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Song L, Griffin-Nolan RJ, Muraina TO, Chen J, Te N, Shi Y, Whitney KD, Zhang B, Yu Q, Smith MD, Zuo X, Wang Z, Knapp AK, Han X, Collins SL, Luo W. Grassland sensitivity to drought is related to functional composition across East Asia and North America. Ecology 2024; 105:e4220. [PMID: 38037285 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.4220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
Plant traits can be helpful for understanding grassland ecosystem responses to climate extremes, such as severe drought. However, intercontinental comparisons of how drought affects plant functional traits and ecosystem functioning are rare. The Extreme Drought in Grasslands experiment (EDGE) was established across the major grassland types in East Asia and North America (six sites on each continent) to measure variability in grassland ecosystem sensitivity to extreme, prolonged drought. At all sites, we quantified community-weighted mean functional composition and functional diversity of two leaf economic traits, specific leaf area and leaf nitrogen content, in response to drought. We found that experimental drought significantly increased community-weighted means of specific leaf area and leaf nitrogen content at all North American sites and at the wetter East Asian sites, but drought decreased community-weighted means of these traits at moderate to dry East Asian sites. Drought significantly decreased functional richness but increased functional evenness and dispersion at most East Asian and North American sites. Ecosystem drought sensitivity (percentage reduction in aboveground net primary productivity) positively correlated with community-weighted means of specific leaf area and leaf nitrogen content and negatively correlated with functional diversity (i.e., richness) on an intercontinental scale, but results differed within regions. These findings highlight both broad generalities but also unique responses to drought of community-weighted trait means as well as their functional diversity across grassland ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Song
- Liaoning Northwest Grassland Ecosystem National Observation and Research Station; Erguna Forest-Steppe Ecotone Research Station, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, China
- Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Robert J Griffin-Nolan
- Department of Biology Biological Sciences, Santa Clara California State University, Chico, California, USA
| | - Taofeek O Muraina
- Department of Animal Health and Production, Oyo State College of Agriculture and Technology, Igbo-Ora, Nigeria
| | - Jiaqi Chen
- Liaoning Northwest Grassland Ecosystem National Observation and Research Station; Erguna Forest-Steppe Ecotone Research Station, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, China
| | - Niwu Te
- Liaoning Northwest Grassland Ecosystem National Observation and Research Station; Erguna Forest-Steppe Ecotone Research Station, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, China
| | - Yuan Shi
- Liaoning Northwest Grassland Ecosystem National Observation and Research Station; Erguna Forest-Steppe Ecotone Research Station, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, China
| | - Kenneth D Whitney
- Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | - Bingchuan Zhang
- Liaoning Northwest Grassland Ecosystem National Observation and Research Station; Erguna Forest-Steppe Ecotone Research Station, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, China
| | - Qiang Yu
- School of Grassland Science, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
- National Hulunber Grassland Ecosystem Observation and Research Station, Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Melinda D Smith
- Department of Biology and Graduate Degree Program in Ecology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Xiaoan Zuo
- Urat Desert-Grassland Research Station, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Science, Lanzhou, China
| | - Zhengwen Wang
- Liaoning Northwest Grassland Ecosystem National Observation and Research Station; Erguna Forest-Steppe Ecotone Research Station, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, China
| | - Alan K Knapp
- Department of Biology and Graduate Degree Program in Ecology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Xingguo Han
- Liaoning Northwest Grassland Ecosystem National Observation and Research Station; Erguna Forest-Steppe Ecotone Research Station, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, China
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Scott L Collins
- Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | - Wentao Luo
- Liaoning Northwest Grassland Ecosystem National Observation and Research Station; Erguna Forest-Steppe Ecotone Research Station, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, China
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Smith MD, Wilkins KD, Holdrege MC, Wilfahrt P, Collins SL, Knapp AK, Sala OE, Dukes JS, Phillips RP, Yahdjian L, Gherardi LA, Ohlert T, Beier C, Fraser LH, Jentsch A, Loik ME, Maestre FT, Power SA, Yu Q, Felton AJ, Munson SM, Luo Y, Abdoli H, Abedi M, Alados CL, Alberti J, Alon M, An H, Anacker B, Anderson M, Auge H, Bachle S, Bahalkeh K, Bahn M, Batbaatar A, Bauerle T, Beard KH, Behn K, Beil I, Biancari L, Blindow I, Bondaruk VF, Borer ET, Bork EW, Bruschetti CM, Byrne KM, Cahill Jr. JF, Calvo DA, Carbognani M, Cardoni A, Carlyle CN, Castillo-Garcia M, Chang SX, Chieppa J, Cianciaruso MV, Cohen O, Cordeiro AL, Cusack DF, Dahlke S, Daleo P, D'Antonio CM, Dietterich LH, S. Doherty T, Dubbert M, Ebeling A, Eisenhauer N, Fischer FM, Forte TGW, Gebauer T, Gozalo B, Greenville AC, Guidoni-Martins KG, Hannusch HJ, Vatsø Haugum S, Hautier Y, Hefting M, Henry HAL, Hoss D, Ingrisch J, Iribarne O, Isbell F, Johnson Y, Jordan S, Kelly EF, Kimmel K, Kreyling J, Kröel-Dulay G, Kröpfl A, Kübert A, Kulmatiski A, Lamb EG, Larsen KS, Larson J, Lawson J, Leder CV, Linstädter A, Liu J, Liu S, Lodge AG, Longo G, Loydi A, Luan J, Curtis Lubbe F, Macfarlane C, Mackie-Haas K, Malyshev AV, Maturano-Ruiz A, Merchant T, Metcalfe DB, Mori AS, Mudongo E, Newman GS, Nielsen UN, Nimmo D, Niu Y, Nobre P, O'Connor RC, Ogaya R, Oñatibia GR, Orbán I, Osborne B, Otfinowski R, Pärtel M, Penuelas J, Peri PL, Peter G, Petraglia A, Picon-Cochard C, Pillar VD, Piñeiro-Guerra JM, Ploughe LW, Plowes RM, Portales-Reyes C, Prober SM, Pueyo Y, Reed SC, Ritchie EG, Rodríguez DA, Rogers WE, Roscher C, Sánchez AM, Santos BA, Cecilia Scarfó M, Seabloom EW, Shi B, Souza L, Stampfli A, Standish RJ, Sternberg M, Sun W, Sünnemann M, Tedder M, Thorvaldsen P, Tian D, Tielbörger K, Valdecantos A, van den Brink L, Vandvik V, Vankoughnett MR, Guri Velle L, Wang C, Wang Y, Wardle GM, Werner C, Wei C, Wiehl G, Williams JL, Wolf AA, Zeiter M, Zhang F, Zhu J, Zong N, Zuo X. Extreme drought impacts have been underestimated in grasslands and shrublands globally. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2309881120. [PMID: 38190514 PMCID: PMC10823251 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2309881120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Climate change is increasing the frequency and severity of short-term (~1 y) drought events-the most common duration of drought-globally. Yet the impact of this intensification of drought on ecosystem functioning remains poorly resolved. This is due in part to the widely disparate approaches ecologists have employed to study drought, variation in the severity and duration of drought studied, and differences among ecosystems in vegetation, edaphic and climatic attributes that can mediate drought impacts. To overcome these problems and better identify the factors that modulate drought responses, we used a coordinated distributed experiment to quantify the impact of short-term drought on grassland and shrubland ecosystems. With a standardized approach, we imposed ~a single year of drought at 100 sites on six continents. Here we show that loss of a foundational ecosystem function-aboveground net primary production (ANPP)-was 60% greater at sites that experienced statistically extreme drought (1-in-100-y event) vs. those sites where drought was nominal (historically more common) in magnitude (35% vs. 21%, respectively). This reduction in a key carbon cycle process with a single year of extreme drought greatly exceeds previously reported losses for grasslands and shrublands. Our global experiment also revealed high variability in drought response but that relative reductions in ANPP were greater in drier ecosystems and those with fewer plant species. Overall, our results demonstrate with unprecedented rigor that the global impacts of projected increases in drought severity have been significantly underestimated and that drier and less diverse sites are likely to be most vulnerable to extreme drought.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melinda D. Smith
- Department of Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO80523
- Graduate Degree Program in Ecology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO80523
| | | | - Martin C. Holdrege
- Department of Wildland Resource and the Ecology Center, Utah State University, Logan, UT84322
| | - Peter Wilfahrt
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN55108
| | - Scott L. Collins
- Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM87131
| | - Alan K. Knapp
- Department of Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO80523
- Graduate Degree Program in Ecology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO80523
| | - Osvaldo E. Sala
- School of Life Sciences, Global Drylands Center, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ85281
| | - Jeffrey S. Dukes
- Department of Global Ecology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford, CA94305
| | | | - Laura Yahdjian
- Instituto de Investigaciones Fisiológicas y Ecológicas Vinculadas a la Agricultura (IFEVA), National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), Faculty of Agronomy, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos AiresC1417DSE, Argentina
| | - Laureano A. Gherardi
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley, CA94720
| | - Timothy Ohlert
- Department of Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO80523
| | - Claus Beier
- Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C1958, Denmark
| | - Lauchlan H. Fraser
- Department of Natural Resource Science, Thompson Rivers University, Kamloops, BCV2C 0C8, Canada
| | - Anke Jentsch
- Department of Disturbance Ecology and Vegetation Dynamics, Bayreuth Center of Ecology and Environmental Research, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth95447, Germany
| | - Michael E. Loik
- Department of Environmental Studies, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA95064
| | - Fernando T. Maestre
- Departamento de Ecologia, Universidad de Alicante, 03690 Alicante, Spain
- Instituto Multidisciplinar para el Estudio del Medio “Ramón Margalef”, Universidad de Alicante, 03690 Alicante, Spain
| | - Sally A. Power
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW2751, Australia
| | - Qiang Yu
- School of Grassland Science, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing100083, China
| | - Andrew J. Felton
- Department of Land Resources and Environmental Sciences, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT59717
| | - Seth M. Munson
- U.S. Geological Survey, Southwest Biological Science Center, Flagstaff, AZ86001
| | - Yiqi Luo
- Soil and Crop Sciences Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY14853
| | - Hamed Abdoli
- Department of Range Management, Faculty of Natural Resources and Marine Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Noor46417-76489, Iran
| | - Mehdi Abedi
- Department of Range Management, Faculty of Natural Resources and Marine Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Noor46417-76489, Iran
| | - Concepción L. Alados
- Departamento de Biodiversidad y Restauración, Instituto Pirenaico de Ecología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Zaragoza50059, Spain
| | - Juan Alberti
- Laboratorio de Ecología, Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras (IIMyC), Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata (UNMdP)-Consejo Nacional de Investigación Ciencia y Técnica (CONICET), CC 1260 Correo Central, Mar del PlataB7600WAG, Argentina
| | - Moshe Alon
- School of Plant Sciences and Food Security, Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv69978, Israel
| | - Hui An
- School of Ecology and Environment, Ningxia University, Yinchuan750021, China
| | - Brian Anacker
- City of Boulder Open Space and Mountain Parks, Boulder, CO80301
| | - Maggie Anderson
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN55108
| | - Harald Auge
- Department of Community Ecology, Helmholtz-Centre for Environmental Research–UFZ, Halle06120, Germany
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig04103, Germany
| | - Seton Bachle
- Division of Biology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS66506
- LI-COR Biosciences, 4647 Superior Street, Lincoln, NE68505
| | - Khadijeh Bahalkeh
- Department of Range Management, Faculty of Natural Resources and Marine Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Noor46417-76489, Iran
| | - Michael Bahn
- Department of Ecology, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck6020, Austria
| | - Amgaa Batbaatar
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, ABT6G 2E9, Canada
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, ABT6G 2P5, Canada
| | - Taryn Bauerle
- Soil and Crop Sciences Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY14853
| | - Karen H. Beard
- Department of Wildland Resource and the Ecology Center, Utah State University, Logan, UT84322
| | - Kai Behn
- Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation, Department of Plant Nutrition, University of Bonn, Bonn53115, Germany
| | - Ilka Beil
- Institute of Botany and Landscape Ecology, Department of Experimental Plant Ecology, University of Greifswald, GreifswaldD-17498, Germany
| | - Lucio Biancari
- Instituto de Investigaciones Fisiológicas y Ecológicas Vinculadas a la Agricultura (IFEVA), National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), Faculty of Agronomy, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos AiresC1417DSE, Argentina
| | - Irmgard Blindow
- Biological Station of Hiddensee, Department of Biology, University of Greifswald, KlosterD-18565, Germany
| | - Viviana Florencia Bondaruk
- Instituto de Investigaciones Fisiológicas y Ecológicas Vinculadas a la Agricultura (IFEVA), National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), Faculty of Agronomy, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos AiresC1417DSE, Argentina
| | - Elizabeth T. Borer
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN55108
| | - Edward W. Bork
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, ABT6G 2P5, Canada
| | - Carlos Martin Bruschetti
- Laboratorio de Ecología, Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras (IIMyC), Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata (UNMdP)-Consejo Nacional de Investigación Ciencia y Técnica (CONICET), CC 1260 Correo Central, Mar del PlataB7600WAG, Argentina
| | - Kerry M. Byrne
- Department of Environmental Science and Management, California State Polytechnic University, Humboldt, Arcata, CA95521
| | - James F. Cahill Jr.
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, ABT6G 2E9, Canada
| | - Dianela A. Calvo
- Universidad Nacional de Río Negro, Centro de Estudios Ambientales desde la NorPatagonia (CEANPa), Sede Atlántica–CONICET, Viedma8500, Argentina
| | - Michele Carbognani
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, ParmaI-43124, Italy
| | - Augusto Cardoni
- Laboratorio de Ecología, Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras (IIMyC), Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata (UNMdP)-Consejo Nacional de Investigación Ciencia y Técnica (CONICET), CC 1260 Correo Central, Mar del PlataB7600WAG, Argentina
| | - Cameron N. Carlyle
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, ABT6G 2P5, Canada
| | - Miguel Castillo-Garcia
- Departamento de Biodiversidad y Restauración, Instituto Pirenaico de Ecología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Zaragoza50059, Spain
| | - Scott X. Chang
- Department of Renewable Resources, University of Alberta, Edmonton, ABT6G 2E3, Canada
| | - Jeff Chieppa
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW2751, Australia
| | | | - Ofer Cohen
- School of Plant Sciences and Food Security, Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv69978, Israel
| | - Amanda L. Cordeiro
- Department of Ecosystem Science and Sustainability, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO80523
| | - Daniela F. Cusack
- Department of Ecosystem Science and Sustainability, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO80523
| | - Sven Dahlke
- Biological Station of Hiddensee, Department of Biology, University of Greifswald, KlosterD-18565, Germany
| | - Pedro Daleo
- Laboratorio de Ecología, Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras (IIMyC), Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata (UNMdP)-Consejo Nacional de Investigación Ciencia y Técnica (CONICET), CC 1260 Correo Central, Mar del PlataB7600WAG, Argentina
| | - Carla M. D'Antonio
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Marine Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA93106
| | - Lee H. Dietterich
- Department of Ecosystem Science and Sustainability, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO80523
- US Army Engineer Research and Development Center, Environmental Laboratory, Vicksburg, MS39180
| | - Tim S. Doherty
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW2006, Australia
| | - Maren Dubbert
- Isotope Biogeochemistry and GasFluxes, Leibniz-Zentrum fürAgrarlandschaftsforschung (ZALF), Müncheberg15374, Germany
| | - Anne Ebeling
- Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena07743, Germany
| | - Nico Eisenhauer
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig04103, Germany
- Institute of Biology, Leipzig University, Leipzig04103, Germany
| | - Felícia M. Fischer
- Institute of Biology, Leipzig University, Leipzig04103, Germany
- Centro de Investigaciones sobre Desertificación, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)-Universitat Valencia (UV) - Generalitat Valenciana (GV),Valencia46113, Spain
| | - T'ai G. W. Forte
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, ParmaI-43124, Italy
| | - Tobias Gebauer
- Geobotany, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, FreiburgD-79104, Germany
| | - Beatriz Gozalo
- Instituto Multidisciplinar para el Estudio del Medio “Ramón Margalef”, Universidad de Alicante, 03690 Alicante, Spain
| | - Aaron C. Greenville
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW2006, Australia
| | | | - Heather J. Hannusch
- Department of Ecology and Conservation Biology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX77843
| | - Siri Vatsø Haugum
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, Bergen5007, Norway
| | - Yann Hautier
- Ecology and Biodiversity Group, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, 3584 CH, Netherlands
| | - Mariet Hefting
- Ecology and Biodiversity Group, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, 3584 CH, Netherlands
| | - Hugh A. L. Henry
- Department of Biology, University of Western Ontario, London, ONN6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Daniela Hoss
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig04103, Germany
- Institute of Biology, Leipzig University, Leipzig04103, Germany
- Department of Ecology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre91501-970, Brazil
| | - Johannes Ingrisch
- Department of Ecology, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck6020, Austria
| | - Oscar Iribarne
- Laboratorio de Ecología, Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras (IIMyC), Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata (UNMdP)-Consejo Nacional de Investigación Ciencia y Técnica (CONICET), CC 1260 Correo Central, Mar del PlataB7600WAG, Argentina
| | - Forest Isbell
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN55108
| | - Yari Johnson
- U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Sacramento, CA95814
| | - Samuel Jordan
- School of Life Sciences, Global Drylands Center, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ85281
| | - Eugene F. Kelly
- Department of Soil and Crop Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO80523
| | - Kaitlin Kimmel
- Global Water Security Center, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL35487
| | - Juergen Kreyling
- Institute of Botany and Landscape Ecology, Department of Experimental Plant Ecology, University of Greifswald, GreifswaldD-17498, Germany
| | - György Kröel-Dulay
- Centre for Ecological Research, Institute of Ecology and Botany, Vácrátót2163, Hungary
| | - Alicia Kröpfl
- Departamento de Gestión Agropecuaria, Universidad Nacional del Comahue, Centro Universitario Regional Zona Atlántica, Viedma85009, Argentina
| | - Angelika Kübert
- Ecosystem Physiology, Faculty of Environment and Natural Resources, Albert-Ludwig-University of Freiburg, Freiburg79110, Germany
| | - Andrew Kulmatiski
- Department of Wildland Resource and the Ecology Center, Utah State University, Logan, UT84322
| | - Eric G. Lamb
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SKS7N5A8, Canada
| | - Klaus Steenberg Larsen
- Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C1958, Denmark
| | - Julie Larson
- Range and Meadow Forage Management Research, Eastern Oregon Agricultural Research Center, US Department of Agriculture (USDA)-Agricultural Research Service, Burns, OR97720
| | - Jason Lawson
- Brackenridge Field Laboratory, University of Texas, Austin, TX78747
| | - Cintia V. Leder
- Universidad Nacional de Río Negro, Centro de Estudios Ambientales desde la NorPatagonia (CEANPa), Sede Atlántica–CONICET, Viedma8500, Argentina
| | - Anja Linstädter
- Department of Biodiversity Research and Systematic Botany, University of Potsdam, Potsdam14469, Germany
| | - Jielin Liu
- Prataculture Research Institute, Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Haerbin150086, China
| | - Shirong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Environment of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Ecology and Nature Conservation Institute, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing100091, China
| | - Alexandra G. Lodge
- Department of Ecology and Conservation Biology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX77843
| | - Grisel Longo
- Programa de Posgrado en Desarrollo y Medio Ambiente–Universidade Federal da Paraíba, Cidade Universitária, Castelo Branco, João Pessoa, PB58051-900, Brazil
| | - Alejandro Loydi
- Centro de Recursos Naturales Renovables de la Zona Semiárida–CONICET, Departamento de Biología, Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional del Sur,Bahía Blanca8000FTN, Argentina
| | - Junwei Luan
- Institute of Resources and Environment, International Centre for Bamboo and Rattan, Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration and Beijing for Bamboo and Rattan Science and Technology, Beijing100102, China
| | | | - Craig Macfarlane
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization (CSIRO) Environment, Wembley, WA6913, Australia
| | - Kathleen Mackie-Haas
- School of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences, Bern University of Applied Sciences,Zollikofen3052, Switzerland
| | - Andrey V. Malyshev
- Institute of Botany and Landscape Ecology, Department of Experimental Plant Ecology, University of Greifswald, GreifswaldD-17498, Germany
| | - Adrián Maturano-Ruiz
- Instituto Multidisciplinar para el Estudio del Medio “Ramón Margalef”, Universidad de Alicante, 03690 Alicante, Spain
| | - Thomas Merchant
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Institute for Arctic and Alpine Research, University of Colorado,Boulder, CO80309
| | - Daniel B. Metcalfe
- Department of Ecology and Environmental Science, Umeå University, UmeåS-901 87, Sweden
| | - Akira S. Mori
- Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Tokyo,Meguro, Tokyo153-8904, Japan
- Graduate School of Environment and Information Sciences, Yokohama National University, Yokohama240-8501, Japan
| | - Edwin Mudongo
- Conservancy-Communities Living Among Wildlife Sustainably (CLAWS) Botswana, Seronga00000, Botswana
| | - Gregory S. Newman
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK73019
| | - Uffe N. Nielsen
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW2751, Australia
| | - Dale Nimmo
- Gulbali Institute, Charles Sturt University, Albury, NSW2640, Australia
| | - Yujie Niu
- Department of Disturbance Ecology and Vegetation Dynamics, Bayreuth Center of Ecology and Environmental Research, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth95447, Germany
| | - Paola Nobre
- Department of Ecology, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO74690-900, Brazil
| | - Rory C. O'Connor
- Range and Meadow Forage Management Research, Eastern Oregon Agricultural Research Center, US Department of Agriculture (USDA)-Agricultural Research Service, Burns, OR97720
| | - Romà Ogaya
- Global Ecology Unit Center for Ecological Research and Forestry Applications (CREAF)-National Research Council (CSIC)-Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona (UAB), National Research Council (CSIC), Bellaterra, Catalonia08194, Spain
- Center for Ecological Research and Forestry Applications (CREAF), Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Catalonia08193, Spain
| | - Gastón R. Oñatibia
- Instituto de Investigaciones Fisiológicas y Ecológicas Vinculadas a la Agricultura (IFEVA), National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), Faculty of Agronomy, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos AiresC1417DSE, Argentina
| | - Ildikó Orbán
- Centre for Ecological Research, Institute of Ecology and Botany, Vácrátót2163, Hungary
- Department of Biodiversity Research and Systematic Botany, University of Potsdam, Potsdam14469, Germany
| | - Brooke Osborne
- Department of Environment and Society, Utah State University, Moab, UT84532
| | - Rafael Otfinowski
- Department of Biology, The University of Winnipeg, Winnipeg, MBR3B 2E9, Canada
| | - Meelis Pärtel
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, TartuEE50409, Estonia
| | - Josep Penuelas
- Global Ecology Unit Center for Ecological Research and Forestry Applications (CREAF)-National Research Council (CSIC)-Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona (UAB), National Research Council (CSIC), Bellaterra, Catalonia08194, Spain
- Center for Ecological Research and Forestry Applications (CREAF), Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Catalonia08193, Spain
| | - Pablo L. Peri
- Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria–Universidad Nacional d ela Patagonia Austral–CONICET, Río Gallegos, Caleta OliviaZ9011, Argentina
| | - Guadalupe Peter
- Universidad Nacional de Río Negro, Centro de Estudios Ambientales desde la NorPatagonia (CEANPa), Sede Atlántica–CONICET, Viedma8500, Argentina
| | - Alessandro Petraglia
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, ParmaI-43124, Italy
| | - Catherine Picon-Cochard
- Université Clermont Auvergne, National Research Institute for Agriculture, Food and the Environment, VetAgro Sup, Research Unit for Grassland Ecosystems, Clermont-Ferrand63000, France
| | - Valério D. Pillar
- Department of Ecology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre91501-970, Brazil
| | - Juan Manuel Piñeiro-Guerra
- Instituto de Investigaciones Fisiológicas y Ecológicas Vinculadas a la Agricultura (IFEVA), National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), Faculty of Agronomy, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos AiresC1417DSE, Argentina
- Laboratório de Ecologia Aplicada e Conservação, Departamento de Sistemática e Ecologia, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, Cidade Universitária, Castelo Branco, João Pessoa, PB58051-900, Brazil
| | - Laura W. Ploughe
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN47907
| | - Robert M. Plowes
- Brackenridge Field Laboratory, University of Texas, Austin, TX78747
| | | | - Suzanne M. Prober
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization (CSIRO) Environment, Wembley, WA6913, Australia
| | - Yolanda Pueyo
- Departamento de Biodiversidad y Restauración, Instituto Pirenaico de Ecología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Zaragoza50059, Spain
| | - Sasha C. Reed
- U.S. Geological Survey, Southwest Biological Science Center, Moab, UT84532
| | - Euan G. Ritchie
- Centre for Integrative Ecology, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Burwood, VIC3125, Australia
| | - Dana Aylén Rodríguez
- Centro de Recursos Naturales Renovables de la Zona Semiárida–CONICET, Departamento de Biología, Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional del Sur,Bahía Blanca8000FTN, Argentina
| | - William E. Rogers
- Department of Ecology and Conservation Biology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX77843
| | - Christiane Roscher
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig04103, Germany
- Department of Physiological Diversity, Helmholtz-Centre for Environmental Research–UFZ, Leipzig04318, Germany
| | - Ana M. Sánchez
- Department of Biology and Geology, Rey Juan Carlos University, Madrid28032, Spain
| | - Bráulio A. Santos
- Departamento de Sistemática e Ecologia, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, Cidade Universitária, Castelo Branco, João Pessoa, PB58051-900, Brazil
| | - María Cecilia Scarfó
- Centro de Recursos Naturales Renovables de la Zona Semiárida–CONICET, Departamento de Biología, Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional del Sur,Bahía Blanca8000FTN, Argentina
| | - Eric W. Seabloom
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN55108
| | - Baoku Shi
- Institute of Grassland Science, Key Laboratory of Vegetation Ecology of the Ministry of Education, Jilin Songnen Grassland Ecosystem National Observation and Research Station, Northeast Normal University, Changchun130024, China
| | - Lara Souza
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK73019
- Oklahoma Biological Survey, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK73019
| | - Andreas Stampfli
- School of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences, Bern University of Applied Sciences,Zollikofen3052, Switzerland
- Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, Bern3013, Switzerland
- Oeschger Center for Climate Change Research, University of Bern, Bern3012, Switzerland
| | - Rachel J. Standish
- Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, Bern3013, Switzerland
- Environmental and Conservation Sciences, Murdoch University,Murdoch, WA6150, Australia
| | - Marcelo Sternberg
- School of Plant Sciences and Food Security, Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv69978, Israel
| | - Wei Sun
- Institute of Grassland Science, Key Laboratory of Vegetation Ecology of the Ministry of Education, Jilin Songnen Grassland Ecosystem National Observation and Research Station, Northeast Normal University, Changchun130024, China
| | - Marie Sünnemann
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig04103, Germany
- Institute of Biology, Leipzig University, Leipzig04103, Germany
| | - Michelle Tedder
- School of Life Sciences, University of Kwazulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg3201, South Africa
| | - Pål Thorvaldsen
- Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research, Department of Landscape and Biodiversity, Tjøtta8860, Norway
| | - Dashuan Tian
- Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100101, China
| | - Katja Tielbörger
- Plant Ecology Group, Department of Biology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen72076, Germany
| | - Alejandro Valdecantos
- Departamento de Ecologia, Universidad de Alicante, 03690 Alicante, Spain
- Instituto Multidisciplinar para el Estudio del Medio “Ramón Margalef”, Universidad de Alicante, 03690 Alicante, Spain
| | - Liesbeth van den Brink
- Plant Ecology Group, Department of Biology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen72076, Germany
| | - Vigdis Vandvik
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, Bergen5007, Norway
| | - Mathew R. Vankoughnett
- Nova Scotia Community College, Annapolis Valley Campus, Applied Research, Middleton,NSB0S 1P0, Canada
| | | | - Changhui Wang
- College of Grassland Science, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong030801, China
| | - Yi Wang
- Institute of Resources and Environment, International Centre for Bamboo and Rattan, Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration and Beijing for Bamboo and Rattan Science and Technology, Beijing100102, China
| | - Glenda M. Wardle
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW2006, Australia
| | - Christiane Werner
- Ecosystem Physiology, Faculty of Environment and Natural Resources, Albert-Ludwig-University of Freiburg, Freiburg79110, Germany
| | - Cunzheng Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100093, China
| | - Georg Wiehl
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization (CSIRO) Environment, Wembley, WA6913, Australia
| | - Jennifer L. Williams
- Department of Geography and Biodiversity Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BCV6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Amelia A. Wolf
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Texas, Austin, TX78712
| | - Michaela Zeiter
- School of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences, Bern University of Applied Sciences,Zollikofen3052, Switzerland
- Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, Bern3013, Switzerland
- Oeschger Center for Climate Change Research, University of Bern, Bern3012, Switzerland
| | - Fawei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Adaptation and Evolution of Plateau Biota, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining, Qinghai810008, China
| | - Juntao Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100101, China
| | - Ning Zong
- Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100101, China
| | - Xiaoan Zuo
- Urat Desert-grassland Research Station, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Science, Lanzhou730000, China
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3
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Wilcox KR, Chen A, Avolio ML, Butler EE, Collins S, Fisher R, Keenan T, Kiang NY, Knapp AK, Koerner SE, Kueppers L, Liang G, Lieungh E, Loik M, Luo Y, Poulter B, Reich P, Renwick K, Smith MD, Walker A, Weng E, Komatsu KJ. Accounting for herbaceous communities in process-based models will advance our understanding of "grassy" ecosystems. Glob Chang Biol 2023; 29:6453-6477. [PMID: 37814910 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.16950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023]
Abstract
Grassland and other herbaceous communities cover significant portions of Earth's terrestrial surface and provide many critical services, such as carbon sequestration, wildlife habitat, and food production. Forecasts of global change impacts on these services will require predictive tools, such as process-based dynamic vegetation models. Yet, model representation of herbaceous communities and ecosystems lags substantially behind that of tree communities and forests. The limited representation of herbaceous communities within models arises from two important knowledge gaps: first, our empirical understanding of the principles governing herbaceous vegetation dynamics is either incomplete or does not provide mechanistic information necessary to drive herbaceous community processes with models; second, current model structure and parameterization of grass and other herbaceous plant functional types limits the ability of models to predict outcomes of competition and growth for herbaceous vegetation. In this review, we provide direction for addressing these gaps by: (1) presenting a brief history of how vegetation dynamics have been developed and incorporated into earth system models, (2) reporting on a model simulation activity to evaluate current model capability to represent herbaceous vegetation dynamics and ecosystem function, and (3) detailing several ecological properties and phenomena that should be a focus for both empiricists and modelers to improve representation of herbaceous vegetation in models. Together, empiricists and modelers can improve representation of herbaceous ecosystem processes within models. In so doing, we will greatly enhance our ability to forecast future states of the earth system, which is of high importance given the rapid rate of environmental change on our planet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin R Wilcox
- University of North Carolina Greensboro, Greensboro, North Carolina, USA
- University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming, USA
| | - Anping Chen
- Department of Biology and Graduate Degree Program in Ecology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Meghan L Avolio
- Earth and Planetary Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Ethan E Butler
- Department of Forest Resources, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA
| | - Scott Collins
- Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | - Rosie Fisher
- CICERO Centre for International Cimate Research, Forskningsparken, Oslo, Norway
| | - Trevor Keenan
- Climate and Ecosystem Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Nancy Y Kiang
- NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies, New York, New York, USA
| | - Alan K Knapp
- Department of Biology and Graduate Degree Program in Ecology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Sally E Koerner
- University of North Carolina Greensboro, Greensboro, North Carolina, USA
| | - Lara Kueppers
- Climate and Ecosystem Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Guopeng Liang
- Department of Forest Resources, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA
| | - Eva Lieungh
- Natural History Museum, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Michael Loik
- Department of Environmental Studies, University of California, Santa Cruz, California, USA
| | - Yiqi Luo
- School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Ben Poulter
- Biospheric Sciences Lab, NASA GSFC, Greenbelt, Maryland, USA
| | - Peter Reich
- Department of Forest Resources, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, New South Wales, Australia
| | | | - Melinda D Smith
- Department of Biology and Graduate Degree Program in Ecology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Anthony Walker
- Environmental Sciences Division and Climate Change Science Institute, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA
| | - Ensheng Weng
- NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies, New York, New York, USA
- Center for Climate Systems Research, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Kimberly J Komatsu
- University of North Carolina Greensboro, Greensboro, North Carolina, USA
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4
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Dee LE, Ferraro PJ, Severen CN, Kimmel KA, Borer ET, Byrnes JEK, Clark AT, Hautier Y, Hector A, Raynaud X, Reich PB, Wright AJ, Arnillas CA, Davies KF, MacDougall A, Mori AS, Smith MD, Adler PB, Bakker JD, Brauman KA, Cowles J, Komatsu K, Knops JMH, McCulley RL, Moore JL, Morgan JW, Ohlert T, Power SA, Sullivan LL, Stevens C, Loreau M. Publisher Correction: Clarifying the effect of biodiversity on productivity in natural ecosystems with longitudinal data and methods for causal inference. Nat Commun 2023; 14:4131. [PMID: 37438358 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-39743-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/14/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Laura E Dee
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA.
| | - Paul J Ferraro
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Bloomberg School of Public Health & Whiting School of Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.
- Carey Business School, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | | | - Kaitlin A Kimmel
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Elizabeth T Borer
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, 55108, USA
| | - Jarrett E K Byrnes
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts Boston, 100 Morissey Blvd, Boston, MA, 02125, USA
| | - Adam Thomas Clark
- Institute of Biology, University of Graz, Holteigasse 6, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Yann Hautier
- Ecology and Biodiversity Group, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Andrew Hector
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3RB, UK
| | - Xavier Raynaud
- Sorbonne Université, Université Paris Cité, UPEC, IRD, CNRS, INRA, Institute of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, iEES Paris, Paris, France
| | - Peter B Reich
- Institute for Global Change Biology, and School for Environment and Sustainability, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Forest Resources, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, 55108, USA
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, 2751, Australia
| | - Alexandra J Wright
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State University Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Carlos A Arnillas
- Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto at Scarborough, Toronto, 1265 Military Trail, ON, M1C 1A4, Canada
| | - Kendi F Davies
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Andrew MacDougall
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Akira S Mori
- Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro, Tokyo, 153-8904, Japan
| | - Melinda D Smith
- Department of Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
- Graduate Degree Program in Ecology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - Peter B Adler
- Department of Wildland Resources and the Ecology Center, Utah State University, Logan, UT, 84322, USA
| | - Jonathan D Bakker
- School of Environmental and Forest Sciences, University of Washington, Box 354115, Seattle, WA, 98195-4115, USA
| | - Kate A Brauman
- Global Water Security Center, The University of Alabama, Box 870206, Tuscaloosa, AL, 35487, US
| | - Jane Cowles
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, 55108, USA
| | - Kimberly Komatsu
- Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, Edgewater, MD, 21037, USA
| | - Johannes M H Knops
- Department of Health and Environmental Sciences, Xián Jiaotong-Liverpool University, Suzhou, China
| | - Rebecca L McCulley
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40546-0312, USA
| | - Joslin L Moore
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - John W Morgan
- Department of Ecology, Environment and Evolution, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, 3086, Australia
| | - Timothy Ohlert
- Department of Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - Sally A Power
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, 2751, Australia
| | - Lauren L Sullivan
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
- Kellogg Biological Station, Michigan State University, Hickory Corners, MI, 49060, USA
| | - Carly Stevens
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YQ, UK
| | - Michel Loreau
- Theoretical and Experimental Ecology Station, CNRS, 09200, Moulis, France
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5
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Dee LE, Ferraro PJ, Severen CN, Kimmel KA, Borer ET, Byrnes JEK, Clark AT, Hautier Y, Hector A, Raynaud X, Reich PB, Wright AJ, Arnillas CA, Davies KF, MacDougall A, Mori AS, Smith MD, Adler PB, Bakker JD, Brauman KA, Cowles J, Komatsu K, Knops JMH, McCulley RL, Moore JL, Morgan JW, Ohlert T, Power SA, Sullivan LL, Stevens C, Loreau M. Clarifying the effect of biodiversity on productivity in natural ecosystems with longitudinal data and methods for causal inference. Nat Commun 2023; 14:2607. [PMID: 37147282 PMCID: PMC10163230 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-37194-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Causal effects of biodiversity on ecosystem functions can be estimated using experimental or observational designs - designs that pose a tradeoff between drawing credible causal inferences from correlations and drawing generalizable inferences. Here, we develop a design that reduces this tradeoff and revisits the question of how plant species diversity affects productivity. Our design leverages longitudinal data from 43 grasslands in 11 countries and approaches borrowed from fields outside of ecology to draw causal inferences from observational data. Contrary to many prior studies, we estimate that increases in plot-level species richness caused productivity to decline: a 10% increase in richness decreased productivity by 2.4%, 95% CI [-4.1, -0.74]. This contradiction stems from two sources. First, prior observational studies incompletely control for confounding factors. Second, most experiments plant fewer rare and non-native species than exist in nature. Although increases in native, dominant species increased productivity, increases in rare and non-native species decreased productivity, making the average effect negative in our study. By reducing the tradeoff between experimental and observational designs, our study demonstrates how observational studies can complement prior ecological experiments and inform future ones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura E Dee
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA.
| | - Paul J Ferraro
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Bloomberg School of Public Health & Whiting School of Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.
- Carey Business School, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | | | - Kaitlin A Kimmel
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Elizabeth T Borer
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, 55108, USA
| | - Jarrett E K Byrnes
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts Boston, 100 Morissey Blvd, Boston, MA, 02125, USA
| | - Adam Thomas Clark
- Institute of Biology, University of Graz, Holteigasse 6, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Yann Hautier
- Ecology and Biodiversity Group, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Andrew Hector
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3RB, UK
| | - Xavier Raynaud
- Sorbonne Université, Université Paris Cité, UPEC, IRD, CNRS, INRA, Institute of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, iEES Paris, Paris, France
| | - Peter B Reich
- Institute for Global Change Biology, and School for Environment and Sustainability, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Forest Resources, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, 55108, USA
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, 2751, Australia
| | - Alexandra J Wright
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State University Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Carlos A Arnillas
- Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto at Scarborough, Toronto, 1265 Military Trail, ON, M1C 1A4, Canada
| | - Kendi F Davies
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Andrew MacDougall
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Akira S Mori
- Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro, Tokyo, 153-8904, Japan
| | - Melinda D Smith
- Department of Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
- Graduate Degree Program in Ecology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - Peter B Adler
- Department of Wildland Resources and the Ecology Center, Utah State University, Logan, UT, 84322, USA
| | - Jonathan D Bakker
- School of Environmental and Forest Sciences, University of Washington, Box 354115, Seattle, WA, 98195-4115, USA
| | - Kate A Brauman
- Global Water Security Center, The University of Alabama, Box 870206, Tuscaloosa, AL, 35487, US
| | - Jane Cowles
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, 55108, USA
| | - Kimberly Komatsu
- Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, Edgewater, MD, 21037, USA
| | - Johannes M H Knops
- Department of Health and Environmental Sciences, Xián Jiaotong-Liverpool University, Suzhou, China
| | - Rebecca L McCulley
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40546-0312, USA
| | - Joslin L Moore
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - John W Morgan
- Department of Ecology, Environment and Evolution, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, 3086, Australia
| | - Timothy Ohlert
- Department of Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - Sally A Power
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, 2751, Australia
| | - Lauren L Sullivan
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
- Kellogg Biological Station, Michigan State University, Hickory Corners, MI, 49060, USA
| | - Carly Stevens
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YQ, UK
| | - Michel Loreau
- Theoretical and Experimental Ecology Station, CNRS, 09200, Moulis, France
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6
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Griffin-Nolan RJ, Felton AJ, Slette IJ, Smith MD, Knapp AK. Traits that distinguish dominant species across aridity gradients differ from those that respond to soil moisture. Oecologia 2023; 201:311-322. [PMID: 36640197 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-023-05315-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Many plant traits respond to changes in water availability and might be useful for understanding ecosystem properties such as net primary production (NPP). This is especially evident in grasslands where NPP is water-limited and primarily determined by the traits of dominant species. We measured root and shoot morphology, leaf hydraulic traits, and NPP of four dominant North American prairie grasses in response to four levels of soil moisture in a greenhouse experiment. We expected that traits of species from drier regions would be more responsive to reduced water availability and that this would make these species more resistant to low soil moisture than species from wetter regions. All four species grew taller, produced more biomass, and increased total root length in wetter treatments. Each species reduced its leaf turgor loss point (TLP) in drier conditions, but only two species (one xeric, one mesic) maintained leaf water potential above TLP. We identified a suite of traits that clearly distinguished species from one another, but, surprisingly, these traits were relatively unresponsive to reduced soil moisture. Specifically, more xeric species produced thinner roots with higher specific root length and had a lower root mass fraction. This suggest that root traits are critical for distinguishing species from one another but might not respond strongly to changing water availability, though this warrants further investigation in the field. Overall, we found that NPP of these dominant grass species responded similarly to varying levels of soil moisture despite differences in species morphology, physiology, and habitat of origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Griffin-Nolan
- Department of Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA. .,Graduate Degree Program in Ecology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA. .,Department of Biology, Santa Clara University, Santa Clara, CA, 95053, USA.
| | - Andrew J Felton
- Department of Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA.,Graduate Degree Program in Ecology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA.,Schmid College of Science and Technology, Chapman University, Orange, CA, 92866, USA.,Department of Land Resources and Environmental Sciences, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, 59717, USA
| | - Ingrid J Slette
- Department of Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA.,Graduate Degree Program in Ecology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA.,Long Term Ecological Research Network Office, National Center for Ecological Analysis and Synthesis, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, 93101, USA
| | - Melinda D Smith
- Department of Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA.,Graduate Degree Program in Ecology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - Alan K Knapp
- Department of Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA.,Graduate Degree Program in Ecology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
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7
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Tenison E, Cullen A, Pendry-Brazier D, Smith MD, Ben-Shlomo Y, Henderson EJ. 1219 INFORMAL CAREGIVERS OF PEOPLE WITH PARKINSONISM IN THE PRIME-UK CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY. Age Ageing 2023. [DOI: 10.1093/ageing/afac322.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Introduction
Many people with parkinsonism require care as the disease progresses with much provided unpaid by family and friends. Caring for someone can have a negative impact on physical and psychosocial wellbeing. Caregiver burden can impact ability to continue this role, which can precipitate hospitalisation or institutionalisation of the recipient.
Methods
In this single-site study, primary, informal caregivers, defined as those providing any care or support, were enrolled alongside the person with parkinsonism or individually. Self-reported questionnaires included the 22-item Zarit Burden Interview (ZBI), which can range from 0-88, with higher scores representing greater burden. Linear regression was used to explore the association between recipient characteristics/need and caregiver burden.
Results
Of 1,032 eligible patients approached, 813 participants indicated whether they had an informal caregiver (708) or not (105). 376 caregivers consented (53.1%), of whom 321 have returned questionnaires, with patient data available for 296. The median age of caregivers was 73.0 (range 27.0- 91.1 years), 237 (73.8%) female. 274 (85.4%) were the spouse/partner of the patient. 215 (67.0%) were the sole caregiver. The median time per week spent caring was 21 hours (interquartile range 7, 41 hours). 18 (5.6%) of caregivers provided 24-hour care daily and 113 (35.2%) had provided support for over 5 years. Median ZBI score was 17, (interquartile range 7-29). The care recipient’s duration of parkinsonism was associated with higher burden score (0.38 increase per year of parkinsonism; 95% CI 0.07, 0.69; p value 0.015), as was the time per week spent caring (0.16 increase for each additional hour; 95% CI 0.11, 0.20; p value <0.0001).
Conclusions
Many informal caregivers in this study were the sole caregiver and many were themselves older adults. Burden increased with increasing duration of parkinsonism and as time spent caring increased. This highlights the ongoing need to improve support for this group.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Tenison
- University of Bristol Department of Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, , Bristol, BS8 1NU, UK
| | - A Cullen
- University of Bristol Department of Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, , Bristol, BS8 1NU, UK
| | - D Pendry-Brazier
- University of Bristol Department of Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, , Bristol, BS8 1NU, UK
| | - M D Smith
- University of Bristol Department of Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, , Bristol, BS8 1NU, UK
| | - Y Ben-Shlomo
- University of Bristol Department of Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, , Bristol, BS8 1NU, UK
| | - E J Henderson
- University of Bristol Department of Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, , Bristol, BS8 1NU, UK
- Royal United Hospitals Bath NHS Foundation Trust Older People’s Unit, , Combe Park, Bath, UK
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8
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Koerner SE, Avolio ML, Blair JM, Knapp AK, Smith MD. Multiple global change drivers show independent, not interactive effects: a long-term case study in tallgrass prairie. Oecologia 2023; 201:143-154. [PMID: 36507971 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-022-05295-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Ecosystems are faced with an onslaught of co-occurring global change drivers. While frequently studied independently, the effects of multiple global change drivers have the potential to be additive, antagonistic, or synergistic. Global warming, for example, may intensify the effects of more variable precipitation regimes with warmer temperatures increasing evapotranspiration and thereby amplifying the effect of already dry soils. Here, we present the long-term effects (11 years) of altered precipitation patterns (increased intra-annual variability in the growing season) and warming (1 °C year-round) on plant community composition and aboveground net primary productivity (ANPP), a key measure of ecosystem functioning in mesic tallgrass prairie. Based on past results, we expected that increased precipitation variability and warming would have additive effects on both community composition and ANPP. Increased precipitation variability altered plant community composition and increased richness, with no effect on ANPP. In contrast, warming decreased ANPP via reduction in grass stems and biomass but had no effect on the plant community. Contrary to expectations, across all measured variables, precipitation and warming treatments had no interactive effects. While treatment interactions did not occur, each treatment did individually impact a different component of the ecosystem (i.e., community vs. function). Thus, different aspects of the ecosystem may be sensitive to different global change drivers in mesic grassland ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sally E Koerner
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina Greensboro, Greensboro, NC, 27412, USA.
| | - Meghan L Avolio
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, John Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA
| | - John M Blair
- Division of Biology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA
| | - Alan K Knapp
- Department of Biology and Graduate Degree Program in Ecology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80253, USA
| | - Melinda D Smith
- Department of Biology and Graduate Degree Program in Ecology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80253, USA
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9
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Bushey JA, Hoffman AM, Gleason SM, Smith MD, Ocheltree TW. Water limitation reveals local adaptation and plasticity in the drought tolerance strategies of
Bouteloua gracilis. Ecosphere 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.4335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Julie A. Bushey
- Western Ecosystems Technology, Inc. Cheyenne Wyoming USA
- Water Management and Systems Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service United States Department of Agriculture Fort Collins Colorado USA
- Department of Forest and Rangeland Stewardship, Graduate Degree Program in Ecology Colorado State University Fort Collins Colorado USA
| | - Ava M. Hoffman
- Department of Biostatistics Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center Seattle Washington USA
- Department of Biology, Graduate Degree Program in Ecology Colorado State University Fort Collins Colorado USA
| | - Sean M. Gleason
- Water Management and Systems Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service United States Department of Agriculture Fort Collins Colorado USA
| | - Melinda D. Smith
- Department of Biology, Graduate Degree Program in Ecology Colorado State University Fort Collins Colorado USA
| | - Troy W. Ocheltree
- Department of Forest and Rangeland Stewardship, Graduate Degree Program in Ecology Colorado State University Fort Collins Colorado USA
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10
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Luo W, Griffin‐Nolan RJ, Song L, Te N, Chen J, Shi Y, Muraina TO, Wang Z, Smith MD, Yu Q, Knapp AK, Han X, Collins SL. Inter‐ and intraspecific trait variability differentially affect community‐weighted trait responses to and recovery from long‐term drought. Funct Ecol 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.14239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wentao Luo
- Erguna Forest‐Steppe Ecotone Research Station, Institute of Applied Ecology Chinese Academy of Sciences 110016 Shenyang China
| | | | - Lin Song
- Erguna Forest‐Steppe Ecotone Research Station, Institute of Applied Ecology Chinese Academy of Sciences 110016 Shenyang China
| | - Niwu Te
- Erguna Forest‐Steppe Ecotone Research Station, Institute of Applied Ecology Chinese Academy of Sciences 110016 Shenyang China
| | - Jiaqi Chen
- Erguna Forest‐Steppe Ecotone Research Station, Institute of Applied Ecology Chinese Academy of Sciences 110016 Shenyang China
| | - Yuan Shi
- Erguna Forest‐Steppe Ecotone Research Station, Institute of Applied Ecology Chinese Academy of Sciences 110016 Shenyang China
| | - Taofeek O. Muraina
- Department of Animal Health and Production Oyo State College of Agriculture and Technology Igbo‐Ora, Igbo‐Ora 201103, Oyo State Nigeria
| | - Zhengwen Wang
- Erguna Forest‐Steppe Ecotone Research Station, Institute of Applied Ecology Chinese Academy of Sciences 110016 Shenyang China
| | - Melinda D. Smith
- Department of Biology Colorado State University 80523 Fort Collins CO USA
- Graduate Degree Program in Ecology Colorado State University 80523 Fort Collins CO USA
| | - Qiang Yu
- National Hulunber Grassland Ecosystem Observation and Research Station, Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences Beijing China
- School of Grassland Science Beijing Forestry University 100083 Beijing China
| | - Alan K. Knapp
- Department of Biology Colorado State University 80523 Fort Collins CO USA
- Graduate Degree Program in Ecology Colorado State University 80523 Fort Collins CO USA
| | - Xingguo Han
- Erguna Forest‐Steppe Ecotone Research Station, Institute of Applied Ecology Chinese Academy of Sciences 110016 Shenyang China
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change Institute of Botany 100093 Beijing China
| | - Scott L. Collins
- Department of Biology University of New Mexico 87131 Albuquerque New Mexico USA
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11
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Zuo X, Li X, Yue P, Guo A, Yue X, Xu C, Knapp AK, Smith MD, Luo W, Allington GRH, Yu Q. Drought‐driven shifts in relationships between plant biodiversity and productivity in temperate steppes. Funct Ecol 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.14219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoan Zuo
- Urat Desert‐grassland Research Station, Northwest Institute of Eco‐Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences Lanzhou China
- Key Laboratory of Stress Physiology and Ecology Gansu Province Lanzhou China
- Naiman Desertification Research Station, Northwest Institute of Eco‐Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences Lanzhou China
| | - Xiangyun Li
- Urat Desert‐grassland Research Station, Northwest Institute of Eco‐Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences Lanzhou China
| | - Ping Yue
- Urat Desert‐grassland Research Station, Northwest Institute of Eco‐Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences Lanzhou China
| | - Aixia Guo
- Urat Desert‐grassland Research Station, Northwest Institute of Eco‐Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences Lanzhou China
| | - Xiyuan Yue
- Urat Desert‐grassland Research Station, Northwest Institute of Eco‐Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences Lanzhou China
| | - Chong Xu
- State key Laboratory of Grassland Agro‐ecosystems, college of Pastoral Agriculture Sciences and Technology Lanzhou University Lanzhou China
| | - Alan K. Knapp
- Department of Biology and Graduate Degree Program in Ecology Colorado State University Fort Collins Colorado USA
| | - Melinda D. Smith
- Department of Biology and Graduate Degree Program in Ecology Colorado State University Fort Collins Colorado USA
| | - Wentao Luo
- Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences Shenyang China
| | | | - Qiang Yu
- National Hulunber Grassland Ecosystem Observation and Research Station, Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences Beijing China
- School of Grassland Science, Beijing Forestry University Beijing China
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12
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Mao W, Sun Z, Forrestel EJ, Griffin‐Nolan R, Chen A, Smith MD. Using local and regional trait hypervolumes to study the effects of environmental factors on community assembly. Ecosphere 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.4253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Mao
- College of Ecology and Environment Hainan University Haikou China
- Department of Biology, Graduate Degree Program in Ecology Colorado State University Fort Collins Colorado USA
| | - Zhibin Sun
- Natural Resource Ecology Laboratory Colorado State University Fort Collins Colorado USA
| | | | | | - Anping Chen
- Department of Biology, Graduate Degree Program in Ecology Colorado State University Fort Collins Colorado USA
| | - Melinda D. Smith
- Department of Biology, Graduate Degree Program in Ecology Colorado State University Fort Collins Colorado USA
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13
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Jia X, Tao D, Ke Y, Li W, Yang T, Yang Y, He N, Smith MD, Yu Q. Dominant species control effects of nitrogen addition on ecosystem stability. Sci Total Environ 2022; 838:156060. [PMID: 35618129 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.156060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Revised: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Increased nitrogen (N) deposition is known to reduce the ecosystem stability, while the underlying mechanisms are still controversial. We conducted an 8-year multi-level N addition experiment in a temperate semi-arid grassland to identify the mechanisms (biodiversity, species asynchrony, population stability and dominant species stability) driving the N-induced loss of temporal stability of aboveground net primary productivity (ANPP). We found that N addition decreased ecosystem, population, and dominant species stability; decreased species richness and phylogenetic diversity; increased species dominance; but had nonsignificant effects on community-wide species asynchrony. Structural equation model revealed that N-induced loss of ecosystem stability was mainly driven by the loss of dominant species stability and the reduction in population stability. Moreover, species relative instability was negatively related with species relative production and the slopes increase with N addition, indicating that N addition weakened the stabilizing effect of dominant species on ecosystem function. Overall, our results highlight that the dominant species control the temporal stability of ANPP in grassland ecosystem under N addition, and support 'dominance management' as an effective strategy for conserving ecosystem functioning in grassland under N deposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaotong Jia
- Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Dongxue Tao
- Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yuguang Ke
- Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Wenjin Li
- Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Tian Yang
- Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yadong Yang
- Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Nianpeng He
- Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Melinda D Smith
- Department of Biology, Colorado State University, CO 80523, USA
| | - Qiang Yu
- School of Grassland Science, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China.
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14
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Vilonen L, Ross M, Smith MD. What happens after drought ends: synthesizing terms and definitions. New Phytol 2022; 235:420-431. [PMID: 35377474 PMCID: PMC9322664 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Drought is intensifying globally with climate change, creating an urgency to understand ecosystem response to drought both during and after these events end to limit loss of ecosystem functioning. The literature is replete with studies of how ecosystems respond during drought, yet there are far fewer studies focused on ecosystem dynamics after drought ends. Furthermore, while the terms used to describe drought can be variable and inconsistent, so can those that describe ecosystem responses following drought. With this review, we sought to evaluate and create clear definitions of the terms that ecologists use to describe post-drought responses. We found that legacy effects, resilience and recovery were used most commonly with respect to post-drought ecosystem responses, but the definitions used to describe these terms were variable. Based on our review of the literature, we propose a framework for generalizing ecosystem responses after drought ends, which we refer to as 'the post-drought period'. We suggest that future papers need to clearly describe characteristics of the imposed drought, and we encourage authors to use the term post-drought period as a general term that encompasses responses after drought ends and use other terms as more specific descriptors of responses during the post-drought period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leena Vilonen
- Department of BiologyColorado State UniversityFort CollinsCO80521USA
- Graduate Degree Program in EcologyColorado State UniversityFort CollinsCO80521USA
| | - Maggie Ross
- Department of BiologyColorado State UniversityFort CollinsCO80521USA
- Graduate Degree Program in EcologyColorado State UniversityFort CollinsCO80521USA
| | - Melinda D. Smith
- Department of BiologyColorado State UniversityFort CollinsCO80521USA
- Graduate Degree Program in EcologyColorado State UniversityFort CollinsCO80521USA
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15
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Slette IJ, Hoover DL, Smith MD, Knapp AK. Repeated extreme droughts decrease root production, but not the potential for post‐drought recovery of root production, in a mesic grassland. OIKOS 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.08899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid J. Slette
- Dept of Biology and Graduate Degree Program in Ecology, Colorado State Univ. Fort Collins CO USA
| | - David L. Hoover
- USDA‐ARS Rangeland Resources and Systems Research Unit, Crops Research Laboratory Fort Collins CO USA
| | - Melinda D. Smith
- Dept of Biology and Graduate Degree Program in Ecology, Colorado State Univ. Fort Collins CO USA
| | - Alan K. Knapp
- Dept of Biology and Graduate Degree Program in Ecology, Colorado State Univ. Fort Collins CO USA
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16
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Song L, Luo W, Griffin-Nolan RJ, Ma W, Cai J, Zuo X, Yu Q, Hartmann H, Li MH, Smith MD, Collins SL, Knapp AK, Wang Z, Han X. Differential responses of grassland community nonstructural carbohydrate to experimental drought along a natural aridity gradient. Sci Total Environ 2022; 822:153589. [PMID: 35122840 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.153589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Plant nonstructural carbohydrates (NSC) can reflect community and ecosystem responses to environmental changes such as water availability. Climate change is predicted to increase aridity and the frequency of extreme drought events in grasslands, but it is unclear how community-scale NSC will respond to drought or how such responses may vary along aridity gradients. We experimentally imposed a 4-year drought in six grasslands along a natural aridity gradient and measured the community-weighted mean of leaf soluble sugar (SSCWM) and total leaf NSC (NSCCWM) concentrations. We observed a bell-shape relationship across this gradient, where SSCWM and total NSCCWM concentrations were lowest at intermediate aridity, with this pattern driven primarily by species turnover. Drought manipulation increased both SSCWM and total NSCCWM concentrations at one moderately arid grassland but decreased total NSCCWM concentrations at one moist site. These differential responses to experimental drought depended on the relative role of species turnover and intraspecific variation in driving shifts in SSCWM and total NSCCWM concentrations. Specifically, the synergistic effects of species turnover and intraspecific variation drove the responses of leaf NSC concentrations to drought, while their opposing effects diminished the effect of drought on plant SSCWM and total NSCCWM concentrations. Plant resource strategies were more acquisitive, via higher chlorophyllCWM concentration, to offset reduced NSCCWM concentrations and net aboveground primary productivity (ANPP) with increasing aridity at more mesic sites, but more conservative (i.e., decreased plant heightCWM and ANPP) to reduce NSC consumption at drier sites. The relationship between water availability and NSCCWM concentrations may contribute to community drought resistance and improve plant viability and adaptation strategies to a changing climate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Song
- Erguna Forest-Steppe Ecotone Research Station, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Wentao Luo
- Erguna Forest-Steppe Ecotone Research Station, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China.
| | | | - Wang Ma
- Erguna Forest-Steppe Ecotone Research Station, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jiangping Cai
- Erguna Forest-Steppe Ecotone Research Station, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Xiaoan Zuo
- Urat Desert-Grassland Research Station, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Science, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Qiang Yu
- National Hulunber Grassland Ecosystem Observation and Research Station, Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Henrik Hartmann
- Max-Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Hans Knoll Str. 10, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Mai-He Li
- Forest Dynamics, Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Birmensdorf CH-8903, Switzerland; Erguna Forest-Steppe Ecotone Research Station, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Melinda D Smith
- Department of Biology and Graduate Degree Program in Ecology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Scott L Collins
- Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Alan K Knapp
- Department of Biology and Graduate Degree Program in Ecology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Zhengwen Wang
- Erguna Forest-Steppe Ecotone Research Station, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China.
| | - Xingguo Han
- Erguna Forest-Steppe Ecotone Research Station, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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17
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Hoover DL, Hajek OL, Smith MD, Wilkins K, Slette IJ, Knapp AK. Compound hydroclimatic extremes in a semi-arid grassland: Drought, deluge, and the carbon cycle. Glob Chang Biol 2022; 28:2611-2621. [PMID: 35076159 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.16081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Climate change is predicted to increase the frequency and intensity of extreme events including droughts and large precipitation events or "deluges." While many studies have focused on the ecological impacts of individual events (e.g., a heat wave), there is growing recognition that when extreme events co-occur as compound extremes, (e.g., a heatwave during a drought), the additive effects on ecosystems are often greater than either extreme alone. In this study, we assessed a unique type of extreme-a contrasting compound extreme-where the extremes may have offsetting, rather than additive ecological effects, by examining how a deluge during a drought impacts productivity and carbon cycling in a semi-arid grassland. The experiment consisted of four treatments: a control (average precipitation), an extreme drought (<5th percentile), an extreme drought interrupted by a single deluge (>95th percentile), or an extreme drought interrupted by the equivalent amount of precipitation added in several smaller events. We highlight three key results. First, extreme drought resulted in early senescence, reduced carbon uptake, and a decline in net primary productivity relative to the control treatment. Second, the deluge imposed during extreme drought stimulated carbon fluxes and plant growth well above the levels of both the control and the drought treatment with several additional smaller rainfall events, emphasizing the importance of precipitation amount, event size, and timing. Third, while the deluge's positive effects on carbon fluxes and plant growth persisted for 1 month, the deluge did not completely offset the negative effects of extreme drought on end-of-season productivity. Thus, in the case of these contrasting hydroclimatic extremes, a deluge during a drought can stimulate temporally dynamic ecosystem processes (e.g., net ecosystem exchange) while only partially compensating for reductions in ecosystem functions over longer time scales (e.g., aboveground net primary productivity).
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Affiliation(s)
- David L Hoover
- USDA-ARS Rangeland Resources and Systems Research Unit, Crops Research Laboratory, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Olivia L Hajek
- Department of Biology and Graduate Degree Program in Ecology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Melinda D Smith
- Department of Biology and Graduate Degree Program in Ecology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Kate Wilkins
- Department of Biology and Graduate Degree Program in Ecology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Ingrid J Slette
- Department of Biology and Graduate Degree Program in Ecology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Alan K Knapp
- Department of Biology and Graduate Degree Program in Ecology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
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18
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Broderick CM, Wilkins K, Smith MD, Blair JM. Climate legacies determine grassland responses to future rainfall regimes. Glob Chang Biol 2022; 28:2639-2656. [PMID: 35015919 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.16084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Revised: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Climate variability and periodic droughts have complex effects on carbon (C) fluxes, with uncertain implications for ecosystem C balance under a changing climate. Responses to climate change can be modulated by persistent effects of climate history on plant communities, soil microbial activity, and nutrient cycling (i.e., legacies). To assess how legacies of past precipitation regimes influence tallgrass prairie C cycling under new precipitation regimes, we modified a long-term irrigation experiment that simulated a wetter climate for >25 years. We reversed irrigated and control (ambient precipitation) treatments in some plots and imposed an experimental drought in plots with a history of irrigation or ambient precipitation to assess how climate legacies affect aboveground net primary productivity (ANPP), soil respiration, and selected soil C pools. Legacy effects of elevated precipitation (irrigation) included higher C fluxes and altered labile soil C pools, and in some cases altered sensitivity to new climate treatments. Indeed, decades of irrigation reduced the sensitivity of both ANPP and soil respiration to drought compared with controls. Positive legacy effects of irrigation on ANPP persisted for at least 3 years following treatment reversal, were apparent in both wet and dry years, and were associated with altered plant functional composition. In contrast, legacy effects on soil respiration were comparatively short-lived and did not manifest under natural or experimentally-imposed "wet years," suggesting that legacy effects on CO2 efflux are contingent on current conditions. Although total soil C remained similar across treatments, long-term irrigation increased labile soil C and the sensitivity of microbial biomass C to drought. Importantly, the magnitude of legacy effects for all response variables varied with topography, suggesting that landscape can modulate the strength and direction of climate legacies. Our results demonstrate the role of climate history as an important determinant of terrestrial C cycling responses to future climate changes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kate Wilkins
- Department of Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Melinda D Smith
- Department of Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
- Graduate Degree Program in Ecology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - John M Blair
- Division of Biology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA
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19
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Langley JA, Grman E, Wilcox KR, Avolio ML, Komatsu KJ, Collins SL, Koerner SE, Smith MD, Baldwin AH, Bowman W, Chiariello N, Eskelinen A, Harmens H, Hovenden M, Klanderud K, McCulley RL, Onipchenko VG, Robinson CH, Suding KN. Do tradeoffs govern plant species responses to different global change treatments? Ecology 2021; 103:e3626. [PMID: 34967948 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.3626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Plants are subject to tradeoffs among growth strategies such that adaptations for optimal growth in one condition can preclude optimal growth in another. Thus, we predicted that a plant species that responds positively to one global change treatment would be less likely than average to respond positively to another treatment, particularly for pairs of treatments that favor distinct traits. We examined plant species abundances in 39 global change experiments manipulating two or more of the following: CO2 , nitrogen, phosphorus, water, temperature, or disturbance. Overall, the directional response of a species to one treatment was 13% more likely than expected to oppose its response to a another single-factor treatment. This tendency was detectable across the global dataset but held little predictive power for individual treatment combinations or within individual experiments. While tradeoffs in the ability to respond to different global change treatments exert discernible global effects, other forces obscure their influence in local communities. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Adam Langley
- Department of Biology, Center of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Stewardship, Villanova, PA
| | - Emily Grman
- Department of Biology, Eastern Michigan University, Ypsilanti, MI, USA
| | - Kevin R Wilcox
- Department of Ecosystem Science and Management, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY
| | - Meghan L Avolio
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N. Charles St., Baltimore, MD
| | - Kimberly J Komatsu
- Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, 647 Contees Wharf Road, Edgewater, MD, USA
| | | | | | - Melinda D Smith
- Department of Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Andrew H Baldwin
- Department of Environmental Science and Technology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD
| | - William Bowman
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Nona Chiariello
- Jasper Ridge Biological Preserve, Stanford, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Anu Eskelinen
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research UFZ, Leipzig, Germany, German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research iDiv, Leipzig, Germany, Ecology and Genetics Unit, University of Oulu, Finland
| | - Harry Harmens
- UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Environment Centre Wales, Deiniol Road, Bangor, Gwynedd, UK
| | - Mark Hovenden
- Biological Sciences, School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Locked Bag 55, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Kari Klanderud
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, NO-1432 Aas, Norway
| | - Rebecca L McCulley
- Department of Plant & Soil Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | | | - Clare H Robinson
- Department of Earth & Environmental Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Katharine N Suding
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO
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20
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Slette IJ, Blair JM, Fay PA, Smith MD, Knapp AK. Effects of Compounded Precipitation Pattern Intensification and Drought Occur Belowground in a Mesic Grassland. Ecosystems 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10021-021-00714-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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21
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Zuo X, Zhao S, Cheng H, Hu Y, Wang S, Yue P, Liu R, Knapp AK, Smith MD, Yu Q, Koerner SE. Functional diversity response to geographic and experimental precipitation gradients varies with plant community type. Funct Ecol 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.13875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoan Zuo
- Urat Desert‐grassland Research StationNorthwest Institute of Eco‐Environment and ResourcesChinese Academy of Science Lanzhou China
- Key Laboratory of Stress Physiology and Ecology Gansu ProvinceLanzhou China
- Naiman Desertification Research Station Northwest Institute of Eco‐Environment and ResourcesChinese Academy of Sciences Lanzhou China
| | - Shenglong Zhao
- Urat Desert‐grassland Research StationNorthwest Institute of Eco‐Environment and ResourcesChinese Academy of Science Lanzhou China
| | - Huan Cheng
- College of forestry Sichuan Agricultural University Chengdu China
| | - Ya Hu
- Urat Desert‐grassland Research StationNorthwest Institute of Eco‐Environment and ResourcesChinese Academy of Science Lanzhou China
| | - Shaokun Wang
- Urat Desert‐grassland Research StationNorthwest Institute of Eco‐Environment and ResourcesChinese Academy of Science Lanzhou China
| | - Ping Yue
- Urat Desert‐grassland Research StationNorthwest Institute of Eco‐Environment and ResourcesChinese Academy of Science Lanzhou China
| | - Rentao Liu
- Key Laboratory for Restoration and Reconstruction of Degraded Ecosystem in Northwestern China of Ministry of Education Ningxia University Yinchuan China
| | - Alan K. Knapp
- Department of Biology Colorado State University Fort Collins CO USA
| | - Melinda D. Smith
- Department of Biology Colorado State University Fort Collins CO USA
| | - Qiang Yu
- National Hulunber Grassland Ecosystem Observation and Research Station Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences Beijing China
| | - Sally E. Koerner
- Department of Biology University of North Carolina Greensboro Greensboro NC USA
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22
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Luo W, Griffin-Nolan RJ, Ma W, Liu B, Zuo X, Xu C, Yu Q, Luo Y, Mariotte P, Smith MD, Collins SL, Knapp AK, Wang Z, Han X. Plant traits and soil fertility mediate productivity losses under extreme drought in C 3 grasslands. Ecology 2021; 102:e03465. [PMID: 34236696 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.3465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Extreme drought decreases aboveground net primary production (ANPP) in most grasslands, but the magnitude of ANPP reductions varies especially in C3 -dominated grasslands. Because the mechanisms underlying such differential ecosystem responses to drought are not well resolved, we experimentally imposed an extreme 4-yr drought (2015-2018) in two C3 grasslands that differed in aridity. These sites had similar annual precipitation and dominant grass species (Leymus chinensis) but different annual temperatures and thus water availability. Drought treatments differentially affected these two semiarid grasslands, with ANPP of the drier site reduced more than at the wetter site. Structural equation modeling revealed that community-weighted means for some traits modified relationships between soil moisture and ANPP, often due to intraspecific variation. Specifically, drought reduced community mean plant height at both sites, resulting in a reduction in ANPP beyond that attributable to reduced soil moisture alone. Higher community mean leaf carbon content enhanced the negative effects of drought on ANPP at the drier site, and ANPP-soil-moisture relationships were influenced by soil C:N ratio at the wetter site. Importantly, neither species richness nor functional dispersion were significantly correlated with ANPP at either site. Overall, as expected, soil moisture was a dominant, direct driver of ANPP response to drought, but differential sensitivity to drought in these two grasslands was also related to soil fertility and plant traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wentao Luo
- Erguna Forest-Steppe Ecotone Research Station, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | | | - Wang Ma
- Erguna Forest-Steppe Ecotone Research Station, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Bo Liu
- Erguna Forest-Steppe Ecotone Research Station, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Xiaoan Zuo
- Urat Desert-Grassland Research Station, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Science, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Chong Xu
- National Hulunber Grassland Ecosystem Observation and Research Station, Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Qiang Yu
- National Hulunber Grassland Ecosystem Observation and Research Station, Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Yahuang Luo
- Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650204, China
| | - Pierre Mariotte
- Agroscope, Grazing systems, Route de Duillier 50, 1260, Nyon, Switzerland
| | - Melinda D Smith
- Department of Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, 80523, USA
- Graduate Degree Program in Ecology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, 80523, USA
| | - Scott L Collins
- Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, 87131, USA
| | - Alan K Knapp
- Department of Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, 80523, USA
| | - Zhengwen Wang
- Erguna Forest-Steppe Ecotone Research Station, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Xingguo Han
- Erguna Forest-Steppe Ecotone Research Station, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, 110016, China
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
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23
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Avolio ML, Komatsu KJ, Collins SL, Grman E, Koerner SE, Tredennick AT, Wilcox KR, Baer S, Boughton EH, Britton AJ, Foster B, Gough L, Hovenden M, Isbell F, Jentsch A, Johnson DS, Knapp AK, Kreyling J, Langley JA, Lortie C, McCulley RL, McLaren JR, Reich PB, Seabloom EW, Smith MD, Suding KN, Suttle KB, Tognetti PM. Determinants of community compositional change are equally affected by global change. Ecol Lett 2021; 24:1892-1904. [PMID: 34170615 DOI: 10.1111/ele.13824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Revised: 02/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Global change is impacting plant community composition, but the mechanisms underlying these changes are unclear. Using a dataset of 58 global change experiments, we tested the five fundamental mechanisms of community change: changes in evenness and richness, reordering, species gains and losses. We found 71% of communities were impacted by global change treatments, and 88% of communities that were exposed to two or more global change drivers were impacted. Further, all mechanisms of change were equally likely to be affected by global change treatments-species losses and changes in richness were just as common as species gains and reordering. We also found no evidence of a progression of community changes, for example, reordering and changes in evenness did not precede species gains and losses. We demonstrate that all processes underlying plant community composition changes are equally affected by treatments and often occur simultaneously, necessitating a wholistic approach to quantifying community changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghan L Avolio
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Kimberly J Komatsu
- Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, Smithsonian Institution, Edgewater, MD, USA
| | - Scott L Collins
- Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Emily Grman
- Department of Biology, Eastern Michigan University, Ypsilanti, MI, USA
| | - Sally E Koerner
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina Greensboro, Greensboro, NC, USA
| | - Andrew T Tredennick
- Department of Statistics, Western EcoSystems Technology, Inc, Laramie, WY, USA
| | - Kevin R Wilcox
- Department of Ecosystem Science and Management, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, USA
| | - Sara Baer
- Kansas Biological Survey and Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
| | | | | | - Bryan Foster
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology and Kansas Biological Survey, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
| | - Laura Gough
- Department of Biological Sciences, Towson University, Towson, MD, USA
| | - Mark Hovenden
- Biological Sciences, School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Forest Isbell
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, USA
| | - Anke Jentsch
- Department of Disturbance Ecology, University of Bayreuth, Center of Ecology and Environmental Research (BayCEER), Bayreuth, Germany
| | - David S Johnson
- Virginia Institute of Marine Science, William & Mary, Gloucester Point, VA, USA
| | - Alan K Knapp
- Department of Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA.,Graduate Degree Program in Ecology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Juergen Kreyling
- Experimental Plant Ecology, Institute for Botany and Landscape Ecology, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - J Adam Langley
- Department of Biology, Center for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Stewardship, Villanova University, Villanova, PA, USA
| | - Christopher Lortie
- The National Center for Ecological Analysis and Synthesis, UCSB, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
| | - Rebecca L McCulley
- Department of Plant & Soil Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Jennie R McLaren
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, USA
| | - Peter B Reich
- Department Forest Resources, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, USA.,Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia
| | - Eric W Seabloom
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, USA
| | - Melinda D Smith
- Department of Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA.,Graduate Degree Program in Ecology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Katharine N Suding
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - K Blake Suttle
- Angelo Coast Range Reserve, University of California Natural Reserve System, Branscomb, CA, USA
| | - Pedro M Tognetti
- IFEVA, Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de Buenos Aires, CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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24
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Gray JE, Komatsu KJ, Smith MD. Defining codominance in plant communities. New Phytol 2021; 230:1716-1730. [PMID: 33539550 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Species dominance and biodiversity in plant communities have received considerable attention and characterisation. However, species codominance, while often alleged, is seldom defined or quantified. Codominance is a common phenomenon and is likely to be an important driver of community structure, ecosystem function and the stability of both. Here we review the use of the term 'codominance' and find inconsistencies in its use, suggesting that the scientific community currently lacks a universal understanding of codominance. We address this issue by: (1) qualitatively defining codominance as mostly shared abundance that is distinctively isolated within a subset of a community, and (2) presenting a novel metric for quantifying the degree to which relative abundances are shared among a codominant subset of plant species, while also accounting for the remaining species within a plant community. Using both simulated and real-world data, we then demonstrate the process of applying the codominance metric to compare communities and to generate a quantitatively defensible subset of species to consider codominant within a community. We show that our metric effectively distinguishes the degree of codominance between four types of grassland ecosystems as well as simulated ecosystems with varying degrees of abundance sharing among community members. Overall, we make the case that increased research focusses on the conditions under which codominance occurs and the consequences for species coexistence, community structure and ecosystem function that would considerably advance the fields of community and ecosystem ecology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesse E Gray
- Department of Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80521, USA
- Graduate Degree Program in Ecology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80521, USA
| | | | - Melinda D Smith
- Department of Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80521, USA
- Graduate Degree Program in Ecology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80521, USA
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25
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Narayanan A, Ismert KJ, Smith MD, Jumpponen A. Soil fungal communities are compositionally resistant to drought manipulations – Evidence from culture-dependent and culture-independent analyses. FUNGAL ECOL 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.funeco.2021.101062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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26
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Yahdjian L, Sala OE, PiÑEiro-Guerra JM, Knapp AK, Collins SL, Phillips RP, Smith MD. Why Coordinated Distributed Experiments Should Go Global. Bioscience 2021. [DOI: 10.1093/biosci/biab033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
The performance of coordinated distributed experiments designed to compare ecosystem sensitivity to global-change drivers depends on whether they cover a significant proportion of the global range of environmental variables. In the present article, we described the global distribution of climatic and soil variables and quantified main differences among continents. Then, as a test case, we assessed the representativeness of the International Drought Experiment (IDE) in parameter space. Considering the global environmental variability at this scale, the different continents harbor unique combinations of parameters. As such, coordinated experiments set up across a single continent may fail to capture the full extent of global variation in climate and soil parameter space. IDE with representation on all continents has the potential to address global scale hypotheses about ecosystem sensitivity to environmental change. Our results provide a unique vision of climate and soil variability at the global scale and highlight the need to design globally distributed networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Yahdjian
- Ecology Department, Faculty of Agronomy, University of Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | - Juan Manuel PiÑEiro-Guerra
- Departamento de Sistemática e Ecologia, Laboratório de Ecologia Aplicada e Conservação, Cidade Universitária, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, in João Pessoa, Brazil
| | - Alan K Knapp
- Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States
| | - Scott L Collins
- Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States
| | - Richard P Phillips
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, United States
| | - Melinda D Smith
- Department of Biology and the director of the Semiarid Grassland Research Center, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States
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27
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Amer MA, Herbison GP, Grainger SH, Khoo CH, Smith MD, McCall JL. A meta-epidemiological study of bias in randomized clinical trials of open and laparoscopic surgery. Br J Surg 2021; 108:477-483. [PMID: 33778858 DOI: 10.1093/bjs/znab035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Revised: 11/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Blinding, random sequence generation, and allocation concealment are established strategies to minimize bias in RCTs. Meta-epidemiological studies of drug trials have demonstrated exaggerated treatment effects in RCTs where such methods were not employed. As blinding is more difficult in surgical trials it is important to determine whether this applies to them. The study aimed to investigate this using systematic meta-epidemiological methods. METHOD The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews was searched for systematic reviews of RCTs that compared laparoscopic and open abdominal surgical procedures. Each review was then scrutinized to determine whether at least one of the included trials was blinded. Eligible reviews were updated and individual RCTs retrieved. Extracted data included the primary outcomes of interest (length of stay and complications), secondary outcomes and a risk of bias assessment. A multistep meta-regression analysis was then performed to obtain an overall difference in the reported outcome differences between trials that employed each bias-minimization strategy, and those that did not. RESULTS Some 316 RCTs were included, reporting on eight different procedures. Patient-blinded RCTs reported a smaller difference in length of stay between laparoscopic and open groups (difference of standardized mean differences -0·36 (95 per cent c.i. -0·73 to 0·00)) and complications (ratio of odds ratios 0·76 (95 per cent c.i. 0·61 to 0·93)). Blinding of postoperative carers and outcome assessors had similar effects. CONCLUSION Lack of blinding significantly altered the treatment effect estimates of RCTs comparing laparoscopic and open surgery. Blinding should be implemented in surgical RCTs where possible to avoid systematic bias.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Amer
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.,Department of General Surgery, Christchurch Hospital, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - G P Herbison
- Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - S H Grainger
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - C H Khoo
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - M D Smith
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.,Department of General Surgery, Dunedin Hospital, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - J L McCall
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.,Department of General Surgery, Dunedin Hospital, Dunedin, New Zealand.,Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.,New Zealand Liver Transplant Unit, Auckland, New Zealand
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28
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Felton AJ, Knapp AK, Smith MD. Precipitation-productivity relationships and the duration of precipitation anomalies: An underappreciated dimension of climate change. Glob Chang Biol 2021; 27:1127-1140. [PMID: 33295684 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.15480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In terrestrial ecosystems, climate change forecasts of increased frequencies and magnitudes of wet and dry precipitation anomalies are expected to shift precipitation-net primary productivity (PPT-NPP) relationships from linear to nonlinear. Less understood, however, is how future changes in the duration of PPT anomalies will alter PPT-NPP relationships. A review of the literature shows strong potential for the duration of wet and dry PPT anomalies to impact NPP and to interact with the magnitude of anomalies. Within semi-arid and mesic grassland ecosystems, PPT gradient experiments indicate that short-duration (1 year) PPT anomalies are often insufficient to drive nonlinear aboveground NPP responses. But long-term studies, within desert to forest ecosystems, demonstrate how multi-year PPT anomalies may result in increasing impacts on NPP through time, and thus alter PPT-NPP relationships. We present a conceptual model detailing how NPP responses to PPT anomalies may amplify with the duration of an event, how responses may vary in xeric vs. mesic ecosystems, and how these differences are most likely due to demographic mechanisms. Experiments that can unravel the independent and interactive impacts of the magnitude and duration of wet and dry PPT anomalies are needed, with multi-site long-term PPT gradient experiments particularly well-suited for this task.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Felton
- Department of Wildland Resources and The Ecology Center, Utah State University, Logan, UT, USA
| | - Alan K Knapp
- Department of Biology and Graduate Degree Program in Ecology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Melinda D Smith
- Department of Biology and Graduate Degree Program in Ecology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
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29
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Carroll CJW, Slette IJ, Griffin-Nolan RJ, Baur LE, Hoffman AM, Denton EM, Gray JE, Post AK, Johnston MK, Yu Q, Collins SL, Luo Y, Smith MD, Knapp AK. Is a drought a drought in grasslands? Productivity responses to different types of drought. Oecologia 2021; 197:1017-1026. [PMID: 33416961 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-020-04793-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Drought, defined as a marked deficiency of precipitation relative to normal, occurs as periods of below-average precipitation or complete failure of precipitation inputs, and can be limited to a single season or prolonged over multiple years. Grasslands are typically quite sensitive to drought, but there can be substantial variability in the magnitude of loss of ecosystem function. We hypothesized that differences in how drought occurs may contribute to this variability. In four native Great Plains grasslands (three C4- and one C3-dominated) spanning a ~ 500-mm precipitation gradient, we imposed drought for four consecutive years by (1) reducing each rainfall event by 66% during the growing season (chronic drought) or (2) completely excluding rainfall during a shorter portion of the growing season (intense drought). The drought treatments were similar in magnitude but differed in the following characteristics: event number, event size and length of dry periods. We observed consistent drought-induced reductions (28-37%) in aboveground net primary production (ANPP) only in the C4-dominated grasslands. In general, intense drought reduced ANPP more than chronic drought, with little evidence that drought duration altered this pattern. Conversely, belowground net primary production (BNPP) was reduced by drought in all grasslands (32-64%), with BNPP reductions greater in intense vs. chronic drought treatments in the most mesic grassland. We conclude that grassland productivity responses to drought did not strongly differ between these two types of drought, but when differences existed, intense drought consistently reduced function more than chronic drought.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles J W Carroll
- Graduate Degree Program in Ecology and Department of Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA.
| | - Ingrid J Slette
- Graduate Degree Program in Ecology and Department of Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | | | - Lauren E Baur
- Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA
| | - Ava M Hoffman
- Earth & Planetary Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA
| | - Elsie M Denton
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Eastern Oregon Agricultural Research Center, Burns, OR, 97720, USA
| | - Jesse E Gray
- Graduate Degree Program in Ecology and Department of Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - Alison K Post
- Graduate Degree Program in Ecology and Department of Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - Melissa K Johnston
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Central Plains Experimental Range, Fort Collins, CO, 80526, USA
| | - Qiang Yu
- National Hulunber Grassland Ecosystem Observation and Research Station, Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Scott L Collins
- Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA
| | - Yiqi Luo
- Center for Ecosystem Science and Society, Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, 86011, USA
| | - Melinda D Smith
- Graduate Degree Program in Ecology and Department of Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - Alan K Knapp
- Graduate Degree Program in Ecology and Department of Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
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30
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Affiliation(s)
- Ava M. Hoffman
- Department of Biology and Graduate Degree Program in Ecology Colorado State University Fort Collins CO USA
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences Johns Hopkins University Baltimore MD USA
| | - Melinda D. Smith
- Department of Biology and Graduate Degree Program in Ecology Colorado State University Fort Collins CO USA
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31
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Avolio ML, Wilcox KR, Komatsu KJ, Lemoine N, Bowman WD, Collins SL, Knapp AK, Koerner SE, Smith MD, Baer SG, Gross KL, Isbell F, McLaren J, Reich PB, Suding KN, Suttle KB, Tilman D, Xu Z, Yu Q. Temporal variability in production is not consistently affected by global change drivers across herbaceous-dominated ecosystems. Oecologia 2020; 194:735-744. [PMID: 33130915 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-020-04787-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Understanding how global change drivers (GCDs) affect aboveground net primary production (ANPP) through time is essential to predicting the reliability and maintenance of ecosystem function and services in the future. While GCDs, such as drought, warming and elevated nutrients, are known to affect mean ANPP, less is known about how they affect inter-annual variability in ANPP. We examined 27 global change experiments located in 11 different herbaceous ecosystems that varied in both abiotic and biotic conditions, to investigate changes in the mean and temporal variability of ANPP (measured as the coefficient of variation) in response to different GCD manipulations, including resource additions, warming, and irrigation. From this comprehensive data synthesis, we found that GCD treatments increased mean ANPP. However, GCD manipulations both increased and decreased temporal variability of ANPP (24% of comparisons), with no net effect overall. These inconsistent effects on temporal variation in ANPP can, in part, be attributed to site characteristics, such as mean annual precipitation and temperature as well as plant community evenness. For example, decreases in temporal variability in ANPP with the GCD treatments occurred in wetter and warmer sites with lower plant community evenness. Further, the addition of several nutrients simultaneously increased the sensitivity of ANPP to interannual variation in precipitation. Based on this analysis, we expect that GCDs will likely affect the magnitude more than the reliability over time of ecosystem production in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghan L Avolio
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N. Charles St., Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA.
| | - Kevin R Wilcox
- Department of Ecosystem Science and Management, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, 82071, USA
| | - Kimberly J Komatsu
- Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, 647 Contees Wharf Road, Edgewater, MD, 21037, USA
| | - Nathan Lemoine
- Department of Biological Sciences, Marquette University, Milwaukee, WI, 53233, USA.,Department of Zoology, Milwaukee Public Museum, Milwaukee, WI, 53233, USA
| | - William D Bowman
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA
| | - Scott L Collins
- Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA
| | - Alan K Knapp
- Department of Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA.,Graduate Degree Program in Ecology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - Sally E Koerner
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina Greensboro, Greensboro, NC, 27402, USA
| | - Melinda D Smith
- Department of Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA.,Graduate Degree Program in Ecology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - Sara G Baer
- Kansas Biological Survey and Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, 66045, USA
| | - Katherine L Gross
- WK Kellogg Biological Station and Graduate Program in Ecology, Evolutionary Biology and Behavior, Michigan State University, Hickory Corners, MI, 49060, USA
| | - Forest Isbell
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, 55108, USA
| | - Jennie McLaren
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Tx, 79968, USA
| | - Peter B Reich
- Department of Forest Resources, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, 55108, USA.,Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia
| | - Katharine N Suding
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA
| | | | - David Tilman
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, 55108, USA
| | - Zhuwen Xu
- Key Laboratory of Grassland Ecology, School of Ecology and Environment, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, 010021, China
| | - Qiang Yu
- National Hulunber Grassland Ecosystem Observation and Research Station, Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
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Griffith DM, Osborne CP, Edwards EJ, Bachle S, Beerling DJ, Bond WJ, Gallaher TJ, Helliker BR, Lehmann CER, Leatherman L, Nippert JB, Pau S, Qiu F, Riley WJ, Smith MD, Strömberg CAE, Taylor L, Ungerer M, Still CJ. Lineage-based functional types: characterising functional diversity to enhance the representation of ecological behaviour in Land Surface Models. New Phytol 2020; 228:15-23. [PMID: 33448428 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Process-based vegetation models attempt to represent the wide range of trait variation in biomes by grouping ecologically similar species into plant functional types (PFTs). This approach has been successful in representing many aspects of plant physiology and biophysics but struggles to capture biogeographic history and ecological dynamics that determine biome boundaries and plant distributions. Grass-dominated ecosystems are broadly distributed across all vegetated continents and harbour large functional diversity, yet most Land Surface Models (LSMs) summarise grasses into two generic PFTs based primarily on differences between temperate C3 grasses and (sub)tropical C4 grasses. Incorporation of species-level trait variation is an active area of research to enhance the ecological realism of PFTs, which form the basis for vegetation processes and dynamics in LSMs. Using reported measurements, we developed grass functional trait values (physiological, structural, biochemical, anatomical, phenological, and disturbance-related) of dominant lineages to improve LSM representations. Our method is fundamentally different from previous efforts, as it uses phylogenetic relatedness to create lineage-based functional types (LFTs), situated between species-level trait data and PFT-level abstractions, thus providing a realistic representation of functional diversity and opening the door to the development of new vegetation models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel M Griffith
- Forest Ecosystems and Society, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA
- US Geological Survey Western Geographic Science Center, Moffett Field, CA, 94035, USA
- NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA, 94035, USA
| | - Colin P Osborne
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK
| | - Erika J Edwards
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Seton Bachle
- Division of Biology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA
| | - David J Beerling
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK
| | - William J Bond
- South African Environmental Observation Network, National Research Foundation, Claremont, 7735, South Africa
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, 7701, South Africa
| | - Timothy J Gallaher
- Department of Biology and the Burke Museum of Natural History and Culture, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98915, USA
- Bishop Museum, Honolulu, HI, 96817, USA
| | - Brent R Helliker
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19401, USA
| | | | - Lila Leatherman
- Forest Ecosystems and Society, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA
| | - Jesse B Nippert
- Division of Biology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA
| | - Stephanie Pau
- Department of Geography, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, 32303, USA
| | - Fan Qiu
- Division of Biology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA
| | - William J Riley
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Melinda D Smith
- Department of Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80521, USA
| | - Caroline A E Strömberg
- Department of Biology and the Burke Museum of Natural History and Culture, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98915, USA
| | - Lyla Taylor
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK
| | - Mark Ungerer
- Division of Biology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA
| | - Christopher J Still
- Forest Ecosystems and Society, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA
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33
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Acharya A, Agarwal R, Baker M, Baudry J, Bhowmik D, Boehm S, Byler KG, Coates L, Chen SY, Cooper CJ, Demerdash O, Daidone I, Eblen JD, Ellingson S, Forli S, Glaser J, Gumbart JC, Gunnels J, Hernandez O, Irle S, Larkin J, Lawrence TJ, LeGrand S, Liu SH, Mitchell JC, Park G, Parks JM, Pavlova A, Petridis L, Poole D, Pouchard L, Ramanathan A, Rogers D, Santos-Martins D, Scheinberg A, Sedova A, Shen S, Smith JC, Smith MD, Soto C, Tsaris A, Thavappiragasam M, Tillack AF, Vermaas JV, Vuong VQ, Yin J, Yoo S, Zahran M, Zanetti-Polzi L. Supercomputer-Based Ensemble Docking Drug Discovery Pipeline with Application to Covid-19. ChemRxiv 2020:12725465. [PMID: 33200117 PMCID: PMC7668744 DOI: 10.26434/chemrxiv.12725465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
We present a supercomputer-driven pipeline for in-silico drug discovery using enhanced sampling molecular dynamics (MD) and ensemble docking. We also describe preliminary results obtained for 23 systems involving eight protein targets of the proteome of SARS CoV-2. THe MD performed is temperature replica-exchange enhanced sampling, making use of the massively parallel supercomputing on the SUMMIT supercomputer at Oak Ridge National Laboratory, with which more than 1ms of enhanced sampling MD can be generated per day. We have ensemble docked repurposing databases to ten configurations of each of the 23 SARS CoV-2 systems using AutoDock Vina. We also demonstrate that using Autodock-GPU on SUMMIT, it is possible to perform exhaustive docking of one billion compounds in under 24 hours. Finally, we discuss preliminary results and planned improvements to the pipeline, including the use of quantum mechanical (QM), machine learning, and AI methods to cluster MD trajectories and rescore docking poses.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Acharya
- School of Physics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332
| | - R Agarwal
- UT/ORNL Center for Molecular Biophysics, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, TN, 37830
- The University of Tennessee, Knoxville. Department of Biochemistry & Cellular and Molecular Biology, 309 Ken and Blaire Mossman Bldg. 1311 Cumberland Avenue Knoxville, TN, 37996
- Graduate School of Genome Science and Technology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37996
| | - M Baker
- Computer Science and Mathematics Division, Oak Ridge National Lab, Oak Ridge, TN 37830
| | - J Baudry
- The University of Alabama in Huntsville, Department of Biological Sciences. 301 Sparkman Drive, Huntsville, AL 35899
| | - D Bhowmik
- Computational Sciences and Engineering Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831
| | - S Boehm
- Computer Science and Mathematics Division, Oak Ridge National Lab, Oak Ridge, TN 37830
| | - K G Byler
- The University of Alabama in Huntsville, Department of Biological Sciences. 301 Sparkman Drive, Huntsville, AL 35899
| | - L Coates
- Neutron Scattering Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831
| | - S Y Chen
- Computational Science Initiative, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973
| | - C J Cooper
- UT/ORNL Center for Molecular Biophysics, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, TN, 37830
- Graduate School of Genome Science and Technology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37996
| | - O Demerdash
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Lab, Oak Ridge, TN 37830
| | - I Daidone
- Department of Physical and Chemical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, I-67010 L'Aquila, Italy
| | - J D Eblen
- UT/ORNL Center for Molecular Biophysics, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, TN, 37830
- The University of Tennessee, Knoxville. Department of Biochemistry & Cellular and Molecular Biology, 309 Ken and Blaire Mossman Bldg. 1311 Cumberland Avenue Knoxville, TN, 37996
| | - S Ellingson
- University of Kentucky, Division of Biomedical Informatics, College of Medicine, UK Medical Center MN 150, Lexington KY, 40536
| | - S Forli
- Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA, 92037
| | - J Glaser
- National Center for Computational Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37830
| | - J C Gumbart
- School of Physics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332
| | - J Gunnels
- HPC Engineering, Amazon Web Services, Seattle, WA 98121
| | - O Hernandez
- Computer Science and Mathematics Division, Oak Ridge National Lab, Oak Ridge, TN 37830
| | - S Irle
- Computational Sciences and Engineering Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831
- Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831
- Bredesen Center for Interdisciplinary Research and Graduate Education, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996
| | - J Larkin
- NVIDIA Corporation, Santa Clara, CA 95051
| | - T J Lawrence
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Lab, Oak Ridge, TN 37830
| | - S LeGrand
- NVIDIA Corporation, Santa Clara, CA 95051
| | - S-H Liu
- UT/ORNL Center for Molecular Biophysics, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, TN, 37830
- The University of Tennessee, Knoxville. Department of Biochemistry & Cellular and Molecular Biology, 309 Ken and Blaire Mossman Bldg. 1311 Cumberland Avenue Knoxville, TN, 37996
| | - J C Mitchell
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Lab, Oak Ridge, TN 37830
| | - G Park
- Computational Science Initiative, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973
| | - J M Parks
- UT/ORNL Center for Molecular Biophysics, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, TN, 37830
- The University of Tennessee, Knoxville. Department of Biochemistry & Cellular and Molecular Biology, 309 Ken and Blaire Mossman Bldg. 1311 Cumberland Avenue Knoxville, TN, 37996
- Graduate School of Genome Science and Technology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37996
| | - A Pavlova
- School of Physics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332
| | - L Petridis
- UT/ORNL Center for Molecular Biophysics, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, TN, 37830
- The University of Tennessee, Knoxville. Department of Biochemistry & Cellular and Molecular Biology, 309 Ken and Blaire Mossman Bldg. 1311 Cumberland Avenue Knoxville, TN, 37996
| | - D Poole
- NVIDIA Corporation, Santa Clara, CA 95051
| | - L Pouchard
- Computational Science Initiative, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973
| | - A Ramanathan
- Data Science and Learning Division, Argonne National Lab, Lemont, IL 60439
| | - D Rogers
- National Center for Computational Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37830
| | | | | | - A Sedova
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Lab, Oak Ridge, TN 37830
| | - S Shen
- UT/ORNL Center for Molecular Biophysics, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, TN, 37830
- The University of Tennessee, Knoxville. Department of Biochemistry & Cellular and Molecular Biology, 309 Ken and Blaire Mossman Bldg. 1311 Cumberland Avenue Knoxville, TN, 37996
- Graduate School of Genome Science and Technology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37996
| | - J C Smith
- UT/ORNL Center for Molecular Biophysics, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, TN, 37830
- The University of Tennessee, Knoxville. Department of Biochemistry & Cellular and Molecular Biology, 309 Ken and Blaire Mossman Bldg. 1311 Cumberland Avenue Knoxville, TN, 37996
| | - M D Smith
- UT/ORNL Center for Molecular Biophysics, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, TN, 37830
- The University of Tennessee, Knoxville. Department of Biochemistry & Cellular and Molecular Biology, 309 Ken and Blaire Mossman Bldg. 1311 Cumberland Avenue Knoxville, TN, 37996
| | - C Soto
- Computational Science Initiative, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973
| | - A Tsaris
- National Center for Computational Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37830
| | | | | | - J V Vermaas
- National Center for Computational Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37830
| | - V Q Vuong
- Computational Sciences and Engineering Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831
- Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831
- Bredesen Center for Interdisciplinary Research and Graduate Education, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996
| | - J Yin
- National Center for Computational Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37830
| | - S Yoo
- Computational Science Initiative, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973
| | - M Zahran
- Department of Biological Sciences, New York City College of Technology, The City University of New York (CUNY), Brooklyn, NY 11201
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34
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Hoffman AM, Bushey JA, Ocheltree TW, Smith MD. Genetic and functional variation across regional and local scales is associated with climate in a foundational prairie grass. New Phytol 2020; 227:352-364. [PMID: 32176814 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Global change forecasts in ecosystems require knowledge of within-species diversity, particularly of dominant species within communities. We assessed site-level diversity and capacity for adaptation in Bouteloua gracilis, the dominant species in the Central US shortgrass steppe biome. We quantified genetic diversity from 17 sites across regional scales, north to south from New Mexico to South Dakota, and local scales in northern Colorado. We also quantified phenotype and plasticity within and among sites and determined the extent to which phenotypic diversity in B. gracilis was correlated with climate. Genome sequencing indicated pronounced population structure at the regional scale, and local differences indicated that gene flow and/or dispersal may also be limited. Within a common environment, we found evidence of genetic divergence in biomass-related phenotypes, plasticity, and phenotypic variance, indicating functional divergence and different adaptive potential. Phenotypes were differentiated according to climate, chiefly median Palmer Hydrological Drought Index and other aridity metrics. Our results indicate conclusive differences in genetic variation, phenotype, and plasticity in this species and suggest a mechanism explaining variation in shortgrass steppe community responses to global change. This analysis of B. gracilis intraspecific diversity across spatial scales will improve conservation and management of the shortgrass steppe ecosystem in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ava M Hoffman
- Department of Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
- Graduate Degree Program in Ecology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - Julie A Bushey
- Graduate Degree Program in Ecology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
- Department of Forest and Rangeland Stewardship, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - Troy W Ocheltree
- Graduate Degree Program in Ecology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
- Department of Forest and Rangeland Stewardship, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - Melinda D Smith
- Department of Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
- Graduate Degree Program in Ecology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
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35
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Kent DR, Lynn JS, Pennings SC, Souza LA, Smith MD, Rudgers JA. Weak latitudinal gradients in insect herbivory for dominant rangeland grasses of North America. Ecol Evol 2020; 10:6385-6394. [PMID: 32724520 PMCID: PMC7381578 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.6374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Revised: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Patterns of insect herbivory may follow predictable geographical gradients, with greater herbivory at low latitudes. However, biogeographic studies of insect herbivory often do not account for multiple abiotic factors (e.g., precipitation and soil nutrients) that could underlie gradients. We tested for latitudinal clines in insect herbivory as well as climatic, edaphic, and trait-based drivers of herbivory. We quantified herbivory on five dominant grass species over 23 sites across the Great Plains, USA. We examined the importance of climate, edaphic factors, and traits as correlates of herbivory. Herbivory increased at low latitudes when all grass species were analyzed together and for two grass species individually, while two other grasses trended in this direction. Higher precipitation was related to more herbivory for two species but less herbivory for a different species, while higher specific root length was related to more herbivory for one species and less herbivory for a different species. Taken together, results highlight that climate and trait-based correlates of herbivory can be highly contextual and species-specific. Patterns of insect herbivory on dominant grasses support the hypothesis that herbivory increases toward lower latitudes, though weakly, and indicates that climate change may have species-specific effects on plant-herbivore interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dylan R. Kent
- Department of BiologyUniversity of New MexicoAlbuquerqueNMUSA
| | - Joshua S. Lynn
- Department of BiologyUniversity of New MexicoAlbuquerqueNMUSA
- Present address:
Department of BiologyUniversity of BergenBergenNorway
| | | | - Lara A. Souza
- Oklahoma Biological Survey & Department of Microbiology and Plant BiologyUniversity of OklahomaNormanOKUSA
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36
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Firn J, McGree JM, Harvey E, Flores-Moreno H, Schütz M, Buckley YM, Borer ET, Seabloom EW, La Pierre KJ, MacDougall AM, Prober SM, Stevens CJ, Sullivan LL, Porter E, Ladouceur E, Allen C, Moromizato KH, Morgan JW, Harpole WS, Hautier Y, Eisenhauer N, Wright JP, Adler PB, Arnillas CA, Bakker JD, Biederman L, Broadbent AAD, Brown CS, Bugalho MN, Caldeira MC, Cleland EE, Ebeling A, Fay PA, Hagenah N, Kleinhesselink AR, Mitchell R, Moore JL, Nogueira C, Peri PL, Roscher C, Smith MD, Wragg PD, Risch AC. Author Correction: Leaf nutrients, not specific leaf area, are consistent indicators of elevated nutrient inputs. Nat Ecol Evol 2020; 4:886-891. [PMID: 32415288 DOI: 10.1038/s41559-020-1213-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via a link at the top of the paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Firn
- Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, 4000, Queensland, Australia.
| | - James M McGree
- Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, 4000, Queensland, Australia
| | - Eric Harvey
- Département de Sciences Biologiques, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Habacuc Flores-Moreno
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
| | - Martin Schütz
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Yvonne M Buckley
- School of Natural Sciences, Zoology, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Elizabeth T Borer
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
| | - Eric W Seabloom
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
| | | | - Andrew M MacDougall
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Carly J Stevens
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK
| | - Lauren L Sullivan
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
| | - Erica Porter
- Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, 4000, Queensland, Australia
| | - Emma Ladouceur
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.,Department of Physiological Diversity, Helmholtz Center for Environmental Research, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Charlotte Allen
- Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, 4000, Queensland, Australia
| | | | - John W Morgan
- Department of Ecology, Environment and Evolution, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - W Stanley Harpole
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.,Department of Physiological Diversity, Helmholtz Center for Environmental Research, Leipzig, Germany.,Institute of Biology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Yann Hautier
- Ecology and Biodiversity Group, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Nico Eisenhauer
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.,Institute of Biology, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | | | - Peter B Adler
- Department of Wildland Resources/Ecology Center, Utah State University, Logan, UT, USA
| | - Carlos Alberto Arnillas
- Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jonathan D Bakker
- School of Environmental and Forest Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Lori Biederman
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Organismal Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Arthur A D Broadbent
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK.,School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Michael Smith Building, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Cynthia S Brown
- Department of Bioagricultural Sciences and Pest Management, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Miguel N Bugalho
- Centre for Applied Ecology (CEABN-InBIO), School of Agriculture, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Maria C Caldeira
- Forest Research Centre, School of Agriculture, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Elsa E Cleland
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Anne Ebeling
- Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Philip A Fay
- Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Grassland Soil and Water Research Laboratory, Temple, TX, USA
| | - Nicole Hagenah
- Mammal Research Institute, Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Andrew R Kleinhesselink
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Rachel Mitchell
- School of Earth Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, USA
| | - Joslin L Moore
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Carla Nogueira
- Forest Research Centre, School of Agriculture, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Pablo Luis Peri
- Department of Forestry, Agriculture and Water, National University-INTA-CONICET, Rio Gallegos, Santa Cruz, Patagonia, Argentina
| | - Christiane Roscher
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.,Department of Physiological Diversity, Helmholtz Center for Environmental Research, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Melinda D Smith
- Department of Biology, Graduate Degree Program in Ecology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Peter D Wragg
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
| | - Anita C Risch
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
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37
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Mao W, Zhao X, Zhang T, Sun Z, Li Y, Smith MD. Divergent interactive impacts on productivity and functional diversity from fluctuated snowfall and continuous nitrogen pollution within Inner Mongolian. Sci Total Environ 2020; 704:135443. [PMID: 31836213 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.135443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Revised: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Nitrogen pollution effects on plant communities are well documented, however, most field researches on nitrogen pollution have failed to account for extraneous environmental factors and the interaction among changes in multiple stressors. In this study, we show the effect of eutrophication via nitrogen deposition and altered snowfall on the productivity and traits space of an Inner Mongolian grassland where is recovered from abandoned farmland for 13 years. This multi-year factorial experiment allowed us to test the independent and interactive effects of nitrogen and snow deposition within this ecosystem. We simulated nitrogen pollution (added nitrogen) and extremely snowfall (added snow) to each plot for three years. After the third year, only nitrogen was added for the next two years to keep a continuous N-pollution condition. We measured changes in aboveground net primary production (ANPP), occupied functional traits space (OFS), and the centroid range of OFS (spatial traits variability, STV) at community level. Our results showed that the interaction between continuous nitrogen pollution and fluctuated snow have different effects on ANPP and functional diversity (indicated by OFS and STV). In nitrogen and nitrogen combined with snow treatment, its ANPP increased, while its OFS increased in 2010 but decreased in 2012 and 2014. Increases in snow did not affect ANPP and OFS, but significantly impacted spatial traits variability. Snow addition corresponded with decreasing the spatial traits variability in 2010, followed by increasing in 2012 and 2014. The results indicate N-Pollution on grassland ecosystem cannot be interpreted only by ANPP, especially when N-pollution interacted with changes of other extremely stressors such as snowfall.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Mao
- College of Ecology and Environment, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resource, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China; Department of Biology and Graduate Degree Program in Ecology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Xueyong Zhao
- Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resource, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Tonghui Zhang
- Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resource, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Zhibin Sun
- College of Environment and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin'an, Zhejiang 311300, China.
| | - Yulin Li
- Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resource, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Melinda D Smith
- Department of Biology and Graduate Degree Program in Ecology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
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38
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Wilcox KR, Koerner SE, Hoover DL, Borkenhagen AK, Burkepile DE, Collins SL, Hoffman AM, Kirkman KP, Knapp AK, Strydom T, Thompson DI, Smith MD. Rapid recovery of ecosystem function following extreme drought in a South African savanna grassland. Ecology 2020; 101:e02983. [PMID: 31960960 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.2983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Revised: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Climatic extremes, such as severe drought, are expected to increase in frequency and magnitude with climate change. Thus, identifying mechanisms of resilience is critical to predicting the vulnerability of ecosystems. An exceptional drought (<first percentile) impacted much of southern Africa during the 2015 and 2016 growing seasons, including the site of a long-term fire experiment in Kruger National Park, South Africa. Prior to the drought, experimental fire frequencies (annual, triennial, and unburned) created savanna grassland plant communities that differed in composition and function, providing a unique opportunity to assess ecosystem resilience mechanisms under different fire regimes. Surprisingly, aboveground net primary productivity (ANPP) recovered fully in all fire frequencies the year after this exceptional drought. In burned sites, resilience was due mostly to annual forb ANPP compensating for reduced grass ANPP. In unburned sites, resilience of total and grass ANPP was due to subdominant annual and perennial grass species facilitating recovery in ANPP after mortality of other common grasses. This was possible because of high evenness among grass species in unburned sites predrought. These findings highlight the importance of both functional diversity and within-functional group evenness as mechanisms of ecosystem resilience to extreme drought.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin R Wilcox
- Department of Ecosystem Science and Management, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming, 82071, USA
| | - Sally E Koerner
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina Greensboro, Greensboro, North Carolina, 27412, USA
| | - David L Hoover
- Rangeland Resources & Systems Research Unit, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Fort Collins, Colorado, 80526, USA
| | - Andrea K Borkenhagen
- Department of Forest and Rangeland Stewardship, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, 80523, USA.,Graduate Degree Program in Ecology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, 80523, USA
| | - Deron E Burkepile
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Marine Biology, University of California at Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California, 93106, USA.,Ndlovu Node, South African Environmental Observation Network, Phalaborwa, 1389, South Africa
| | - Scott L Collins
- Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, MSC03-2020, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | - Ava M Hoffman
- Graduate Degree Program in Ecology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, 80523, USA.,Department of Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, 80523, USA
| | - Kevin P Kirkman
- Centre for Functional Ecology, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X01, Scottsville, Pietermaritzburg, 3209, South Africa
| | - Alan K Knapp
- Graduate Degree Program in Ecology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, 80523, USA.,Department of Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, 80523, USA
| | - Tercia Strydom
- Kruger National Park, Scientific Services, Private Bag X402, Skukuza, 1350, South Africa
| | - Dave I Thompson
- Ndlovu Node, South African Environmental Observation Network, Phalaborwa, 1389, South Africa.,School of Geography, Archaeology, and Environmental Studies, University of the Witwatersrand, Private Bag 3 WITS 2050, Johannesburg-Braamfontein, South Africa
| | - Melinda D Smith
- Graduate Degree Program in Ecology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, 80523, USA.,Department of Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, 80523, USA
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Felton AJ, Slette IJ, Smith MD, Knapp AK. Precipitation amount and event size interact to reduce ecosystem functioning during dry years in a mesic grassland. Glob Chang Biol 2020; 26:658-668. [PMID: 31386797 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.14789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Ongoing intensification of the hydrological cycle is altering rainfall regimes by increasing the frequency of extreme wet and dry years and the size of individual rainfall events. Despite long-standing recognition of the importance of precipitation amount and variability for most terrestrial ecosystem processes, we lack understanding of their interactive effects on ecosystem functioning. We quantified this interaction in native grassland by experimentally eliminating temporal variability in growing season rainfall over a wide range of precipitation amounts, from extreme wet to dry conditions. We contrasted the rain use efficiency (RUE) of above-ground net primary productivity (ANPP) under conditions of experimentally reduced versus naturally high rainfall variability using a 32-year precipitation-ANPP dataset from the same site as our experiment. We found that increased growing season rainfall variability can reduce RUE and thus ecosystem functioning by as much as 42% during dry years, but that such impacts weaken as years become wetter. During low precipitation years, RUE is lowest when rainfall event sizes are relatively large, and when a larger proportion of total rainfall is derived from large events. Thus, a shift towards precipitation regimes dominated by fewer but larger rainfall events, already documented over much of the globe, can be expected to reduce the functioning of mesic ecosystems primarily during drought, when ecosystem processes are already compromised by low water availability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Felton
- Department of Biology and Graduate Degree Program in Ecology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
- Department of Wildland Resources and The Ecology Center, Utah State University, Logan, UT, USA
| | - Ingrid J Slette
- Department of Biology and Graduate Degree Program in Ecology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Melinda D Smith
- Department of Biology and Graduate Degree Program in Ecology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Alan K Knapp
- Department of Biology and Graduate Degree Program in Ecology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
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40
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De Boeck HJ, Bloor JMG, Aerts R, Bahn M, Beier C, Emmett BA, Estiarte M, Grünzweig JM, Halbritter AH, Holub P, Jentsch A, Klem K, Kreyling J, Kröel-Dulay G, Larsen KS, Milcu A, Roy J, Sigurdsson BD, Smith MD, Sternberg M, Vandvik V, Wohlgemuth T, Nijs I, Knapp AK. Understanding ecosystems of the future will require more than realistic climate change experiments - A response to Korell et al. Glob Chang Biol 2020; 26:e6-e7. [PMID: 31585490 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.14854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hans J De Boeck
- Centre of Excellence PLECO (Plants and Ecosystems), Department of Biology, Universiteit Antwerpen, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | | | - Rien Aerts
- Department of Ecological Science, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Michael Bahn
- Department of Ecology, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Claus Beier
- Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Bridget A Emmett
- Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Environmental Centre Wales, Bangor, UK
| | - Marc Estiarte
- CSIC, Global Ecology Unit CREAF-CSIC-UAB, Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain
- CREAF, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Catalonia, Spain
| | - José M Grünzweig
- Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Aud H Halbritter
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Petr Holub
- Global Change Research Institute, Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Anke Jentsch
- Disturbance Ecology, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Karel Klem
- Global Change Research Institute, Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Juergen Kreyling
- Experimental Plant Ecology, Institute of Botany and Landscape Ecology, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | | | - Klaus Steenberg Larsen
- Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Alexandru Milcu
- Ecotron Européen de Montpellier, UPS 3248, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Montferrier-sur-Lez, France
- Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive, UMR 5175 (CNRS-Université de Montpellier-Université Paul-Valéry Montpellier-EPHE), Montpellier, France
| | - Jacques Roy
- Ecotron Européen de Montpellier, UPS 3248, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Montferrier-sur-Lez, France
| | | | - Melinda D Smith
- Department of Biology and Graduate Degree Program in Ecology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Marcelo Sternberg
- School of Plant Sciences and Food Security, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Vigdis Vandvik
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Thomas Wohlgemuth
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Ivan Nijs
- Centre of Excellence PLECO (Plants and Ecosystems), Department of Biology, Universiteit Antwerpen, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Alan K Knapp
- Department of Biology and Graduate Degree Program in Ecology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
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41
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Slette IJ, Smith MD, Knapp AK, Vicente-Serrano SM, Camarero JJ, Beguería S. Standardized metrics are key for assessing drought severity. Glob Chang Biol 2020; 26:e1-e3. [PMID: 31675475 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.14899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Revised: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid J Slette
- Department of Biology and Graduate Degree Program in Ecology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Melinda D Smith
- Department of Biology and Graduate Degree Program in Ecology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Alan K Knapp
- Department of Biology and Graduate Degree Program in Ecology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Sergio M Vicente-Serrano
- Instituto Pirenaico de Ecología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IPE-CSIC), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Jesus Julio Camarero
- Instituto Pirenaico de Ecología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IPE-CSIC), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Santiago Beguería
- Estación Experimental de Aula Dei, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (EEAD-CSIC), Zaragoza, Spain
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42
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Avolio ML, Carroll IT, Collins SL, Houseman GR, Hallett LM, Isbell F, Koerner SE, Komatsu KJ, Smith MD, Wilcox KR. A comprehensive approach to analyzing community dynamics using rank abundance curves. Ecosphere 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.2881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Meghan L. Avolio
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences Johns Hopkins University Baltimore Maryland 21218 USA
- National Socio‐Environmental Synthesis Center (SESYNC) Annapolis Maryland 21401 USA
| | - Ian T. Carroll
- National Socio‐Environmental Synthesis Center (SESYNC) Annapolis Maryland 21401 USA
| | - Scott L. Collins
- Department of Biology University of New Mexico Albuquerque New Mexico 87131 USA
| | - Gregory R. Houseman
- Department of Biological Sciences Wichita State University Wichita Kansas 67026 USA
| | - Lauren M. Hallett
- Environmental Studies Program and Department of Biology University of Oregon Eugene Oregon 97403 USA
| | - Forest Isbell
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior University of Minnesota Saint Paul Minnesota 55108 USA
| | - Sally E. Koerner
- Department of Biology University of North Carolina Greensboro North Carolina 27402 USA
| | | | - Melinda D. Smith
- Department of Biology and Graduate Degree Program in Ecology Colorado State University Fort Collins Colorado 80523 USA
| | - Kevin R. Wilcox
- U.S. Department of Agriculture Agriculture Research Service Fort Collins Colorado 80526 USA
- Department of Ecosystem Science and Management University of Wyoming Laramie Wyoming 80521 USA
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43
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Slette IJ, Post AK, Awad M, Even T, Punzalan A, Williams S, Smith MD, Knapp AK. How ecologists define drought, and why we should do better. Glob Chang Biol 2019; 25:3193-3200. [PMID: 31276260 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.14747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Revised: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Drought, widely studied as an important driver of ecosystem dynamics, is predicted to increase in frequency and severity globally. To study drought, ecologists must define or at least operationalize what constitutes a drought. How this is accomplished in practice is unclear, particularly given that climatologists have long struggled to agree on definitions of drought, beyond general variants of "an abnormal deficiency of water." We conducted a literature review of ecological drought studies (564 papers) to assess how ecologists describe and study drought. We found that ecologists characterize drought in a wide variety of ways (reduced precipitation, low soil moisture, reduced streamflow, etc.), but relatively few publications (~32%) explicitly define what are, and are not, drought conditions. More troubling, a surprising number of papers (~30%) simply equated "dry conditions" with "drought" and provided little characterization of the drought conditions studied. For a subset of these, we calculated Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index values for the reported drought periods. We found that while almost 90% of the studies were conducted under conditions quantifiable as slightly to extremely drier than average, ~50% were within the range of normal climatic variability. We conclude that the current state of the ecological drought literature hinders synthesis and our ability to draw broad ecological inferences because drought is often declared but is not explicitly defined or well characterized. We suggest that future drought publications provide at least one of the following: (a) the climatic context of the drought period based on long-term records; (b) standardized climatic index values; (c) published metrics from drought-monitoring organizations; (d) a quantitative definition of what the authors consider to be drought conditions for their system. With more detailed and consistent quantification of drought conditions, comparisons among studies can be more rigorous, increasing our understanding of the ecological effects of drought.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid J Slette
- Department of Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
- Graduate Degree Program in Ecology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Alison K Post
- Department of Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
- Graduate Degree Program in Ecology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Mai Awad
- Graduate Degree Program in Ecology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
- Department of Ecosystem Science and Sustainability, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Trevor Even
- Graduate Degree Program in Ecology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
- Natural Resources Ecology Laboratory, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Arianna Punzalan
- Graduate Degree Program in Ecology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
- Department of Ecosystem Science and Sustainability, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
- Natural Resources Ecology Laboratory, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Sere Williams
- Department of Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Melinda D Smith
- Department of Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
- Graduate Degree Program in Ecology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Alan K Knapp
- Department of Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
- Graduate Degree Program in Ecology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
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44
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Wang J, Gao Y, Zhang Y, Yang J, Smith MD, Knapp AK, Eissenstat DM, Han X. Asymmetry in above- and belowground productivity responses to N addition in a semi-arid temperate steppe. Glob Chang Biol 2019; 25:2958-2969. [PMID: 31152626 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.14719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Revised: 05/18/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Nitrogen (N) enrichment often increases aboveground net primary productivity (ANPP) of the ecosystem, but it is unclear if belowground net primary productivity (BNPP) track responses of ANPP. Moreover, the frequency of N inputs may affect primary productivity but is rarely studied. To assess the response patterns of above- and belowground productivity to rates of N addition under different addition frequencies, we manipulated the rate (0-50 g N m-2 year-1 ) and frequency (twice vs. monthly additions per year) of NH4 NO3 inputs for six consecutive years in a temperate grassland in northern China and measured ANPP and BNPP from 2012 to 2014. In the low range of N addition rates, BNPP showed the greatest negative response and ANPP showed the greatest positive responses with increases in N addition (<10 g N m-2 year-1 ). As N addition increased beyond 10 g N m-2 year-1 , increases in ANPP dampened and decreases in BNPP ceased altogether. The response pattern of net primary productivity (combined above- and belowground; NPP) corresponded more closely to ANPP than to BNPP. The N effects on BNPP and BNPP/NPP (fBNPP ) were not dependent on N addition frequency in the range of N additions typically associated with N deposition. BNPP was more sensitive to N addition frequency than ANPP, especially at low rates of N addition. Our findings provide new insights into how plants regulate carbon allocation to different organs with increasing N rates and changing addition frequencies. These root response patterns, if incorporated into Earth system models, may improve the predictive power of C dynamics in dryland ecosystems in the face of global atmospheric N deposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Department of Ecosystem Science and Management, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania
| | - Yingzhi Gao
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Ecology, Institute of Grassland Science, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Vegetation Restoration, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Yunhai Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Junjie Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Melinda D Smith
- Graduate Degree Program in Ecology, Department of Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Alan K Knapp
- Graduate Degree Program in Ecology, Department of Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - David M Eissenstat
- Department of Ecosystem Science and Management, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania
| | - Xingguo Han
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Forest and Soil Ecology, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, China
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45
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Avolio ML, Forrestel EJ, Chang CC, La Pierre KJ, Burghardt KT, Smith MD. Demystifying dominant species. New Phytol 2019; 223:1106-1126. [PMID: 30868589 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2018] [Accepted: 02/17/2019] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The pattern of a few abundant species and many rarer species is a defining characteristic of communities worldwide. These abundant species are often referred to as dominant species. Yet, despite their importance, the term dominant species is poorly defined and often used to convey different information by different authors. Based on a review of historical and contemporary definitions we develop a synthetic definition of dominant species. This definition incorporates the relative local abundance of a species, its ubiquity across the landscape, and its impact on community and ecosystem properties. A meta-analysis of removal studies shows that the loss of species identified as dominant by authors can significantly impact ecosystem functioning and community structure. We recommend two metrics that can be used jointly to identify dominant species in a given community and provide a roadmap for future avenues of research on dominant species. In our review, we make the case that the identity and effects of dominant species on their environments are key to linking patterns of diversity to ecosystem function, including predicting impacts of species loss and other aspects of global change on ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghan L Avolio
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21211, USA
| | - Elisabeth J Forrestel
- Department of Viticulture and Enology, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Cynthia C Chang
- Division of Biology, University of Washington Bothell, 18807 Beardslee Blvd, Bothell, WA, 98011, USA
| | - Kimberly J La Pierre
- Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, 647 Contees Wharf Road, Edgewater, MD, 21037, USA
| | - Karin T Burghardt
- Department of Entomology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Melinda D Smith
- Department of Biology, Graduate Degree Program in Ecology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
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Viúdez-Moreiras D, Newman CE, de la Torre M, Martínez G, Guzewich S, Lemmon M, Pla-García J, Smith MD, Harri AM, Genzer M, Vicente-Retortillo A, Lepinette A, Rodriguez-Manfredi JA, Vasavada AR, Gómez-Elvira J. Effects of the MY34/2018 Global Dust Storm as Measured by MSL REMS in Gale Crater. J Geophys Res Planets 2019; 124:1899-1912. [PMID: 31534881 PMCID: PMC6750032 DOI: 10.1029/2019je005985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The Rover Environmental Monitoring Station (REMS) instrument that is onboard NASA's Mars Science Laboratory (MSL) Curiosity rover. REMS has been measuring surface pressure, air and ground brightness temperature, relative humidity, and UV irradiance since MSL's landing in 2012. In Mars Year (MY) 34 (2018) a global dust storm reached Gale Crater at Ls ~190°. REMS offers a unique opportunity to better understand the impact of a global dust storm on local environmental conditions, which complements previous observations by the Viking landers and Mars Exploration Rovers. All atmospheric variables measured by REMS are strongly affected albeit at different times. During the onset phase, the daily maximum UV radiation decreased by 90% between sols 2075 (opacity ~1) and 2085 (opacity ~8.5). The diurnal range in ground and air temperatures decreased by 35K and 56K, respectively, with also a diurnal-average decrease of ~2K and 4K respectively. The maximum relative humidity, which occurs right before sunrise, decreased to below 5%, compared with pre-storm values of up to 29%, due to the warmer air temperatures at night while the inferred water vapor abundance suggests an increase during the storm. Between sols 2085 and 2130, the typical nighttime stable inversion layer was absent near the surface as ground temperatures remained warmer than near-surface air temperatures. Finally, the frequency-domain behavior of the diurnal pressure cycle shows a strong increase in the strength of the semidiurnal and terdiurnal modes peaking after the local opacity maximum, also suggesting differences in the dust abundance inside and outside Gale.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Viúdez-Moreiras
- Centro de Astrobiología (CSIC-INTA) & Spanish National Institute for Aerospace Technology (INTA), Torrejón de Ardoz, Madrid, Spain
| | - C E Newman
- Aeolis Research, 600 N. Rosemead Ave., Suite 205, Pasadena, CA 91106, USA
| | - M de la Torre
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA
| | - G Martínez
- University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - S Guzewich
- NASA Goddard Spaceflight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA
| | - M Lemmon
- Space Science Institute, College Station, TX 77843 USA
| | - J Pla-García
- Centro de Astrobiología (CSIC-INTA) & Spanish National Institute for Aerospace Technology (INTA), Torrejón de Ardoz, Madrid, Spain
| | - M D Smith
- NASA Goddard Spaceflight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA
| | - A-M Harri
- Earth Observation, Finnish Meteorological Institute, Erik Palménin aukio, Helsinki, Finland
| | - M Genzer
- Earth Observation, Finnish Meteorological Institute, Erik Palménin aukio, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - A Lepinette
- Centro de Astrobiología (CSIC-INTA) & Spanish National Institute for Aerospace Technology (INTA), Torrejón de Ardoz, Madrid, Spain
| | - J A Rodriguez-Manfredi
- Centro de Astrobiología (CSIC-INTA) & Spanish National Institute for Aerospace Technology (INTA), Torrejón de Ardoz, Madrid, Spain
| | - A R Vasavada
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA
| | - J Gómez-Elvira
- Centro de Astrobiología (CSIC-INTA) & Spanish National Institute for Aerospace Technology (INTA), Torrejón de Ardoz, Madrid, Spain
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47
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Ploughe LW, Jacobs EM, Frank GS, Greenler SM, Smith MD, Dukes JS. Community Response to Extreme Drought (CRED): a framework for drought-induced shifts in plant-plant interactions. New Phytol 2019; 222:52-69. [PMID: 30449035 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Contents Summary 52 I. Introduction 52 II. The Community Response to Extreme Drought (CRED) framework 55 III. Post-drought rewetting rates: system and community recovery 61 IV. Site-specific characteristics influencing community resistance and resilience 63 V. Conclusions 64 Acknowledgements 65 References 66 SUMMARY: As climate changes, many regions of the world are projected to experience more intense droughts, which can drive changes in plant community composition through a variety of mechanisms. During drought, community composition can respond directly to resource limitation, but biotic interactions modify the availability of these resources. Here, we develop the Community Response to Extreme Drought framework (CRED), which organizes the temporal progression of mechanisms and plant-plant interactions that may lead to community changes during and after a drought. The CRED framework applies some principles of the stress gradient hypothesis (SGH), which proposes that the balance between competition and facilitation changes with increasing stress. The CRED framework suggests that net biotic interactions (NBI), the relative frequency and intensity of facilitative (+) and competitive (-) interactions between plants, will change temporally, becoming more positive under increasing drought stress and more negative as drought stress decreases. Furthermore, we suggest that rewetting rates affect the rate of resource amelioration, specifically water and nitrogen, altering productivity responses and the intensity and importance of NBI, all of which will influence drought-induced compositional changes. System-specific variables and the intensity of drought influence the strength of these interactions, and ultimately the system's resistance and resilience to drought.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura W Ploughe
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, 915 W. State St., West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Elin M Jacobs
- Department of Forestry and Natural Resources, Purdue University, 715 W. State St., West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Graham S Frank
- Department of Forestry and Natural Resources, Purdue University, 715 W. State St., West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Skye M Greenler
- Department of Forestry and Natural Resources, Purdue University, 715 W. State St., West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Melinda D Smith
- Department of Biology, Graduate Degree Program in Ecology, Colorado State University, 251 W. Pitkin St., Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - Jeffrey S Dukes
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, 915 W. State St., West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
- Department of Forestry and Natural Resources, Purdue University, 715 W. State St., West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
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48
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Felton AJ, Zavislan-Pullaro S, Smith MD. Semiarid ecosystem sensitivity to precipitation extremes: weak evidence for vegetation constraints. Ecology 2019; 100:e02572. [PMID: 30516267 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.2572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2018] [Revised: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 11/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
In semiarid regions, vegetation constraints on plant growth responses to precipitation (PPT) are hypothesized to place an upper limit on net primary productivity (NPP), leading to predictions of future shifts from currently defined linear to saturating NPP-PPT relationships as increases in both dry and wet PPT extremes occur. We experimentally tested this prediction by imposing a replicated gradient of growing season PPT (GSP, n = 11 levels, n = 4 replicates), ranging from the driest to wettest conditions in the 75-yr climate record, within a semiarid grassland. We focused on responses of two key ecosystem processes: aboveground NPP (ANPP) and soil respiration (Rs ). ANPP and Rs both exhibited greater relative responses to wet vs. dry GSP extremes, with a linear relationship consistently best explaining the response of both processes to GSP. However, this responsiveness to GSP peaked at moderate levels of extremity for both processes, and declined at the most extreme GSP levels, suggesting that greater sensitivity of ANPP and Rs to wet vs. dry conditions may diminish under increased magnitudes of GSP extremes. Underlying these responses was rapid plant compositional change driven by increased forb production and cover as GSP transitioned to extreme wet conditions. This compositional shift increased the magnitude of ANPP responses to wet GSP extremes, as well as the slope and variability explained in the ANPP-GSP relationship. Our findings suggest that rapid plant compositional change may act as a mediator of semiarid ecosystem responses to predicted changes in GSP extremes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Felton
- Graduate Degree Program in Ecology and Department of Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, 80523, USA
| | - Sam Zavislan-Pullaro
- Graduate Degree Program in Ecology and Department of Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, 80523, USA
| | - Melinda D Smith
- Graduate Degree Program in Ecology and Department of Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, 80523, USA
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Langley JA, Chapman SK, La Pierre KJ, Avolio M, Bowman WD, Johnson DS, Isbell F, Wilcox KR, Foster BL, Hovenden MJ, Knapp AK, Koerner SE, Lortie CJ, Megonigal JP, Newton PCD, Reich PB, Smith MD, Suttle KB, Tilman D. Ambient changes exceed treatment effects on plant species abundance in global change experiments. Glob Chang Biol 2018; 24:5668-5679. [PMID: 30369019 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.14442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2018] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The responses of species to environmental changes will determine future community composition and ecosystem function. Many syntheses of global change experiments examine the magnitude of treatment effect sizes, but we lack an understanding of how plant responses to treatments compare to ongoing changes in the unmanipulated (ambient or background) system. We used a database of long-term global change studies manipulating CO2 , nutrients, water, and temperature to answer three questions: (a) How do changes in plant species abundance in ambient plots relate to those in treated plots? (b) How does the magnitude of ambient change in species-level abundance over time relate to responsiveness to global change treatments? (c) Does the direction of species-level responses to global change treatments differ from the direction of ambient change? We estimated temporal trends in plant abundance for 791 plant species in ambient and treated plots across 16 long-term global change experiments yielding 2,116 experiment-species-treatment combinations. Surprisingly, for most species (57%) the magnitude of ambient change was greater than the magnitude of treatment effects. However, the direction of ambient change, whether a species was increasing or decreasing in abundance under ambient conditions, had no bearing on the direction of treatment effects. Although ambient communities are inherently dynamic, there is now widespread evidence that anthropogenic drivers are directionally altering plant communities in many ecosystems. Thus, global change treatment effects must be interpreted in the context of plant species trajectories that are likely driven by ongoing environmental changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Adam Langley
- Department of Biology, Villanova University, Villanova, Pennsylvania
| | | | | | - Meghan Avolio
- Department of Earth & Planetary Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - William D Bowman
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology and Mountain Research Station, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado
| | - David S Johnson
- Virginia Institute of Marine Science, Gloucester Point, Virginia
| | - Forest Isbell
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minnesota
| | - Kevin R Wilcox
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agriculture Research Service, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Bryan L Foster
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology and Kansas Biological Survey, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas
| | - Mark J Hovenden
- Biological Sciences, School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Alan K Knapp
- Department of Biology and Graduate Degree Program in Ecology, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Sally E Koerner
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina Greensboro, Greensboro, North Carolina
| | - Christopher J Lortie
- The National Center for Ecological Analysis and Synthesis, UCSB, Santa Barbara, California
| | | | | | - Peter B Reich
- Department of Forest Resources, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Melinda D Smith
- Department of Biology and Graduate Degree Program in Ecology, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Kenwyn B Suttle
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, California
| | - David Tilman
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minnesota
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Felton AJ, Knapp AK, Smith MD. Carbon exchange responses of a mesic grassland to an extreme gradient of precipitation. Oecologia 2018; 189:565-576. [PMID: 30411149 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-018-4284-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Growing evidence indicates that ecosystem processes may be differentially sensitive to dry versus wet years, and that current understanding of how precipitation affects ecosystem processes may not be predictive of responses to extremes. In an experiment within a mesic grassland, we addressed this uncertainty by assessing responses of two key carbon exchange processes-aboveground net primary production (ANPP) and soil respiration (Rs)-to an extensive gradient of growing season precipitation. This gradient comprised 11 levels that specifically included extreme values in precipitation; defined as the 1st, 5th, 95th, and 99th percentiles of the 112-year climate record. Across treatments, our experimental precipitation gradient linearly increased soil moisture availability in the rooting zone (upper 20 cm). Relative to ANPP under nominal precipitation amounts (defined as between the 15th and 85th percentiles), the magnitude of ANPP responses were greatest to extreme increases in precipitation, with an underlying linear response to both precipitation and soil moisture gradients. By contrast, Rs exhibited marginally greater responses to dry versus wet extremes, with a saturating relationship best explaining responses of Rs to both precipitation and soil moisture. Our findings indicate a linear relationship between ANPP and precipitation after incorporating responses to precipitation extremes in the ANPP-precipitation relationship, yet in contrast saturating responses of Rs. As a result, current linear ANPP-precipitation relationships (up to ~ 1000 mm) within mesic grasslands appear to hold as appropriate benchmarks for ecosystems models, yet such models should incorporate nonlinearities in responses of Rs amid increased frequencies and magnitudes of precipitation extremes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Felton
- Graduate Degree Program in Ecology and Department of Biology, Colorado State University, 251 Pitkin Street, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA.
| | - Alan K Knapp
- Graduate Degree Program in Ecology and Department of Biology, Colorado State University, 251 Pitkin Street, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - Melinda D Smith
- Graduate Degree Program in Ecology and Department of Biology, Colorado State University, 251 Pitkin Street, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
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