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Zhai L, Yan A, Shao K, Wang S, Wang Y, Chen ZH, Xu J. Large Vascular Bundle Phloem Area 4 enhances grain yield and quality in rice via source-sink-flow. Plant Physiol 2023; 191:317-334. [PMID: 36179092 PMCID: PMC9806617 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiac461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
In rice (Oryza sativa L.), vascular bundle phloem tissue in the panicle neck is vital for the transport of photosynthetic products from leaf to panicle and is positively associated with grain yield. However, genetic regulation of the single large vascular bundle phloem area (LVPA) in rice panicle neck tissue remains poorly understood. In this study, we carried out genome-wide association analysis of LVPA in the panicle neck using 386 rice accessions and isolated and characterized the gene LVPA4, which is allelic to NARROW LEAF1 (NAL1). Phenotypic analyses were carried out on the near-isogenic line (NIL) NIL-LVPA4LT in the high-yielding indica (xian) cultivar Teqing and on overexpression lines transformed with a vector carrying the Lemont alleles of LVPA4. Both NIL-LVPA4LT and LVPA4 overexpression lines exhibited significantly increased LVPA, enlarged flag leaf size, and improved panicle type. NIL-LVPA4LT had a 7.6%-9.6% yield increase, mainly due to the significantly higher filled grain number per panicle, larger vascular system for transporting photoassimilates to spikelets, and more sufficient source supply that could service the increased sink capacity. Moreover, NIL-LVPA4LT had improved grain quality compared with Teqing, which was mainly attributed to substantial improvement in grain filling, especially for inferior spikelets in NIL-LVPA4LT. The single-nucleotide variation in the third exon of LVPA4 was associated with LVPA, spikelet number, and leaf size throughout sequencing analysis in 386 panels. The results demonstrate that LVPA4 has synergistic effects on source capacity, sink size, and flow transport and plays crucial roles in rice productivity and grain quality, thus revealing the value of LVPA4 in rice breeding programs for improved varieties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laiyuan Zhai
- Rice Research Institute, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
- Institute of Crop Sciences/National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - An Yan
- Rice Research Institute, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Kuitian Shao
- Rice Research Institute, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Shu Wang
- Rice Research Institute, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Yun Wang
- Rice Research Institute, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Zhong-Hua Chen
- School of Science, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia
| | - Jianlong Xu
- Institute of Crop Sciences/National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
- Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen 518120, Guangdong, China
- National Nanfan Research Institute (Sanya), Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Sanya 572024, Hainan, China
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2
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Danila FR, Thakur V, Chatterjee J, Bala S, Coe RA, Acebron K, Furbank RT, von Caemmerer S, Quick WP. Bundle sheath suberisation is required for C 4 photosynthesis in a Setaria viridis mutant. Commun Biol 2021; 4:254. [PMID: 33637850 PMCID: PMC7910553 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-01772-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
C4 photosynthesis provides an effective solution for overcoming the catalytic inefficiency of Rubisco. The pathway is characterised by a biochemical CO2 concentrating mechanism that operates across mesophyll and bundle sheath (BS) cells and relies on a gas tight BS compartment. A screen of a mutant population of Setaria viridis, an NADP-malic enzyme type C4 monocot, generated using N-nitroso-N-methylurea identified a mutant with an amino acid change in the gene coding region of the ABCG transporter, a step in the suberin synthesis pathway. Here, Nile red staining, TEM, and GC/MS confirmed the alteration in suberin deposition in the BS cell wall of the mutant. We show that this has disrupted the suberin lamellae of BS cell wall and increased BS conductance to CO2 diffusion more than two-fold in the mutant. Consequently, BS CO2 partial pressure is reduced and CO2 assimilation was impaired in the mutant. Our findings provide experimental evidence that a functional suberin lamellae is an essential anatomical feature for efficient C4 photosynthesis in NADP-ME plants like S. viridis and have implications for engineering strategies to ensure future food security.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florence R Danila
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Translational Photosynthesis, Division of Plant Sciences, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Acton, ACT, Australia.
| | - Vivek Thakur
- Department of Systems and Computational Biology, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India
| | - Jolly Chatterjee
- International Rice Research Institute, Los Baños, Laguna, Philippines
| | - Soumi Bala
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Translational Photosynthesis, Division of Plant Sciences, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Acton, ACT, Australia
| | - Robert A Coe
- International Rice Research Institute, Los Baños, Laguna, Philippines
| | - Kelvin Acebron
- International Rice Research Institute, Los Baños, Laguna, Philippines
| | - Robert T Furbank
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Translational Photosynthesis, Division of Plant Sciences, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Acton, ACT, Australia
| | - Susanne von Caemmerer
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Translational Photosynthesis, Division of Plant Sciences, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Acton, ACT, Australia
| | - William Paul Quick
- International Rice Research Institute, Los Baños, Laguna, Philippines
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
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3
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Liao S, Yan J, Xing H, Tu Y, Zhao H, Wang G. Genetic basis of vascular bundle variations in rice revealed by genome-wide association study. Plant Sci 2021; 302:110715. [PMID: 33288021 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2020.110715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 08/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The vascular bundles play important roles in transportation of photoassimilate, and the number, size, and capacity of vascular bundles influence the transportation efficiency. Dissecting the genetic basis may help to make better use of naturally occurring vascular bundle variations. Here, we conducted a genome-wide association study (GWAS) of the vascular bundle variations in a worldwide collection of 529 Oryza sativa accessions. A total of 42 and 93 significant association loci were identified in the neck panicle and flag leaf, respectively. The introgression lines showing extreme values of the target traits harbored at least one GWAS signal, indicating the reliability of the GWAS loci. Based on the data of near-isogenic lines and transgenic plants, Grain number, plant height, and heading date7 (Ghd7) was identified as a major locus for the natural variation of vascular bundles in the neck panicle at the heading stage. In addition, Narrow leaf1 (NAL1) was found to influence the vascular bundles in both the neck panicle and flag leaf, and the effects of the major haplotypes of NAL1 were characterized. The loci or candidate genes identified would help to improve vascular bundle system in rice breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiyu Liao
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Center of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ju Yan
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Center of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Hongkun Xing
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Center of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yuan Tu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Center of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Hu Zhao
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Center of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Gongwei Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Center of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.
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4
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Smit ME, Llavata-Peris CI, Roosjen M, van Beijnum H, Novikova D, Levitsky V, Sevilem I, Roszak P, Slane D, Jürgens G, Mironova V, Brady SM, Weijers D. Specification and regulation of vascular tissue identity in the Arabidopsis embryo. Development 2020; 147:dev186130. [PMID: 32198154 DOI: 10.1242/dev.186130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Development of plant vascular tissues involves tissue identity specification, growth, pattern formation and cell-type differentiation. Although later developmental steps are understood in some detail, it is still largely unknown how the tissue is initially specified. We used the early Arabidopsis embryo as a simple model to study this process. Using a large collection of marker genes, we found that vascular identity was specified in the 16-cell embryo. After a transient precursor state, however, there was no persistent uniform tissue identity. Auxin is intimately connected to vascular tissue development. We found that, although an AUXIN RESPONSE FACTOR5/MONOPTEROS (ARF5/MP)-dependent auxin response was required, it was not sufficient for tissue specification. We therefore used a large-scale enhanced yeast one-hybrid assay to identify potential regulators of vascular identity. Network and functional analysis of candidate regulators suggest that vascular identity is under robust, complex control. We found that one candidate regulator, the G-class bZIP transcription factor GBF2, can modulate vascular gene expression by tuning MP output through direct interaction. Our work uncovers components of a gene regulatory network that controls the initial specification of vascular tissue identity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margot E Smit
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, Wageningen, 6708WE, The Netherlands
| | - Cristina I Llavata-Peris
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, Wageningen, 6708WE, The Netherlands
| | - Mark Roosjen
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, Wageningen, 6708WE, The Netherlands
| | - Henriette van Beijnum
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, Wageningen, 6708WE, The Netherlands
| | - Daria Novikova
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, Wageningen, 6708WE, The Netherlands
- Novosibirsk State University, LCT&EB, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
| | - Victor Levitsky
- Novosibirsk State University, LCT&EB, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
| | - Iris Sevilem
- Institute of Biotechnology, HiLIFE/Organismal and Evolurionary Biology Research Programma, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, 00014, Finland
| | - Pawel Roszak
- Institute of Biotechnology, HiLIFE/Organismal and Evolurionary Biology Research Programma, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, 00014, Finland
- Sainsbury Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1LR, UK
| | - Daniel Slane
- Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, Cell Biology, Tübingen, 72076, Germany
| | - Gerd Jürgens
- Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, Cell Biology, Tübingen, 72076, Germany
| | - Victoria Mironova
- Novosibirsk State University, LCT&EB, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
| | - Siobhan M Brady
- Department of Plant Biology and Genome Center, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Dolf Weijers
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, Wageningen, 6708WE, The Netherlands
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5
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Ferrari C, Shivhare D, Hansen BO, Pasha A, Esteban E, Provart NJ, Kragler F, Fernie A, Tohge T, Mutwil M. Expression Atlas of Selaginella moellendorffii Provides Insights into the Evolution of Vasculature, Secondary Metabolism, and Roots. Plant Cell 2020; 32:853-870. [PMID: 31988262 PMCID: PMC7145505 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.19.00780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Revised: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Selaginella moellendorffii is a representative of the lycophyte lineage that is studied to understand the evolution of land plant traits such as the vasculature, leaves, stems, roots, and secondary metabolism. However, only a few studies have investigated the expression and transcriptional coordination of Selaginella genes, precluding us from understanding the evolution of the transcriptional programs behind these traits. We present a gene expression atlas comprising all major organs, tissue types, and the diurnal gene expression profiles for S. moellendorffii We show that the transcriptional gene module responsible for the biosynthesis of lignocellulose evolved in the ancestor of vascular plants and pinpoint the duplication and subfunctionalization events that generated multiple gene modules involved in the biosynthesis of various cell wall types. We demonstrate how secondary metabolism is transcriptionally coordinated and integrated with other cellular pathways. Finally, we identify root-specific genes and show that the evolution of roots did not coincide with an increased appearance of gene families, suggesting that the development of new organs does not coincide with increased fixation of new gene functions. Our updated database at conekt.plant.tools represents a valuable resource for studying the evolution of genes, gene families, transcriptomes, and functional gene modules in the Archaeplastida kingdom.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilla Ferrari
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Devendra Shivhare
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637551, Singapore
| | - Bjoern Oest Hansen
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Asher Pasha
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology/Centre for the Analysis of Genome Evolution and Function, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3B2, Canada
| | - Eddi Esteban
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology/Centre for the Analysis of Genome Evolution and Function, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3B2, Canada
| | - Nicholas J Provart
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology/Centre for the Analysis of Genome Evolution and Function, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3B2, Canada
| | - Friedrich Kragler
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Alisdair Fernie
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Takayuki Tohge
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
- Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan
| | - Marek Mutwil
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637551, Singapore
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6
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Radhakrishnan D, Shanmukhan AP, Kareem A, Aiyaz M, Varapparambathu V, Toms A, Kerstens M, Valsakumar D, Landge AN, Shaji A, Mathew MK, Sawchuk MG, Scarpella E, Krizek BA, Efroni I, Mähönen AP, Willemsen V, Scheres B, Prasad K. A coherent feed-forward loop drives vascular regeneration in damaged aerial organs of plants growing in a normal developmental context. Development 2020; 147:dev185710. [PMID: 32108025 DOI: 10.1242/dev.185710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 03/01/2024]
Abstract
Aerial organs of plants, being highly prone to local injuries, require tissue restoration to ensure their survival. However, knowledge of the underlying mechanism is sparse. In this study, we mimicked natural injuries in growing leaves and stems to study the reunion between mechanically disconnected tissues. We show that PLETHORA (PLT) and AINTEGUMENTA (ANT) genes, which encode stem cell-promoting factors, are activated and contribute to vascular regeneration in response to these injuries. PLT proteins bind to and activate the CUC2 promoter. PLT proteins and CUC2 regulate the transcription of the local auxin biosynthesis gene YUC4 in a coherent feed-forward loop, and this process is necessary to drive vascular regeneration. In the absence of this PLT-mediated regeneration response, leaf ground tissue cells can neither acquire the early vascular identity marker ATHB8, nor properly polarise auxin transporters to specify new venation paths. The PLT-CUC2 module is required for vascular regeneration, but is dispensable for midvein formation in leaves. We reveal the mechanisms of vascular regeneration in plants and distinguish between the wound-repair ability of the tissue and its formation during normal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhanya Radhakrishnan
- School of Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Thiruvananthapuram 695551, India
| | | | - Abdul Kareem
- School of Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Thiruvananthapuram 695551, India
| | - Mohammed Aiyaz
- School of Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Thiruvananthapuram 695551, India
| | - Vijina Varapparambathu
- School of Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Thiruvananthapuram 695551, India
| | - Ashna Toms
- School of Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Thiruvananthapuram 695551, India
| | - Merijn Kerstens
- Plant Developmental Biology, Wageningen University Research, Wageningen 6708 PB, The Netherlands
| | - Devisree Valsakumar
- School of Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Thiruvananthapuram 695551, India
| | - Amit N Landge
- School of Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Thiruvananthapuram 695551, India
| | - Anil Shaji
- School of Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Thiruvananthapuram 695551, India
| | - Mathew K Mathew
- School of Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Thiruvananthapuram 695551, India
- National Centre for Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, 15, Bengaluru, 560065, India
| | - Megan G Sawchuk
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E9, Canada
| | - Enrico Scarpella
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E9, Canada
| | - Beth A Krizek
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Idan Efroni
- The Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, The Hebrew University, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Ari Pekka Mähönen
- Institute of Biotechnology HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Viola Willemsen
- Plant Developmental Biology, Wageningen University Research, Wageningen 6708 PB, The Netherlands
| | - Ben Scheres
- Plant Developmental Biology, Wageningen University Research, Wageningen 6708 PB, The Netherlands
| | - Kalika Prasad
- School of Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Thiruvananthapuram 695551, India
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7
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Yan S, Ning K, Wang Z, Liu X, Zhong Y, Ding L, Zi H, Cheng Z, Li X, Shan H, Lv Q, Luo L, Liu R, Yan L, Zhou Z, Lucas WJ, Zhang X. CsIVP functions in vasculature development and downy mildew resistance in cucumber. PLoS Biol 2020; 18:e3000671. [PMID: 32203514 PMCID: PMC7117775 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3000671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2019] [Revised: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Domesticated crops with high yield and quality are frequently susceptible to pathogen attack, whereas enhancement of disease resistance generally compromises crop yield. The underlying mechanisms of how plant development and disease resistance are coordinately programed remain elusive. Here, we showed that the basic Helix-Loop-Helix (bHLH) transcription factor Cucumis sativus Irregular Vasculature Patterning (CsIVP) was highly expressed in cucumber vascular tissues. Knockdown of CsIVP caused severe vasculature disorganization and abnormal organ morphogenesis. CsIVP directly binds to vascular-related regulators YABBY5 (CsYAB5), BREVIPEDICELLUS (CsBP), and AUXIN/INDOLEACETIC ACIDS4 (CsAUX4) and promotes their expression. Knockdown of CsYAB5 resulted in similar phenotypes as CsIVP-RNA interference (RNAi) plants, including disturbed vascular configuration and abnormal organ morphology. Meanwhile, CsIVP-RNAi plants were more resistant to downy mildew and accumulated more salicylic acid (SA). CsIVP physically interacts with NIM1-INTERACTING1 (CsNIMIN1), a negative regulator in the SA signaling pathway. Thus, CsIVP is a novel vasculature regulator functioning in CsYAB5-mediated organ morphogenesis and SA-mediated downy mildew resistance in cucumber.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuangshuang Yan
- State Key Laboratories of Agrobiotechnology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, MOE Joint Laboratory for International Cooperation in Crop Molecular Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (South China), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kang Ning
- State Key Laboratories of Agrobiotechnology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, MOE Joint Laboratory for International Cooperation in Crop Molecular Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhongyi Wang
- State Key Laboratories of Agrobiotechnology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, MOE Joint Laboratory for International Cooperation in Crop Molecular Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaofeng Liu
- State Key Laboratories of Agrobiotechnology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, MOE Joint Laboratory for International Cooperation in Crop Molecular Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yanting Zhong
- Department of Plant Nutrition, the Key Laboratory of Plant-Soil Interactions, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Lian Ding
- State Key Laboratories of Agrobiotechnology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, MOE Joint Laboratory for International Cooperation in Crop Molecular Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Hailing Zi
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhihua Cheng
- State Key Laboratories of Agrobiotechnology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, MOE Joint Laboratory for International Cooperation in Crop Molecular Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xuexian Li
- Department of Plant Nutrition, the Key Laboratory of Plant-Soil Interactions, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Hongyan Shan
- State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qingyang Lv
- Department of Plant Pathology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Laixin Luo
- Department of Plant Pathology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Renyi Liu
- College of Horticulture, and FAFU-UCR Joint Center for Horticultural Biology and Metabolomics, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Liying Yan
- College of Horticulture Science and Technology, Hebei Normal University of Science & Technology, Qinhuangdao, China
| | - Zhaoyang Zhou
- State Key Laboratories of Agrobiotechnology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, MOE Joint Laboratory for International Cooperation in Crop Molecular Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - William John Lucas
- Department of Plant Biology, University of California, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Xiaolan Zhang
- State Key Laboratories of Agrobiotechnology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, MOE Joint Laboratory for International Cooperation in Crop Molecular Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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8
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Hearn DJ. Turing-like mechanism in a stochastic reaction-diffusion model recreates three dimensional vascular patterning of plant stems. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0219055. [PMID: 31339881 PMCID: PMC6715405 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0219055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2017] [Accepted: 06/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular tissue in plants provides a resource distribution network for water and nutrients that exhibits remarkable diversity in patterning among different species. In many succulent plants, the vascular network includes longitudinally-oriented supplemental vascular bundles (SVBs) in the central core of the succulent stems and roots in addition to the more typical zone of vascular tissue development (vascular cambium) in a cylinder at the periphery of the succulent organ. Plant SVBs evolved in over 38 plant families often in tandem with evolutionary increases in stem and root parenchyma storage tissue, so it is of interest to understand the evolutionary-developmental processes responsible for their recurrent evolution and patterning. Previous mathematical models have successfully recreated the two-dimensional vascular patterns in stem and root cross sections, but such models have yet to recreate three-dimensional vascular patterning. Here, a stochastic reaction-diffusion model of plant vascular bundle patterning is developed in an effort to highlight a potential mechanism of three dimensional patterning-Turing pattern formation coupled with longitudinal efflux of a regulatory molecule. A relatively simple model of four or five molecules recreated empirical SVB patterns and many other common vascular arrangements. SVBs failed to develop below a threshold width of parenchymatous tissues, suggesting a mechanism of evolutionary character loss due to changes in the spatial context in which development takes place. Altered diffusion rates of the modeled activator and substrate molecules affected the number and size of the simulated SVBs. This work provides a first mathematical model employing a stochastic Turing-type mechanism that recreates three dimensional vascular patterns seen in plant stems. The model offers predictions that can be tested using molecular-genetic approaches. Evolutionary-developmental ramifications concerning evolution of diffusion rates, organ size and geometry are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J. Hearn
- Department of Biological Sciences, Towson University, Towson, Maryland, United States of America
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9
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Zhang Y, Yin B, Zhang J, Cheng Z, Liu Y, Wang B, Guo X, Liu X, Liu D, Li H, Lu H. Histone Deacetylase HDT1 is Involved in Stem Vascular Development in Arabidopsis. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E3452. [PMID: 31337083 PMCID: PMC6678272 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20143452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Revised: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Histone acetylation and deacetylation play essential roles in eukaryotic gene regulation. HD2 (HD-tuins) proteins were previously identified as plant-specific histone deacetylases. In this study, we investigated the function of the HDT1 gene in the formation of stem vascular tissue in Arabidopsis thaliana. The height and thickness of the inflorescence stems in the hdt1 mutant was lower than that of wild-type plants. Paraffin sections showed that the cell number increased compared to the wild type, while transmission electron microscopy showed that the size of individual tracheary elements and fiber cells significantly decreased in the hdt1 mutant. In addition, the cell wall thickness of tracheary elements and fiber cells increased. We also found that the lignin content in the stem of the hdt1 mutants increased compared to that of the wild type. Transcriptomic data revealed that the expression levels of many biosynthetic genes related to secondary wall components, including cellulose, lignin biosynthesis, and hormone-related genes, were altered, which may lead to the altered phenotype in vascular tissue of the hdt1 mutant. These results suggested that HDT1 is involved in development of the vascular tissue of the stem by affecting cell proliferation and differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongzhuo Zhang
- College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Bin Yin
- College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Jiaxue Zhang
- College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Ziyi Cheng
- College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Yadi Liu
- College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Bing Wang
- College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Xiaorui Guo
- College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Xiatong Liu
- College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Di Liu
- College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Hui Li
- College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China.
- National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Hai Lu
- College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
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10
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Meena MK, Prajapati R, Krishna D, Divakaran K, Pandey Y, Reichelt M, Mathew M, Boland W, Mithöfer A, Vadassery J. The Ca 2+ Channel CNGC19 Regulates Arabidopsis Defense Against Spodoptera Herbivory. Plant Cell 2019; 31:1539-1562. [PMID: 31076540 PMCID: PMC6635850 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.19.00057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Revised: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Cellular calcium elevation is an important signal used by plants for recognition and signaling of environmental stress. Perception of the generalist insect, Spodoptera litura, by Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) activates cytosolic Ca2+ elevation, which triggers downstream defense. However, not all the Ca2+ channels generating the signal have been identified, nor are their modes of action known. We report on a rapidly activated, leaf vasculature- and plasma membrane-localized, CYCLIC NUCLEOTIDE GATED CHANNEL19 (CNGC19), which activates herbivory-induced Ca2+ flux and plant defense. Loss of CNGC19 function results in decreased herbivory defense. The cngc19 mutant shows aberrant and attenuated intravascular Ca2+ fluxes. CNGC19 is a Ca2+-permeable channel, as hyperpolarization of CNGC19-expressing Xenopus oocytes in the presence of both cyclic adenosine monophosphate and Ca2+ results in Ca2+ influx. Breakdown of Ca2+-based defense in cngc19 mutants leads to a decrease in herbivory-induced jasmonoyl-l-isoleucine biosynthesis and expression of JA responsive genes. The cngc19 mutants are deficient in aliphatic glucosinolate accumulation and hyperaccumulate its precursor, methionine. CNGC19 modulates aliphatic glucosinolate biosynthesis in tandem with BRANCHED-CHAIN AMINO ACID TRANSAMINASE4, which is involved in the chain elongation pathway of Met-derived glucosinolates. Furthermore, CNGC19 interacts with herbivory-induced CALMODULIN2 in planta. Together, our work reveals a key mechanistic role for the Ca2+ channel CNGC19 in the recognition of herbivory and the activation of defense signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mukesh Kumar Meena
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Ramgopal Prajapati
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Deepthi Krishna
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Keerthi Divakaran
- National Centre for Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Bangalore, Karnataka 560065, India
| | - Yogesh Pandey
- National Centre for Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Bangalore, Karnataka 560065, India
| | - Michael Reichelt
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Straße 8, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - M.K. Mathew
- National Centre for Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Bangalore, Karnataka 560065, India
| | - Wilhelm Boland
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Straße 8, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Axel Mithöfer
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Straße 8, 07745 Jena, Germany
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11
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Abstract
Contents Summary 1260 I. Introduction 1260 II. Molecular and genetic mechanisms of C4 leaf venation 1262 III. Conclusions and future perspectives 1266 Acknowledgements 1266 References 1266 SUMMARY: C4 grasses are major contributors to the world's food supply. Their highly efficient method of carbon fixation is a unique adaptation that combines close vein spacing and distinct photosynthetic cell types. Despite its importance, the molecular genetic basis of C4 leaf development is still poorly understood. Here we summarize current knowledge of leaf venation and review recent progress in understanding molecular and genetic regulation of vascular patterning events in C4 plants. Evidence points to the interplay of auxin, brassinosteroids, SHORTROOT/SCARECROW and INDETERMINATE DOMAIN transcription factors. Identification and functional characterization of candidate regulators acting early in vascular development will be essential for further progress in understanding the precise regulation of these processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhinesh Kumar
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St Louis, MO, 63132, USA
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12
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Qian P, Song W, Yokoo T, Minobe A, Wang G, Ishida T, Sawa S, Chai J, Kakimoto T. The CLE9/10 secretory peptide regulates stomatal and vascular development through distinct receptors. Nat Plants 2018; 4:1071-1081. [PMID: 30518839 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-018-0317-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2017] [Accepted: 11/01/2018] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The frequency and orientation of cell division are regulated by intercellular signalling molecules; however, tissue-specific regulatory systems for cell divisions are only partially understood. Here, we report that the peptide hormone CLAVATA3/ESR-RELATED 9/10 (CLE9/10) regulates two different developmental processes, stomatal lineage development and xylem development, through two distinct receptor systems in Arabidopsis thaliana. We show that the receptor kinase HAESA-LIKE 1 (HSL1) is a CLE9/10 receptor that regulates stomatal lineage cell division, and BARELY NO MERISTEM (BAM) class receptor kinases are CLE9/10 receptors that regulate periclinal cell division of xylem precursor cells. Both HSL1 and BAM1 bind to CLE9/10, but only HSL1 recruits SOMATIC EMBRYOGENESIS RECEPTOR KINASES as co-receptors in the presence of CLE9/10, suggesting different signalling modes for these receptor systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pingping Qian
- Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Wen Song
- Innovation Center for Structural Biology, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- Max-Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany
- Institute of Biochemistry, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Toshiya Yokoo
- Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Ayako Minobe
- Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Guodong Wang
- Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
- Key Laboratory of MOE for Medicinal Plant Resource and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Developing of Endangered Chinese Crude Drugs in Northwest of China, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
| | - Takashi Ishida
- International Research Organization for Advanced Science and Technology (IROAST) Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Shinichiro Sawa
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Jijie Chai
- Innovation Center for Structural Biology, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.
- Max-Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany.
- Institute of Biochemistry, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
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13
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Fukuoka N, Miyata M, Hamada T, Takeshita E. Histochemical observations and gene expression changes related to internal browning in tuberous roots of sweet potato (Ipomea batatas). Plant Sci 2018; 274:476-484. [PMID: 30080637 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2018.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2018] [Revised: 07/07/2018] [Accepted: 07/07/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The mechanism underlying internal browning (IB), or brown discoloration, of the central region of tuberous roots of sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas) was examined. IB disorder begins in roots from approx. 90 days after transplanting, and the severity increases significantly with time. IB damage initially occurs in cells around the secondary vascular tissue, and the area per cell occupied by starch grains in this region was larger than in the unaffected region. High levels of reducing sugars, polyphenol oxidase (PPO) activities, chlorogenic acid, and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) were detected in cells from the IB damaged regions. The content of sugar and polyphenols was higher in disks (transverse sections) with larger amounts of damaged tissues than in disks of sound root. The transcript levels of acid invertase (IbAIV) tended to be higher with greater IB severity, whereas fluctuation patterns of ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase (IbAGPase), granule bound starch synthase (IbGBSS), and starch branching enzyme 1 (IbSBE1) were lower with higher IB severity. These observations suggest that the incidence of IB disorder in sweet potato is largely dependent on the excessive generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in cells around the secondary vascular tissues due to the abundant accumulation of sugar and/or starch grains during the root maturation period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuyuki Fukuoka
- Experimental Farm, Ishikawa Prefectural University, 1-308, Suematsu, Nonoichi, Ishikawa 921-8836, Japan.
| | - Masahiro Miyata
- Experimental Farm, Ishikawa Prefectural University, 1-308, Suematsu, Nonoichi, Ishikawa 921-8836, Japan
| | - Tatsuro Hamada
- Research Institute for Bioresources and Biotechnology, Ishikawa Prefectural University, 1-308, Suematsu, Nonoichi, Ishikawa 921-8836, Japan
| | - Eishin Takeshita
- Ishikawa Sand Dune Agricultural Research Center, 5-2, Uchihisumi, Kahoku, Ishikawa, 929-1126, Japan
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14
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Gomes de Oliveira Dal'Molin C, Quek LE, Saa PA, Palfreyman R, Nielsen LK. From reconstruction to C 4 metabolic engineering: A case study for overproduction of polyhydroxybutyrate in bioenergy grasses. Plant Sci 2018; 273:50-60. [PMID: 29907309 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2018.03.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Revised: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 03/01/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The compartmentalization of C4 plants increases photosynthetic efficiency, while constraining how material and energy must flow in leaf tissues. To capture this metabolic phenomenon, a generic plant metabolic reconstruction was replicated into four connected spatiotemporal compartments, namely bundle sheath (B) and mesophyll (M) across the day and night cycle. The C4 leaf model was used to explore how amenable polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) production is with these four compartments working cooperatively. A strategic pattern of metabolite conversion and exchange emerged from a systems-level network that has very few constraints imposed; mainly the sequential two-step carbon capture in mesophyll, then bundle sheath and photosynthesis during the day only. The building of starch reserves during the day and their mobilization during the night connects day and night metabolism. Flux simulations revealed that PHB production did not require rerouting of metabolic pathways beyond what is already utilised for growth. PHB yield was sensitive to photoassimilation capacity, availability of carbon reserves, ATP maintenance, relative photosynthetic activity of B and M, and type of metabolites exchanged in the plasmodesmata, but not sensitive towards compartmentalization. Hence, the compartmentalization issues currently encountered are likely to be kinetic or thermodynamic limitations rather than stoichiometric.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristiana Gomes de Oliveira Dal'Molin
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, School of Chemical Engineering, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia.
| | - Lake-Ee Quek
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, The University of Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Pedro A Saa
- Department of Chemical and Bioprocess Engineering, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Casilla 306, Correo 22, Chile; Mathomics, Center for Mathematical Modeling, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Robin Palfreyman
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, School of Chemical Engineering, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Lars Keld Nielsen
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, School of Chemical Engineering, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia; Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, The Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, DK-2800, Denmark
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15
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Le PY, Jeon HW, Kim MH, Park EJ, Lee H, Hwang I, Han KH, Ko JH. Gain-of-function mutation of AtDICE1, encoding a putative endoplasmic reticulum-localized membrane protein, causes defects in anisotropic cell elongation by disturbing cell wall integrity in Arabidopsis. Ann Bot 2018; 122:151-164. [PMID: 29659701 PMCID: PMC6025203 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcy049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Accepted: 03/15/2018] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Background and Aims Anisotropic cell elongation depends on cell wall relaxation and cellulose microfibril arrangement. The aim of this study was to characterize the molecular function of AtDICE1 encoding a novel transmembrane protein involved in anisotropic cell elongation in Arabidopsis. Methods Phenotypic characterizations of transgenic Arabidopsis plants mis-regulating AtDICE1 expression with different pharmacological treatments were made, and biochemical, cell biological and transcriptome analyses were performed. Key Results Upregulation of AtDICE1 in Arabidopsis (35S::AtDICE1) resulted in severe dwarfism, probably caused by defects in anisotropic cell elongation. Epidermal cell swelling was evident in all tissues, and abnormal secondary wall thickenings were observed in pith cells of stems. These phenotypes were reproduced not only by inducible expression of AtDICE1 but also by overexpression of its poplar homologue in Arabidopsis. RNA interference suppression lines of AtDICE1 resulted in no observable phenotypic changes. Interestingly, wild-type plants treated with isoxaben, a cellulose biosynthesis inhibitor, phenocopied the 35S::AtDICE1 plants, suggesting that cellulose biosynthesis was compromised in the 35S::AtDICE1 plants. Indeed, disturbed cortical microtubule arrangements in 35S::AtDICE1/GFP-TuA6 plants were observed, and the cellulose content was significantly reduced in 35S::AtDICE1 plants. A promoter::GUS analysis showed that AtDICE1 is mainly expressed in vascular tissue, and transient expression of GFP:AtDICE1 in tobacco suggests that AtDICE1 is probably localized in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). In addition, the external N-terminal conserved domain of AtDICE1 was found to be necessary for AtDICE1 function. Whole transcriptome analyses of 35S::AtDICE1 revealed that many genes involved in cell wall modification and stress/defence responses were mis-regulated. Conclusions AtDICE1, a novel ER-localized transmembrane protein, may contribute to anisotropic cell elongation in the formation of vascular tissue by affecting cellulose biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phi-Yen Le
- Department of Plant & Environmental New Resources, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung-Woo Jeon
- Department of Plant & Environmental New Resources, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Ha Kim
- Department of Plant & Environmental New Resources, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, Republic of Korea
| | - Eung-Jun Park
- Division of Forest Biotechnology, Korea Forest Research Institute, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyoshin Lee
- Division of Forest Biotechnology, Korea Forest Research Institute, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Indeok Hwang
- Department of Horticulture and Department of Forestry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Kyung-Hwan Han
- Department of Horticulture and Department of Forestry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Jae-Heung Ko
- Department of Plant & Environmental New Resources, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, Republic of Korea
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16
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Li X, Yang H, Wang C, Yang S, Wang J. Distinct transgenic effects of poplar TDIF genes on vascular development in Arabidopsis. Plant Cell Rep 2018; 37:799-808. [PMID: 29476245 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-018-2268-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 02/17/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Poplar CLE genes encoding TDIF motifs differentially regulate vascular cambial cell division and woody tissue organization in transgenic Arabidopsis. In Arabidopsis, CLE41 and CLE44 genes encode the tracheary element differentiation inhibitory factor (TDIF) peptide, which functions as a non-cell autonomous signal to regulate vascular development, and overexpression of AtCLE41/CLE44 generate similar phenotypic defects. In poplar, there are six CLE genes (PtTDIF1-4 and PtTDIF-like1-2) encoding two TDIF peptides (TDIF and TDIF-like peptide), which exhibit nearly same activities when exogenously applied to Arabidopsis seedlings. In this work, for each TDIF peptide, we chose two poplar CLE genes (PtTDIF2 and 3 for TDIF, and PtTDIF-like1-2 for TDIF-like peptide) to compare their in vivo effects in transgenic Arabidopsis. Our results showed that transgenic Arabidopsis lines overexpressing each individual PtTDIF gene exhibited dramatically distinct phenotypes associated with vascular development, demonstrating that TDIF motif is not the only functional determinant after genetic transformation. Moreover, we revealed that overexpressed poplar TDIFs enhanced the proliferation of (pro)cambial cells only in hypocotyls, but not in inflorescence stems by differentially regulating the transcriptional levels of WOX4 and WOX14 in these two tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Li
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Heyu Yang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Caili Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Shaohui Yang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Jiehua Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China.
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17
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Xu W, Liu W, Ye R, Mazarei M, Huang D, Zhang X, Stewart CN. A profilin gene promoter from switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.) directs strong and specific transgene expression to vascular bundles in rice. Plant Cell Rep 2018; 37:587-597. [PMID: 29340787 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-018-2253-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2017] [Accepted: 01/05/2018] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
A switchgrass vascular tissue-specific promoter (PvPfn2) and its 5'-end serial deletions drive high levels of vascular bundle transgene expression in transgenic rice. Constitutive promoters are widely used for crop genetic engineering, which can result in multiple off-target effects, including suboptimal growth and epigenetic gene silencing. These problems can be potentially avoided using tissue-specific promoters for targeted transgene expression. One particularly urgent need for targeted cell wall modification in bioenergy crops, such as switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.), is the development of vasculature-active promoters to express cell wall-affective genes only in the specific tissues, i.e., xylem and phloem. From a switchgrass expression atlas we identified promoter sequence upstream of a vasculature-specific switchgrass profilin gene (PvPfn2), especially in roots, nodes and inflorescences. When the putative full-length (1715 bp) and 5'-end serial deletions of the PvPfn2 promoter (shortest was 413 bp) were used to drive the GUS reporter expression in stably transformed rice (Oryza sativa L.), strong vasculature-specificity was observed in various tissues including leaves, leaf sheaths, stems, and flowers. The promoters were active in both phloem and xylem. It is interesting to note that the promoter was active in many more tissues in the heterologous rice system than in switchgrass. Surprisingly, all four 5'-end promoter deletions, including the shortest fragment, had the same expression patterns as the full-length promoter and with no attenuation in GUS expression in rice. These results indicated that the PvPfn2 promoter variants are new tools to direct transgene expression specifically to vascular tissues in monocots. Of special interest is the very compact version of the promoter, which could be of use for vasculature-specific genetic engineering in monocots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenzhi Xu
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA
- Department of Grassland Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Wusheng Liu
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA
- Department of Horticultural Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Rongjian Ye
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA
| | - Mitra Mazarei
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA
| | - Debao Huang
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA
| | - Xinquan Zhang
- Department of Grassland Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - C Neal Stewart
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA.
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18
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Shimizu K, Hozumi A, Aoki K. Organization of Vascular Cells in the Haustorium of the Parasitic Flowering Plant Cuscuta japonica. Plant Cell Physiol 2018; 59:715-723. [PMID: 29237029 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcx197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The stem parasite dodder, Cuscuta japonica, has evolved a specialized root-like organ, the haustorium, which is differentiated from the stem. In order to take up water and nutrients, C. japonica reprograms haustorial cells to vascular cells, connecting the host's vascular system to its own. However, little is known about vascular differentiation in haustoria. In this study, we first confirmed the temporal and spatial expression profiles of vascular cell type-specific genes, CjAPL, CjSEOR1, CjWOX4 and CjTED7, to examine whether phloem companion cells, developing sieve elements, procambial cells and differentiating xylem cells, respectively, are present in the haustoria. CjAPL and CjSEOR1 decreased, and CjWOX4 showed a transient increase before the onset of xylem vessel formation, and then decreased. CjTED7 increased coincidentally with xylem vessel formation. In situ hybridization demonstrated that CjWOX4-expressing cells and phloem-conducting cells are in close proximity, and occupied a domain distinguishable from xylem vessels, suggesting differentiation of a phloem/procambial domain and a xylem domain in the haustorium. Secondly, expression of regulatory genes that are involved in determination of the fate of procambial cells was investigated. Expression patterns of CjCLE41, CjGSK3 and CjBES1suggested that TDIF-TDR-GSK3-mediated signaling is activated in haustoria. The natural antisense transcript of CjCLE41 was detected in haustoria, implying the sense regulation of CjCLE41. Expression profiles of the regulatory genes, combined with those of cell type-specific marker genes, suggest that reprogramming of haustorial cells to vascular cells is regulated in a way that allows the immediate formation of xylem vessels by alleviating inhibition of xylem differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kohki Shimizu
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-1 Gakuen-cho, Naka-ku, Sakai, 599-8531, Japan
| | - Akitaka Hozumi
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-1 Gakuen-cho, Naka-ku, Sakai, 599-8531, Japan
| | - Koh Aoki
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-1 Gakuen-cho, Naka-ku, Sakai, 599-8531, Japan
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19
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Abstract
The Australian sugar industry has never pursued genetic resistance to ratoon stunting disease (RSD), despite it being widely considered to be one of the most important diseases of sugarcane (Saccharum interspecific hybrids). This is because of a prevailing view that the disease is economically managed, and that no further action needs to take place. However, there is a range of epidemiological evidence that suggests that RSD is having a more significant impact than what is generally recognized. This review traces the factors that have led to an industry stance that is apparently without any scientific justification, and which has tended to downplay the significance of RSD on Australian sugarcane productivity, and thus has led to significant lost production. The consequences of this position are that RSD may be influencing broad but poorly explained issues such as commercial ratooning performance of existing varieties and the "yield decline" that has been subject to much scrutiny, if not much success in resolving the issue. Based on the available information, this review calls on the Australian sugar industry to prioritize selection for RSD resistance in the plant improvement program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony J Young
- Centre for Crop Health, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, 4350, QLD, Australia
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20
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Vaughan-Hirsch J, Goodall B, Bishopp A. North, East, South, West: mapping vascular tissues onto the Arabidopsis root. Curr Opin Plant Biol 2018; 41:16-22. [PMID: 28837854 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2017.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2017] [Revised: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 07/29/2017] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The Arabidopsis root has provided an excellent model for understanding patterning processes and cell fate specification. Vascular patterning represents an especially interesting process, as new positional information must be generated to transform an approximately radially symmetric root pole into a bisymmetric structure with a single xylem axis. This process requires both growth of the embryonic tissue alongside the subsequent patterning. Recently researchers have identified a series of transcription factors that modulate cell divisions to control vascular tissues growth. Spatial regulation in the signalling of two hormones, auxin and cytokinin, combine with other transcription factors to pattern the xylem axis. We are now witnessing the discovery of increasingly complex interactions between these hormones that can be interpreted through the use of mathematical models.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Vaughan-Hirsch
- Centre for Plant Integrative Biology and School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Benjamin Goodall
- Centre for Plant Integrative Biology and School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Anthony Bishopp
- Centre for Plant Integrative Biology and School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough LE12 5RD, UK.
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21
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Turco GM, Kajala K, Kunde‐Ramamoorthy G, Ngan C, Olson A, Deshphande S, Tolkunov D, Waring B, Stelpflug S, Klein P, Schmutz J, Kaeppler S, Ware D, Wei C, Etchells JP, Brady SM. DNA methylation and gene expression regulation associated with vascularization in Sorghum bicolor. New Phytol 2017; 214:1213-1229. [PMID: 28186631 PMCID: PMC5655736 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Plant secondary cell walls constitute the majority of plant biomass. They are predominantly found in xylem cells, which are derived from vascular initials during vascularization. Little is known about these processes in grass species despite their emerging importance as biomass feedstocks. The targeted biofuel crop Sorghum bicolor has a sequenced and well-annotated genome, making it an ideal monocot model for addressing vascularization and biomass deposition. Here we generated tissue-specific transcriptome and DNA methylome data from sorghum shoots, roots and developing root vascular and nonvascular tissues. Many genes associated with vascular development in other species show enriched expression in developing vasculature. However, several transcription factor families varied in vascular expression in sorghum compared with Arabidopsis and maize. Furthermore, differential expression of genes associated with DNA methylation were identified between vascular and nonvascular tissues, implying that changes in DNA methylation are a feature of sorghum root vascularization, which we confirmed using tissue-specific DNA methylome data. Roots treated with a DNA methylation inhibitor also showed a significant decrease in root length. Tissues and organs can be discriminated based on their genomic methylation patterns and methylation context. Consequently, tissue-specific changes in DNA methylation are part of the normal developmental process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gina M. Turco
- Department of Plant Biology and Genome CenterUC DavisDavisCA95616USA
| | - Kaisa Kajala
- Department of Plant Biology and Genome CenterUC DavisDavisCA95616USA
| | | | - Chew‐Yee Ngan
- DOE Joint Genome Institute2800 Mitchell DriveWalnut CreekCA94598USA
| | - Andrew Olson
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory1 Bungtown RoadCold Spring HarborNY11724USA
| | | | - Denis Tolkunov
- DOE Joint Genome Institute2800 Mitchell DriveWalnut CreekCA94598USA
| | - Barbara Waring
- Department of Plant Biology and Genome CenterUC DavisDavisCA95616USA
| | - Scott Stelpflug
- Department of Agronomy and Great Lakes Bioenergy Research CenterUniversity of Wisconsin1575 Linden DriveMadisonWI53706USA
| | - Patricia Klein
- Institute for Plant Genomics and Biotechnology and Department of Horticultural SciencesTexas A and M UniversityCollege StationTX77843USA
| | - Jeremy Schmutz
- DOE Joint Genome Institute2800 Mitchell DriveWalnut CreekCA94598USA
- HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology601 Genome Way NWHuntsvilleAL35806USA
| | - Shawn Kaeppler
- Department of Agronomy and Great Lakes Bioenergy Research CenterUniversity of Wisconsin1575 Linden DriveMadisonWI53706USA
| | - Doreen Ware
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory1 Bungtown RoadCold Spring HarborNY11724USA
- USDA‐ARSIthacaNY14853USA
| | - Chia‐Lin Wei
- DOE Joint Genome Institute2800 Mitchell DriveWalnut CreekCA94598USA
| | - J. Peter Etchells
- Department of Plant Biology and Genome CenterUC DavisDavisCA95616USA
- School of Biological and Biomedical SciencesDurham UniversitySouth RoadDurhamDH3 1LEUK
| | - Siobhan M. Brady
- Department of Plant Biology and Genome CenterUC DavisDavisCA95616USA
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22
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Wang J, Jiang L, Wu R. Plant grafting: how genetic exchange promotes vascular reconnection. New Phytol 2017; 214:56-65. [PMID: 27991666 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2016] [Accepted: 11/13/2016] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Grafting has been widely used to improve horticultural traits. It has also served increasingly as a tool to investigate the long-distance transport of molecules that is an essential part for key biological processes. Many studies have revealed the molecular mechanisms of graft-induced phenotypic variation in anatomy, morphology and production. Here, we review the phenomena and their underlying mechanisms by which macromolecules, including RNA, protein, and even DNA, are transported between scions and rootstocks via vascular tissues. We further propose a conceptual framework that characterizes and quantifies the driving mechanisms of scion-rootstock interactions toward vascular reconnection and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wang
- Center for Computational Biology, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Libo Jiang
- Center for Computational Biology, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Rongling Wu
- Center for Computational Biology, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
- Center for Statistical Genetics, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA, 17033, USA
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23
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Xu H, Cao D, Feng J, Wu H, Lin J, Wang Y. Transcriptional regulation of vascular cambium activity during the transition from juvenile to mature stages in Cunninghamia lanceolata. J Plant Physiol 2016; 200:7-17. [PMID: 27317969 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2016.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2016] [Revised: 05/09/2016] [Accepted: 06/01/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Cunninghamia lanceolata (Lamb.) Hook., an evergreen conifer distributed in southern China, has been recognized as the most commercially important timber species due to its rapid growth. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying growth alternation due to vascular cambium activity are poorly understood. Here, we used cryosectioning to isolate the vascular cambium tissue of C. lanceolata at three stages, namely, juvenile, transition and mature (3-, 13-, and 35-year-old trees respectively) for transcriptome-wide analysis. Through assembling and annotation of transcripts, 108,767 unigenes and some potential growth-regulated genes were identified. A total of 5213, 4873 and 2541 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified in the three stages. DEGs related to cambial activity, cell division and cell wall modification were detected at various developmental stages of the vascular cambium. In addition, some putative genes involved in plant hormone biosynthesis were also differentially regulated. These results indicate that various cambium-related molecular activities result in alterations in the growth of C. lanceolata, particularly during the transition from juvenile to mature stages. The findings of the present study improve our understanding of cambium development and may aid in studies of the molecular mechanisms of wood production and provide fundamental insights into the establishment of the optimal rotation period for silvicultural trees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huimin Xu
- Key Laboratory for Genetics and Breeding of Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants of Ministry of Education, National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Dechang Cao
- Key Laboratory for Genetics and Breeding of Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants of Ministry of Education, National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Jinling Feng
- College of Forestry, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fujian 350002, China
| | - Hongyang Wu
- Key Laboratory for Genetics and Breeding of Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants of Ministry of Education, National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Jinxing Lin
- Key Laboratory for Genetics and Breeding of Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants of Ministry of Education, National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China; Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Yanwei Wang
- Key Laboratory for Genetics and Breeding of Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants of Ministry of Education, National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China.
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24
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Cui X, Xu X, He Y, Du X, Zhu J. Overexpression of an F-box protein gene disrupts cotyledon vein patterning in Arabidopsis. Plant Physiol Biochem 2016; 102:43-52. [PMID: 26901782 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2016.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2015] [Revised: 12/21/2015] [Accepted: 02/09/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Plant vascular patterning is complex. However, the detailed molecular mechanism of vascular patterning is still unknown. In this study, FBXL, an Arabidopsis F-box motif gene, was isolated by using 3' rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE) technique. The gene contained a coding sequence of 1407 nucleotides coding 468 amino acid residues. Amino acid sequence analysis revealed that the gene encoded a protein harboring an F-box motif at the N terminus, an LRRs motif in the middle, and an FBD motif at the C terminus. FBXL promoter-β-glucuronidase (GUS) and 35S promoter-FBXL vectors were constructed and transformed into Arabidopsis thaliana to understand the function of the FBXL gene. GUS expression analysis indicated that FBXL was specifically expressed in the vascular tissues of the root, stem, leaf, and inflorescence. FBXL overexpression in Arabidopsis displayed an abnormal venation pattern in cotyledons. Furthermore, FBXL expression was not induced by exogenous auxin and its transcript accumulation did not overlap with the distribution of endogenous auxin. These results suggested that FBXL may be involved in cotyledon vein patterning via auxin-independent pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianghuan Cui
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, School of Life Science and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Xiaofeng Xu
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, School of Life Science and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Yangyang He
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, School of Life Science and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Xiling Du
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, School of Life Science and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Jian Zhu
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, School of Life Science and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China.
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25
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Rao X, Lu N, Li G, Nakashima J, Tang Y, Dixon RA. Comparative cell-specific transcriptomics reveals differentiation of C4 photosynthesis pathways in switchgrass and other C4 lineages. J Exp Bot 2016; 67:1649-62. [PMID: 26896851 PMCID: PMC4783356 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erv553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Almost all C4 plants require the co-ordination of the adjacent and fully differentiated cell types, mesophyll (M) and bundle sheath (BS). The C4 photosynthetic pathway operates through two distinct subtypes based on how malate is decarboxylated in BS cells; through NAD-malic enzyme (NAD-ME) or NADP-malic enzyme (NADP-ME). The diverse or unique cell-specific molecular features of M and BS cells from separate C4 subtypes of independent lineages remain to be determined. We here provide an M/BS cell type-specific transcriptome data set from the monocot NAD-ME subtype switchgrass (Panicum virgatum). A comparative transcriptomics approach was then applied to compare the M/BS mRNA profiles of switchgrass, monocot NADP-ME subtype C4 plants maize and Setaria viridis, and dicot NAD-ME subtype Cleome gynandra. We evaluated the convergence in the transcript abundance of core components in C4 photosynthesis and transcription factors to establish Kranz anatomy, as well as gene distribution of biological functions, in these four independent C4 lineages. We also estimated the divergence between NAD-ME and NADP-ME subtypes of C4 photosynthesis in the two cell types within C4 species, including differences in genes encoding decarboxylating enzymes, aminotransferases, and metabolite transporters, and differences in the cell-specific functional enrichment of RNA regulation and protein biogenesis/homeostasis. We suggest that C4 plants of independent lineages in both monocots and dicots underwent convergent evolution to establish C4 photosynthesis, while distinct C4 subtypes also underwent divergent processes for the optimization of M and BS cell co-ordination. The comprehensive data sets in our study provide a basis for further research on evolution of C4 species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolan Rao
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, 1155 Union Circle #305220, Denton, TX 76203, USA BioEnergy Science Center (BESC), US Department of Energy, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
| | - Nan Lu
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, 1155 Union Circle #305220, Denton, TX 76203, USA
| | - Guifen Li
- Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, 2510 Sam Noble Parkway, Ardmore, OK 73401, USA
| | - Jin Nakashima
- Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, 2510 Sam Noble Parkway, Ardmore, OK 73401, USA
| | - Yuhong Tang
- BioEnergy Science Center (BESC), US Department of Energy, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, 2510 Sam Noble Parkway, Ardmore, OK 73401, USA
| | - Richard A Dixon
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, 1155 Union Circle #305220, Denton, TX 76203, USA BioEnergy Science Center (BESC), US Department of Energy, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
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26
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van Campen JC, Yaapar MN, Narawatthana S, Lehmeier C, Wanchana S, Thakur V, Chater C, Kelly S, Rolfe SA, Quick WP, Fleming AJ. Combined Chlorophyll Fluorescence and Transcriptomic Analysis Identifies the P3/P4 Transition as a Key Stage in Rice Leaf Photosynthetic Development. Plant Physiol 2016; 170:1655-74. [PMID: 26813793 PMCID: PMC4775128 DOI: 10.1104/pp.15.01624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2015] [Accepted: 01/22/2016] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Leaves are derived from heterotrophic meristem tissue that, at some point, must make the transition to autotrophy via the initiation of photosynthesis. However, the timing and spatial coordination of the molecular and cellular processes underpinning this switch are poorly characterized. Here, we report on the identification of a specific stage in rice (Oryza sativa) leaf development (P3/P4 transition) when photosynthetic competence is first established. Using a combined physiological and molecular approach, we show that elements of stomatal and vascular differentiation are coordinated with the onset of measurable light absorption for photosynthesis. Moreover, by exploring the response of the system to environmental perturbation, we show that the earliest stages of rice leaf development have significant plasticity with respect to elements of cellular differentiation of relevance for mature leaf photosynthetic performance. Finally, by performing an RNA sequencing analysis targeted at the early stages of rice leaf development, we uncover a palette of genes whose expression likely underpins the acquisition of photosynthetic capability. Our results identify the P3/P4 transition as a highly dynamic stage in rice leaf development when several processes for the initiation of photosynthetic competence are coordinated. As well as identifying gene targets for future manipulation of rice leaf structure/function, our data highlight a developmental window during which such manipulations are likely to be most effective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia C van Campen
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, United Kingdom (J.C.v.C., M.N.Y., S.N., C.L., C.C., S.A.R., A.J.F.);International Rice Research Institute, DAPO Box 7777, Metro Manila, The Philippines (S.W., V.T., W.P.Q.);National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Khlong Luang, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand (S.W.);Departamento de Biologia Molecular de Plantas, Instituto de Biotecnologia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico (C.C.); andDepartment of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RB, United Kingdom (S.K.)
| | - Muhammad N Yaapar
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, United Kingdom (J.C.v.C., M.N.Y., S.N., C.L., C.C., S.A.R., A.J.F.);International Rice Research Institute, DAPO Box 7777, Metro Manila, The Philippines (S.W., V.T., W.P.Q.);National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Khlong Luang, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand (S.W.);Departamento de Biologia Molecular de Plantas, Instituto de Biotecnologia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico (C.C.); andDepartment of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RB, United Kingdom (S.K.)
| | - Supatthra Narawatthana
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, United Kingdom (J.C.v.C., M.N.Y., S.N., C.L., C.C., S.A.R., A.J.F.);International Rice Research Institute, DAPO Box 7777, Metro Manila, The Philippines (S.W., V.T., W.P.Q.);National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Khlong Luang, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand (S.W.);Departamento de Biologia Molecular de Plantas, Instituto de Biotecnologia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico (C.C.); andDepartment of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RB, United Kingdom (S.K.)
| | - Christoph Lehmeier
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, United Kingdom (J.C.v.C., M.N.Y., S.N., C.L., C.C., S.A.R., A.J.F.);International Rice Research Institute, DAPO Box 7777, Metro Manila, The Philippines (S.W., V.T., W.P.Q.);National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Khlong Luang, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand (S.W.);Departamento de Biologia Molecular de Plantas, Instituto de Biotecnologia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico (C.C.); andDepartment of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RB, United Kingdom (S.K.)
| | - Samart Wanchana
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, United Kingdom (J.C.v.C., M.N.Y., S.N., C.L., C.C., S.A.R., A.J.F.);International Rice Research Institute, DAPO Box 7777, Metro Manila, The Philippines (S.W., V.T., W.P.Q.);National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Khlong Luang, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand (S.W.);Departamento de Biologia Molecular de Plantas, Instituto de Biotecnologia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico (C.C.); andDepartment of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RB, United Kingdom (S.K.)
| | - Vivek Thakur
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, United Kingdom (J.C.v.C., M.N.Y., S.N., C.L., C.C., S.A.R., A.J.F.);International Rice Research Institute, DAPO Box 7777, Metro Manila, The Philippines (S.W., V.T., W.P.Q.);National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Khlong Luang, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand (S.W.);Departamento de Biologia Molecular de Plantas, Instituto de Biotecnologia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico (C.C.); andDepartment of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RB, United Kingdom (S.K.)
| | - Caspar Chater
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, United Kingdom (J.C.v.C., M.N.Y., S.N., C.L., C.C., S.A.R., A.J.F.);International Rice Research Institute, DAPO Box 7777, Metro Manila, The Philippines (S.W., V.T., W.P.Q.);National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Khlong Luang, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand (S.W.);Departamento de Biologia Molecular de Plantas, Instituto de Biotecnologia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico (C.C.); andDepartment of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RB, United Kingdom (S.K.)
| | - Steve Kelly
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, United Kingdom (J.C.v.C., M.N.Y., S.N., C.L., C.C., S.A.R., A.J.F.);International Rice Research Institute, DAPO Box 7777, Metro Manila, The Philippines (S.W., V.T., W.P.Q.);National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Khlong Luang, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand (S.W.);Departamento de Biologia Molecular de Plantas, Instituto de Biotecnologia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico (C.C.); andDepartment of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RB, United Kingdom (S.K.)
| | - Stephen A Rolfe
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, United Kingdom (J.C.v.C., M.N.Y., S.N., C.L., C.C., S.A.R., A.J.F.);International Rice Research Institute, DAPO Box 7777, Metro Manila, The Philippines (S.W., V.T., W.P.Q.);National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Khlong Luang, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand (S.W.);Departamento de Biologia Molecular de Plantas, Instituto de Biotecnologia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico (C.C.); andDepartment of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RB, United Kingdom (S.K.)
| | - W Paul Quick
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, United Kingdom (J.C.v.C., M.N.Y., S.N., C.L., C.C., S.A.R., A.J.F.);International Rice Research Institute, DAPO Box 7777, Metro Manila, The Philippines (S.W., V.T., W.P.Q.);National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Khlong Luang, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand (S.W.);Departamento de Biologia Molecular de Plantas, Instituto de Biotecnologia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico (C.C.); andDepartment of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RB, United Kingdom (S.K.)
| | - Andrew J Fleming
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, United Kingdom (J.C.v.C., M.N.Y., S.N., C.L., C.C., S.A.R., A.J.F.);International Rice Research Institute, DAPO Box 7777, Metro Manila, The Philippines (S.W., V.T., W.P.Q.);National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Khlong Luang, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand (S.W.);Departamento de Biologia Molecular de Plantas, Instituto de Biotecnologia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico (C.C.); andDepartment of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RB, United Kingdom (S.K.)
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27
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Müller CJ, Valdés AE, Wang G, Ramachandran P, Beste L, Uddenberg D, Carlsbecker A. PHABULOSA Mediates an Auxin Signaling Loop to Regulate Vascular Patterning in Arabidopsis. Plant Physiol 2016; 170:956-70. [PMID: 26637548 PMCID: PMC4734557 DOI: 10.1104/pp.15.01204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2015] [Accepted: 11/24/2015] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Plant vascular tissues, xylem and phloem, differentiate in distinct patterns from procambial cells as an integral transport system for water, sugars, and signaling molecules. Procambium formation is promoted by high auxin levels activating class III homeodomain leucine zipper (HD-ZIP III) transcription factors (TFs). In the root of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), HD-ZIP III TFs dose-dependently govern the patterning of the xylem axis, with higher levels promoting metaxylem cell identity in the central axis and lower levels promoting protoxylem at its flanks. It is unclear, however, by what mechanisms the HD-ZIP III TFs control xylem axis patterning. Here, we present data suggesting that an important mechanism is their ability to moderate the auxin response. We found that changes in HD-ZIP III TF levels affect the expression of genes encoding core auxin response molecules. We show that one of the HD-ZIP III TFs, PHABULOSA, directly binds the promoter of both MONOPTEROS (MP)/AUXIN RESPONSE FACTOR5, a key factor in vascular formation, and IAA20, encoding an auxin/indole acetic acid protein that is stable in the presence of auxin and able to interact with and repress MP activity. The double mutant of IAA20 and its closest homolog IAA30 forms ectopic protoxylem, while overexpression of IAA30 causes discontinuous protoxylem and occasional ectopic metaxylem, similar to a weak loss-of-function mp mutant. Our results provide evidence that HD-ZIP III TFs directly affect the auxin response and mediate a feed-forward loop formed by MP and IAA20 that may focus and stabilize the auxin response during vascular patterning and the differentiation of xylem cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Joy Müller
- Physiological Botany, Department of Organismal Biology and Linnean Centre for Plant Biology in Uppsala, Uppsala University, SE-756 51 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ana Elisa Valdés
- Physiological Botany, Department of Organismal Biology and Linnean Centre for Plant Biology in Uppsala, Uppsala University, SE-756 51 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Guodong Wang
- Physiological Botany, Department of Organismal Biology and Linnean Centre for Plant Biology in Uppsala, Uppsala University, SE-756 51 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Prashanth Ramachandran
- Physiological Botany, Department of Organismal Biology and Linnean Centre for Plant Biology in Uppsala, Uppsala University, SE-756 51 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Lisa Beste
- Physiological Botany, Department of Organismal Biology and Linnean Centre for Plant Biology in Uppsala, Uppsala University, SE-756 51 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Daniel Uddenberg
- Physiological Botany, Department of Organismal Biology and Linnean Centre for Plant Biology in Uppsala, Uppsala University, SE-756 51 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Annelie Carlsbecker
- Physiological Botany, Department of Organismal Biology and Linnean Centre for Plant Biology in Uppsala, Uppsala University, SE-756 51 Uppsala, Sweden
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28
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Smet W, De Rybel B. Genetic and hormonal control of vascular tissue proliferation. Curr Opin Plant Biol 2016; 29:50-6. [PMID: 26724501 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2015.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2015] [Revised: 11/04/2015] [Accepted: 11/05/2015] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The plant vascular system develops from a handful of provascular initial cells in the early embryo into a whole range of different cell types in the mature plant. In order to account for such proliferation and to generate this kind of diversity, vascular tissue development relies on a large number of highly oriented cell divisions. Different hormonal and genetic pathways have been implicated in this process and several of these have been recently interconnected. Nevertheless, how such networks control the actual division plane orientation and how they interact with the generic cell cycle machinery to coordinate these divisions remains a major unanswered question.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wouter Smet
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Wageningen University, Dreijenlaan 3, 6703HA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Bert De Rybel
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Wageningen University, Dreijenlaan 3, 6703HA Wageningen, The Netherlands; Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Technologiepark 927, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium; Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark 927, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium.
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29
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Sánchez MA, Cid P, Navarrete H, Aguirre C, Chacón G, Salazar E, Prieto H. Outcrossing potential between 11 important genetically modified crops and the Chilean vascular flora. Plant Biotechnol J 2016; 14:625-637. [PMID: 26052925 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.12408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2015] [Revised: 03/17/2015] [Accepted: 04/10/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The potential impact of genetically modified (GM) crops on biodiversity is one of the main concerns in an environmental risk assessment (ERA). The likelihood of outcrossing and pollen-mediated gene flow from GM crops and non-GM crops are explained by the same principles and depend primarily on the biology of the species. We conducted a national-scale study of the likelihood of outcrossing between 11 GM crops and vascular plants in Chile by use of a systematized database that included cultivated, introduced and native plant species in Chile. The database included geographical distributions and key biological and agronomical characteristics for 3505 introduced, 4993 native and 257 cultivated (of which 11 were native and 246 were introduced) plant species. Out of the considered GM crops (cotton, soya bean, maize, grape, wheat, rice, sugar beet, alfalfa, canola, tomato and potato), only potato and tomato presented native relatives (66 species total). Introduced relative species showed that three GM groups were formed having: a) up to one introduced relative (cotton and soya bean), b) up to two (rice, grape, maize and wheat) and c) from two to seven (sugar beet, alfalfa, canola, tomato and potato). In particular, GM crops presenting introduced noncultivated relative species were canola (1 relative species), alfalfa (up to 4), rice (1), tomato (up to 2) and potato (up to 2). The outcrossing potential between species [OP; scaled from 'very low' (1) to 'very high' (5)] was developed, showing medium OPs (3) for GM-native relative interactions when they occurred, low (2) for GMs and introduced noncultivated and high (4) for the grape-Vitis vinifera GM-introduced cultivated interaction. This analytical tool might be useful for future ERA for unconfined GM crop release in Chile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel A Sánchez
- Asociación Gremial ChileBio CropLife, Providencia, Santiago, Chile
| | - Pablo Cid
- Biotechnology Laboratory, La Platina Research Station, Instituto de Investigaciones Agropecuarias, La Pintana, Santiago, Chile
| | - Humberto Navarrete
- Molecular Fruit Phytopathology Laboratory, Facultad Ciencias Agropecuarias, Universidad de Chile, La Pintana, Santiago, Chile
| | - Carlos Aguirre
- Biotechnology Laboratory, La Platina Research Station, Instituto de Investigaciones Agropecuarias, La Pintana, Santiago, Chile
| | - Gustavo Chacón
- Computer Sciences Laboratory, La Platina Research Station, Instituto de Investigaciones Agropecuarias, La Pintana, Santiago, Chile
| | - Erika Salazar
- Genetic Resources Unit and Germplasm Bank, La Platina Research Station, Instituto de Investigaciones Agropecuarias, La Pintana, Santiago, Chile
| | - Humberto Prieto
- Biotechnology Laboratory, La Platina Research Station, Instituto de Investigaciones Agropecuarias, La Pintana, Santiago, Chile
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Huang C, Chen Q, Xu G, Xu D, Tian J, Tian F. Identification and fine mapping of quantitative trait loci for the number of vascular bundle in maize stem. J Integr Plant Biol 2016; 58:81-90. [PMID: 25845500 PMCID: PMC5034846 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.12358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2015] [Accepted: 04/02/2015] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Studies that investigated the genetic basis of source and sink related traits have been widely conducted. However, the vascular system that links source and sink received much less attention. When maize was domesticated from its wild ancestor, teosinte, the external morphology has changed dramatically; however, less is known for the internal anatomy changes. In this study, using a large maize-teosinte experimental population, we performed a high-resolution quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping for the number of vascular bundle in the uppermost internode of maize stem. The results showed that vascular bundle number is dominated by a large number of small-effect QTLs, in which a total of 16 QTLs that jointly accounts for 52.2% of phenotypic variation were detected, with no single QTL explaining more than 6% of variation. Different from QTLs for typical domestication traits, QTLs for vascular bundle number might not be under directional selection following domestication. Using Near Isogenic Lines (NILs) developed from heterogeneous inbred family (HIF), we further validated the effect of one QTL qVb9-2 on chromosome 9 and fine mapped the QTL to a 1.8-Mb physical region. This study provides important insights for the genetic architecture of vascular bundle number in maize stem and sets basis for cloning of qVb9-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Huang
- Department of Plant Genetics and Breeding, National Maize Improvement Center of China, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Qiuyue Chen
- Department of Plant Genetics and Breeding, National Maize Improvement Center of China, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Guanghui Xu
- Department of Plant Genetics and Breeding, National Maize Improvement Center of China, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Dingyi Xu
- Department of Plant Genetics and Breeding, National Maize Improvement Center of China, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Jinge Tian
- Department of Plant Genetics and Breeding, National Maize Improvement Center of China, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Feng Tian
- Department of Plant Genetics and Breeding, National Maize Improvement Center of China, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
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Song Q, Guan X, Chen ZJ. Dynamic Roles for Small RNAs and DNA Methylation during Ovule and Fiber Development in Allotetraploid Cotton. PLoS Genet 2015; 11:e1005724. [PMID: 26710171 PMCID: PMC4692501 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1005724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2015] [Accepted: 11/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA methylation is essential for plant and animal development. In plants, methylation occurs at CG, CHG, and CHH (H = A, C or T) sites via distinct pathways. Cotton is an allotetraploid consisting of two progenitor genomes. Each cotton fiber is a rapidly-elongating cell derived from the ovule epidermis, but the molecular basis for this developmental transition is unknown. Here we analyzed methylome, transcriptome, and small RNAome and revealed distinct changes in CHH methylation during ovule and fiber development. In ovules, CHH hypermethylation in promoters correlated positively with siRNAs, inducing RNA-dependent DNA methylation (RdDM), and up-regulation of ovule-preferred genes. In fibers, the ovule-derived cells generated additional heterochromatic CHH hypermethylation independent of RdDM, which repressed transposable elements (TEs) and nearby genes including fiber-related genes. Furthermore, CHG and CHH methylation in genic regions contributed to homoeolog expression bias in ovules and fibers. Inhibiting DNA methylation using 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine in cultured ovules has reduced fiber cell number and length, suggesting a potential role for DNA methylation in fiber development. Thus, RdDM-dependent methylation in promoters and RdDM-independent methylation in TEs and nearby genes could act as a double-lock feedback mechanism to mediate gene and TE expression, potentiating the transition from epidermal to fiber cells during ovule and seed development. Cotton is the world’s largest source of renewable textile fiber and is an allotetraploid crop consisting of two progenitor genomes. In plants, de novo CHH (H = A, T, or C) methylation depends on RNA-directed DNA methylation (RdDM) and CHROMOMETHYLASE2 (CMT2)-mediated pathways. The biological significance of the two pathways is largely unknown. Here we show dynamic roles of these two pathways in ovule and fiber development. RdDM-dependent CHH methylation is linked to gene activation in ovules, and additional CMT2-dependent methylation leads to silencing of transposons and nearby genes in fibers. Moreover, DNA methylation affects expression bias of homoeologous genes and fiber development. These findings provide novel insights into epigenetic regulation of organ development and polyploid evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingxin Song
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Center for Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, United States of America
| | - Xueying Guan
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Center for Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, United States of America
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Z. Jeffrey Chen
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Center for Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, United States of America
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- * E-mail:
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Yan F, Hu G, Ren Z, Deng W, Li Z. Ectopic expression a tomato KNOX Gene Tkn4 affects the formation and the differentiation of meristems and vasculature. Plant Mol Biol 2015; 89:589-605. [PMID: 26456092 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-015-0387-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2015] [Accepted: 09/26/2015] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The KNOTTED-LIKE HOMEODOMAIN genes are involved in maintenance of the shoot apical meristem which produces the whole above-ground body of vascular plants. In this report, a tomato homolog gene, named as Tkn4 (a nucleus targeted transcription factor) was identified and characterized. By performing RT-PCR, the transcript level of Tkn4 was separately found in stem, root, stamen, stigma, fruit and sepal but hardly visible in the leaf. Besides, Tkn4 was induced by a series of plant hormones. Overexpression of Tkn4 gene in tomato resulted in dwarf phenotype and strongly repressed the formation of shoot apical meristem, lateral meristem and cambiums in transgenic lines. The transgenic lines had wrinkled leaves and anatomic analysis showed that there was no obvious palisade tissues in the leaves and the layer of cells changed in vascular tissue (xylem and phloem). To explore the regulation network of Tkn4, RNA-sequencing was performed in overexpression lines and wild type plants, by which many genes related to the synthesis and the signal transduction of cytokinin, auxin, gibberellin, ethylene, abscisic acid, and tracheary element differentiation or extracellular matrix synthesis were significantly regulated. Taken together, our results demonstrate that Tkn4 plays important roles in regulating the biosynthesis and signal transduction of diverse plant hormones, and the formation and differentiation of meristems and vasculature in tomato.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Yan
- Genetic Engineering Research Center, School of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory of Functional Gene and Regulation Technologies under Chongqing Municipal Education Commission, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, People's Republic of China
| | - Guojian Hu
- Genetic Engineering Research Center, School of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory of Functional Gene and Regulation Technologies under Chongqing Municipal Education Commission, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenxin Ren
- Genetic Engineering Research Center, School of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory of Functional Gene and Regulation Technologies under Chongqing Municipal Education Commission, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Deng
- Genetic Engineering Research Center, School of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory of Functional Gene and Regulation Technologies under Chongqing Municipal Education Commission, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, People's Republic of China.
| | - Zhengguo Li
- Genetic Engineering Research Center, School of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory of Functional Gene and Regulation Technologies under Chongqing Municipal Education Commission, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, People's Republic of China.
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Chen G, Hu Q, Luo L, Yang T, Zhang S, Hu Y, Yu L, Xu G. Rice potassium transporter OsHAK1 is essential for maintaining potassium-mediated growth and functions in salt tolerance over low and high potassium concentration ranges. Plant Cell Environ 2015; 38:2747-65. [PMID: 26046301 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2015] [Revised: 05/16/2015] [Accepted: 06/01/2015] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Potassium (K) absorption and translocation in plants rely upon multiple K transporters for adapting varied K supply and saline conditions. Here, we report the expression patterns and physiological roles of OsHAK1, a member belonging to the KT/KUP/HAK gene family in rice (Oryza sativa L.). The expression of OsHAK1 is up-regulated by K deficiency or salt stress in various tissues, particularly in the root and shoot apical meristem, the epidermises and steles of root, and vascular bundles of shoot. Both oshak1 knockout mutants in comparison to their respective Dongjin or Manan wild types showed a dramatic reduction in K concentration and stunted root and shoot growth. Knockout of OsHAK1 reduced the K absorption rate of unit root surface area by ∼50-55 and ∼30%, and total K uptake by ∼80 and ∼65% at 0.05-0.1 and 1 mm K supply level, respectively. The root net high-affinity K uptake of oshak1 mutants was sensitive to salt stress but not to ammonium supply. Overexpression of OsHAK1 in rice increased K uptake and K/Na ratio. The positive relationship between K concentration and shoot biomass in the mutants suggests that OsHAK1 plays an essential role in K-mediated rice growth and salt tolerance over low and high K concentration ranges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, MOA Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and Fertilization in Lower-Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Qingdi Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, MOA Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and Fertilization in Lower-Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Le Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, MOA Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and Fertilization in Lower-Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Tianyuan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, MOA Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and Fertilization in Lower-Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Song Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, MOA Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and Fertilization in Lower-Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Yibing Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, MOA Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and Fertilization in Lower-Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Ling Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, MOA Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and Fertilization in Lower-Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Guohua Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, MOA Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and Fertilization in Lower-Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
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Caringella MA, Bongers FJ, Sack L. Leaf hydraulic conductance varies with vein anatomy across Arabidopsis thaliana wild-type and leaf vein mutants. Plant Cell Environ 2015; 38:2735-46. [PMID: 26047314 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2014] [Revised: 05/28/2015] [Accepted: 05/30/2015] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Leaf venation is diverse across plant species and has practical applications from paleobotany to modern agriculture. However, the impact of vein traits on plant performance has not yet been tested in a model system such as Arabidopsis thaliana. Previous studies analysed cotyledons of A. thaliana vein mutants and identified visible differences in their vein systems from the wild type (WT). We measured leaf hydraulic conductance (Kleaf ), vein traits, and xylem and mesophyll anatomy for A. thaliana WT (Col-0) and four vein mutants (dot3-111 and dot3-134, and cvp1-3 and cvp2-1). Mutant true leaves did not possess the qualitative venation anomalies previously shown in the cotyledons, but varied quantitatively in vein traits and leaf anatomy across genotypes. The WT had significantly higher mean Kleaf . Across all genotypes, there was a strong correlation of Kleaf with traits related to hydraulic conductance across the bundle sheath, as influenced by the number and radial diameter of bundle sheath cells and vein length per area. These findings support the hypothesis that vein traits influence Kleaf , indicating the usefulness of this mutant system for testing theory that was primarily established comparatively across species, and supports a strong role for the bundle sheath in influencing Kleaf .
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Affiliation(s)
- Marissa A Caringella
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Franca J Bongers
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- Plant Ecophysiology, Institute for Environmental Biology, Utrecht University, 3584 CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Centre for Crop Systems Analysis, Wageningen University, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Lawren Sack
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
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Casu RE, Rae AL, Nielsen JM, Perroux JM, Bonnett GD, Manners JM. Tissue-specific transcriptome analysis within the maturing sugarcane stalk reveals spatial regulation in the expression of cellulose synthase and sucrose transporter gene families. Plant Mol Biol 2015; 89:607-28. [PMID: 26456093 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-015-0388-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2015] [Accepted: 09/29/2015] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Sugarcane (Saccharum spp. hybrids) accumulates high concentrations of sucrose in its mature stalk and a considerable portion of carbohydrate metabolism is also devoted to cell wall synthesis and fibre production. We examined tissue-specific expression patterns to explore the spatial deployment of pathways responsible for sucrose accumulation and fibre synthesis within the stalk. We performed expression profiling of storage parenchyma, vascular bundles and rind dissected from a maturing stalk internode of sugarcane, identifying ten cellulose synthase subunit genes and examining significant differences in the expression of their corresponding transcripts and those of several sugar transporters. These were correlated with differential expression patterns for transcripts of genes encoding COBRA-like proteins and other cell wall metabolism-related proteins. The sugar transporters genes ShPST2a, ShPST2b and ShSUT4 were significantly up-regulated in storage parenchyma while ShSUT1 was up-regulated in vascular bundles. Two co-ordinately expressed groups of cell wall related transcripts were also identified. One group, associated with primary cell wall synthesis (ShCesA1, ShCesA7, ShCesA9 and Shbk2l3), was up-regulated in parenchyma. The other group, associated with secondary cell wall synthesis (ShCesA10, ShCesA11, ShCesA12 and Shbk-2), was up-regulated in rind. In transformed sugarcane plants, the ShCesA7 promoter conferred stable expression of green fluorescent protein preferentially in the storage parenchyma of the maturing stalk internode. Our results indicate that there is spatial separation for elevated expression of these important targets in both sucrose accumulation and cell wall synthesis, allowing for increased clarity in our understanding of sucrose transport and fibre synthesis in sugarcane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosanne E Casu
- CSIRO Agriculture, Queensland Bioscience Precinct, 306 Carmody Rd, St Lucia, QLD, 4067, Australia.
| | - Anne L Rae
- CSIRO Agriculture, Queensland Bioscience Precinct, 306 Carmody Rd, St Lucia, QLD, 4067, Australia
| | - Janine M Nielsen
- CSIRO Agriculture, Queensland Bioscience Precinct, 306 Carmody Rd, St Lucia, QLD, 4067, Australia
| | - Jai M Perroux
- CSIRO Agriculture, Queensland Bioscience Precinct, 306 Carmody Rd, St Lucia, QLD, 4067, Australia
| | - Graham D Bonnett
- CSIRO Agriculture, Queensland Bioscience Precinct, 306 Carmody Rd, St Lucia, QLD, 4067, Australia
| | - John M Manners
- CSIRO Agriculture, Queensland Bioscience Precinct, 306 Carmody Rd, St Lucia, QLD, 4067, Australia
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Zhao Y, Lin S, Qiu Z, Cao D, Wen J, Deng X, Wang X, Lin J, Li X. MicroRNA857 Is Involved in the Regulation of Secondary Growth of Vascular Tissues in Arabidopsis. Plant Physiol 2015; 169:2539-52. [PMID: 26511915 PMCID: PMC4677895 DOI: 10.1104/pp.15.01011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2015] [Accepted: 10/27/2015] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are endogenous small RNAs that repress target gene expression posttranscriptionally, and are critically involved in various developmental processes and responses to environmental stresses in eukaryotes. MiRNA857 is not widely distributed in plants and is encoded by a single gene, AtMIR857, in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). The functions of miR857 and its mechanisms in regulating plant growth and development are still unclear. Here, by means of genetic analysis coupled with cytological studies, we investigated the expression pattern and regulation mechanism of miR857 and its biological functions in Arabidopsis development. We found that miR857 regulates its target gene, Arabidopsis LACCASE7, at the transcriptional level, thereby reducing laccase activity. Using stimulated Raman scattering and x-ray microtomography three-dimensional analyses, we showed that miR857 was involved in the regulation of lignin content and consequently morphogenesis of the secondary xylem. In addition, miR857 was activated by SQUAMOSA PROMOTER BINDING PROTEIN-LIKE7 in response to low copper conditions. Collectively, these findings demonstrate the role of miR857 in the regulation of secondary growth of vascular tissues in Arabidopsis and reveal a unique control mechanism for secondary growth based on the miR857 expression in response to copper deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Zhao
- Key Laboratory for Genetics and Breeding of Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants of Ministry of Education, National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology (Y.Z., D.C., J.L., X.L.), and Beijing Key Laboratory of Lignocellulosic Chemistry (J.W.), Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China;Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China (S.L., Z.Q., X.D., X.W.); andUniversity of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China (S.L.)
| | - Sen Lin
- Key Laboratory for Genetics and Breeding of Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants of Ministry of Education, National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology (Y.Z., D.C., J.L., X.L.), and Beijing Key Laboratory of Lignocellulosic Chemistry (J.W.), Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China;Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China (S.L., Z.Q., X.D., X.W.); andUniversity of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China (S.L.)
| | - Zongbo Qiu
- Key Laboratory for Genetics and Breeding of Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants of Ministry of Education, National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology (Y.Z., D.C., J.L., X.L.), and Beijing Key Laboratory of Lignocellulosic Chemistry (J.W.), Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China;Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China (S.L., Z.Q., X.D., X.W.); andUniversity of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China (S.L.)
| | - Dechang Cao
- Key Laboratory for Genetics and Breeding of Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants of Ministry of Education, National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology (Y.Z., D.C., J.L., X.L.), and Beijing Key Laboratory of Lignocellulosic Chemistry (J.W.), Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China;Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China (S.L., Z.Q., X.D., X.W.); andUniversity of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China (S.L.)
| | - Jialong Wen
- Key Laboratory for Genetics and Breeding of Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants of Ministry of Education, National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology (Y.Z., D.C., J.L., X.L.), and Beijing Key Laboratory of Lignocellulosic Chemistry (J.W.), Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China;Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China (S.L., Z.Q., X.D., X.W.); andUniversity of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China (S.L.)
| | - Xin Deng
- Key Laboratory for Genetics and Breeding of Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants of Ministry of Education, National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology (Y.Z., D.C., J.L., X.L.), and Beijing Key Laboratory of Lignocellulosic Chemistry (J.W.), Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China;Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China (S.L., Z.Q., X.D., X.W.); andUniversity of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China (S.L.)
| | - Xiaohua Wang
- Key Laboratory for Genetics and Breeding of Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants of Ministry of Education, National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology (Y.Z., D.C., J.L., X.L.), and Beijing Key Laboratory of Lignocellulosic Chemistry (J.W.), Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China;Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China (S.L., Z.Q., X.D., X.W.); andUniversity of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China (S.L.)
| | - Jinxing Lin
- Key Laboratory for Genetics and Breeding of Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants of Ministry of Education, National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology (Y.Z., D.C., J.L., X.L.), and Beijing Key Laboratory of Lignocellulosic Chemistry (J.W.), Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China;Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China (S.L., Z.Q., X.D., X.W.); andUniversity of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China (S.L.)
| | - Xiaojuan Li
- Key Laboratory for Genetics and Breeding of Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants of Ministry of Education, National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology (Y.Z., D.C., J.L., X.L.), and Beijing Key Laboratory of Lignocellulosic Chemistry (J.W.), Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China;Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China (S.L., Z.Q., X.D., X.W.); andUniversity of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China (S.L.)
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Long Y, Goedhart J, Schneijderberg M, Terpstra I, Shimotohno A, Bouchet BP, Akhmanova A, Gadella TWJ, Heidstra R, Scheres B, Blilou I. SCARECROW-LIKE23 and SCARECROW jointly specify endodermal cell fate but distinctly control SHORT-ROOT movement. Plant J 2015; 84:773-84. [PMID: 26415082 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2015] [Revised: 09/15/2015] [Accepted: 09/18/2015] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Intercellular signaling through trafficking of regulatory proteins is a widespread phenomenon in plants and can deliver positional information for the determination of cell fate. In the Arabidopsis root meristem, the cell fate determinant SHORT-ROOT (SHR), a GRAS domain transcription factor, acts as a signaling molecule from the stele to the adjacent layer to specify endodermal cell fate. Upon exiting the stele, SHR activates another GRAS domain transcription factor, SCARCROW (SCR), which, together with several BIRD/INDETERMINATE DOMAIN proteins, restricts movement of SHR to define a single cell layer of endodermis. Here we report that endodermal cell fate also requires the joint activity of both SCR and its closest homologue SCARECROW-LIKE23 (SCL23). We show that SCL23 protein moves with zonation-dependent directionality. Within the meristem, SCL23 exhibits short-ranged movement from ground tissue to vasculature. Away from the meristem, SCL23 displays long-range rootward movement into meristematic vasculature and a bidirectional radial spread, respectively. As a known target of SHR and SCR, SCL23 also interacts with SCR and SHR and can restrict intercellular outspread of SHR without relying on nuclear retention as SCR does. Collectively, our data show that SCL23 is a mobile protein that controls movement of SHR and acts redundantly with SCR to specify endodermal fate in the root meristem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuchen Long
- Plant Developmental Biology, Plant Sciences, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, Wageningen, 6708PB, the Netherlands
- Molecular Genetics, Department Biology, Padualaan 8, Utrecht, 3581CH, the Netherlands
| | - Joachim Goedhart
- Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, Section of Molecular Cytology, van Leeuwenhoek Centre for Advanced Microscopy, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, Amsterdam, 1098 XH, the Netherlands
| | | | - Inez Terpstra
- Molecular Genetics, Department Biology, Padualaan 8, Utrecht, 3581CH, the Netherlands
| | - Akie Shimotohno
- Molecular Genetics, Department Biology, Padualaan 8, Utrecht, 3581CH, the Netherlands
| | - Benjamin P Bouchet
- Cell Biology, Department Biology, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, Utrecht, 3581CH, the Netherlands
| | - Anna Akhmanova
- Cell Biology, Department Biology, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, Utrecht, 3581CH, the Netherlands
| | - Theodorus W J Gadella
- Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, Section of Molecular Cytology, van Leeuwenhoek Centre for Advanced Microscopy, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, Amsterdam, 1098 XH, the Netherlands
| | - Renze Heidstra
- Plant Developmental Biology, Plant Sciences, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, Wageningen, 6708PB, the Netherlands
- Molecular Genetics, Department Biology, Padualaan 8, Utrecht, 3581CH, the Netherlands
| | - Ben Scheres
- Plant Developmental Biology, Plant Sciences, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, Wageningen, 6708PB, the Netherlands
- Molecular Genetics, Department Biology, Padualaan 8, Utrecht, 3581CH, the Netherlands
| | - Ikram Blilou
- Plant Developmental Biology, Plant Sciences, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, Wageningen, 6708PB, the Netherlands
- Molecular Genetics, Department Biology, Padualaan 8, Utrecht, 3581CH, the Netherlands
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Chiron H, Wilmer J, Lucas MO, Nesi N, Delseny M, Devic M, Roscoe TJ. Regulation of FATTY ACID ELONGATION1 expression in embryonic and vascular tissues of Brassica napus. Plant Mol Biol 2015; 88:65-83. [PMID: 25795129 PMCID: PMC4408364 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-015-0309-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2014] [Accepted: 03/13/2015] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The expression of the FATTY ACID ELONGATION1 genes was characterised to provide insight into the regulation of very long chain fatty acid (VLCFA) biosynthesis in Brassica napus embryos. Each of the two rapeseed homoeologous genes (Bn-FAE1.1 and Bn-FAE1.2) encoding isozymes of 3-keto-acylCoA synthase, a subunit of the cytoplasmic acyl-CoA elongase complex that controls the production of elongated fatty acids, are expressed predominantly in developing seeds. The proximal regions of the Bn-FAE1.1 and Bn-FAE1.2 promoters possess strong sequence identity suggesting that transcriptional control of expression is mediated by this region which contains putative cis-elements characteristic of those found in the promoters of genes expressed in embryo and endosperm. Histochemical staining of rapeseed lines expressing Bn-FAE1.1 promoter:reporter gene fusions revealed a strong expression in the embryo cotyledon and axis throughout the maturation phase. Quantitative analyses revealed the region, -331 to -149, exerts a major control on cotyledon specific expression and the level of expression. A second region, -640 to -475, acts positively to enhance expression levels and extends expression of Bn-FAE1.1 into the axis and hypocotyl but also acts negatively to repress expression in the root meristem. The expression of the Bn-FAE1.1 gene was not restricted to the seed but was also detected in the vascular tissues of germinating seedlings and mature plants in the fascicular cambium tissue present in roots, stem and leaf petiole. We propose that Bn-FAE1.1 expression in vascular tissue may contribute VLCFA for barrier lipid synthesis and reflects the ancestral function of FAE1 encoded 3-keto-acylCoA synthase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hélène Chiron
- Laboratoire Genome et Developpement des Plantes, CNRS-UP UMR5096, Université de Perpignan, 52 Avenue Paul Alduy, 66860 Perpignan, France
| | - Jeroen Wilmer
- BIOGEMMA, Chappes Research Centre, Route d’Ennezat, 63720 Chappes, France
| | - Marie-Odile Lucas
- UMR1349 INRA-Agrocampus Ouest-Université de Rennes, Institut de Génétique, Environnement et Protection des Plantes, BP 35327, 35653 Le Rheu Cedex, France
| | - Nathalie Nesi
- UMR1349 INRA-Agrocampus Ouest-Université de Rennes, Institut de Génétique, Environnement et Protection des Plantes, BP 35327, 35653 Le Rheu Cedex, France
| | - Michel Delseny
- Laboratoire Genome et Developpement des Plantes, CNRS-UP UMR5096, Université de Perpignan, 52 Avenue Paul Alduy, 66860 Perpignan, France
| | - Martine Devic
- Laboratoire Genome et Developpement des Plantes, CNRS-UP UMR5096, Université de Perpignan, 52 Avenue Paul Alduy, 66860 Perpignan, France
- Present Address: CNRS ERL5300 Epigenetic Regulation and Seed Development Group, IRD UMR232 DIADE, Institute de Recherche pour le Développment, 911 Avenue Agropolis, 34032 Montpellier Cedex 1, France
| | - Thomas J. Roscoe
- Laboratoire Genome et Developpement des Plantes, CNRS-UP UMR5096, Université de Perpignan, 52 Avenue Paul Alduy, 66860 Perpignan, France
- Present Address: CNRS ERL5300 Epigenetic Regulation and Seed Development Group, IRD UMR232 DIADE, Institute de Recherche pour le Développment, 911 Avenue Agropolis, 34032 Montpellier Cedex 1, France
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Yang Z, Zhou Y, Huang J, Hu Y, Zhang E, Xie Z, Ma S, Gao Y, Song S, Xu C, Liang G. Ancient horizontal transfer of transaldolase-like protein gene and its role in plant vascular development. New Phytol 2015; 206:807-816. [PMID: 25420550 PMCID: PMC4407918 DOI: 10.1111/nph.13183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2014] [Accepted: 10/18/2014] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
A major event in land plant evolution is the origin of vascular tissues, which ensure the long-distance transport of water, nutrients and organic compounds. However, the molecular basis for the origin and evolution of plant vascular tissues remains largely unknown. Here, we investigate the evolution of the land plant TAL-type transaldolase (TAL) gene and its potential function in rice (Oryza sativa) based on phylogenetic analyses and transgenic experiments, respectively. TAL genes are only present in land plants and bacteria. Phylogenetic analyses suggest that land plant TAL genes are derived from Actinobacteria through an ancient horizontal gene transfer (HGT) event. Further evidence reveals that land plant TAL genes have undergone positive selection and gained several introns following its acquisition by the most recent common ancestor of land plants. Transgenic plant experiments show that rice TAL is specifically expressed in vascular tissues and that knockdown of TAL expression leads to changes in both the number and pattern of vascular bundles. Our findings show that the ancient HGT of TAL from bacteria probably plays an important role in plant vascular development and adaptation to land environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zefeng Yang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology/Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou UniversityYangzhou, 225009, China
- Department of Biology, East Carolina UniversityGreenville, NC, 27858, USA
| | - Yong Zhou
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology/Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou UniversityYangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Jinling Huang
- Department of Biology, East Carolina UniversityGreenville, NC, 27858, USA
| | - Yunyun Hu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology/Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou UniversityYangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Enying Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology/Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou UniversityYangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Zhengwen Xie
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology/Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou UniversityYangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Sijia Ma
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology/Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou UniversityYangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Yun Gao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology/Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou UniversityYangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Song Song
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology/Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou UniversityYangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Chenwu Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology/Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou UniversityYangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Guohua Liang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology/Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou UniversityYangzhou, 225009, China
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Klug K, Hogekamp C, Specht A, Myint SS, Blöink D, Küster H, Horst WJ. Spatial gene expression analysis in tomato hypocotyls suggests cysteine as key precursor of vascular sulfur accumulation implicated in Verticillium dahliae defense. Physiol Plant 2015; 153:253-268. [PMID: 24930426 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.12239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2014] [Revised: 05/09/2014] [Accepted: 05/12/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Verticillium dahliae is a prominent generator of plant vascular wilting disease and sulfur (S)-enhanced defense (SED) mechanisms contribute to its in-planta elimination. The accumulation of S-containing defense compounds (SDCs) including elemental S (S(0) ) has been described based on the comparison of two near-isogenic tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) lines differing in fungal susceptibility. To better understand the effect of S nutrition on V. dahliae resistance both lines were supplied with low, optimal or supraoptimal sulfate-S. An absolute quantification demonstrated a most effective fungal elimination due to luxury plant S nutrition. High-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) showed a strong regulation of Cys levels and an S-responsive GSH pool rise in the bulk hypocotyl. High-frequency S peak accumulations were detected in vascular bundles of resistant tomato plants after fungal colonization by laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS). Global transcriptomic analysis suggested that early steps of the primary S metabolism did not promote the SDCs synthesis in the whole hypocotyl as gene expression was downregulated after infection. Enhanced S fertilization mostly alleviated the repressive fungal effect but did not reverse it. Upregulation of glutathione (GSH)-associated genes in bulk hypocotyls but not in vascular bundles indicated a global antioxidative role of GSH. To finally assign the contribution of S metabolism-associated genes to high S(0) accumulations exclusively found in the resistant tomato line, a spatial gene expression approach was applied. Laser microdissection of infected vascular bundles revealed a switch toward transcription of genes connected with cysteine (Cys) synthesis. The upregulation of LeOASTLp1 suggests a role for Cys as key precursor for local S accumulations (possibly S(0) ) in the vascular bundles of the V. dahliae-resistant tomato line.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Klug
- Institute of Plant Nutrition, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Herrenhäuserstraße 2, 30419, Hannover, Germany
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Fourquin C, Primo A, Martínez-Fernández I, Huet-Trujillo E, Ferrándiz C. The CRC orthologue from Pisum sativum shows conserved functions in carpel morphogenesis and vascular development. Ann Bot 2014; 114:1535-44. [PMID: 24989787 PMCID: PMC4204785 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcu129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2014] [Accepted: 05/12/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS CRABS CLAW (CRC) is a member of the YABBY family of transcription factors involved in carpel morphogenesis, floral determinacy and nectary specification in arabidopsis. CRC orthologues have been functionally characterized across angiosperms, revealing additional roles in leaf vascular development and carpel identity specification in Poaceae. These studies support an ancestral role of CRC orthologues in carpel development, while roles in vascular development and nectary specification appear to be derived. This study aimed to expand research on CRC functional conservation to the legume family in order to better understand the evolutionary history of CRC orthologues in angiosperms. METHODS CRC orthologues from Pisum sativum and Medicago truncatula were identified. RNA in situ hybridization experiments determined the corresponding expression patterns throughout flower development. The phenotypic effects of reduced CRC activity were investigated in P. sativum using virus-induced gene silencing. KEY RESULTS CRC orthologues from P. sativum and M. truncatula showed similar expression patterns, mainly restricted to carpels and nectaries. However, these expression patterns differed from those of other core eudicots, most importantly in a lack of abaxial expression in the carpel and in atypical expression associated with the medial vein of the ovary. CRC downregulation in pea caused defects in carpel fusion and style/stigma development, both typically associated with CRC function in eudicots, but also affected vascular development in the carpel. CONCLUSIONS The data support the conserved roles of CRC orthologues in carpel fusion, style/stigma development and nectary development. In addition, an intriguing new aspect of CRC function in legumes was the unexpected role in vascular development, which could be shared by other species from widely diverged clades within the angiosperms, suggesting that this role could be ancestral rather than derived, as so far generally accepted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chloé Fourquin
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, Avenida de los Naranjos s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Amparo Primo
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, Avenida de los Naranjos s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Irene Martínez-Fernández
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, Avenida de los Naranjos s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Estefanía Huet-Trujillo
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, Avenida de los Naranjos s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Cristina Ferrándiz
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, Avenida de los Naranjos s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain
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Shirakawa M, Ueda H, Shimada T, Kohchi T, Hara-Nishimura I. Myrosin cell development is regulated by endocytosis machinery and PIN1 polarity in leaf primordia of Arabidopsis thaliana. Plant Cell 2014; 26:4448-61. [PMID: 25428982 PMCID: PMC4277224 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.114.131441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Myrosin cells, which accumulate myrosinase to produce toxic compounds when they are ruptured by herbivores, form specifically along leaf veins in Arabidopsis thaliana. However, the mechanism underlying this pattern formation is unknown. Here, we show that myrosin cell development requires the endocytosis-mediated polar localization of the auxin-efflux carrier PIN1 in leaf primordia. Defects in the endocytic/vacuolar SNAREs (syp22 and syp22 vti11) enhanced myrosin cell development. The syp22 phenotype was rescued by expressing SYP22 under the control of the PIN1 promoter. Additionally, myrosin cell development was enhanced either by lacking the activator of endocytic/vacuolar RAB5 GTPase (VPS9A) or by PIN1 promoter-driven expression of a dominant-negative form of RAB5 GTPase (ARA7). By contrast, myrosin cell development was not affected by deficiencies of vacuolar trafficking factors, including the vacuolar sorting receptor VSR1 and the retromer components VPS29 and VPS35, suggesting that endocytic pathway rather than vacuolar trafficking pathway is important for myrosin cell development. The phosphomimic PIN1 variant (PIN1-Asp), which is unable to be polarized, caused myrosin cells to form not only along leaf vein but also in the intervein leaf area. We propose that Brassicales plants might arrange myrosin cells near vascular cells in order to protect the flux of nutrients and water via polar PIN1 localization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Shirakawa
- Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Haruko Ueda
- Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Tomoo Shimada
- Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Takayuki Kohchi
- Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
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Chao N, Liu SX, Liu BM, Li N, Jiang XN, Gai Y. Molecular cloning and functional analysis of nine cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase family members in Populus tomentosa. Planta 2014; 240:1097-112. [PMID: 25096165 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-014-2128-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2014] [Accepted: 07/13/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Nine CAD/CAD-like genes in P. tomentosa were classified into four classes based on expression patterns, phylogenetic analysis and biochemical properties with modification for the previous claim of SAD. Cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase (CAD) functions in monolignol biosynthesis and plays a critical role in wood development and defense. In this study, we isolated and cloned nine CAD/CAD-like genes in the Populus tomentosa genome. We investigated differential expression using microarray chips and found that PtoCAD1 was highly expressed in bud, root and vascular tissues (xylem and phloem) with the greatest expression in the root. Differential expression in tissues was demonstrated for PtoCAD3, PtoCAD6 and PtoCAD9. Biochemical analysis of purified PtoCADs in vitro indicated PtoCAD1, PtoCAD2 and PtoCAD8 had detectable activity against both coniferaldehyde and sinapaldehyde. PtoCAD1 used both substrates with high efficiency. PtoCAD2 showed no specific requirement for sinapaldehyde in spite of its high identity with so-called PtrSAD (sinapyl alcohol dehydrogenase). In addition, the enzymatic activity of PtoCAD1 and PtoCAD2 was affected by temperature. We classified these nine CAD/CAD-like genes into four classes: class I included PtoCAD1, which was a bone fide CAD with the highest activity; class II included PtoCAD2, -5, -7, -8, which might function in monolignol biosynthesis and defense; class III genes included PtoCAD3, -6, -9, which have a distinct expression pattern; class IV included PtoCAD12, which has a distinct structure. These data suggest divergence of the PtoCADs and its homologs, related to their functions. We propose genes in class II are a subset of CAD genes that evolved before angiosperms appeared. These results suggest CAD/CAD-like genes in classes I and II play a role in monolignol biosynthesis and contribute to our knowledge of lignin biosynthesis in P. tomentosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Chao
- College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, No 35, Qinghua East Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100083, People's Republic of China
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Abstract
Jasmonates are lipid mediators that control defence gene expression in response to wounding and other environmental stresses. These small molecules can accumulate at distances up to several cm from sites of damage and this is likely to involve cell-to-cell jasmonate transport.Also, and independently of jasmonate synthesis, transport and perception, different long distance wound signals that stimulate distal jasmonate synthesis are propagated at apparent speeds of several cm min–1 to tissues distal to wounds in a mechanism that involves clade 3 GLUTAMATE RECEPTOR-LIKE (GLR) genes. A search for jasmonate synthesis enzymes that might decode these signals revealed LOX6, a lipoxygenase that is necessary for much of the rapid accumulation of jasmonic acid at sites distal to wounds. Intriguingly, the LOX6 promoter is expressed in a distinct niche of cells that are adjacent to mature xylem vessels,a location that would make these contact cells sensitive to the release of xylem water column tension upon wounding. We propose a model in which rapid axial changes in xylem hydrostatic pressure caused by wounding travel through the vasculature and lead to slower,radially dispersed pressure changes that act in a clade 3 GLR-dependent mechanism to promote distal jasmonate synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward E Farmer
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
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Li M, Sack FD. Myrosin idioblast cell fate and development are regulated by the Arabidopsis transcription factor FAMA, the auxin pathway, and vesicular trafficking. Plant Cell 2014; 26:4053-66. [PMID: 25304201 PMCID: PMC4247575 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.114.129726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2014] [Revised: 08/27/2014] [Accepted: 09/23/2014] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Crucifer shoots harbor a glucosinolate-myrosinase system that defends against insect predation. Arabidopsis thaliana myrosinase (thioglucoside glucohydrolase [TGG]) accumulates in stomata and in myrosin idioblasts (MIs). This work reports that the basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor FAMA that is key to stomatal development is also expressed in MIs. The loss of FAMA function abolishes MI fate as well as the expression of the myrosinase genes TGG1 and TGG2. MI cells have previously been reported to be located in the phloem. Instead, we found that MIs arise from the ground meristem rather than provascular tissues and thus are not homologous with phloem. Moreover, MI patterning and morphogenesis are abnormal when the function of the ARF-GEF gene GNOM is lost as well as when auxin efflux and vesicular trafficking are chemically disrupted. Stomata and MI cells constitute part of a wider system that reduces plant predation, the so-called "mustard oil bomb," in which vacuole breakage in cells harboring myrosinase and glucosinolate yields a brew toxic to many animals, especially insects. This identification of the gene that confers the fate of MIs, as well as stomata, might facilitate the development of strategies for engineering crops to mitigate predation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Li
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Fred D Sack
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver V6T 1Z4, Canada
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Shirakawa M, Ueda H, Nagano AJ, Shimada T, Kohchi T, Hara-Nishimura I. FAMA is an essential component for the differentiation of two distinct cell types, myrosin cells and guard cells, in Arabidopsis. Plant Cell 2014; 26:4039-52. [PMID: 25304202 PMCID: PMC4247577 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.114.129874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Brassicales plants, including Arabidopsis thaliana, have an ingenious two-compartment defense system, which sequesters myrosinase from the substrate glucosinolate and produces a toxic compound when cells are damaged by herbivores. Myrosinase is stored in vacuoles of idioblast myrosin cells. The molecular mechanism that regulates myrosin cell development remains elusive. Here, we identify the basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor FAMA as an essential component for myrosin cell development along Arabidopsis leaf veins. FAMA is known as a regulator of stomatal development. We detected FAMA expression in myrosin cell precursors in leaf primordia in addition to stomatal lineage cells. FAMA deficiency caused defects in myrosin cell development and in the biosynthesis of myrosinases THIOGLUCOSIDE GLUCOHYDROLASE1 (TGG1) and TGG2. Conversely, ectopic FAMA expression conferred myrosin cell characteristics to hypocotyl and root cells, both of which normally lack myrosin cells. The FAMA interactors ICE1/SCREAM and its closest paralog SCREAM2/ICE2 were essential for myrosin cell development. DNA microarray analysis identified 32 candidate genes involved in myrosin cell development under the control of FAMA. This study provides a common regulatory pathway that determines two distinct cell types in leaves: epidermal guard cells and inner-tissue myrosin cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Shirakawa
- Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Haruko Ueda
- Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Atsushi J Nagano
- Center for Ecological Research, Kyoto University, Otsu, Shiga 520-2113, Japan PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| | - Tomoo Shimada
- Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Takayuki Kohchi
- Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
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Wang CY, Zhang S, Yu Y, Luo YC, Liu Q, Ju C, Zhang YC, Qu LH, Lucas WJ, Wang X, Chen YQ. MiR397b regulates both lignin content and seed number in Arabidopsis via modulating a laccase involved in lignin biosynthesis. Plant Biotechnol J 2014; 12:1132-42. [PMID: 24975689 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.12222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2014] [Revised: 05/29/2014] [Accepted: 05/30/2014] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Plant laccase (LAC) enzymes belong to the blue copper oxidase family and polymerize monolignols into lignin. Recent studies have established the involvement of microRNAs in this process; however, physiological functions and regulation of plant laccases remain poorly understood. Here, we show that a laccase gene, LAC4, regulated by a microRNA, miR397b, controls both lignin biosynthesis and seed yield in Arabidopsis. In transgenic plants, overexpression of miR397b (OXmiR397b) reduced lignin deposition. The secondary wall thickness of vessels and the fibres was reduced in the OXmiR397b line, and both syringyl and guaiacyl subunits are decreased, leading to weakening of vascular tissues. In contrast, overexpression of miR397b-resistant laccase mRNA results in an opposite phenotype. Plants overexpressing miR397b develop more than two inflorescence shoots and have an increased silique number and silique length, resulting in higher seed numbers. In addition, enlarged seeds and more seeds are formed in these miR397b overexpression plants. The study suggests that miR397-mediated development via regulating laccase genes might be a common mechanism in flowering plants and that the modulation of laccase by miR397 may be potential for engineering plant biomass production with less lignin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong-Ying Wang
- Key Laboratory of Gene Engineering of the Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
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Cartenì F, Giannino F, Schweingruber FH, Mazzoleni S. Modelling the development and arrangement of the primary vascular structure in plants. Ann Bot 2014; 114:619-27. [PMID: 24799440 PMCID: PMC4156123 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcu074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The process of vascular development in plants results in the formation of a specific array of bundles that run throughout the plant in a characteristic spatial arrangement. Although much is known about the genes involved in the specification of procambium, phloem and xylem, the dynamic processes and interactions that define the development of the radial arrangement of such tissues remain elusive. METHODS This study presents a spatially explicit reaction-diffusion model defining a set of logical and functional rules to simulate the differentiation of procambium, phloem and xylem and their spatial patterns, starting from a homogeneous group of undifferentiated cells. KEY RESULTS Simulation results showed that the model is capable of reproducing most vascular patterns observed in plants, from primitive and simple structures made up of a single strand of vascular bundles (protostele), to more complex and evolved structures, with separated vascular bundles arranged in an ordered pattern within the plant section (e.g. eustele). CONCLUSIONS The results presented demonstrate, as a proof of concept, that a common genetic-molecular machinery can be the basis of different spatial patterns of plant vascular development. Moreover, the model has the potential to become a useful tool to test different hypotheses of genetic and molecular interactions involved in the specification of vascular tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrizio Cartenì
- Dipartimento di Agraria, University of Naples Federico II, via Università 100, 80055 Portici (Na), Italy
- For correspondence. E-mail
| | - Francesco Giannino
- Dipartimento di Agraria, University of Naples Federico II, via Università 100, 80055 Portici (Na), Italy
| | - Fritz Hans Schweingruber
- Swiss Federal Institut of Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, CH- 8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Stefano Mazzoleni
- Dipartimento di Agraria, University of Naples Federico II, via Università 100, 80055 Portici (Na), Italy
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Babayev H, Mehvaliyeva U, Aliyeva M, Feyziyev Y, Guliyev N. The study of NAD-malic enzyme in Amaranthus cruentus L. under drought. Plant Physiol Biochem 2014; 81:84-9. [PMID: 24444721 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2013.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2013] [Accepted: 12/30/2013] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Decarboxylating NAD-malate dehydrogenase (NAD-malic enzyme, NAD-ME, EC 1.1.1.39) has been investigated under a long-term drought during pre-anthesis, anthesis and seed-formation phases of ontogenesis of a NAD-ME type C4 plant Amaranthus cruentus L. using cytosol, chloroplast and mitochondrial fractions of mesophyll (M) and bundle sheath (BS) cells. We detected several molecular forms of NAD-ME with different subcellular localization patterns in the studied phases of amaranth ontogenesis. However, no enzyme activity was observed experimentally in chloroplasts of M and BS cells. In the pre-anthesis phase NAD-ME isoform with molecular weight of ∼115 kDa was found in cytosol of M and BS cells of control and drought-exposed plants. One of NAD-ME isoforms with molecular weight of 110 kDa was located in mitochondria of BS cells of control and drought-exposed plants, and a new isoform of ∼121 kDa was formed in mitochondria of BS cells under the influence of drought. After resuming watering this isoform (∼121 kDa) disappeared again. Approximately 90.6% and 9.4% of the total NAD-ME activity were localized in mitochondrial stroma and cytosol of BS cells, respectively, while in mesophyll cells 100% activity was found in cytosol fractions. The reaction catalyzed by NAD-ME follows Michaelis-Menten equation. NAD(+), l-malate and Mn(2+) activate this enzyme in mitochondria. Appearance of the ∼121 kDa isoform of NAD-ME in the mitochondrial fraction of BS cells under drought and its disappearance after resuming watering could be attributed to one of the protection functions of plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hasan Babayev
- Institute of Botany, National Academy of Sciences, 40 Patamdar Highway, AZ 1073 Baku, Azerbaijan
| | - Ulduza Mehvaliyeva
- Institute of Botany, National Academy of Sciences, 40 Patamdar Highway, AZ 1073 Baku, Azerbaijan
| | - Minakhanym Aliyeva
- Institute of Botany, National Academy of Sciences, 40 Patamdar Highway, AZ 1073 Baku, Azerbaijan
| | - Yashar Feyziyev
- Institute of Botany, National Academy of Sciences, 40 Patamdar Highway, AZ 1073 Baku, Azerbaijan.
| | - Novruz Guliyev
- Institute of Botany, National Academy of Sciences, 40 Patamdar Highway, AZ 1073 Baku, Azerbaijan
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Abstract
In this review, we examine how the specialized "Kranz" anatomy of C4 photosynthesis evolved from C3 ancestors. Kranz anatomy refers to the wreath-like structural traits that compartmentalize the biochemistry of C4 photosynthesis and enables the concentration of CO2 around Rubisco. A simplified version of Kranz anatomy is also present in the species that utilize C2 photosynthesis, where a photorespiratory glycine shuttle concentrates CO2 into an inner bundle-sheath-like compartment surrounding the vascular tissue. C2 Kranz is considered to be an intermediate stage in the evolutionary development of C4 Kranz, based on the intermediate branching position of C2 species in 14 evolutionary lineages of C4 photosynthesis. In the best-supported model of C4 evolution, Kranz anatomy in C2 species evolved from C3 ancestors with enlarged bundle sheath cells and high vein density. Four independent lineages have been identified where C3 sister species of C2 plants exhibit an increase in organelle numbers in the bundle sheath and enlarged bundle sheath cells. Notably, in all of these species, there is a pronounced shift of mitochondria to the inner bundle sheath wall, forming an incipient version of the C2 type of Kranz anatomy. This incipient version of C2 Kranz anatomy is termed proto-Kranz, and is proposed to scavenge photorespiratory CO2. By doing so, it may provide fitness benefits in hot environments, and thus represent a critical first stage of the evolution of both the C2 and C4 forms of Kranz anatomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rowan F Sage
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, The University of Toronto, 25 Willcocks Street, Toronto, On M5S3B2 Canada
| | - Roxana Khoshravesh
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, The University of Toronto, 25 Willcocks Street, Toronto, On M5S3B2 Canada
| | - Tammy L Sage
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, The University of Toronto, 25 Willcocks Street, Toronto, On M5S3B2 Canada
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