulation of plant growth promoting traits, including siderophore biosynthesis, oxidation resistance to reactive oxygen species, and phosphorus availability by DDTC-LDH was another essential mechanism for the immediate remediation of Cr(VI)-contaminated soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lixun Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Urban Water Cycle and Water Environment Safety, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, PR China
| | - Fangxin He
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Urban Water Cycle and Water Environment Safety, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, PR China
| | - Yuntao Guan
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Urban Water Cycle and Water Environment Safety, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, PR China.
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13
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Nunes M, Lemley DA, Adams JB. Flow regime and nutrient input control invasive alien aquatic plant distribution and species composition in small closed estuaries. Sci Total Environ 2022; 819:152038. [PMID: 34861302 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.152038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Nutrient pollution is facilitating the encroachment of invasive aquatic plants in various water bodies globally. This study investigated seasonal aquatic macrophyte responses in two temporarily closed estuaries with different nutrient inputs. Consistent effluent discharge from the upstream wastewater treatment works (WWTW) facilitated the establishment of numerous freshwater invasive alien aquatic plants (IAAPs) in the uThongathi Estuary. IAAPs (Myriophyllum aquaticum, Pistia stratiotes and Pontederia crassipes) were only displaced from the estuary after high flow events (>5 m3 s-1). In the less polluted uMdlotane Estuary nutrient pulses (>1 mg/L DIN) associated with high rainfall changed the aquatic macrophyte composition. The nutrient tolerant non-rooted Ceratophyllum demersum outcompeted the rooted submerged macrophyte Stuckenia pectinata. Species composition changed in response to flow and nutrient inputs, with the exception of emergent macrophytes, such as the grass Echinochloa pyramidalis, that remained consistent in cover and distribution in the uMdlotane Estuary. This study demonstrated that aquatic macrophytes are more responsive to nutrient inputs in unimpacted estuaries compared to consistently nutrient-rich systems where flow is an important driver of IAAPs community dynamics. Many temporarily closed estuaries are subjected to nutrient pollution from WWTWs and restoration efforts such as diversion of discharges to constructed wetlands needs urgent implementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monique Nunes
- Botany Department, Institute for Coastal and Marine Research, Nelson Mandela University, Port Elizabeth 6031, South Africa; DSI/NRF Research Chair in Shallow Water Ecosystems, Nelson Mandela University, Port Elizabeth 6031, South Africa.
| | - Daniel A Lemley
- Botany Department, Institute for Coastal and Marine Research, Nelson Mandela University, Port Elizabeth 6031, South Africa; DSI/NRF Research Chair in Shallow Water Ecosystems, Nelson Mandela University, Port Elizabeth 6031, South Africa
| | - Janine B Adams
- Botany Department, Institute for Coastal and Marine Research, Nelson Mandela University, Port Elizabeth 6031, South Africa; DSI/NRF Research Chair in Shallow Water Ecosystems, Nelson Mandela University, Port Elizabeth 6031, South Africa
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14
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Dawson-Glass E, Hargreaves AL. Does pollen limitation limit plant ranges? Evidence and implications. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2022; 377:20210014. [PMID: 35067093 PMCID: PMC8784924 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2021.0014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Sexual reproduction often declines towards range edges, reducing fitness, dispersal and adaptive potential. For plants, sexual reproduction is frequently limited by inadequate pollination. While case studies show that pollen limitation can limit plant distributions, the extent to which pollination commonly declines towards plant range edges is unknown. Here, we use global databases of pollen-supplementation experiments and plant occurrence data to test whether pollen limitation increases towards plant range edges, using a phylogenetically controlled meta-analysis. While there was significant pollen limitation across studies, we found little evidence that pollen limitation increases towards plant range edges. Pollen limitation was not stronger towards the tropics, nor at species' equatorward versus poleward range limits. Meta-analysis results are consistent with results from targeted experiments, in which pollen limitation increased significantly towards only 14% of 14 plant range edges, suggesting that pollination contributes to range limits less often than do other interactions. Together, these results suggest pollination is one of the rich variety of potential ecological factors that can contribute to range limits, rather than a generally important constraint on plant distributions. This article is part of the theme issue 'Species' ranges in the face of changing environments (part I)'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Dawson-Glass
- Department of Biology, McGill University, 1205 Dr Penfield Avenue, Montreal H3A 1B1, Canada
| | - Anna L. Hargreaves
- Department of Biology, McGill University, 1205 Dr Penfield Avenue, Montreal H3A 1B1, Canada
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15
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Razzak MA, Seal DR, Schaffer B, Liburd OE, Colee J. Within-plant Distributions and Density of Amblyseius swirskii (Acari: Phytoseiidae) as Influenced by Interactions Between Plastic Mulch and Vegetable Crop Species. Environ Entomol 2022; 51:22-31. [PMID: 35171279 DOI: 10.1093/ee/nvab112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Plastic mulch of different colors and ultraviolet (UV) reflectivity individually or combined with released arthropod predators is an important component of an integrated pest management strategy. In 2015 and 2016, we evaluated the density and within-plant distribution of a released predatory mite, Amblyseius swirskii Athius-Henriot (Acari: Phytoseiidae) in snap bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.), yellow squash (Cucurbita pepo L.), eggplant (Solanum melongena L.), Jalapeno pepper (Capsicum annuum L.), and tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) grown on different plastic mulches. The mulch treatments evaluated were: metalized top and black bottom, metalized top and white bottom, black-on-black, black-on-white, white-on-black, and bare soil with no mulch. Crop species had a significant effect on the density of A. swirskii. Eggplant and cucumber had higher numbers of A. swirskii than the other crops tested in 2015. In 2016, the density of A. swirskii was higher on eggplant than on cucumber. There was a variation in the distribution of A. swirskii in different strata of the plant canopies with the highest number in the bottom stratum of each crop, which was positively correlated with the population of Thrips palmi Karny (Thysanoptera: Thripidae). Mulch type had no effect on the density or distribution of A. swirskii in any strata of any of the crops tested. The results of this study indicate that releasing A. swirskii is compatible with the use of UV-reflective mulch. This information about host preference and within-plant distribution of A. swirskii should be of value in pest management programs for the crops studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad A Razzak
- Tropical Research and Education Center, University of Florida, 18905 SW 280th Street, Homestead, FL 33031-3314, USA
- Department of Zoology, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka-1342, Bangladesh
| | - Dakshina R Seal
- Tropical Research and Education Center, University of Florida, 18905 SW 280th Street, Homestead, FL 33031-3314, USA
| | - Bruce Schaffer
- Tropical Research and Education Center, University of Florida, 18905 SW 280th Street, Homestead, FL 33031-3314, USA
| | - Oscar E Liburd
- Entomology and Nematology Department, University of Florida, Steinmetz Hall, 1881 Natural Area Drive, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - James Colee
- Statistical Consulting Unit, University of Florida, 201 Criser Hall, Gainesville, Florida, 32611, USA
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Walas Ł, Taib A. Environmental regionalization and endemic plant distribution in the Maghreb. Environ Monit Assess 2022; 194:100. [PMID: 35032243 PMCID: PMC8761123 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-021-09707-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Clustering methods based on environmental variables are useful in the planning of conservation strategies for species and ecosystems. However, there is a lack of work on the regionalization of the vast space of North Africa and the distribution of plant species. The current lists of endemic plants are focused mostly on an occurrence at the country level and not on regions with different conditions. The aim of this work was to lay out an environmental scheme for northwest Africa and to collect data about the occurrence of endemic plants in this area. Clustering with 12 of 33 tested environmental rasters was performed to divide the Maghreb into environmental clusters. Then, a list of 1618 endemic plant taxa (1243 species and 375 subspecies) was prepared and their distribution in estimated environmental clusters was examined. Eleven clusters with different conditions were estimated. The main drivers of regionalization were temperature amplitude, precipitation seasonality, and precipitation of the warmest quarter. According to the occurrence of endemic plants, northwest Africa may be divided into three zones: Atlas, Mediterranean (two environmental clusters), and southern zone (eight environmental clusters). The presented results provide a good basis for understanding the spatial patterns of the Maghreb, including its environment and species diversity. A designed list of endemic plant species together with environmental data may facilitate the planning of future research in north Africa and arranging methods of biodiversity protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Łukasz Walas
- Institute of Dendrology Polish Academy of Sciences, Parkowa 5, 62-035 Kórnik, Poland
| | - Asma Taib
- Ecole Nationale Supérieure Agronomique, El Harrach, Algeria
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Espinoza-Pérez J, Reyes C, Hernández-Ruíz J, Díaz-Bautista M, Ramos-López F, Espinoza-Gómez A, Pérez-García O. Uses, abundance perception, and potential geographical distribution of Smilax aristolochiifolia Mill (SMILACACEAE) on the Totonacapan Region of Puebla, Mexico. J Ethnobiol Ethnomed 2021; 17:52. [PMID: 34425831 PMCID: PMC8381484 DOI: 10.1186/s13002-021-00477-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In some regions of Mexico, edible wild plants have been displaced or eliminated from the traditional food systems, mainly by changes in land use, booming monoculture, herbicide use, and by changes among the new generations in the traditional foods and diets of indigenous populations. In the Totonacapan region of Puebla, the gradual change from the traditional acahual plantation to coffee-type agroecosystems has provoked the displacement of old-growth forests and the eradication of wild plants since 1970. One of the wild species which has been used in traditional medicine and food recipes by the Totonac culture is Smilax aristolochiifolia (SMILACACEAE), known as "kgentsililh". This species forms part of traditional Totonac recipes, in which the tender stems are still used in local medicine to treat menstrual pain, deal with dysentery, and prevent hair loss. According to the Maxent® Program, there are still potential areas with habitats suitable to promote its conservation in the Poblano Totonacapan. METHODS We conducted 260 interviews with people in 13 locations in the northern Sierra of the State of Puebla. Variables taken into account in the interview related to the consumption frequency of the species, its abundance and distribution perception, reasons or arguments given by the Totonac indigenous population about the decreased presence of specimens of S. aristolochiifolia, its dates of collection, and the cutting prices of kgentsililh at the community level and in local markets. The relative abundance of S. aristolochiifolia was determined through 22 samples in 2ts of 600 m2. Later, its potential distribution in the state of Puebla was estimated using the Maxent® Program Ver. 3.3.3. RESULTS Of the 260 Totonac families interviewed, 31% had stopped consuming kgentsililh. The residents reported that in the last 50 years the populations of this plant had diminished in the northern Sierra of the State of Puebla, mainly due to changes in land use, herbicide application, over-collection, and urban growth. In traditional medicine, the stem sap of S. aristolochiifolia is currently employed to help treat baldness, and the "tuberous root" or plant rhizome is used to prepare a tea infusion to treat dysentery. The cost of plant guides varies from 10.00 to 40.00 Mexican pesos for one bunch (around 0.5 to 2.00 US dollars), and every bundle consists of between 7 to 10 cuttings from 0.4 to 0.5 m long. From our 22 quadrats of sampling and collection of S. aristolochiifolia, we were able to recognize a total of 32 specimens. There is a considerable abundance of kgentsililh in acahual plantations and old-growth forests (evergreen lowland and mid-elevation perennial forest) concerning the coffee-type plantations and milpas. According to our analysis using the Maxent Program®, eight physical and climatic variables have a direct relationship to the potential distribution of the species. CONCLUSIONS Smilax aristolochiifolia is still a plant of socioeconomic importance, mainly because of its food value and its use in traditional medicine by indigenous families in Poblano Totonacapan. It is evident that the villagers perceive that in the last 50 years the species has decreased its population mainly due to land-use change, the application of herbicides to the different family production units, and climate change. At the moment, there is no knowledge about the methods of propagation of the species, and therefore there is no intention on the part of the population to conserve the species. However, it would be of great importance to generate a biocultural conservation strategy and take advantage of the results obtained from the potential geographic distribution area, since according to the Maxent® Program, there are still potential areas with habitat suitable to promote conservation in Poblano Totonacapan.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Espinoza-Pérez
- Posgrado en el Departamento de Agricultura, Sociedad y Ambiente, El Colegio de la Frontera Sur-Unidad San Cristóbal, San Cristóbal, Chiapas, Mexico.
| | - César Reyes
- Dirección de Investigación y Posgrado, Universidad Intercultural del Estado de Puebla, Calle Principal a Lipuntahuaca, Lipuntahuaca, Huehuetla, Puebla, Mexico
| | - Jesús Hernández-Ruíz
- División de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad de Guanajuato, Carretera Irapuato-Silao, km 9, Ex Hacienda El Copal, Irapuato, Guanajuato, Mexico
| | - Maximino Díaz-Bautista
- Dirección de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Intercultural del Estado de Puebla, Calle Principal a Lipuntahuaca, Lipuntahuaca, Huehuetla, Puebla, Mexico
| | - Francisco Ramos-López
- Dirección de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Intercultural del Estado de Puebla, Calle Principal a Lipuntahuaca, Lipuntahuaca, Huehuetla, Puebla, Mexico
| | - Abel Espinoza-Gómez
- Dirección de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Intercultural del Estado de Puebla, Calle Principal a Lipuntahuaca, Lipuntahuaca, Huehuetla, Puebla, Mexico.
| | - Oscar Pérez-García
- Dirección de Investigación y Posgrado, Universidad Intercultural del Estado de Puebla, Calle Principal a Lipuntahuaca, Lipuntahuaca, Huehuetla, Puebla, Mexico
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Farashi A, Karimian Z. Assessing climate change risks to the geographical distribution of grass species. Plant Signal Behav 2021; 16:1913311. [PMID: 33866934 PMCID: PMC8205038 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2021.1913311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Revised: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
There is extensive evidence showing the impact of climate change on the biology and biogeography of species. Adopting drought-tolerant plants to conserve water is a potential adaptation to reduce the consequences of climate change. Accordingly, it was hypothesized that climate change would not affect potential distributions of drought-tolerant species. Here, this hypothesis was tested to model the potential distribution of three drought-resistant plant. Here, the potential distribution of Agropyron cristatum, Agropyron desertorum, and Festuca arundinacea was studied in Iran under current and future climate conditions, using 10 species distribution models. Sixty-two climate change scenarios (19 global climate models (GCMs) under four Representative Concentration Pathways (RCPs)) were used to model the potential distribution of the three plants in Iran in the future. The three species have different responses to predicted climate change due to species-environment interactions, species morphological and physiological advancement. The three species showed different responses to predicted climate change due to species-environment interactions. Festuca arundinacea and Agropyron cristatum will, respectively, experience the most and least severe decline in suitable habitats in the next 50 years. This result is because decreased annual precipitation caused an increase in habitat suitability for A. cristatum, while the same variable had the opposite effect for A. desertorum and F. arundinacea. On the other hand, F. arundinacea grows on moist soils that decreased annual precipitation caused a decrease in habitat suitability. Also, our results have clearly shown that plant species drought-stress tolerant are not immune to climate change and their current distributions undergo significant changes as a result of the changing of climate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azita Farashi
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Natural Resources and Environment, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Zahra Karimian
- Department of Ornamental Plants, Research Center for Plant Sciences, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
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Morrone JJ. Croizat's dangerous ideas: practices, prejudices, and politics in contemporary biogeography. Hist Philos Life Sci 2021; 43:77. [PMID: 34081225 DOI: 10.1007/s40656-021-00436-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The biogeographic contributions of Léon Croizat (1894-1982) and the conflictive relationships with his intellectual descendants and critics are analysed. Croizat's panbiogeography assumed that vicariance is the most important biogeographic process and that dispersal does not contribute to biogeographic patterns. Dispersalist biogeographers criticized or avoided mentioning panbiogeography, especially in the context of the "hardening" of the Modern Synthesis. Researchers at the American Museum of Natural History associated panbiogeography with Hennig's phylogenetic systematics, creating cladistic biogeography. On the other hand, a group of New Zealand biologists formalized Croizat's original concepts and soon began arguing with cladistic biogeographers over the relative merits of their approaches. In Latin America, panbiogeography and cladistic biogeography were incorporated as parts of an integrative approach. A recent development, molecular panbiogeography, is based on the use of molecular phylogenetic data. The current practice shows that some authors insist on considering panbiogeography as the only appropriate approach and vicariance as the only relevant process, whereas others accept Croizat's dictum "Earth and life evolve together" as a useful guide to understanding broad, general patterns, but recognize that dispersal also contributes substantially to biotic assembly. The framework of integrative pluralism allows to explain the complexities of the biogeographic processes involved in biotic assembly without the need of unification on a large scale. This historical analysis intersects with the existing historiography of the Modern Synthesis and may provide some insights on the dynamics of integrative pluralism, which may be especially relevant in the current development of the Extended Synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan J Morrone
- Museo de Zoología Alfonso L. Herrera, Departamento de Biología Evolutiva, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), 04510, Mexico City, Mexico.
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20
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Takou M, Hämälä T, Koch EM, Steige KA, Dittberner H, Yant L, Genete M, Sunyaev S, Castric V, Vekemans X, Savolainen O, de Meaux J. Maintenance of Adaptive Dynamics and No Detectable Load in a Range-Edge Outcrossing Plant Population. Mol Biol Evol 2021; 38:1820-1836. [PMID: 33480994 PMCID: PMC8097302 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msaa322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
During range expansion, edge populations are expected to face increased genetic drift, which in turn can alter and potentially compromise adaptive dynamics, preventing the removal of deleterious mutations and slowing down adaptation. Here, we contrast populations of the European subspecies Arabidopsis lyrata ssp. petraea, which expanded its Northern range after the last glaciation. We document a sharp decline in effective population size in the range-edge population and observe that nonsynonymous variants segregate at higher frequencies. We detect a 4.9% excess of derived nonsynonymous variants per individual in the range-edge population, suggesting an increase of the genomic burden of deleterious mutations. Inference of the fitness effects of mutations and modeling of allele frequencies under the explicit demographic history of each population predicts a depletion of rare deleterious variants in the range-edge population, but an enrichment for fixed ones, consistent with the bottleneck effect. However, the demographic history of the range-edge population predicts a small net decrease in per-individual fitness. Consistent with this prediction, the range-edge population is not impaired in its growth and survival measured in a common garden experiment. We further observe that the allelic diversity at the self-incompatibility locus, which ensures strict outcrossing and evolves under negative frequency-dependent selection, has remained unchanged. Genomic footprints indicative of selective sweeps are broader in the Northern population but not less frequent. We conclude that the outcrossing species A. lyrata ssp. petraea shows a strong resilience to the effect of range expansion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margarita Takou
- Institute of Botany, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Tuomas Hämälä
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
| | - Evan M Koch
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kim A Steige
- Institute of Botany, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | | | - Levi Yant
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Mathieu Genete
- CNRS, UMR 8198 – Evo-Eco-Paleo, University of Lille, Lille, France
| | - Shamil Sunyaev
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Vincent Castric
- CNRS, UMR 8198 – Evo-Eco-Paleo, University of Lille, Lille, France
| | - Xavier Vekemans
- CNRS, UMR 8198 – Evo-Eco-Paleo, University of Lille, Lille, France
| | - Outi Savolainen
- Department of Ecology and Genetics, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
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21
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Yang M, Pickering CM, Xu L, Lin X. Tourist vehicle as a selective mechanism for plant dispersal: Evidence from a national park in the eastern Himalaya. J Environ Manage 2021; 285:112109. [PMID: 33581455 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.112109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
It is increasingly recognised that human vehicle may act as a vector to spread species, but research remains sparse to examine vehicle-mediated spread to natural areas, in particular to protected areas by urbanized societies through increasing tourism/recreation traffic. This study assessed the role of tourist vehicle in driving biotic exchange to Laojun Mountain National Park in the eastern Himalaya. A stratified random sampling method was applied to compare plant seeds in muds collected from different vehicles (sedan, SUV and others) entering the park in different seasons (May, August and October) from different regions. Across the 663 mud samples, 3119 seedlings of 124 species germinated which were predominately roadside ruderals and non-native species. The number of vehicle-dispersed flora was found to be correlated with the amount of mud attached on vehicles, with more seed carried by vehicles travelling in autumn, sport utility vehicles and those from local areas. When seed traits were analysed using generalized linear models, vehicles were more likely disperse appendaged and compact seeds, and those released from low-stature plants such as forb or grass. The results highlight the risks of species introduction and homogenization of flora from seeds on tourist vehicles entering protected areas. Strategies like vehicle washing and managing roadside vegetation may help reduce risks from tourism traffic in the eastern Himalayan parks as well as other sensitive ecosystems around the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingyu Yang
- Institute of Ecology and Geobotany, School of Ecology and Environmental Science, Yunnan University, Kunming, PR China.
| | - Catherine M Pickering
- Environmental Futures Research Institute, School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia
| | - Lei Xu
- Institute of Ecology and Geobotany, School of Ecology and Environmental Science, Yunnan University, Kunming, PR China
| | - Xin Lin
- Institute of Ecology and Geobotany, School of Ecology and Environmental Science, Yunnan University, Kunming, PR China
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22
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Al-Okaishi A. Exploring the historical distribution of Dracaena cinnabari using ethnobotanical knowledge on Socotra Island, Yemen. J Ethnobiol Ethnomed 2021; 17:22. [PMID: 33794944 PMCID: PMC8017851 DOI: 10.1186/s13002-021-00452-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In this study, we present and analyze toponyms referring to Socotra Island's endemic dragon's blood tree (Dracaena cinnabari) in four areas on the Socotra Archipelago UNESCO World Heritage site (Republic of Yemen). The motivation is the understanding of the past distribution of D. cinnabari trees which is an important part of conservation efforts by using ethnobotanical data. We assumed that dragon's blood trees had a wider distribution on Socotra Island in the past. METHODS This research was based on field surveys and interviews with the indigenous people. The place names (toponyms) were recorded in both Arabic and the indigenous Socotri language. We grouped all toponyms into five different categories according to the main descriptor: terrain, human, plant, water, and NA (unknown). Also, this study identified current and historical Arabic names of dragon's blood trees of the genus Dracaena through literature review. RESULTS A total of 301 toponyms were recorded from the four study areas in Socotra Island. Among names related to plants, we could attribute toponyms to nine different plants species, of which six toponyms referred to the D. cinnabari tree, representing 14.63% of the total phytotoponyms in the category. Three historical naming periods prior to 2000 could be identified. The most commonly used name for dragon's blood trees (D. cinnabari, D. serrulata, D. ombet) appears to be "ahrieb" "إعريهب" and its resin "dum al-akhawin" "دم الأخوين," while derived (mixed-cooked) products are called "eda'a" "إيدع," while regionally different names can be found. CONCLUSION The place names that refer to D. cinnabari are herein suggested to represent remnant areas of once large populations. Therefore, the toponyms may support known hypotheses based on climate models that D. cinnabari had a wider distribution on Socotra Island in the past. This study also confirmed the historical importance of dragon's blood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdulraqeb Al-Okaishi
- Department of Forest Botany, Dendrology and Geobiocoenology, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology, Mendel University in Brno, Zemědělská 3, 613 00, Brno, Czech Republic.
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23
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Crump SE, Fréchette B, Power M, Cutler S, de Wet G, Raynolds MK, Raberg JH, Briner JP, Thomas EK, Sepúlveda J, Shapiro B, Bunce M, Miller GH. Ancient plant DNA reveals High Arctic greening during the Last Interglacial. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:e2019069118. [PMID: 33723011 PMCID: PMC8020792 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2019069118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Summer warming is driving a greening trend across the Arctic, with the potential for large-scale amplification of climate change due to vegetation-related feedbacks [Pearson et al., Nat. Clim. Chang. (3), 673-677 (2013)]. Because observational records are sparse and temporally limited, past episodes of Arctic warming can help elucidate the magnitude of vegetation response to temperature change. The Last Interglacial ([LIG], 129,000 to 116,000 y ago) was the most recent episode of Arctic warming on par with predicted 21st century temperature change [Otto-Bliesner et al., Philos. Trans. A Math. Phys. Eng. Sci. (371), 20130097 (2013) and Post et al., SciAdv (5), eaaw9883 (2019)]. However, high-latitude terrestrial records from this period are rare, so LIG vegetation distributions are incompletely known. Pollen-based vegetation reconstructions can be biased by long-distance pollen transport, further obscuring the paleoenvironmental record. Here, we present a LIG vegetation record based on ancient DNA in lake sediment and compare it with fossil pollen. Comprehensive plant community reconstructions through the last and current interglacial (the Holocene) on Baffin Island, Arctic Canada, reveal coherent climate-driven community shifts across both interglacials. Peak LIG warmth featured a ∼400-km northward range shift of dwarf birch, a key woody shrub that is again expanding northward. Greening of the High Arctic-documented here by multiple proxies-likely represented a strong positive feedback on high-latitude LIG warming. Authenticated ancient DNA from this lake sediment also extends the useful preservation window for the technique and highlights the utility of combining traditional and molecular approaches for gleaning paleoenvironmental insights to better anticipate a warmer future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E Crump
- Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research and Department of Geological Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80303;
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95064
| | - Bianca Fréchette
- Geotop, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, H2L 2C4, Canada
| | - Matthew Power
- Trace and Environmental DNA Laboratory, School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, 6845 Bentley, Australia
| | - Sam Cutler
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95064
| | - Gregory de Wet
- Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research and Department of Geological Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80303
- Department of Geosciences, Smith College, Northampton, MA 01063
| | - Martha K Raynolds
- Institute of Arctic Biology, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK 99775
| | - Jonathan H Raberg
- Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research and Department of Geological Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80303
| | - Jason P Briner
- Department of Geology, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14260
| | | | - Julio Sepúlveda
- Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research and Department of Geological Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80303
| | - Beth Shapiro
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95064
- HHMI, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95064
| | - Michael Bunce
- Trace and Environmental DNA Laboratory, School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, 6845 Bentley, Australia
- New Zealand Environment Protection Authority, 6011 Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Gifford H Miller
- Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research and Department of Geological Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80303
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24
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Kefelegn GA, Desta B. Ximenia americana: Economic Importance, Medicinal Value, and Current Status in Ethiopia. ScientificWorldJournal 2021; 2021:8880021. [PMID: 33746636 PMCID: PMC7960047 DOI: 10.1155/2021/8880021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2020] [Revised: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Ximenia americana is one of the most valuable wild edible plants in the world. In different countries, it is utilized as food, medicine, an essential oil source, and the industrial component to other products. In Ethiopia, it was one of the most known and very important plants for a long period of time. It was utilized as food, a medicinal plant, and animal feed. It was also one of the most economically important and culturally valuable plants. But nowadays, it is not adequately available in the country due to deforestation problem in the years. In addition, its economic importance, current status, and medicinal roles are not well documented and understood. As for research studies, it is concluded that unless a collective effort is taken, the existence of this plant is under severe threat and needs to have some measures. This review article is aimed at addressing the abovelined topics in detail and to pinpoint and explain the importance and status of Ximenia americana.
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Affiliation(s)
- Getachew Amare Kefelegn
- Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources Sciences, Debre Berhan University, P.O. Box: 445, Debre Berhan, Ethiopia
| | - Bizuayehu Desta
- Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources Sciences, Debre Berhan University, P.O. Box: 445, Debre Berhan, Ethiopia
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25
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De Kort H, Prunier JG, Ducatez S, Honnay O, Baguette M, Stevens VM, Blanchet S. Life history, climate and biogeography interactively affect worldwide genetic diversity of plant and animal populations. Nat Commun 2021; 12:516. [PMID: 33483517 PMCID: PMC7822833 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-20958-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding how biological and environmental factors interactively shape the global distribution of plant and animal genetic diversity is fundamental to biodiversity conservation. Genetic diversity measured in local populations (GDP) is correspondingly assumed representative for population fitness and eco-evolutionary dynamics. For 8356 populations across the globe, we report that plants systematically display much lower GDP than animals, and that life history traits shape GDP patterns both directly (animal longevity and size), and indirectly by mediating core-periphery patterns (animal fecundity and plant dispersal). Particularly in some plant groups, peripheral populations can sustain similar GDP as core populations, emphasizing their potential conservation value. We further find surprisingly weak support for general latitudinal GDP trends. Finally, contemporary rather than past climate contributes to the spatial distribution of GDP, suggesting that contemporary environmental changes affect global patterns of GDP. Our findings generate new perspectives for the conservation of genetic resources at worldwide and taxonomic-wide scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- H De Kort
- Plant Conservation and Population Biology, Department of Biology, University of Leuven, Heverlee, Belgium.
| | - J G Prunier
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, SETE Station d'Ecologie Théorique et Expérimentale, UMR 5321, Moulis, France
| | - S Ducatez
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - O Honnay
- Plant Conservation and Population Biology, Department of Biology, University of Leuven, Heverlee, Belgium
| | - M Baguette
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, SETE Station d'Ecologie Théorique et Expérimentale, UMR 5321, Moulis, France
- Institut Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB), UMR 7205 Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, EPHE, Université des Antilles, Paris, France
| | - V M Stevens
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, SETE Station d'Ecologie Théorique et Expérimentale, UMR 5321, Moulis, France
| | - S Blanchet
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, SETE Station d'Ecologie Théorique et Expérimentale, UMR 5321, Moulis, France
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26
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Koontz MJ, Latimer AM, Mortenson LA, Fettig CJ, North MP. Cross-scale interaction of host tree size and climatic water deficit governs bark beetle-induced tree mortality. Nat Commun 2021; 12:129. [PMID: 33420082 PMCID: PMC7794511 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-20455-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The recent Californian hot drought (2012-2016) precipitated unprecedented ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) mortality, largely attributable to the western pine beetle (Dendroctonus brevicomis; WPB). Broad-scale climate conditions can directly shape tree mortality patterns, but mortality rates respond non-linearly to climate when local-scale forest characteristics influence the behavior of tree-killing bark beetles (e.g., WPB). To test for these cross-scale interactions, we conduct aerial drone surveys at 32 sites along a gradient of climatic water deficit (CWD) spanning 350 km of latitude and 1000 m of elevation in WPB-impacted Sierra Nevada forests. We map, measure, and classify over 450,000 trees within 9 km2, validating measurements with coincident field plots. We find greater size, proportion, and density of ponderosa pine (the WPB host) increase host mortality rates, as does greater CWD. Critically, we find a CWD/host size interaction such that larger trees amplify host mortality rates in hot/dry sites. Management strategies for climate change adaptation should consider how bark beetle disturbances can depend on cross-scale interactions, which challenge our ability to predict and understand patterns of tree mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Koontz
- Graduate Group in Ecology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA.
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA, USA.
- Earth Lab, University of Colorado-Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA.
| | - Andrew M Latimer
- Graduate Group in Ecology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Leif A Mortenson
- USDA Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station, Placerville, CA, USA
| | | | - Malcolm P North
- Graduate Group in Ecology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
- USDA Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station, Mammoth Lakes, CA, USA
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Borràs J, Cursach J. Female and male fitness of a sexually deceptive orchid with a narrow distribution area: from phenotypic traits to spatial distribution patterns. Plant Biol (Stuttg) 2021; 23:130-139. [PMID: 32959484 DOI: 10.1111/plb.13184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The Orchidaceae family presents one of the most extravagant pollination mechanisms: deception. While many studies on reproductive success have been performed on food-deception orchids, less have been performed on sexually deceptive orchids. Here, we focused on Ophrys balearica P. Delforge, an endemic orchid of the Balearic Islands, to study its reproductive ecology, the spatio-temporal variation of its reproductive success and the individual (floral display and geospatial position) and population parameters (patch size, shape and density) that affect its reproductive success. We performed hand-pollination experiments, along with the recording of floral display parameters and GPS position of over 1,100 individuals from seven populations in two consecutive years. We applied, for the first time, GIS tools to analyse the effects of individual's position within the population on the reproductive success. Reproductive success was measured both in male (removed pollinia) and female (fruit set) fitness. The results confirm that this species is pollinator-dependent and mostly allogamous, but also self-compatible. This species showed high values for the cumulative inbreeding depression index and high pollen limitation. Male fitness was almost equal to female fitness between years and populations, and reproductive success exhibited huge spatio-temporal variation. Although we did not find strong correlations between floral display and reproductive success, patches with low-plant density and individuals in the external portion of the population showed significantly higher plant fitness. These findings must be considered in conservation actions for endangered orchid species, especially considering that most orchids are strongly dependent on pollinators for their species' fitness.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Borràs
- Laboratory of Botany, Research Group on Plant Biology under Mediterranean Conditions, Department of Biology, University of Balearic Islands, Palma, Spain
| | - J Cursach
- Laboratory of Botany, Research Group on Plant Biology under Mediterranean Conditions, Department of Biology, University of Balearic Islands, Palma, Spain
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28
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Mollashahi H, Szymura M, Szymura TH. Connectivity assessment and prioritization of urban grasslands as a helpful tool for effective management of urban ecosystem services. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0244452. [PMID: 33370396 PMCID: PMC7769447 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0244452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Urban grasslands are usually managed as short-cut lawns and have limited biodiversity. Urban grasslands with low-intensity management are species rich and can perform numerous ecosystem services, but they are not accepted by citizens everywhere. Further, increasing and/or maintaining a relatively high level of plant species richness in an urban environment is limited by restricted plant dispersal. In this study, we examined the connectivity of urban grasslands and prioritized the grassland patches with regard to their role in connectivity in an urban landscape. We used high-resolution data from a land use system to map grassland patches in Wrocław city, Silesia, southwest Poland, Central Europe, and applied a graph theory approach to assess their connectivity and prioritization. We next constructed a model for several dispersal distance thresholds (2, 20, 44, 100, and 1000 m), reflecting plants with differing dispersal potential. Our results revealed low connectivity of urban grassland patches, especially for plants with low dispersal ability (2–20 m). The priority of patches was correlated with their area for all dispersal distance thresholds. Most of the large patches important to overall connectivity were located in urban peripheries, while in the city center, connectivity was more restricted and grassland area per capita was the lowest. The presence of a river created a corridor, allowing plants to migrate along watercourse, but it also created a barrier dividing the system. The results suggest that increasing the plant species richness in urban grasslands in the city center requires seed addition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassanali Mollashahi
- Institute of Agroecology and Plant Production, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
- * E-mail:
| | - Magdalena Szymura
- Institute of Agroecology and Plant Production, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Tomasz H. Szymura
- Department of Ecology, Biogeochemistry and Environmental Protection, University of Wrocław, Wrocław, Poland
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29
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Glennemeier K, Packard S, Spyreas G. Dramatic long-term restoration of an oak woodland due to multiple, sustained management treatments. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0241061. [PMID: 33095813 PMCID: PMC7584219 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0241061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
We measured 34 years of plant community change in a degraded oak woodland undergoing ecological management. Management included regular prescribed fire, control of white-tailed deer populations, repeated sowing of a diverse seed mix, and removal of invasive plants. We tracked change with several conservation metrics. Time series analysis showed no significant changes over time in either plant species richness or the Shannon-Weiner diversity index. Floristic Quality Assessment measures—the Floristic Quality Index (FQI), Cover-weighted FQI, and the Mean Coefficient of Conservatism (Mean C)—all increased dramatically over time, such that their values now surpass those of the highest quality representative of this habitat in the region. Cover-weighted FQI had the added benefit of being quick to respond (negatively and positively) to short-term management changes during the study. This sensitivity highlights its utility for adaptive management, enabling timely, data-driven changes to ongoing management regimes. Plant community composition showed striking changes during the study period, as species of high conservation value replaced weedier species. As a group, conservative woodland species are notoriously slow to recover from degradation, making this flora’s recovery particularly notable. A mid-study cessation of management immediately stalled the woodland’s recovery according to Floristic Quality metrics, but the restoration quickly returned to its positive trajectory with the resumption of management treatments. These results illustrate that impressive plant biodiversity restoration can be achieved, even in highly degraded contemporary oak ecosystems, if ecological management is comprehensive and if it is sustained over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Glennemeier
- Habitat Research LLC, Wilmette, Illinois, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Stephen Packard
- North Branch Restoration Project, Northbrook, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Greg Spyreas
- Illinois Natural History Survey, University of Illinois, Champaign, Illinois, United States of America
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Griffith DM, Osborne CP, Edwards EJ, Bachle S, Beerling DJ, Bond WJ, Gallaher TJ, Helliker BR, Lehmann CER, Leatherman L, Nippert JB, Pau S, Qiu F, Riley WJ, Smith MD, Strömberg CAE, Taylor L, Ungerer M, Still CJ. Lineage-based functional types: characterising functional diversity to enhance the representation of ecological behaviour in Land Surface Models. New Phytol 2020; 228:15-23. [PMID: 33448428 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Process-based vegetation models attempt to represent the wide range of trait variation in biomes by grouping ecologically similar species into plant functional types (PFTs). This approach has been successful in representing many aspects of plant physiology and biophysics but struggles to capture biogeographic history and ecological dynamics that determine biome boundaries and plant distributions. Grass-dominated ecosystems are broadly distributed across all vegetated continents and harbour large functional diversity, yet most Land Surface Models (LSMs) summarise grasses into two generic PFTs based primarily on differences between temperate C3 grasses and (sub)tropical C4 grasses. Incorporation of species-level trait variation is an active area of research to enhance the ecological realism of PFTs, which form the basis for vegetation processes and dynamics in LSMs. Using reported measurements, we developed grass functional trait values (physiological, structural, biochemical, anatomical, phenological, and disturbance-related) of dominant lineages to improve LSM representations. Our method is fundamentally different from previous efforts, as it uses phylogenetic relatedness to create lineage-based functional types (LFTs), situated between species-level trait data and PFT-level abstractions, thus providing a realistic representation of functional diversity and opening the door to the development of new vegetation models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel M Griffith
- Forest Ecosystems and Society, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA
- US Geological Survey Western Geographic Science Center, Moffett Field, CA, 94035, USA
- NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA, 94035, USA
| | - Colin P Osborne
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK
| | - Erika J Edwards
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Seton Bachle
- Division of Biology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA
| | - David J Beerling
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK
| | - William J Bond
- South African Environmental Observation Network, National Research Foundation, Claremont, 7735, South Africa
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, 7701, South Africa
| | - Timothy J Gallaher
- Department of Biology and the Burke Museum of Natural History and Culture, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98915, USA
- Bishop Museum, Honolulu, HI, 96817, USA
| | - Brent R Helliker
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19401, USA
| | | | - Lila Leatherman
- Forest Ecosystems and Society, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA
| | - Jesse B Nippert
- Division of Biology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA
| | - Stephanie Pau
- Department of Geography, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, 32303, USA
| | - Fan Qiu
- Division of Biology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA
| | - William J Riley
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Melinda D Smith
- Department of Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80521, USA
| | - Caroline A E Strömberg
- Department of Biology and the Burke Museum of Natural History and Culture, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98915, USA
| | - Lyla Taylor
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK
| | - Mark Ungerer
- Division of Biology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA
| | - Christopher J Still
- Forest Ecosystems and Society, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA
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Dagg JL, Derry JF. Charles Darwin did not mislead Joseph Hooker in their 1881 Correspondence about Leopold von Buch and Karl Ernst von Baer. Ann Sci 2020; 77:349-365. [PMID: 32755351 DOI: 10.1080/00033790.2020.1790659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 06/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
While Joseph Hooker was considering his upcoming presentation on the geographical distribution of species, he asked Charles Darwin for help with some references. During the ensuing exchange of correspondence, Darwin seems to have contradicted himself, regarding his being aware of Leopold von Buch's observation that distributed varieties become species, prior to writing On the Origin of Species. Literalists and conspiracists have interpreted this apparent self-contradiction as a sign of duplicity and fraud. However, when the correspondence and Hooker's address are analysed in context, there is a more compelling explanation. Simply that, in response to direct questioning by Hooker, Darwin conflated the two names of Von Baer and Von Buch, and made an honest mistake.
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Comer PJ, Hak JC, Josse C, Smyth R. Long-term loss in extent and current protection of terrestrial ecosystem diversity in the temperate and tropical Americas. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0234960. [PMID: 32603348 PMCID: PMC7326196 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0234960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Documenting changes in ecosystem extent and protection is essential to understanding status of biodiversity and related ecosystem services and have direct applications to measuring Essential Biodiversity Variables, Targets under the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), and IUCN Red List of Ecosystems. We developed both potential and current distribution maps of terrestrial ecosystem types for the temperate and tropical Americas; with “potential” estimating where a type would likely occur today had there not been prior land conversion for modern land uses. We utilized a hierarchical classification to describe and map natural ecosystem types at six levels of thematic detail, with lower thematic levels defining more units each with narrower floristic range than upper levels. Current land use/land cover was derived using available global data on human land use intensity and combined with the potential distribution maps to estimate long-term change in extent for each ecosystem type. We also assessed representation of ecosystem types within protected areas as defined by IUCN I-VI land status categories. Of the 749 ecosystem types assessed, represented at 5th (n = 315) vs. 6th (n = 433) levels of the classification hierarchy, 5 types (1.6%) and 31 types (7.1%), respectively, have lost >90% of their potential extent. Some 66 types (20.9%) and 141 types (32.5%), respectively, have lost >50% of their potential extent; thus, crossing thresholds of Vulnerable status under IUCN Red List criterion A3. For ecosystem type representation within IUCN protected area classes, with reference to potential extent of each type, 111 (45.3%) and 125 (28.8%) of types, respectively, have higher representation (>17%) than CBD 2020 targets. Twelve types (3.8%) and 23 (5.3%) of types, respectively, are represented with <1% within protected areas. We illustrate an option for visualizing and reporting on CBD targets (2020 and proposed post-2020) for ecosystem representativeness using both potential extent as a baseline.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jon C. Hak
- NatureServe, Boulder, CO, United States of America
| | | | - Regan Smyth
- NatureServe, Arlington, VA, United States of America
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Wang YL, Gao C, Chen L, Ji NN, Wu BW, Li XC, Lü PP, Zheng Y, Guo LD. Host plant phylogeny and geographic distance strongly structure Betulaceae-associated ectomycorrhizal fungal communities in Chinese secondary forest ecosystems. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2020; 95:5393368. [PMID: 30889238 DOI: 10.1093/femsec/fiz037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Environmental filtering and dispersal limitation are two of the primary drivers of community assembly in ecosystems, but their effects on ectomycorrhizal (EM) fungal communities associated with wide ranges of Betulaceae taxa at a large scale are poorly documented. In this study, we examined EM fungal communities associated with 23 species from four genera (Alnus, Betula, Carpinus and Corylus) of Betulaceae in Chinese secondary forest ecosystems, using Illumina MiSeq sequencing of the ITS2 region. Effects of host plant phylogeny, soil, climate and geographic distance on EM fungal community were explored. In total, we distinguished 1738 EM fungal operational taxonomic units (OTUs) at a 97% sequence similarity level. The EM fungal communities of Alnus had significantly lower OTU richness than those associated with the other three plant genera. The EM fungal OTU richness was significantly affected by geographic distance, host plant phylogeny, soil and climate. The EM fungal community composition was significantly influenced by host plant phylogeny (12.1% of variation explained in EM fungal community), geographic distance (7.7%), soil (4.6%) and climate (1.1%). This finding highlights that environmental filtering linked to host plant phylogeny and dispersal limitation strongly influence EM fungal communities associated with Betulaceae plants in Chinese secondary forest ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Long Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Cheng Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Liang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Niu-Niu Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Bin-Wei Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xing-Chun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Peng-Peng Lü
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yong Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Liang-Dong Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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Hale RE, Powell E, Beikmohamadi L, Alexander ML. Effects of arthropod inquilines on growth and reproductive effort among metacommunities of the purple pitcher plant (Sarracenia purpurea var. montana). PLoS One 2020; 15:e0232835. [PMID: 32384101 PMCID: PMC7209241 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0232835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Many plant species harbor communities of symbionts that release nutrients used by their host plants. However, the importance of these nutrients to plant growth and reproductive effort is not well understood. Here, we evaluate the relationship between the communities that colonize pitcher plant phytotelmata and the pitcher plants’ vegetative growth and flower production to better understand the symbiotic role played by phytotelma communities. We focus on the mountain variety purple pitcher plant (Sarracenia purpurea var. montana), which occurs in small and isolated populations in Western North Carolina. We found that greater symbiont community diversity is associated with higher flower production the following season. We then examined geographic variation in communities and found that smaller plant populations supported less diverse symbiont communities. We relate our observations to patterns of community diversity predicted by community ecology theory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca E. Hale
- Biology Department, The University of North Carolina Asheville, One University Heights, Asheville, North Carolina, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Elise Powell
- Biology Department, The University of North Carolina Asheville, One University Heights, Asheville, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Leila Beikmohamadi
- Biology Department, The University of North Carolina Asheville, One University Heights, Asheville, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Mara L. Alexander
- Asheville Ecological Services Office, United States Fish and Wildlife Service, Asheville, North Carolina, United States of America
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35
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Abstract
Global change may induce changes in savanna and forest distributions, but the dynamics of these changes remain unclear. Classical biome theory suggests that climate is predictive of biome distributions, such that shifts will be continuous and reversible. This view, however, cannot explain the overlap in the climatic ranges of tropical biomes, which some argue may result from fire-vegetation feedbacks, maintaining savanna and forest as bistable states. Under this view, biome shifts are argued to be discontinuous and irreversible. Mean-field bistable models, however, are also limited, as they cannot reproduce the spatial aggregation of biomes. Here we suggest that both models ignore spatial processes, such as dispersal, which may be important when savanna and forest abut. We examine the contributions of dispersal to determining biome distributions using a 2D reaction-diffusion model, comparing results qualitatively to empirical savanna and forest distributions in sub-Saharan Africa. We find that the diffusion model resolves both the aforementioned limitations of biome models. First, local dispersive spatial interactions, with an underlying precipitation gradient, can reproduce the spatial aggregation of biomes with a stable savanna-forest boundary. Second, the boundary is determined not only by the amount of precipitation but also by the geometrical shape of the precipitation contours. These geometrical effects arise from continental-scale source-sink dynamics, which reproduce the mismatch between biome and climate. Dynamically, the spatial model predicts that dispersal may increase the resilience of tropical biome in response to global change: the boundary continuously tracks climate, recovering following disturbances, unless the remnant biome patches are too small.
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Racimo F, Woodbridge J, Fyfe RM, Sikora M, Sjögren KG, Kristiansen K, Vander Linden M. The spatiotemporal spread of human migrations during the European Holocene. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:8989-9000. [PMID: 32238559 PMCID: PMC7183159 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1920051117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The European continent was subject to two major migrations of peoples during the Holocene: the northwestward movement of Anatolian farmer populations during the Neolithic and the westward movement of Yamnaya steppe peoples during the Bronze Age. These movements changed the genetic composition of the continent's inhabitants. The Holocene was also characterized by major changes in vegetation composition, which altered the environment occupied by the original hunter-gatherer populations. We aim to test to what extent vegetation change through time is associated with changes in population composition as a consequence of these migrations, or with changes in climate. Using ancient DNA in combination with geostatistical techniques, we produce detailed maps of ancient population movements, which allow us to visualize how these migrations unfolded through time and space. We find that the spread of Neolithic farmer ancestry had a two-pronged wavefront, in agreement with similar findings on the cultural spread of farming from radiocarbon-dated archaeological sites. This movement, however, did not have a strong association with changes in the vegetational landscape. In contrast, the Yamnaya migration speed was at least twice as fast and coincided with a reduction in the amount of broad-leaf forest and an increase in the amount of pasture and natural grasslands in the continent. We demonstrate the utility of integrating ancient genomes with archaeometric datasets in a spatiotemporal statistical framework, which we foresee will enable future studies of ancient populations' movements, and their putative effects on local fauna and flora.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Racimo
- Lundbeck GeoGenetics Centre, The Globe Institute, University of Copenhagen, 1350 Copenhagen, Denmark;
| | - Jessie Woodbridge
- School of Geography, Earth, and Environmental Sciences, University of Plymouth, Plymouth PL4 8AA, United Kingdom
| | - Ralph M Fyfe
- School of Geography, Earth, and Environmental Sciences, University of Plymouth, Plymouth PL4 8AA, United Kingdom
| | - Martin Sikora
- Lundbeck GeoGenetics Centre, The Globe Institute, University of Copenhagen, 1350 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Karl-Göran Sjögren
- Department of Historical Studies, University of Gothenburg, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Kristian Kristiansen
- Department of Historical Studies, University of Gothenburg, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Marc Vander Linden
- Department of Archaeology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1TN, United Kingdom
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Abstract
Many studies have estimated the adverse effects of climate change on crop yields, however, this literature almost universally assumes a constant geographic distribution of crops in the future. Movement of growing areas to limit exposure to adverse climate conditions has been discussed as a theoretical adaptive response but has not previously been quantified or demonstrated at a global scale. Here, we assess how changes in rainfed crop area have already mediated growing season temperature trends for rainfed maize, wheat, rice, and soybean using spatially-explicit climate and crop area data from 1973 to 2012. Our results suggest that the most damaging impacts of warming on rainfed maize, wheat, and rice have been substantially moderated by the migration of these crops over time and the expansion of irrigation. However, continued migration may incur substantial environmental costs and will depend on socio-economic and political factors in addition to land suitability and climate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsey L Sloat
- Department of Ecosystem Science and Sustainability, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA.
- Department of Soil and Crop Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA.
| | - Steven J Davis
- Department of Earth System Science, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - James S Gerber
- Institute on the Environment, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, 55108, USA
| | - Frances C Moore
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Deepak K Ray
- Institute on the Environment, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, 55108, USA
| | - Paul C West
- Institute on the Environment, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, 55108, USA
| | - Nathaniel D Mueller
- Department of Ecosystem Science and Sustainability, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
- Department of Soil and Crop Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
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Jiménez-Alfaro B, Frischie S, Stolz J, Gálvez-Ramírez C. Native plants for greening Mediterranean agroecosystems. Nat Plants 2020; 6:209-214. [PMID: 32170288 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-020-0617-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In the upcoming United Nations Decade on Ecosystem Restoration, a global challenge for scientists and practitioners will be to develop a well-functioning seed production sector on the basis of a sound species-selection process1. To balance crop production with biodiversity functions in Mediterranean woody crops, agroecological practices2 suggest the need to move towards the establishment of herbaceous ground covers3-5. However, establishing such plants requires a supply of suitable native seeds, which is currently unavailable. Here, we present a comprehensive process for selecting regionally adapted species that also emphasizes considerations for seed production6. Using olive groves as a target system, we found that research on ground covers for regenerative agriculture has largely overlooked native species at the expense of commercial and ill-suited varieties. Our assessment of native annuals showed that 85% of the grasses and forbs evaluated exhibit a suite of ecological and production traits that can be tailored to meet the requirements of farmers, seed producers and environmental agencies. These findings suggest that many native species are neglected in agronomic research, despite being potentially suitable for ground covers and for supporting a nature-based solution7 in restoration practice. The framework used here may be applied in other agroecosystems to follow global greening initiatives and to support native seed production to scale up restoration8-10.
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Affiliation(s)
- Borja Jiménez-Alfaro
- Research Unit of Biodiversity (CSIC/UO/PA), Oviedo University, Campus de Mieres, Mieres, Spain.
| | - Stephanie Frischie
- Semillas Silvestres S.L., Córdoba, Spain
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
- Xerces Society for Invertebrate Conservation, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Juliane Stolz
- Semillas Silvestres S.L., Córdoba, Spain
- Technische Universität Dresden, Institute of Forest Growth and Forest Computer Sciences, Tharandt, Germany
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Tanentzap AJ, Igea J, Johnston MG, Larcombe MJ. Does Evolutionary History Correlate with Contemporary Extinction Risk by Influencing Range Size Dynamics? Am Nat 2020; 195:569-576. [PMID: 32097046 DOI: 10.1086/707207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Extinction threatens many species yet is predicted by few factors across the plant tree of life (ToL). Taxon age is one factor that may associate with extinction if occupancy of geographic and adaptive zones varies with time, but evidence for such an association has been equivocal. Age-dependent occupancy can also influence diversification rates and thus extinction risk where new taxa have small range and population sizes. To test how age, diversification, and range size were correlated with extinction, we analyzed 639 well-sampled genera representing 8,937 species from across the plant ToL. We found a greater proportion of species were threatened by contemporary extinction in younger and faster-diversifying genera. When we directly tested how range size mediated this pattern in two large, well-sampled groups, our results varied. In conifers, potential range size was smaller in older species and was correlated with higher extinction risk. Age on its own had no direct effect on extinction when accounting for its influence on range size. In palm species, age was neither directly nor indirectly correlated with extinction risk. Our results suggest that range size dynamics may explain differing patterns of extinction risk across the ToL, with consequences for biodiversity conservation.
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Zhou X, Yu J, Spengler RN, Shen H, Zhao K, Ge J, Bao Y, Liu J, Yang Q, Chen G, Weiming Jia P, Li X. 5,200-year-old cereal grains from the eastern Altai Mountains redate the trans-Eurasian crop exchange. Nat Plants 2020; 6:78-87. [PMID: 32055044 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-019-0581-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Wheat and barley evolved from large-seeded annual grasses in the arid, low latitudes of Asia; their spread into higher elevations and northern latitudes involved corresponding evolutionary adaptations in these plants, including traits for frost tolerance and shifts in photoperiod sensitivity. The adaptation of farming populations to these northern latitudes was also a complex and poorly understood process that included changes in cultivation practices and the varieties of crops grown. In this article, we push back the earliest dates for the spread of wheat and barley into northern regions of Asia as well as providing earlier cultural links between East and West Asia. The archaeobotanical, palynological and anthracological data we present come from the Tongtian Cave site in the Altai Mountains, with a punctuated occupation dating between 5,200 and 3,200 calibrated years BP, coinciding with global cooling of the middle-late Holocene transition. These early low-investment agropastoral populations in the north steppe area played a major role in the prehistoric trans-Eurasian exchange.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinying Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origins, Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Center for Excellence in Life and Paleoenvironment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jianjun Yu
- Xinjiang Autonomous Regional Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology, Urumchi, China
| | | | - Hui Shen
- Key Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origins, Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Keliang Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origins, Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Center for Excellence in Life and Paleoenvironment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Junyi Ge
- Key Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origins, Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Center for Excellence in Life and Paleoenvironment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yige Bao
- Key Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origins, Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Junchi Liu
- Key Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origins, Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Center for Excellence in Life and Paleoenvironment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qingjiang Yang
- Key Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origins, Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Guanhan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origins, Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Peter Weiming Jia
- Department of Archaeology, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Xiaoqiang Li
- Key Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origins, Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
- Center for Excellence in Life and Paleoenvironment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
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Sun Y, Gao P, Ding N, Zou X, Chen Y, Li T, Cuiting W, Xu X, Chen T, Ruan H. Feasible Green Strategy for the Quantitative Bioaccumulation of Heavy Metals by Lemna minor: Application of the Self-Thinning Law. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 2020; 104:282-287. [PMID: 31858152 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-019-02772-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
This study involved the development of mathematical linear regression models to describe the relationships between mean plant biomass (M) and population density (D), M and frond diameter (L), frond numbers (N) and L of Lemna minor under different initial population densities (3200, 4450, and 6400 plants/m2), respectively, from the perspective of the self-thinning law. Our results revealed that the value of the allometric exponents for M and D were - 3/2. Further, the concentrations of Zn, Pb, Cu, Fe, and Ni accumulated in L. minor plants were 0.86, 0.32, 0.36, 0.62, and 0.39 mg/kg, respectively. Based on these developed equations and the heavy metal accumulations by L. minor, the phytoremediation capacity of L. minor was quantified via its frond diameters. Overall, the present study provides a cost-effective green method for managing the phytoremediation of heavy metal-contaminated aquatic environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Sun
- College of Biology and the Environment, Joint Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, People's Republic of China
| | - Peike Gao
- School of Life Science, Qufu Normal University, Qufu, 273165, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Ning Ding
- School of Life Science, Qufu Normal University, Qufu, 273165, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoming Zou
- Department of Environmental Science, University of Puerto Rico, P.O. Box 70377, San Juan, PR, 00936-8377, USA
| | - Yiliang Chen
- College of Biology and the Environment, Joint Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, People's Republic of China
| | - Taihua Li
- College of Biology and the Environment, Joint Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, People's Republic of China
| | - Wang Cuiting
- College of Biology and the Environment, Joint Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuan Xu
- College of Biology and the Environment, Joint Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, People's Republic of China
| | - Tingting Chen
- College of Biology and the Environment, Joint Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, People's Republic of China
| | - Honghua Ruan
- College of Biology and the Environment, Joint Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, People's Republic of China.
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Behera MD, Roy PS, Mahanand S, Panda RM, Padhee S. Angiospermic plant dispersal profile of India-a maiden analysis. Environ Monit Assess 2020; 191:800. [PMID: 31989306 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-019-7703-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Plant-disperser relationship is a mutual approach that regulates the species composition and habitat diversity. Here, we unfold the dispersal profile of India and provide comprehensive information on plant-disperser relationships, emphasising on plant longevities (annual, biennial, and perennial), plant life forms (tree, shrub, herb, liana), and vegetation types. The floral data were collected from a national database, and the dispersal information of 3301 geo-tagged plant species was gathered. The plant dispersal types were mainly (1) abiotic (hydrochory-water, anemochory-wind) and (2) biotic (endozoochory-internal gut, epizoochory-adherence to external surface, anthropochory-human, ornithochory-bird, myrmecochory-insect, and chirepterochory-bat) that included five dispersal modes, i.e. monochory (single), dichory (double), trichory (triple), quadrichory (four), and quintuchory (five). The generalised linear model was utilised to evaluate plant-disperser relationships. Monochory could explain variances of 56.8%, 51.2%, and 45.1% in perennials, annuals, and biennials, and 45.3%, 46.3%, 39.4%, and 47.7% for trees, shrubs, herbs, and lianas, respectively. Monochory has more significant influence on all major vegetation types, with at least 40% variance explanation. Anemochory, the dispersal by wind factor, was found to exercise by most plants. The life form wise analytics revealed inclination of multiple modes of dispersal for herbs with abiotic factors might be due to lighter weight, followed by trees with biotic dispersers could be owing to large size seeds. The same trend was reported from herb-dominant grassland where abiotic factors mostly contribute to dispersal, whereas the tree-dominant vegetation types exhibit dispersal primarily due to biotic means. This study provides a synoptic diagnosis to understand the dispersal profile of India, which has been an understudied domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mukunda Dev Behera
- Centre for Oceans, Rivers, Atmosphere and Land Sciences (CORAL), Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, India
- School of Water Resources, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, India
| | - Partha Sarathi Roy
- International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics, Hyderabad, India
| | - Swapna Mahanand
- School of Water Resources, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, India
| | - Rajendra Mohan Panda
- Centre for Oceans, Rivers, Atmosphere and Land Sciences (CORAL), Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, India.
| | - Swapnarani Padhee
- Centre for Oceans, Rivers, Atmosphere and Land Sciences (CORAL), Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, India
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Zhang Z, Gale SW, Li JH, Fischer GA, Ren MX, Song XQ. Pollen-mediated gene flow ensures connectivity among spatially discrete sub-populations of Phalaenopsis pulcherrima, a tropical food-deceptive orchid. BMC Plant Biol 2019; 19:597. [PMID: 31888488 PMCID: PMC6937714 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-019-2179-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 11/29/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gene flow in plants via pollen and seeds is asymmetrical at different geographic scales. Orchid seeds are adapted to long-distance wind dispersal but pollinium transfer is often influenced by pollinator behavior. We combined field studies with an analysis of genetic diversity among 155 physically mapped adults and 1105 F1 seedlings to evaluate the relative contribution of pollen and seed dispersal to overall gene flow among three sub-populations of the food-deceptive orchid Phalaenopsis pulcherrima on Hainan Island, China. RESULTS Phalaenopsis pulcherrima is self-sterile and predominantly outcrossing, resulting in high population-level genetic diversity, but plants are clumped and exhibit fine-scale genetic structuring. Even so, we detected low differentiation among sub-populations, with polynomial regression analysis suggesting gene flow via seed to be more restricted than that via pollen. Paternity analysis confirmed capsules of P. pulcherrima to each be sired by a single pollen donor, probably in part facilitated by post-pollination stigma obfuscation, with a mean pollen flow distance of 272.7 m. Despite limited sampling, we detected no loss of genetic diversity from one generation to the next. CONCLUSIONS Outcrossing mediated by deceptive pollination and self-sterility promote high genetic diversity in P. pulcherrima. Long-range pollinia transfer ensures connectivity among sub-populations, offsetting the risk of genetic erosion at local scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Germplasm Innovation of Tropical Special Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants (Hainan University), Ministry of Education, College of Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Germplasm Resources of Tropical Special Ornamental Plants of Hainan Province, College of Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou, People's Republic of China
| | - Stephan W Gale
- Kadoorie Farm & Botanic Garden, Lam Kam Road, Tai Po, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China.
| | - Ji-Hong Li
- Kadoorie Farm & Botanic Garden, Lam Kam Road, Tai Po, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
| | - Gunter A Fischer
- Kadoorie Farm & Botanic Garden, Lam Kam Road, Tai Po, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
| | - Ming-Xun Ren
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Germplasm Innovation of Tropical Special Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants (Hainan University), Ministry of Education, College of Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou, People's Republic of China
- Center for Terrestrial Biodiversity of the South China Sea, Hainan University, Haikou, People's Republic of China
| | - Xi-Qiang Song
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Germplasm Innovation of Tropical Special Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants (Hainan University), Ministry of Education, College of Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou, People's Republic of China.
- Key Laboratory of Germplasm Resources of Tropical Special Ornamental Plants of Hainan Province, College of Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou, People's Republic of China.
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Jiao S, Li J, Li Y, Jia J, Xu Z. Soil C, N, and P distribution as affected by plant communities in the Yellow River Delta, China. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0226887. [PMID: 31860646 PMCID: PMC6924685 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0226887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Soil carbon (C), nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) are important soil properties linked to nutrient limitation and plant productivity in terrestrial ecosystems. Up to 90% of the Yellow River Delta (YRD), China has been affected by soil salination due to groundwater overdraft, improper irrigation, land use and land cover change. The objective of this study is to evaluate the impact of different plant communities on soil quality in a saline-alkaline system of the YRD. We investigated the vertical distribution and seasonal variation of soil C, N, and P, and C:N ratio by choosing four dominant plant communities, namely, alfalfa grassland (AG), Chinese tamarisk (CT), locust forest (LF) and cotton field (CF). The results showed that the concentrations of soil organic carbon (SOC) and total nitrogen (TN) in CT and LF were always higher than that in AG and CF, especially in the topsoil layer (p<0.05), then gradually decreased with soil depth increasing (p<0.05). The C:N ratio was generally lower, and the average C:N ratio was higher in LF (11.55±1.99) and CT (11.03±0.47) than in CF (10.05±1.25) and AG (9.11±1.11) (p<0.05). The available phosphorus (AP) was highest in CT in Spring, while it was highest in CF in Summer and Autumn. It is worth noting that the soil AP concentrations were always low, particularly in AG (< 6.29 mg kg-1) and LF (< 4.67 mg kg-1), probably linked to P poorly mobile in the saline-alkaline region. In this study, soil nutrients in natural plant communities are superior to farmland, and are significantly affected by the types of plant community; therefore, we suggest that protection of natural vegetation and development of optimal vegetation are critical to restoring land degradation in the YRD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuying Jiao
- College of Resources and Environment, National Engineering Laboratory for Efficient Utilization of Soil and Fertilizer Resources, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, Shandong, China
| | - Junran Li
- Department of Geosciences, The University of Tulsa, Tulsa, OK, United States of America
| | - Yongqiang Li
- College of Resources and Environment, National Engineering Laboratory for Efficient Utilization of Soil and Fertilizer Resources, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, Shandong, China
| | - Jiwen Jia
- College of Resources and Environment, National Engineering Laboratory for Efficient Utilization of Soil and Fertilizer Resources, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, Shandong, China
| | - Ziyun Xu
- College of Resources and Environment, National Engineering Laboratory for Efficient Utilization of Soil and Fertilizer Resources, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, Shandong, China
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Aristizabal JF, Negrete-Yankelevich S, Macías-Ordóñez R, Chapman CA, Serio-Silva JC. Spatial aggregation of fruits explains food selection in a neotropical primate (Alouatta pigra). Sci Rep 2019; 9:19452. [PMID: 31857630 PMCID: PMC6923416 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-55932-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The availability and spatial distribution of food resources affect animal behavior and survival. Black howler monkeys (Alouatta pigra) have a foraging strategy to balance their nutrient intake that involves mixing their consumption of leaves and fruits. The spatial aggregation of food items should impact this strategy, but how it does so is largely unknown. We quantified how leaf and fruit intake combined (here termed food set selection) was spatially aggregated in patches and how food aggregation varied across seasons. Using variograms we estimated patch diameter and with Generalized Least Square models determined the effect of food spatial aggregation on food selection. Only fruits were structured in patches in the season of highest availability (dry-season). The patches of food set selection had a diameter between 6.9 and 14 m and were explained by those of mature fruit availability which were between 18 and 19 m in diameter. Our results suggest that the spatial pattern of food selection is influenced by patches of large fruit-bearing trees, not by particular species. Fruit also occur along spatial gradients, but these do not explain food selection, suggesting that howlers maximize food intake in response to local aggregation of fruit that are limiting during certain seasons. We demonstrate how the independent spatial modelling of resources and behavior enables the definition of patches and testing their spatial relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- John F Aristizabal
- Red de Biología y Conservación de Vertebrados, Instituto de Ecología A.C., Carretera antigua a Coatepec No. 351, El Haya, CP 91070 Xalapa, Veracruz, México
| | - Simoneta Negrete-Yankelevich
- Red de Ecología Funcional, Instituto de Ecología, A.C., Carretera antigua a Coatepec No. 351, El Haya, Xalapa, Veracruz, 91070, México.
| | - Rogelio Macías-Ordóñez
- Red de Biología Evolutiva, Instituto de Ecología, A.C., Carretera antigua a Coatepec No. 351, El Haya, CP 91070 Xalapa, Veracruz, México
| | - Colin A Chapman
- Department of Anthropology, Center for the Advanced Study of Human Paleobiology, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, 20037, USA
- School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Scottsville, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Animal Conservation, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Juan C Serio-Silva
- Red de Biología y Conservación de Vertebrados, Instituto de Ecología A.C., Carretera antigua a Coatepec No. 351, El Haya, CP 91070 Xalapa, Veracruz, México
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Fetter D, Dörr DS, Moraes JAR, Putzke J, Lobo EA. Methodology proposed for photogrammetric monitoring of the exotic species Hovenia dulcis Thunb. in the Green Belt area surrounding the city of Santa Cruz do Sul, RS, Brazil. Environ Monit Assess 2019; 192:26. [PMID: 31823024 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-019-8018-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The spread of the exotic species Hovenia dulcis known as Japanese raisin tree, coming from Asia, detected in a protected area of 465.0 ha surrounding the city of Santa Cruz do Sul, RS, Brazil, named "Green Belt." In this context, this research aimed at developing an aerial monitoring system able to identify and quantify the extension in the Green Belt area that this species invaded, as well as describing the impacts caused on the local forest community. We collected data from an ultralight Flyer GT aircraft equipped with a vertical camera. The images were taking in June and July 2015, when H. dulcis trees have shed their leaves, displaying a gray color, and September and October 2015, when the leaves are young and with a light green color. Based on the methodology proposed trough aerial monitoring by photogrammetry, the results indicated that the total invaded area by H. dulcis in the Green Belt of Santa Cruz do Sul County, RS, was 131.8 ha, corresponding to 20.9% of the total area. To validate this method, a quantitative comparison between the result from a terrestrial fieldwork carried out and the proposed method showed no significant differences in the estimated area occupied by H. dulcis. We concluded that these results validate the proposed aerial assessment method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas Fetter
- Environmental Technology Program, University of Santa Cruz do Sul (UNISC), Av. Independência, 2293 Universitário, Santa Cruz do Sul, RS, 96815-900, Brazil
| | - Doris Sippel Dörr
- Environmental Technology Program, University of Santa Cruz do Sul (UNISC), Av. Independência, 2293 Universitário, Santa Cruz do Sul, RS, 96815-900, Brazil.
| | - Jorge André Ribas Moraes
- Environmental Technology Program, University of Santa Cruz do Sul (UNISC), Av. Independência, 2293 Universitário, Santa Cruz do Sul, RS, 96815-900, Brazil
| | - Jair Putzke
- Environmental Technology Program, University of Santa Cruz do Sul (UNISC), Av. Independência, 2293 Universitário, Santa Cruz do Sul, RS, 96815-900, Brazil
| | - Eduardo A Lobo
- Environmental Technology Program, University of Santa Cruz do Sul (UNISC), Av. Independência, 2293 Universitário, Santa Cruz do Sul, RS, 96815-900, Brazil
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Abstract
Fire-prone invasive grasses create novel ecosystem threats by increasing fine-fuel loads and continuity, which can alter fire regimes. While the existence of an invasive grass-fire cycle is well known, evidence of altered fire regimes is typically based on local-scale studies or expert knowledge. Here, we quantify the effects of 12 nonnative, invasive grasses on fire occurrence, size, and frequency across 29 US ecoregions encompassing more than one third of the conterminous United States. These 12 grass species promote fire locally and have extensive spatial records of abundant infestations. We combined agency and satellite fire data with records of abundant grass invasion to test for differences in fire regimes between invaded and nearby "uninvaded" habitat. Additionally, we assessed whether invasive grass presence is a significant predictor of altered fire by modeling fire occurrence, size, and frequency as a function of grass invasion, in addition to anthropogenic and ecological covariates relevant to fire. Eight species showed significantly higher fire-occurrence rates, which more than tripled for Schismus barbatus and Pennisetum ciliare. Six species demonstrated significantly higher mean fire frequency, which more than doubled for Neyraudia reynaudiana and Pennisetum ciliare Grass invasion was significant in fire occurrence and frequency models, but not in fire-size models. The significant differences in fire regimes, coupled with the importance of grass invasion in modeling these differences, suggest that invasive grasses alter US fire regimes at regional scales. As concern about US wildfires grows, accounting for fire-promoting invasive grasses will be imperative for effectively managing ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily J Fusco
- Graduate Program in Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003;
| | - John T Finn
- Department of Environmental Conservation, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003
| | - Jennifer K Balch
- Earth Lab, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309
- Department of Geography, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309
| | | | - Bethany A Bradley
- Graduate Program in Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003
- Department of Environmental Conservation, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003
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Marcon A, Mladenoff DJ, Grignolio S, Apollonio M. Effects of forest management and roe deer impact on a mountain forest development in the Italian Apennines: A modelling approach using LANDIS-II. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0224788. [PMID: 31693689 PMCID: PMC6834274 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0224788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Forest development is a complex phenomenon which, for the number of actors involved and the response time expressed by forests, is difficult to understand and explore. Forests in Italy, as in several areas of Europe, are experiencing intensive management and recently, an increasing impact by ungulates. The effects on forest development of these two disturbances combined are difficult to predict, and consequently to be properly managed. We used a forest landscape change model, LANDIS-II, to simulate forest development as driven by forestry practices and roe deer impact for 200 years in a mountain forest of the Italian Apennines. We found that each disturbance alters forest tree species richness, forest type abundance and distribution, and forest structure. When considered combined, the two disturbances show additive behavior, enhancing or moderating each other’s effects. Forest management has a negative effect on tree species richness. We expected roe deer to have a negative effect on harvest yields, but this result was significant only for two of seven harvesting treatments. On the other hand, roe deer presence had a positive effect on tree species richness. All the simulation scenarios returned some extent of forest loss. The amount of the forest loss is lowest in the scenario without disturbances, and greatest when both disturbances are considered. However, the two disturbances combined, with the magnitude modelled in our simulations, have relatively low effects on the forest dynamics we analyzed in our study area. LANDIS-II was an effective approach for simulating combined management and ungulate driven trends of forest development, and to help understand the dynamics that lay behind it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Marcon
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
- * E-mail:
| | - David J. Mladenoff
- Department of Forest & Wildlife Ecology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Russell Labs, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Stefano Grignolio
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Marco Apollonio
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
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Sugai K, Mori K, Murakami N, Kato H. Strong genetic structure revealed by microsatellite variation in Callicarpa species endemic to the Bonin (Ogasawara) Islands. J Plant Res 2019; 132:759-775. [PMID: 31625126 DOI: 10.1007/s10265-019-01144-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Adaptive radiation is the diversification of a founding population into multiple taxa that are differentially adapted to diverse ecological niches. The three Callicarpa (Lamiaceae) species endemic to the Bonin Islands are considered to represent an example of adaptive radiation on oceanic islands. All three species are distributed in the Chichijima Island Group and grow in different habitats, while only one species, C. subpubescens, is distributed among other island groups. Particularly, in the Hahajima and Mukojima Island Groups, C. subpubescens grows in various habitats and shows relatively high morphological variation. We investigated genotypes of the three Callicarpa species at 14 microsatellite markers to elucidate genetic differentiation within and between species or island groups and between different habitats or morphologies. We found that genetic differentiation within C. subpubescens in the Hahajima and Mukojima Island Groups was equally as high as that between the three species in the Chichijima Island Group, while differentiation within C. subpubescens in the Chichijima Island Group was much lower. Analyses such as a Bayesian clustering analysis showed that genetically distinct groups were associated with the three species in the Chichijima Island Group, whereas they showed strong genetic structure within C. subpubescens in the Hahajima and Mukojima Island Groups among different habitats and morphologies. These results indicated that ecological diversification occurred in the Hahajima and Mukojima Island Groups. Meanwhile, high genetic differentiation among different island groups was also observed, reflecting isolation by distance. It implies that non-ecological factors such as geographic isolation also played important roles in genetic differentiation in Callicarpa species in the Bonin Islands. These findings suggest that the Callicarpa species in the Bonin Islands are differentiated into multiple genetic groups by both ecological and non-ecological factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoko Sugai
- Institute of Agricultural and Life Sciences, Academic Assembly, Shimane University, 1060 Nishikawatsu-cho, Matsue, Shimane, 690-8504, Japan.
| | - Keigo Mori
- Makino Herbarium, Tokyo Metropolitan University, 1-1 Minami-Osawa, Hachioji, Tokyo, 192-0397, Japan
| | - Noriaki Murakami
- Makino Herbarium, Tokyo Metropolitan University, 1-1 Minami-Osawa, Hachioji, Tokyo, 192-0397, Japan
| | - Hidetoshi Kato
- Makino Herbarium, Tokyo Metropolitan University, 1-1 Minami-Osawa, Hachioji, Tokyo, 192-0397, Japan
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Tamaki I, Kawashima N, Setsuko S, Lee JH, Itaya A, Yukitoshi K, Tomaru N. Population genetic structure and demography of Magnolia kobus: variety borealis is not supported genetically. J Plant Res 2019; 132:741-758. [PMID: 31489497 PMCID: PMC7196954 DOI: 10.1007/s10265-019-01134-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2018] [Accepted: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Species delimitations by morphological and by genetic markers are not always congruent. Magnolia kobus consists of two morphologically different varieties, kobus and borealis. The latter variety is characterized by larger leaves than the former. For the conservation of M. kobus genetic resources in natural forests, the relationships between morphological and genetic variation should be clarified. We investigated variations in nuclear microsatellites, chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) sequences and leaf morphological traits in 23 populations of M. kobus over the range of species. Two genetically divergent lineages, northern and southern were detected and their geographical boundary was estimated to be at 39°N. The northern lineage consisted of two genetic clusters and a single cpDNA haplotype, while the southern one had multiple genetic clusters and cpDNA haplotypes. The northern lineage showed significantly lower genetic diversity than the southern. Approximate Bayesian computation indicated that the northern and southern lineages had experienced, respectively, population expansion and long-term stable population size. The divergence time between the two lineages was estimated to be 565,000 years ago and no signature of migration between the two lineages after divergence was detected. Ecological niche modeling showed that the potential distribution area in northern Japan at the last glacial maximum was very small. It is thus considered that the two lineages have experienced different population histories over several glacial-inter-glacial cycles. Individuals of populations in the central to northern part of Honshu on the Sea of Japan side and in Hokkaido had large leaf width and area. These leaf characteristics corresponded with those of variety borealis. However, the delimitation of the northern and southern lineages detected by genetic markers (39°N) was not congruent with that detected by leaf morphologies (36°N). It is therefore suggested that variety borealis is not supported genetically and the northern and southern lineages should be considered separately when identifying conservation units based not on morphology but on genetic markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ichiro Tamaki
- Gifu Academy of Forest Science and Culture, 88 Sodai, Mino, Gifu, 501-3714, Japan
| | - Naomichi Kawashima
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan
- Mie Prefecture Forestry Research Institute, 3769-1 Nihongi, Hakusan-cho, Tsu, Mie, 515-2602, Japan
| | - Suzuki Setsuko
- Department of Forest Molecular Genetics and Biotechnology, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Forest Research and Management Organization, 1 Matsunosato, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8687, Japan
| | - Jung-Hyun Lee
- Department of Biology Education, Chonnam National University, 77 Yongbong-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju, 500-757, Republic of Korea
| | - Akemi Itaya
- Graduate School of Bioresources, Mie University, 1577 Kurimamachiya, Tsu, Mie, 514-8507, Japan
| | - Kyohei Yukitoshi
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan
| | - Nobuhiro Tomaru
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan.
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