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Murgia I, Morandini P. Plant Iron Research in African Countries: Current "Hot Spots", Approaches, and Potentialities. Plants (Basel) 2023; 13:14. [PMID: 38202322 PMCID: PMC10780554 DOI: 10.3390/plants13010014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
Plant iron (Fe) nutrition and metabolism is a fascinating and challenging research topic; understanding the role of Fe in the life cycle of plants requires knowledge of Fe chemistry and biochemistry and their impact during development. Plant Fe nutritional status is dependent on several factors, including the surrounding biotic and abiotic environments, and influences crop yield and the nutritional quality of edible parts. The relevance of plant Fe research will further increase globally, particularly for Africa, which is expected to reach 2.5 billion people by 2050. The aim of this review is to provide an updated picture of plant Fe research conducted in African countries to favor its dissemination within the scientific community. Three main research hotspots have emerged, and all of them are related to the production of plants of superior quality, i.e., development of Fe-dense crops, development of varieties resilient to Fe toxicity, and alleviation of Fe deficiency, by means of Fe nanoparticles for sustainable agriculture. An intensification of research collaborations between the African research groups and plant Fe groups worldwide would be beneficial for the progression of the identified research topics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Murgia
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 10, 20133 Milan, Italy;
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Marzorati F, Rossi R, Bernardo L, Mauri P, Silvestre DD, Lauber E, Noël LD, Murgia I, Morandini P. Arabidopsis thaliana Early Foliar Proteome Response to Root Exposure to the Rhizobacterium Pseudomonas simiae WCS417. Mol Plant Microbe Interact 2023; 36:737-748. [PMID: 37470457 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-05-23-0071-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
Pseudomonas simiae WCS417 is a plant growth-promoting rhizobacterium that improves plant health and development. In this study, we investigate the early leaf responses of Arabidopsis thaliana to WCS417 exposure and the possible involvement of formate dehydrogenase (FDH) in such responses. In vitro-grown A. thaliana seedlings expressing an FDH::GUS reporter show a significant increase in FDH promoter activity in their roots and shoots after 7 days of indirect exposure (without contact) to WCS417. After root exposure to WCS417, the leaves of FDH::GUS plants grown in the soil also show an increased FDH promoter activity in hydathodes. To elucidate early foliar responses to WCS417 as well as FDH involvement, the roots of A. thaliana wild-type Col and atfdh1-5 knock-out mutant plants grown in soil were exposed to WCS417, and proteins from rosette leaves were subjected to proteomic analysis. The results reveal that chloroplasts, in particular several components of the photosystems PSI and PSII, as well as members of the glutathione S-transferase family, are among the early targets of the metabolic changes induced by WCS417. Taken together, the alterations in the foliar proteome, as observed in the atfdh1-5 mutant, especially after exposure to WCS417 and involving stress-responsive genes, suggest that FDH is a node in the early events triggered by the interactions between A. thaliana and the rhizobacterium WCS417. [Formula: see text] Copyright © 2023 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Marzorati
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Rossana Rossi
- Proteomic and Metabolomic Laboratory, Institute for Biomedical Technologies-National Research Council (ITB-CNR), Segrate, Italy
| | - Letizia Bernardo
- Proteomic and Metabolomic Laboratory, Institute for Biomedical Technologies-National Research Council (ITB-CNR), Segrate, Italy
| | - Pierluigi Mauri
- Proteomic and Metabolomic Laboratory, Institute for Biomedical Technologies-National Research Council (ITB-CNR), Segrate, Italy
| | - Dario Di Silvestre
- Proteomic and Metabolomic Laboratory, Institute for Biomedical Technologies-National Research Council (ITB-CNR), Segrate, Italy
| | - Emmanuelle Lauber
- Laboratoire des interactions plantes-microbes-environnement CNRS-INRAE, University of Toulouse, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Laurent D Noël
- Laboratoire des interactions plantes-microbes-environnement CNRS-INRAE, University of Toulouse, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Irene Murgia
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Piero Morandini
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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Casolo V, Zancani M, Pellegrini E, Filippi A, Gargiulo S, Konnerup D, Morandini P, Pedersen O. Restricted O 2 consumption in pea roots induced by hexanoic acid is linked to depletion of Krebs cycle substrates. Physiol Plant 2023; 175:e14024. [PMID: 37882315 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.14024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
Plant roots are exposed to hypoxia in waterlogged soils, and they are further challenged by specific phytotoxins produced by microorganisms in such conditions. One such toxin is hexanoic acid (HxA), which, at toxic levels, causes a strong decline in root O2 consumption. However, the mechanism underlying this process is still unknown. We treated pea (Pisum sativum L.) roots with 20 mM HxA at pH 5.0 and 6.0 for a short time (1 h) and measured leakage of key electrolytes such as metal cations, malate, citrate and nonstructural carbohydrates (NSC). After treatment, mitochondria were isolated to assess their functionality evaluated as electrical potential and O2 consumption rate. HxA treatment resulted in root tissue extrusion of K+ , malate, citrate and NSC, but only the leakage of the organic acids and NSC increased at pH 5.0, concomitantly with the inhibition of O2 consumption. The activity of mitochondria isolated from treated roots was almost unaffected, showing just a slight decrease in oxygen consumption after treatment at pH 5.0. Similar results were obtained by treating the pea roots with another organic acid with a short carbon chain, that is, butyric acid. Based on these results, we propose a model in which HxA, in its undissociated form prevalent at acidic pH, stimulates the efflux of citrate, malate and NSC, which would, in turn, cause starvation of mitochondrial respiratory substrates of the Krebs cycle and a consequent decline in O2 consumption. Cation extrusion would be a compensatory mechanism in order to restore plasma membrane potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentino Casolo
- Plant Biology Laboratory, Department of Agrifood, Environmental and Animal Sciences, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Marco Zancani
- Plant Biology Laboratory, Department of Agrifood, Environmental and Animal Sciences, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Elisa Pellegrini
- Plant Biology Laboratory, Department of Agrifood, Environmental and Animal Sciences, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
- Freshwater Biological Laboratory, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Antonio Filippi
- Plant Biology Laboratory, Department of Agrifood, Environmental and Animal Sciences, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
- Department of Medicine, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Sara Gargiulo
- Plant Biology Laboratory, Department of Agrifood, Environmental and Animal Sciences, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Dennis Konnerup
- Department of Food Science, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Piero Morandini
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy, University of Milan, Milano, Italy
| | - Ole Pedersen
- Freshwater Biological Laboratory, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
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Giaume F, Bono GA, Martignago D, Miao Y, Vicentini G, Toriba T, Wang R, Kong D, Cerise M, Chirivì D, Biancucci M, Khahani B, Morandini P, Tameling W, Martinotti M, Goretti D, Coupland G, Kater M, Brambilla V, Miki D, Kyozuka J, Fornara F. Two florigens and a florigen-like protein form a triple regulatory module at the shoot apical meristem to promote reproductive transitions in rice. Nat Plants 2023; 9:525-534. [PMID: 36973415 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-023-01383-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Many plant species monitor and respond to changes in day length (photoperiod) for aligning reproduction with a favourable season. Day length is measured in leaves and, when appropriate, leads to the production of floral stimuli called florigens that are transmitted to the shoot apical meristem to initiate inflorescence development1. Rice possesses two florigens encoded by HEADING DATE 3a (Hd3a) and RICE FLOWERING LOCUS T 1 (RFT1)2. Here we show that the arrival of Hd3a and RFT1 at the shoot apical meristem activates FLOWERING LOCUS T-LIKE 1 (FT-L1), encoding a florigen-like protein that shows features partially differentiating it from typical florigens. FT-L1 potentiates the effects of Hd3a and RFT1 during the conversion of the vegetative meristem into an inflorescence meristem and organizes panicle branching by imposing increasing determinacy to distal meristems. A module comprising Hd3a, RFT1 and FT-L1 thus enables the initiation and balanced progression of panicle development towards determinacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Giaume
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences-Production, Territory, Agroenergy, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Giulia Ave Bono
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Yiling Miao
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Giulio Vicentini
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences-Production, Territory, Agroenergy, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Taiyo Toriba
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Rui Wang
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, Center of Excellence for Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Dali Kong
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, Center of Excellence for Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Martina Cerise
- Department of Plant Developmental Biology, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany
| | - Daniele Chirivì
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Marco Biancucci
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Bahman Khahani
- Plant Biology Graduate Program, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Piero Morandini
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | | | | | - Daniela Goretti
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - George Coupland
- Department of Plant Developmental Biology, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany
| | - Martin Kater
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Vittoria Brambilla
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences-Production, Territory, Agroenergy, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Daisuke Miki
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, Center of Excellence for Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Junko Kyozuka
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Fabio Fornara
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.
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Murgia I, Midali A, Cimini S, De Gara L, Manasherova E, Cohen H, Paucelle A, Morandini P. The Arabidopsis thaliana Gulono-1,4 γ-lactone oxidase 2 (GULLO2) facilitates iron transport from endosperm into developing embryos and affects seed coat suberization. Plant Physiol Biochem 2023; 196:712-723. [PMID: 36809732 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2023.01.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Plants synthesize ascorbate (ASC) via the D-mannose/L-galactose pathway whereas animals produce ASC and H2O2via the UDP-glucose pathway, with Gulono-1,4 γ-lactone oxidases (GULLO) as the last step. A. thaliana has seven isoforms, GULLO1-7; previous in silico analysis suggested that GULLO2, mostly expressed in developing seeds, might be involved in iron (Fe) nutrition. We isolated atgullo2-1 and atgullo2-2 mutants, quantified ASC and H2O2 in developing siliques, Fe(III) reduction in immature embryos and seed coats. Surfaces of mature seed coats were analysed via atomic force and electron microscopies; suberin monomer and elemental compositions of mature seeds, including Fe, were profiled via chromatography and inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry. Lower levels of ASC and H2O2 in atgullo2 immature siliques are accompanied by an impaired Fe(III) reduction in seed coats and lower Fe content in embryos and seeds; atgullo2 seeds displayed reduced permeability and higher levels of C18:2 and C18:3 ω-hydroxyacids, the two predominant suberin monomers in A. thaliana seeds. We propose that GULLO2 contributes to ASC synthesis, for Fe(III) reduction into Fe(II). This step is critical for Fe transport from endosperm into developing embryos. We also show that alterations in GULLO2 activity affect suberin biosynthesis and accumulation in the seed coat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Murgia
- Environmental Science and Policy Dept., University of Milano, via Celoria 26, 20133, Milano, Italy.
| | - Alessia Midali
- Environmental Science and Policy Dept., University of Milano, via Celoria 26, 20133, Milano, Italy
| | - Sara Cimini
- Department of Science and Technology for Humans and the Environment, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, via Alvaro del Portillo 21, 00128, Roma, Italy
| | - Laura De Gara
- Department of Science and Technology for Humans and the Environment, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, via Alvaro del Portillo 21, 00128, Roma, Italy
| | - Ekaterina Manasherova
- Department of Vegetable and Field Crops, Institute of Plant Sciences ARO, Volcani Center, 68 HaMaccabim Rd., Rishon LeZion, 7505101, Israel
| | - Hagai Cohen
- Department of Vegetable and Field Crops, Institute of Plant Sciences ARO, Volcani Center, 68 HaMaccabim Rd., Rishon LeZion, 7505101, Israel
| | - Alexis Paucelle
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRA Centre de Versailles-Grignon, 78026, Versailles, Route de Saint-Cyr Cedex, France
| | - Piero Morandini
- Environmental Science and Policy Dept., University of Milano, via Celoria 26, 20133, Milano, Italy
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Murgia I, Marzorati F, Vigani G, Morandini P. Plant iron nutrition: the long road from soil to seeds. J Exp Bot 2022; 73:1809-1824. [PMID: 34864996 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erab531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Iron (Fe) is an essential plant micronutrient since many cellular processes including photosynthesis, respiration, and the scavenging of reactive oxygen species depend on adequate Fe levels; however, non-complexed Fe ions can be dangerous for cells, as they can act as pro-oxidants. Hence, plants possess a complex homeostatic control system for safely taking up Fe from the soil and transporting it to its various cellular destinations, and for its subcellular compartmentalization. At the end of the plant's life cycle, maturing seeds are loaded with the required amount of Fe needed for germination and early seedling establishment. In this review, we discuss recent findings on how the microbiota in the rhizosphere influence and interact with the strategies adopted by plants to take up iron from the soil. We also focus on the process of seed-loading with Fe, and for crop species we also consider its associated metabolism in wild relatives. These two aspects of plant Fe nutrition may provide promising avenues for a better comprehension of the long pathway of Fe from soil to seeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Murgia
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Francesca Marzorati
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy, University of Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Gianpiero Vigani
- Plant Physiology Unit, Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Piero Morandini
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy, University of Milano, Milano, Italy
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Marzorati F, Wang C, Pavesi G, Mizzi L, Morandini P. Cleaning the Medicago Microarray Database to Improve Gene Function Analysis. Plants (Basel) 2021; 10:plants10061240. [PMID: 34207216 PMCID: PMC8234645 DOI: 10.3390/plants10061240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Transcriptomics studies have been facilitated by the development of microarray and RNA-Seq technologies, with thousands of expression datasets available for many species. However, the quality of data can be highly variable, making the combined analysis of different datasets difficult and unreliable. Most of the microarray data for Medicago truncatula, the barrel medic, have been stored and made publicly accessible on the web database Medicago truncatula Gene Expression atlas (MtGEA). The aim of this work is to ameliorate the quality of the MtGEA database through a general method based on logical and statistical relationships among parameters and conditions. The initial 716 columns available in the dataset were reduced to 607 by evaluating the quality of data through the sum of the expression levels over the entire transcriptome probes and Pearson correlation among hybridizations. The reduced dataset shows great improvements in the consistency of the data, with a reduction in both false positives and false negatives resulting from Pearson correlation and GO enrichment analysis among genes. The approach we used is of general validity and our intent is to extend the analysis to other plant microarray databases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Marzorati
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy, University of Milan, Via Celoria 10, 20133 Milano, Italy;
| | - Chu Wang
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, Via Celoria 26, 20133 Milano, Italy; (C.W.); (G.P.); (L.M.)
| | - Giulio Pavesi
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, Via Celoria 26, 20133 Milano, Italy; (C.W.); (G.P.); (L.M.)
| | - Luca Mizzi
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, Via Celoria 26, 20133 Milano, Italy; (C.W.); (G.P.); (L.M.)
| | - Piero Morandini
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy, University of Milan, Via Celoria 10, 20133 Milano, Italy;
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Lodde V, Morandini P, Costa A, Murgia I, Ezquer I. cROStalk for Life: Uncovering ROS Signaling in Plants and Animal Systems, from Gametogenesis to Early Embryonic Development. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:525. [PMID: 33916807 PMCID: PMC8067062 DOI: 10.3390/genes12040525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2021] [Revised: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
This review explores the role of reactive oxygen species (ROS)/Ca2+ in communication within reproductive structures in plants and animals. Many concepts have been described during the last years regarding how biosynthesis, generation products, antioxidant systems, and signal transduction involve ROS signaling, as well as its possible link with developmental processes and response to biotic and abiotic stresses. In this review, we first addressed classic key concepts in ROS and Ca2+ signaling in plants, both at the subcellular, cellular, and organ level. In the plant science field, during the last decades, new techniques have facilitated the in vivo monitoring of ROS signaling cascades. We will describe these powerful techniques in plants and compare them to those existing in animals. Development of new analytical techniques will facilitate the understanding of ROS signaling and their signal transduction pathways in plants and mammals. Many among those signaling pathways already have been studied in animals; therefore, a specific effort should be made to integrate this knowledge into plant biology. We here discuss examples of how changes in the ROS and Ca2+ signaling pathways can affect differentiation processes in plants, focusing specifically on reproductive processes where the ROS and Ca2+ signaling pathways influence the gametophyte functioning, sexual reproduction, and embryo formation in plants and animals. The study field regarding the role of ROS and Ca2+ in signal transduction is evolving continuously, which is why we reviewed the recent literature and propose here the potential targets affecting ROS in reproductive processes. We discuss the opportunities to integrate comparative developmental studies and experimental approaches into studies on the role of ROS/ Ca2+ in both plant and animal developmental biology studies, to further elucidate these crucial signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Lodde
- Reproductive and Developmental Biology Laboratory, Department of Health, Animal Science and Food Safety (VESPA), Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy;
| | - Piero Morandini
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy;
| | - Alex Costa
- Department of Biosciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy; (A.C.); (I.M.)
| | - Irene Murgia
- Department of Biosciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy; (A.C.); (I.M.)
| | - Ignacio Ezquer
- Department of Biosciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy; (A.C.); (I.M.)
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Di Silvestre D, Vigani G, Mauri P, Hammadi S, Morandini P, Murgia I. Network Topological Analysis for the Identification of Novel Hubs in Plant Nutrition. Front Plant Sci 2021; 12:629013. [PMID: 33679842 PMCID: PMC7928335 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.629013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Network analysis is a systems biology-oriented approach based on graph theory that has been recently adopted in various fields of life sciences. Starting from mitochondrial proteomes purified from roots of Cucumis sativus plants grown under single or combined iron (Fe) and molybdenum (Mo) starvation, we reconstructed and analyzed at the topological level the protein-protein interaction (PPI) and co-expression networks. Besides formate dehydrogenase (FDH), already known to be involved in Fe and Mo nutrition, other potential mitochondrial hubs of Fe and Mo homeostasis could be identified, such as the voltage-dependent anion channel VDAC4, the beta-cyanoalanine synthase/cysteine synthase CYSC1, the aldehyde dehydrogenase ALDH2B7, and the fumaryl acetoacetate hydrolase. Network topological analysis, applied to plant proteomes profiled in different single or combined nutritional conditions, can therefore assist in identifying novel players involved in multiple homeostatic interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gianpiero Vigani
- Plant Physiology Unit, Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Pierluigi Mauri
- Proteomic and Metabolomic Laboratory, ITB-CNR, Segrate, Italy
| | - Sereen Hammadi
- Proteomic and Metabolomic Laboratory, ITB-CNR, Segrate, Italy
| | - Piero Morandini
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Irene Murgia
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
- *Correspondence: Irene Murgia,
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Onelli E, Scali M, Caccianiga M, Stroppa N, Morandini P, Pavesi G, Moscatelli A. Microtubules play a role in trafficking prevacuolar compartments to vacuoles in tobacco pollen tubes. Open Biol 2018; 8:180078. [PMID: 30381363 PMCID: PMC6223213 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.180078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2018] [Accepted: 10/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Fine regulation of exocytosis and endocytosis plays a basic role in pollen tube growth. Excess plasma membrane secreted during pollen tube elongation is known to be retrieved by endocytosis and partially reused in secretory pathways through the Golgi apparatus. Dissection of endocytosis has enabled distinct degradation pathways to be identified in tobacco pollen tubes and has shown that microtubules influence the transport of plasma membrane internalized in the tip region to vacuoles. Here, we used different drugs affecting the polymerization state of microtubules together with SYP21, a marker of prevacuolar compartments, to characterize trafficking of prevacuolar compartments in Nicotiana tabacum pollen tubes. Ultrastructural and biochemical analysis showed that microtubules bind SYP21-positive microsomes. Transient transformation of pollen tubes with LAT52-YFP-SYP21 revealed that microtubules play a key role in the delivery of prevacuolar compartments to tubular vacuoles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta Onelli
- Department of Biosciences, Milan University, Via Celoria 26, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Monica Scali
- Department of Life Science, Siena University, Via A. Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Marco Caccianiga
- Department of Biosciences, Milan University, Via Celoria 26, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Nadia Stroppa
- Department of Biosciences, Milan University, Via Celoria 26, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Piero Morandini
- Department of Biosciences, Milan University, Via Celoria 26, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Giulio Pavesi
- Department of Biosciences, Milan University, Via Celoria 26, 20133 Milan, Italy
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Angelotti G, Morandini P, Lehman LH, Mark RG, Barbieri R. The Role of Baroreflex Sensitivity in Acute Hypotensive Episodes Prediction in the Intensive Care Unit. Annu Int Conf IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc 2018; 2018:2784-2787. [PMID: 30440979 DOI: 10.1109/embc.2018.8512859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
A life threatening condition in Intensive Care Unit (ICU) is the Acute Hypotensive Episode (AHE). Patients experiencing an AHE may suffer from irreversible organ damage associated with increased mortality. Predicting the onset of AHE could be of pivotal importance to establish appropriate and timely interventions. We propose a method that, using waveforms widely acquired in ICU, like Arterial Blood Pressure (ABP) and Electrocardiogram (ECG), will extract features relative to the cardiac system to predict whether or not a patient will experience a hypotensive episode. Specifically, we want to assess if there are hidden patterns in the dynamics of baroreflex able to improve the prediction of AHEs. We will investigate the predictive power of features related to the baroreflex by performing classifications with and without them. Results are obtained using 17 classifiers belonging to different model families: classification trees, Support Vector Machines (SVMs), K-Nearest Neighbors (KNNs) replicated with different set of hyper-parameters and logistic regression. On average, the use of baroreflex features in the AHE prediction process increases the Area Under the Curve (AUC) by 10%.
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Paieri F, Tadini L, Manavski N, Kleine T, Ferrari R, Morandini P, Pesaresi P, Meurer J, Leister D. The DEAD-box RNA Helicase RH50 Is a 23S-4.5S rRNA Maturation Factor that Functionally Overlaps with the Plastid Signaling Factor GUN1. Plant Physiol 2018; 176:634-648. [PMID: 29138350 PMCID: PMC5761802 DOI: 10.1104/pp.17.01545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2017] [Accepted: 11/11/2017] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
DEAD-box RNA helicases (DBRHs) modulate RNA secondary structure, allowing RNA molecules to adopt the conformations required for interaction with their target proteins. RH50 is a chloroplast-located DBRH that colocalizes and is coexpressed with GUN1, a central factor in chloroplast-to-nucleus signaling. When combined with mutations that impair plastid gene expression (prors1-1, prpl11-1, prps1-1, prps21-1, prps17-1, and prpl24-1), rh50 and gun1 mutations evoke similar patterns of epistatic effects. These observations, together with the synergistic growth phenotype of the double mutant rh50-1 gun1-102, suggest that RH50 and GUN1 are functionally related and that this function is associated with plastid gene expression, in particular ribosome functioning. However, rh50-1 itself is not a gun mutant, although-like gun1-102-the rh50-1 mutation suppresses the down-regulation of nuclear genes for photosynthesis induced by the prors1-1 mutation. The RH50 protein comigrates with ribosomal particles, and is required for efficient translation of plastid proteins. RH50 binds to transcripts of the 23S-4.5S intergenic region and, in its absence, levels of the corresponding rRNA processing intermediate are strongly increased, implying that RH50 is required for the maturation of the 23S and 4.5S rRNAs. This inference is supported by the finding that loss of RH50 renders chloroplast protein synthesis sensitive to erythromycin and exposure to cold. Based on these results, we conclude that RH50 is a plastid rRNA maturation factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Paieri
- Plant Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, D-82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
- Centro Ricerca e Innovazione, Fondazione Edmund Mach, I-38010, San Michele all'Adige, Italy
| | - Luca Tadini
- Plant Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, D-82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | | | - Tatjana Kleine
- Plant Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, D-82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Roberto Ferrari
- Department of Biosciences, I-20133 Milano, Università degli studi di Milano, Italy
| | - Piero Morandini
- Department of Biosciences, I-20133 Milano, Università degli studi di Milano, Italy
| | - Paolo Pesaresi
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences - Production, Landscape, Agroenergy, I-20133 Milano, Università degli studi di Milano, Italy
| | - Jörg Meurer
- Plant Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, D-82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Dario Leister
- Plant Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, D-82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
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13
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Murgia I, Morandini P. Iron Deficiency Prolongs Seed Dormancy in Arabidopsis Plants. Front Plant Sci 2017; 8:2077. [PMID: 29276522 PMCID: PMC5727067 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.02077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The understanding of seed dormancy, germination and longevity are important goals in plant biology, with relevant applications for agriculture, food industry and also human nutrition. Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) are key molecules involved in the release of dormancy, when their concentrations fall within the so called 'oxidative window.' The mechanisms of ROS distribution and sensing in seeds, from dormant to germinating ones, still need elucidation. Also, the impact of iron (Fe) deficiency on seed dormancy is still unexplored; this is surprising, given the known pro-oxidant role of Fe when in a free form. We provide evidence of a link between plant Fe nutrition and dormancy of progeny seeds by using different Arabidopsis ecotypes and mutants with different dormancy strengths grown in control soil or under severe Fe deficiency. The latter condition extends the dormancy in several genotypes. The focus on the mechanisms involved in the Fe deficiency-dependent alteration of dormancy and longevity promises to be a key issue in seed (redox) biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Murgia
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
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14
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Pigna G, Dhillon T, Dlugosz EM, Yuan JS, Gorman C, Morandini P, Lenaghan SC, Stewart CN. Correction to: Methods for suspension culture, protoplast extraction, and transformation of high-biomass yielding perennial grass Arundo donax. Biotechnol J 2017; 12. [DOI: 10.1002/biot.201770023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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15
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Resentini F, Cyprys P, Steffen JG, Alter S, Morandini P, Mizzotti C, Lloyd A, Drews GN, Dresselhaus T, Colombo L, Sprunck S, Masiero S. SUPPRESSOR OF FRIGIDA (SUF4) Supports Gamete Fusion via Regulating Arabidopsis EC1 Gene Expression. Plant Physiol 2017; 173:155-166. [PMID: 27920160 PMCID: PMC5210714 DOI: 10.1104/pp.16.01024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2016] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The EGG CELL1 (EC1) gene family of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) comprises five members that are specifically expressed in the egg cell and redundantly control gamete fusion during double fertilization. We investigated the activity of all five EC1 promoters in promoter-deletion studies and identified SUF4 (SUPPRESSOR OF FRIGIDA4), a C2H2 transcription factor, as a direct regulator of the EC1 gene expression. In particular, we demonstrated that SUF4 binds to all five Arabidopsis EC1 promoters, thus regulating their expression. The down-regulation of SUF4 in homozygous suf4-1 ovules results in reduced EC1 expression and delayed sperm fusion, which can be rescued by expressing SUF4-β-glucuronidase under the control of the SUF4 promoter. To identify more gene products able to regulate EC1 expression together with SUF4, we performed coexpression studies that led to the identification of MOM1 (MORPHEUS' MOLECULE1), a component of a silencing mechanism that is independent of DNA methylation marks. In mom1-3 ovules, both SUF4 and EC1 genes are down-regulated, and EC1 genes show higher levels of histone 3 lysine-9 acetylation, suggesting that MOM1 contributes to the regulation of SUF4 and EC1 gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Resentini
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy (F.R., P.M., C.M., L.C., S.M.)
- Lehrstuhl Zellbiologie und Pflanzenbiochemie, Biochemie-Zentrum Regensburg, Universität Regensburg, D-93053 Regensburg, Germany (P.C., S.A., T.D., S.S.)
- Department of Biology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112 (J.G.S., A.L., G.N.D.); and
- Istituto di Biofisica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Università di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy (P.M., L.C.)
| | - Philipp Cyprys
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy (F.R., P.M., C.M., L.C., S.M.)
- Lehrstuhl Zellbiologie und Pflanzenbiochemie, Biochemie-Zentrum Regensburg, Universität Regensburg, D-93053 Regensburg, Germany (P.C., S.A., T.D., S.S.)
- Department of Biology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112 (J.G.S., A.L., G.N.D.); and
- Istituto di Biofisica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Università di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy (P.M., L.C.)
| | - Joshua G Steffen
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy (F.R., P.M., C.M., L.C., S.M.)
- Lehrstuhl Zellbiologie und Pflanzenbiochemie, Biochemie-Zentrum Regensburg, Universität Regensburg, D-93053 Regensburg, Germany (P.C., S.A., T.D., S.S.)
- Department of Biology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112 (J.G.S., A.L., G.N.D.); and
- Istituto di Biofisica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Università di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy (P.M., L.C.)
| | - Svenja Alter
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy (F.R., P.M., C.M., L.C., S.M.)
- Lehrstuhl Zellbiologie und Pflanzenbiochemie, Biochemie-Zentrum Regensburg, Universität Regensburg, D-93053 Regensburg, Germany (P.C., S.A., T.D., S.S.)
- Department of Biology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112 (J.G.S., A.L., G.N.D.); and
- Istituto di Biofisica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Università di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy (P.M., L.C.)
| | - Piero Morandini
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy (F.R., P.M., C.M., L.C., S.M.)
- Lehrstuhl Zellbiologie und Pflanzenbiochemie, Biochemie-Zentrum Regensburg, Universität Regensburg, D-93053 Regensburg, Germany (P.C., S.A., T.D., S.S.)
- Department of Biology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112 (J.G.S., A.L., G.N.D.); and
- Istituto di Biofisica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Università di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy (P.M., L.C.)
| | - Chiara Mizzotti
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy (F.R., P.M., C.M., L.C., S.M.)
- Lehrstuhl Zellbiologie und Pflanzenbiochemie, Biochemie-Zentrum Regensburg, Universität Regensburg, D-93053 Regensburg, Germany (P.C., S.A., T.D., S.S.)
- Department of Biology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112 (J.G.S., A.L., G.N.D.); and
- Istituto di Biofisica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Università di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy (P.M., L.C.)
| | - Alan Lloyd
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy (F.R., P.M., C.M., L.C., S.M.)
- Lehrstuhl Zellbiologie und Pflanzenbiochemie, Biochemie-Zentrum Regensburg, Universität Regensburg, D-93053 Regensburg, Germany (P.C., S.A., T.D., S.S.)
- Department of Biology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112 (J.G.S., A.L., G.N.D.); and
- Istituto di Biofisica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Università di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy (P.M., L.C.)
| | - Gary N Drews
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy (F.R., P.M., C.M., L.C., S.M.)
- Lehrstuhl Zellbiologie und Pflanzenbiochemie, Biochemie-Zentrum Regensburg, Universität Regensburg, D-93053 Regensburg, Germany (P.C., S.A., T.D., S.S.)
- Department of Biology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112 (J.G.S., A.L., G.N.D.); and
- Istituto di Biofisica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Università di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy (P.M., L.C.)
| | - Thomas Dresselhaus
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy (F.R., P.M., C.M., L.C., S.M.)
- Lehrstuhl Zellbiologie und Pflanzenbiochemie, Biochemie-Zentrum Regensburg, Universität Regensburg, D-93053 Regensburg, Germany (P.C., S.A., T.D., S.S.)
- Department of Biology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112 (J.G.S., A.L., G.N.D.); and
- Istituto di Biofisica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Università di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy (P.M., L.C.)
| | - Lucia Colombo
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy (F.R., P.M., C.M., L.C., S.M.)
- Lehrstuhl Zellbiologie und Pflanzenbiochemie, Biochemie-Zentrum Regensburg, Universität Regensburg, D-93053 Regensburg, Germany (P.C., S.A., T.D., S.S.)
- Department of Biology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112 (J.G.S., A.L., G.N.D.); and
- Istituto di Biofisica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Università di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy (P.M., L.C.)
| | - Stefanie Sprunck
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy (F.R., P.M., C.M., L.C., S.M.);
- Lehrstuhl Zellbiologie und Pflanzenbiochemie, Biochemie-Zentrum Regensburg, Universität Regensburg, D-93053 Regensburg, Germany (P.C., S.A., T.D., S.S.);
- Department of Biology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112 (J.G.S., A.L., G.N.D.); and
- Istituto di Biofisica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Università di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy (P.M., L.C.)
| | - Simona Masiero
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy (F.R., P.M., C.M., L.C., S.M.);
- Lehrstuhl Zellbiologie und Pflanzenbiochemie, Biochemie-Zentrum Regensburg, Universität Regensburg, D-93053 Regensburg, Germany (P.C., S.A., T.D., S.S.);
- Department of Biology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112 (J.G.S., A.L., G.N.D.); and
- Istituto di Biofisica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Università di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy (P.M., L.C.)
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16
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Pigna G, Dhillon T, Dlugosz EM, Yuan JS, Gorman C, Morandini P, Lenaghan SC, Stewart CN. Methods for suspension culture, protoplast extraction, and transformation of high-biomass yielding perennial grass Arundo donax. Biotechnol J 2016; 11:1657-1666. [PMID: 27762502 DOI: 10.1002/biot.201600486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2016] [Revised: 10/13/2016] [Accepted: 10/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Arundo donax L. is a promising biofuel feedstock in the Mediterranean region. Despite considerable interest in its genetic improvement, Arundo tissue culture and transformation remains arduous. The authors developed methodologies for cell- and tissue culture and genetic engineering in Arundo. A media screen was conducted, and a suspension culture was established using callus induced from stem axillary bud explants. DBAP medium, containing 9 µM 2,4-D and 4.4 µM BAP, was found to be the most effective medium among those tested for inducing cell suspension cultures, which resulted in a five-fold increase in tissue mass over 14 days. In contrast, CIM medium containing 13 µM 2,4-D, resulted in just a 1.4-fold increase in mass over the same period. Optimized suspension cultures were superior to previously-described solidified medium-based callus culture methods for tissue mass increase. Suspension cultures proved to be very effective for subsequent protoplast isolation. Protoplast electroporation resulted in a 3.3 ± 1.5% transformation efficiency. A dual fluorescent reporter gene vector enabled the direct comparison of the CAMV 35S promoter with the switchgrass ubi2 promoter in single cells of Arundo. The switchgrass ubi2 promoter resulted in noticeably higher reporter gene expression compared with that conferred by the 35S promoter in Arundo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaia Pigna
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA.,Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, Milano, Italy
| | - Taniya Dhillon
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Elizabeth M Dlugosz
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Joshua S Yuan
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Connor Gorman
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Piero Morandini
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, Milano, Italy.,National Research Council, Institute of Biophysics, Milano, Italy
| | - Scott C Lenaghan
- Department of Food Science, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA.,Department of Mechanical, Aerospace, and Biomedical Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA
| | - C Neal Stewart
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA
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17
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Mendes MA, Guerra RF, Castelnovo B, Velazquez YS, Morandini P, Manrique S, Baumann N, Groß-Hardt R, Dickinson H, Colombo L. Live and let die: a REM complex promotes fertilization through synergid cell death in Arabidopsis. Development 2016; 143:2780-90. [DOI: 10.1242/dev.134916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2016] [Accepted: 06/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Fertilization in flowering plants requires a complex series of coordinated events involving interaction between the male and female gametophyte. We report here molecular data on one of the key events underpinning this process – the death of the receptive synergid cell and the coincident bursting of the pollen tube inside the ovule to release the sperms.
We show that two REM transcription factors, VALKYRIE (VAL) and VERDANDI (VDD), both targets of the ovule identity MADS-box complex SEEDSTICK-SEPALLATA3, interact to control the death of the receptive synergid cell. In vdd_1/+ mutants and VAL_RNAi lines we find that GAMETOPHYTIC FACTOR 2 (GFA2), required for synergid degeneration, is down regulated, while FERONIA (FER) and MYB98 expression, necessary for pollen tube attraction and perception remain unaffected. We also demonstrate that the vdd_1/+ phenotype can be rescued by expressing VDD or GFA2 in the synergid cells. Taken together, our findings reveal that the death of the receptive synergid cell is essential for the maintenance of the following generations, and that a complex formed of VDD and VAL regulate this event.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Adelina Mendes
- Dipartimento di BioScienze, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Portugal
| | | | - Beatrice Castelnovo
- Dipartimento di BioScienze, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | | | - Piero Morandini
- Dipartimento di BioScienze, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Silvia Manrique
- Dipartimento di BioScienze, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Nadine Baumann
- Center for Plant Molecular Biology, University of Tübingen, Germany
| | - Rita Groß-Hardt
- Center for Biomolecular Interactions Bremen, University of Bremen, Germany
- Center for Plant Molecular Biology, University of Tübingen, Germany
| | - Hugh Dickinson
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, OX1 3RB, UK
| | - Lucia Colombo
- Dipartimento di BioScienze, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy
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18
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Murgia I, Giacometti S, Balestrazzi A, Paparella S, Pagliano C, Morandini P. Analysis of the transgenerational iron deficiency stress memory in Arabidopsis thaliana plants. Front Plant Sci 2015; 6:745. [PMID: 26442058 PMCID: PMC4585125 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.00745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2015] [Accepted: 08/31/2015] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the existence of the transgenerational memory of iron (Fe) deficiency stress, in Arabidopsis thaliana. Plants were grown under Fe deficiency/sufficiency, and so were their offspring. The frequency of somatic homologous recombination (SHR) events, of DNA strand breaks as well as the expression of the transcription elongation factor TFIIS-like gene increase when plants are grown under Fe deficiency. However, SHR frequency, DNA strand break events, and TFIIS-like gene expression do not increase further when plants are grown for more than one generation under the same stress, and furthermore, they decrease back to control values within two succeeding generations grown under control conditions, regardless of the Fe deficiency stress history of the mother plants. Seedlings produced from plants grown under Fe deficiency evolve more oxygen than control seedlings, when grown under Fe sufficiency: however, this trait is not associated with any change in the protein profile of the photosynthetic apparatus and is not transmitted to more than one generation. Lastly, plants grown for multiple generations under Fe deficiency produce seeds with greater longevity: however, this trait is not inherited in offspring generations unexposed to stress. These findings suggest the existence of multiple-step control of mechanisms to prevent a genuine and stable transgenerational transmission of Fe deficiency stress memory, with the tightest control on DNA integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Murgia
- Department of Biosciences, University of MilanoMilano, Italy
| | | | - Alma Balestrazzi
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology ‘L. Spallanzani’, University of PaviaPavia, Italy
| | - Stefania Paparella
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology ‘L. Spallanzani’, University of PaviaPavia, Italy
| | - Cristina Pagliano
- Applied Science and Technology Department – BioSolar Lab, Polytechnic University of TurinAlessandria, Italy
| | - Piero Morandini
- Department of Biosciences, University of MilanoMilano, Italy
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19
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Zermiani M, Begheldo M, Nonis A, Palme K, Mizzi L, Morandini P, Nonis A, Ruperti B. Identification of the Arabidopsis RAM/MOR signalling network: adding new regulatory players in plant stem cell maintenance and cell polarization. Ann Bot 2015; 116:69-89. [PMID: 26078466 PMCID: PMC4479753 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcv066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2014] [Revised: 03/02/2015] [Accepted: 04/13/2015] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The RAM/MOR signalling network of eukaryotes is a conserved regulatory module involved in co-ordination of stem cell maintenance, cell differentiation and polarity establishment. To date, no such signalling network has been identified in plants. METHODS Genes encoding the bona fide core components of the RAM/MOR pathway were identified in Arabidopsis thaliana (arabidopsis) by sequence similarity searches conducted with the known components from other species. The transcriptional network(s) of the arabidopsis RAM/MOR signalling pathway were identified by running in-depth in silico analyses for genes co-regulated with the core components. In situ hybridization was used to confirm tissue-specific expression of selected RAM/MOR genes. KEY RESULTS Co-expression data suggested that the arabidopsis RAM/MOR pathway may include genes involved in floral transition, by co-operating with chromatin remodelling and mRNA processing/post-transcriptional gene silencing factors, and genes involved in the regulation of pollen tube polar growth. The RAM/MOR pathway may act upstream of the ROP1 machinery, affecting pollen tube polar growth, based on the co-expression of its components with ROP-GEFs. In silico tissue-specific co-expression data and in situ hybridization experiments suggest that different components of the arabidopsis RAM/MOR are expressed in the shoot apical meristem and inflorescence meristem and may be involved in the fine-tuning of stem cell maintenance and cell differentiation. CONCLUSIONS The arabidopsis RAM/MOR pathway may be part of the signalling cascade that converges in pollen tube polarized growth and in fine-tuning stem cell maintenance, differentiation and organ polarity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Zermiani
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment (DAFNAE), University of Padova, Viale dell'Università, 16, 35020 Legnaro (PD), Italy, University Centre of Statistics for Biomedical Sciences, Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Via Olgettina 58, 20132 Milan, Italy, Institute of Biology II/Molecular Plant Physiology, Faculty of Biology, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Schänzlestrasse 1, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany, Centre for Biological Systems Analysis, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Habsburgerstrasse 49, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany, Freiburg Institute for Advanced Sciences (FRIAS), Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Albertstrasse 19, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany, BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Albertstrasse 19, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany, Department of BioSciences, University of Milan, Via Celoria 26, 20133 Milan, Italy and CNR Biophysics Institute (Milan Section), Via Celoria 26, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Maura Begheldo
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment (DAFNAE), University of Padova, Viale dell'Università, 16, 35020 Legnaro (PD), Italy, University Centre of Statistics for Biomedical Sciences, Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Via Olgettina 58, 20132 Milan, Italy, Institute of Biology II/Molecular Plant Physiology, Faculty of Biology, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Schänzlestrasse 1, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany, Centre for Biological Systems Analysis, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Habsburgerstrasse 49, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany, Freiburg Institute for Advanced Sciences (FRIAS), Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Albertstrasse 19, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany, BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Albertstrasse 19, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany, Department of BioSciences, University of Milan, Via Celoria 26, 20133 Milan, Italy and CNR Biophysics Institute (Milan Section), Via Celoria 26, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Alessandro Nonis
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment (DAFNAE), University of Padova, Viale dell'Università, 16, 35020 Legnaro (PD), Italy, University Centre of Statistics for Biomedical Sciences, Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Via Olgettina 58, 20132 Milan, Italy, Institute of Biology II/Molecular Plant Physiology, Faculty of Biology, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Schänzlestrasse 1, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany, Centre for Biological Systems Analysis, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Habsburgerstrasse 49, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany, Freiburg Institute for Advanced Sciences (FRIAS), Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Albertstrasse 19, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany, BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Albertstrasse 19, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany, Department of BioSciences, University of Milan, Via Celoria 26, 20133 Milan, Italy and CNR Biophysics Institute (Milan Section), Via Celoria 26, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Klaus Palme
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment (DAFNAE), University of Padova, Viale dell'Università, 16, 35020 Legnaro (PD), Italy, University Centre of Statistics for Biomedical Sciences, Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Via Olgettina 58, 20132 Milan, Italy, Institute of Biology II/Molecular Plant Physiology, Faculty of Biology, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Schänzlestrasse 1, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany, Centre for Biological Systems Analysis, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Habsburgerstrasse 49, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany, Freiburg Institute for Advanced Sciences (FRIAS), Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Albertstrasse 19, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany, BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Albertstrasse 19, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany, Department of BioSciences, University of Milan, Via Celoria 26, 20133 Milan, Italy and CNR Biophysics Institute (Milan Section), Via Celoria 26, 20133 Milan, Italy Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment (DAFNAE), University of Padova, Viale dell'Università, 16, 35020 Legnaro (PD), Italy, University Centre of Statistics for Biomedical Sciences, Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Via Olgettina 58, 20132 Milan, Italy, Institute of Biology II/Molecular Plant Physiology, Faculty of Biology, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Schänzlestrasse 1, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany, Centre for Biological Systems Analysis, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Habsburgerstrasse 49, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany, Freiburg Institute for Advanced Sciences (FRIAS), Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Albertstrasse 19, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany, BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Albertstrasse 19, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany, Department of BioSciences, University of Milan, Via Celoria 26, 20133 Milan, Italy and CNR Biophysics Institute (Milan Section), Via Celoria 26, 2
| | - Luca Mizzi
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment (DAFNAE), University of Padova, Viale dell'Università, 16, 35020 Legnaro (PD), Italy, University Centre of Statistics for Biomedical Sciences, Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Via Olgettina 58, 20132 Milan, Italy, Institute of Biology II/Molecular Plant Physiology, Faculty of Biology, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Schänzlestrasse 1, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany, Centre for Biological Systems Analysis, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Habsburgerstrasse 49, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany, Freiburg Institute for Advanced Sciences (FRIAS), Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Albertstrasse 19, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany, BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Albertstrasse 19, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany, Department of BioSciences, University of Milan, Via Celoria 26, 20133 Milan, Italy and CNR Biophysics Institute (Milan Section), Via Celoria 26, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Piero Morandini
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment (DAFNAE), University of Padova, Viale dell'Università, 16, 35020 Legnaro (PD), Italy, University Centre of Statistics for Biomedical Sciences, Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Via Olgettina 58, 20132 Milan, Italy, Institute of Biology II/Molecular Plant Physiology, Faculty of Biology, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Schänzlestrasse 1, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany, Centre for Biological Systems Analysis, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Habsburgerstrasse 49, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany, Freiburg Institute for Advanced Sciences (FRIAS), Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Albertstrasse 19, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany, BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Albertstrasse 19, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany, Department of BioSciences, University of Milan, Via Celoria 26, 20133 Milan, Italy and CNR Biophysics Institute (Milan Section), Via Celoria 26, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Alberto Nonis
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment (DAFNAE), University of Padova, Viale dell'Università, 16, 35020 Legnaro (PD), Italy, University Centre of Statistics for Biomedical Sciences, Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Via Olgettina 58, 20132 Milan, Italy, Institute of Biology II/Molecular Plant Physiology, Faculty of Biology, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Schänzlestrasse 1, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany, Centre for Biological Systems Analysis, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Habsburgerstrasse 49, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany, Freiburg Institute for Advanced Sciences (FRIAS), Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Albertstrasse 19, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany, BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Albertstrasse 19, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany, Department of BioSciences, University of Milan, Via Celoria 26, 20133 Milan, Italy and CNR Biophysics Institute (Milan Section), Via Celoria 26, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Benedetto Ruperti
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment (DAFNAE), University of Padova, Viale dell'Università, 16, 35020 Legnaro (PD), Italy, University Centre of Statistics for Biomedical Sciences, Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Via Olgettina 58, 20132 Milan, Italy, Institute of Biology II/Molecular Plant Physiology, Faculty of Biology, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Schänzlestrasse 1, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany, Centre for Biological Systems Analysis, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Habsburgerstrasse 49, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany, Freiburg Institute for Advanced Sciences (FRIAS), Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Albertstrasse 19, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany, BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Albertstrasse 19, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany, Department of BioSciences, University of Milan, Via Celoria 26, 20133 Milan, Italy and CNR Biophysics Institute (Milan Section), Via Celoria 26, 20133 Milan, Italy
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Ricroch A, Harwood W, Svobodová Z, Sági L, Hundleby P, Badea EM, Rosca I, Cruz G, Salema Fevereiro MP, Marfà Riera V, Jansson S, Morandini P, Bojinov B, Cetiner S, Custers R, Schrader U, Jacobsen HJ, Martin-Laffon J, Boisron A, Kuntz M. Challenges facing European agriculture and possible biotechnological solutions. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2015; 36:875-83. [PMID: 26133365 DOI: 10.3109/07388551.2015.1055707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Agriculture faces many challenges to maximize yields while it is required to operate in an environmentally sustainable manner. In the present study, we analyze the major agricultural challenges identified by European farmers (primarily related to biotic stresses) in 13 countries, namely Belgium, Bulgaria, the Czech Republic, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Portugal, Romania, Spain, Sweden, UK and Turkey, for nine major crops (barley, beet, grapevine, maize, oilseed rape, olive, potato, sunflower and wheat). Most biotic stresses (BSs) are related to fungi or insects, but viral diseases, bacterial diseases and even parasitic plants have an important impact on yield and harvest quality. We examine how these challenges have been addressed by public and private research sectors, using either conventional breeding, marker-assisted selection, transgenesis, cisgenesis, RNAi technology or mutagenesis. Both national surveys and scientific literature analysis followed by text mining were employed to evaluate genetic engineering (GE) and non-GE approaches. This is the first report of text mining of the scientific literature on plant breeding and agricultural biotechnology research. For the nine major crops in Europe, 128 BS challenges were identified with 40% of these addressed neither in the scientific literature nor in recent European public research programs. We found evidence that the private sector was addressing only a few of these "neglected" challenges. Consequently, there are considerable gaps between farmer's needs and current breeding and biotechnology research. We also provide evidence that the current political situation in certain European countries is an impediment to GE research in order to address these agricultural challenges in the future. This study should also contribute to the decision-making process on future pertinent international consortia to fill the identified research gaps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnès Ricroch
- a AgroParisTech, Paris and Université Paris-Sud, Collége d'Etudes Interdisciplinaires , Sceaux , France
| | - Wendy Harwood
- b Crop Transformation Group, John Innes Centre (JIC) , Norwich Research Park , Norwich , UK
| | - Zdeňka Svobodová
- c Institute of Entomology BC AS CR, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia , České Budějovice , Czech Republic
| | - László Sági
- d Plant Cell Biology Department, Center for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences , Martonvásár , Hungary
| | - Penelope Hundleby
- b Crop Transformation Group, John Innes Centre (JIC) , Norwich Research Park , Norwich , UK
| | - Elena Marcela Badea
- e Biotechnology and Biosecurity Department , Institute of Biochemistry of the Romanian Academy , Bucharest , Romania
| | - Ioan Rosca
- f University of Agronomic Science and Veterinary Medicine-Bucharest , Bucuresti , Romania
| | - Gabriela Cruz
- g APOSOLO - Associação Portuguesa de Mobilização e Conservação do Solo , Évora , Portugal
| | - Manuel Pedro Salema Fevereiro
- h Laboratory of Plant Cell Biotechnology , ITQB - Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica, Universidade Nova de Lisboa ITQB/IBET - Apt 127 , Oeiras , Portugal
| | - Victoria Marfà Riera
- i CRAG - Centre de Recerca en AgriGenòmica, Campus UAB - Edifici CRAG, Bellaterra - Cerdanyola del Vallès , Barcelona , Spain
| | - Stefan Jansson
- j Umeå Plant Science Center, Umeå University , UMEÅ , Sweden
| | - Piero Morandini
- k Department of Biosciences , Biophysics Institute of the National Research Council (CNR), Università di Milano , Milano , Italy
| | - Bojin Bojinov
- l Faculty of Agronomy , Agricultural University of Plovdiv , Plovdiv , Bulgaria
| | - Selim Cetiner
- m Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences , Sabanci University , Istanbul , Turkey
| | | | - Uwe Schrader
- o InnoPlantae.V., OT Gatersleben , Stadt Seeland , Germany
| | - Hans-Joerg Jacobsen
- p Institut für Pflanzengenetik, Leibniz Universität Hannover , Hannover , Germany
| | - Jacqueline Martin-Laffon
- q Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire Végétale - CNRS , CEA, INRA, Université Grenoble-Alpes , Grenoble , France , and
| | - Audrey Boisron
- r INRA, Direction de la Valorisation, Information Scientifique et Technique , Versailles , France
| | - Marcel Kuntz
- q Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire Végétale - CNRS , CEA, INRA, Université Grenoble-Alpes , Grenoble , France , and
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Mantegazza O, Gregis V, Mendes MA, Morandini P, Alves-Ferreira M, Patreze CM, Nardeli SM, Kater MM, Colombo L. Analysis of the arabidopsis REM gene family predicts functions during flower development. Ann Bot 2014; 114:1507-15. [PMID: 25002525 PMCID: PMC4204784 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcu124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2014] [Accepted: 04/29/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The REM (Reproductive Meristem) gene family of Arabidopsis thaliana is part of the B3 DNA-binding domain superfamily. Despite the fact that several groups have worked on the REM genes for many years, little is known about the function of this transcription factor family. This study aims to identify a set of REM genes involved in flower development and to characterize their function. METHODS In order to provide an overview of the REM gene family, a detailed expression analysis for all REM genes of A. thaliana was performed and combined with a meta-analysis of ChIP-sequencing and microarray experiments. KEY RESULTS Two sets of phylogenetically closely related REM genes, namely REM23, REM24 and REM25, and REM34, REM35 and REM36, were identified as possibly being involved in the early stages of flower development. Single- and double-mutant combinations were analysed for these genes, and no phenotypic effects were detected during flower development. CONCLUSIONS The data suggest that the REM34, REM35 and REM36 group is the most interesting one, as REM34 is co-expressed with the floral meristem identity (FMI) genes, they are bound by AP1, SVP, AP3 and PI, and they are expressed in the floral meristem and during the earliest stages of flower development. However, it appears that high levels of functional redundancy may conceal the exact function of these transcription factor genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Otho Mantegazza
- Dipartimento di BioScienze, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 26, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Veronica Gregis
- Dipartimento di BioScienze, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 26, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Marta Adelina Mendes
- Dipartimento di BioScienze, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 26, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Piero Morandini
- Dipartimento di BioScienze, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 26, 20133 Milan, Italy Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto di Biofisica, Via Celoria 26, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Márcio Alves-Ferreira
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Biologia, Dept de Genética, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho, 373, Cidade Universitária 21941-902-Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Camila M Patreze
- Universidade Federal do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Biociencias, Departamento de Botanica Av. Pasteur, no. 458, Urca, sala 306, 22290-255 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Sarah M Nardeli
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Biologia, Dept de Genética, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho, 373, Cidade Universitária 21941-902-Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Martin M Kater
- Dipartimento di BioScienze, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 26, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Lucia Colombo
- Dipartimento di BioScienze, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 26, 20133 Milan, Italy Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto di Biofisica, Via Celoria 26, 20133 Milan, Italy
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Idilli AI, Morandini P, Onelli E, Rodighiero S, Caccianiga M, Moscatelli A. Microtubule depolymerization affects endocytosis and exocytosis in the tip and influences endosome movement in tobacco pollen tubes. Mol Plant 2013; 6:1109-30. [PMID: 23770840 DOI: 10.1093/mp/sst099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Polarized organization of the cytoplasm of growing pollen tubes is maintained by coordinated function of actin filaments (AFs) and microtubules (MTs). AFs convey post-Golgi secretory vesicles to the tip where some fuse with specific domains of the plasma membrane (PM). Secretory activity is balanced by PM retrieval that maintains cell membrane economy and regulates the polarized composition of the PM, by dividing lipids/proteins between the shank and the tip. Although AFs play a key role in PM internalization in the shank, the role of MTs in exo-endocytosis needs to be characterized. The present results show that integrity of the MT cytoskeleton is necessary to control exo-endocytosis events in the tip. MT polymerization plays a role in promoting PM invagination in the apex of tobacco pollen tubes since nocodazole affected PM internalization in the tip and subsequent migration of endocytic vesicles from the apex for degradation. MT depolymerization in the apex and shank was associated with misallocation of a significantly greater amount of internalized PM to the Golgi apparatus and its early recycling to the secretory pathway. Fluorescence Recovery After Photobleaching (FRAP) experiments also showed that MT depolymerization in the tip region influenced the rate of exocytosis in the central domain of the apical PM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurora Irene Idilli
- Department of Biosciences, Milan University, Via Celoria 26, 20133 Milan, Italy
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Morandini P. Control limits for accumulation of plant metabolites: brute force is no substitute for understanding. Plant Biotechnol J 2013; 11:253-267. [PMID: 23301840 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.12035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2012] [Revised: 11/13/2012] [Accepted: 11/19/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Which factors limit metabolite accumulation in plant cells? Are theories on flux control effective at explaining the results? Many biotechnologists cling to the idea that every pathway has a rate limiting enzyme and target such enzymes first in order to modulate fluxes. This often translates into large effects on metabolite concentration, but disappointing small increases in flux. Rate limiting enzymes do exist, but are rare and quite opposite to what predicted by biochemistry. In many cases however, flux control is shared among many enzymes. Flux control and concentration control can (and must) be distinguished and quantified for effective manipulation. Flux control for several 'building blocks' of metabolism is placed on the demand side, and therefore increasing demand can be very successful. Tampering with supply, particularly desensitizing supply enzymes, is usually not very effective, if not dangerous, because supply regulatory mechanisms function to control metabolite homeostasis. Some important, but usually unnoticed, metabolic constraints shape the responses of metabolic systems to manipulation: mass conservation, cellular resource allocation and, most prominently, energy supply, particularly in heterotrophic tissues. The theoretical basis for this view shall be explored with recent examples gathered from the manipulation of several metabolites (vitamins, carotenoids, amino acids, sugars, fatty acids, polyhydroxyalkanoates, fructans and sugar alcohols). Some guiding principles are suggested for an even more successful engineering of plant metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piero Morandini
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milan and CNR Institute of Biophysics, Milan, Italy.
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Vigani G, Morandini P, Murgia I. Searching iron sensors in plants by exploring the link among 2'-OG-dependent dioxygenases, the iron deficiency response and metabolic adjustments occurring under iron deficiency. Front Plant Sci 2013; 4:169. [PMID: 23755060 PMCID: PMC3668137 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2013.00169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2013] [Accepted: 05/13/2013] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Knowledge accumulated on the regulation of iron (Fe) homeostasis, its intracellular trafficking and transport across various cellular compartments and organs in plants; storage proteins, transporters and transcription factors involved in Fe metabolism have been analyzed in detail in recent years. However, the key sensor(s) of cellular plant "Fe status" triggering the long-distance shoot-root signaling and leading to the root Fe deficiency responses is (are) still unknown. Local Fe sensing is also a major task for roots, for adjusting the internal Fe requirements to external Fe availability: how such sensing is achieved and how it leads to metabolic adjustments in case of nutrient shortage, is mostly unknown. Two proteins belonging to the 2'-OG-dependent dioxygenases family accumulate several folds in Fe-deficient Arabidopsis roots. Such proteins require Fe(II) as enzymatic cofactor; one of their subgroups, the HIF-P4H (hypoxia-inducible factor-prolyl 4-hydroxylase), is an effective oxygen sensor in animal cells. We envisage here the possibility that some members of the 2'-OG dioxygenase family may be involved in the Fe deficiency response and in the metabolic adjustments to Fe deficiency or even in sensing Fe, in plant cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianpiero Vigani
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie ed Ambientali-Produzioni, Territorio, Agroenergia, Università degli Studi di MilanoMilano, Italy
| | - Piero Morandini
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Università degli Studi di MilanoMilano, Italy
| | - Irene Murgia
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Università degli Studi di MilanoMilano, Italy
- *Correspondence: Irene Murgia, Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 26, 20133 Milano, Italy e-mail:
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Abbruscato P, Nepusz T, Mizzi L, Del Corvo M, Morandini P, Fumasoni I, Michel C, Paccanaro A, Guiderdoni E, Schaffrath U, Morel JB, Piffanelli P, Faivre-Rampant O. OsWRKY22, a monocot WRKY gene, plays a role in the resistance response to blast. Mol Plant Pathol 2012; 13:828-41. [PMID: 22443363 PMCID: PMC6638809 DOI: 10.1111/j.1364-3703.2012.00795.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
With the aim of identifying novel regulators of host and nonhost resistance to fungi in rice, we carried out a systematic mutant screen of mutagenized lines. Two mutant wrky22 knockout lines revealed clear-cut enhanced susceptibility to both virulent and avirulent Magnaporthe oryzae strains and altered cellular responses to nonhost Magnaporthe grisea and Blumeria graminis fungi. In addition, the analysis of the pathogen responses of 24 overexpressor OsWRKY22 lines revealed enhanced resistance phenotypes on infection with virulent M. oryzae strain, confirming that OsWRKY22 is involved in rice resistance to blast. Bioinformatic analyses determined that the OsWRKY22 gene belongs to a well-defined cluster of monocot-specific WRKYs. The co-regulatory analysis revealed no significant co-regulation of OsWRKY22 with a representative panel of OsWRKYs, supporting its unique role in a series of transcriptional responses. In contrast, inquiring a subset of biotic stress-related Affymetrix data, a large number of resistance and defence-related genes were found to be putatively co-expressed with OsWRKY22. Taken together, all gathered experimental evidence places the monocot-specific OsWRKY22 gene at the convergence point of signal transduction circuits in response to both host and nonhost fungi encountering rice plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela Abbruscato
- Rice Genomics Unit, Parco Tecnologico Padano, via Einstein, 26900 Lodi, Italy.
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Riva S, Morandini P, Sannia G, Fraaije M, Agathos SN. Editorial. Enzyme Microb Technol 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/s0141-0229(11)00222-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Murgia I, Tarantino D, Soave C, Morandini P. Arabidopsis CYP82C4 expression is dependent on Fe availability and circadian rhythm, and correlates with genes involved in the early Fe deficiency response. J Plant Physiol 2011; 168:894-902. [PMID: 21315474 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2010.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2010] [Revised: 10/22/2010] [Accepted: 11/15/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Under conditions of reduced iron availability, most frequent in calcareous soils, plants induce the "Fe Deficiency Response" to improve root Fe uptake. The transcription factor FIT is essential for such a response in strategy I plants, such as Arabidopsis thaliana. From microarray analysis of Arabidopsis roots, it is known that three different cytochrome P450 genes, CYP82C4, CYP82C3 and CYP71B5 are up-regulated under Fe deficiency through a FIT-dependent pathway. We show that, out of these three P450 genes, only CYP82C4 strongly correlates with genes involved in metal uptake/transport. The CYP82C4 promoter, unlike those of CYP82C3 and CYP71B5, contains several IDE1-like sequences (iron deficiency-responsive element) as well as an RY element. While confirming that the CYP82C4 transcript accumulates in Fe-deficient Arabidopsis seedlings, with circadian fluctuations in a light-dependent way, we also demonstrate that such accumulation is suppressed under Fe excess. Full suppression of CYP82C4 expression, as observed in the atc82c4-1 KO mutant, is associated with longer roots at the seedling stage. We propose that CYP82C4 is involved in the early Fe deficiency response, possibly through an IDE1-like mediated pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Murgia
- Sezione di Fisiologia e Biochimica delle Piante, Dipartimento di Biologia, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Celoria 26, 20133 Milano, Italy.
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Tarantino D, Morandini P, Ramirez L, Soave C, Murgia I. Identification of an Arabidopsis mitoferrinlike carrier protein involved in Fe metabolism. Plant Physiol Biochem 2011; 49:520-9. [PMID: 21371898 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2011.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2010] [Accepted: 02/03/2011] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Iron has a major role in mitochondrial as well as in chloroplast metabolism, however the processes involved in organelle iron transport in plants are only partially understood. To identify mitochondrial iron transporters in Arabidopsis, we searched for proteins homologous to the Danio rerio (zebrafish) Mitoferrin2 MFRN2, a mitochondrial iron importer in non-erythroid cells. Among the identified putative Arabidopsis mitoferrinlike proteins, we focused on that one encoded by At5g42130, which we named AtMfl1 (MitoFerrinLike1). AtMfl1 expression strongly correlates with genes coding for proteins involved in chloroplast metabolism. Such an unexpected result is supported by the identification by different research groups, of the protein encoded by At5g42130 and of its homologs from various plant species in the inner chloroplastic envelope membrane proteome. Notably, neither the protein encoded by At5g42130 nor its homologs from other plant species have been identified in the mitochondrial proteome. AtMfl1 gene expression is dependent on Fe supply: AtMfl1 transcript strongly accumulates under Fe excess, moderately under Fe sufficiency and weakly under Fe deficiency. In order to understand the physiological role of AtMfl1, we isolated and characterized two independent AtMfl1 KO mutants, atmfl1-1 and atmfl1-2: both show reduced vegetative growth. When grown under conditions of Fe excess, atmfl1-1 and atmfl1-2 mutants (seedlings, rosette leaves) contain less total Fe than wt and also reduced expression of the iron storage ferritin AtFer1. Taken together, these results suggest that Arabidopsis mitoferrinlike gene AtMfl1 is involved in Fe transport into chloroplasts, under different conditions of Fe supply and that suppression of its expression alters plant Fe accumulation in various developmental stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delia Tarantino
- Sezione di Fisiologia e Biochimica delle Piante, Dipartimento di Biologia, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Celoria 26, 20133 Italy
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Tarantino D, Santo N, Morandini P, Casagrande F, Braun HP, Heinemeyer J, Vigani G, Soave C, Murgia I. AtFer4 ferritin is a determinant of iron homeostasis in Arabidopsis thaliana heterotrophic cells. J Plant Physiol 2010; 167:1598-605. [PMID: 20724023 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2010.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2010] [Revised: 06/04/2010] [Accepted: 06/05/2010] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
In plants, the iron storage protein ferritin can be targeted to both chloroplasts and mitochondria. To investigate the role of Arabidopsis ATFER4 ferritin in mitochondrial iron trafficking, atfer4-1 and atfer4-2 mutant knock-outs for the AtFer4 gene were grown in heterotrophic suspension cultures. Both mutants showed altered cell size and morphology, reduced viability, higher H₂O₂ content and reduced O₂ consumption rates when compared to wt. Although no reduction in total ferritin or in mitochondrial ferritin was observed in atfer4 mutants, total iron content increased in atfer4 cells and in atfer4 mitochondria. Transcript correlation analysis highlighted a partial inverse relationship between the transcript levels of the mitochondrial ferric reductase oxidase FRO3, putatively involved in mitochondrial iron import/export, and AtFer4. Consistent with this, FRO3 transcript levels were higher in atfer4 cells. We propose that the complex molecular network maintaining Fe cellular homeostasis requires, in Arabidopsis heterotrophic cells, a proper balance of the different ferritin isoforms, and that alteration of this equilibrium, such as that occurring in atfer4 mutants, is responsible for an altered Fe homeostasis resulting in a change of intraorganellar Fe trafficking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delia Tarantino
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Celoria 26, Italy
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Casartelli A, Pesaresi P, Mizzi L, Morandini P. Coregulation Analysis in Arabidopsis identifies new candidate genes for photoprotection. J Biotechnol 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2010.10.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Morandini P. Where logic ends, regulation (of agricultural biotechnology) begins. J Biotechnol 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2010.09.918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Berri S, Abbruscato P, Faivre-Rampant O, Brasileiro ACM, Fumasoni I, Satoh K, Kikuchi S, Mizzi L, Morandini P, Pè ME, Piffanelli P. Characterization of WRKY co-regulatory networks in rice and Arabidopsis. BMC Plant Biol 2009; 9:120. [PMID: 19772648 PMCID: PMC2761919 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2229-9-120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2008] [Accepted: 09/22/2009] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The WRKY transcription factor gene family has a very ancient origin and has undergone extensive duplications in the plant kingdom. Several studies have pointed out their involvement in a range of biological processes, revealing that a large number of WRKY genes are transcriptionally regulated under conditions of biotic and/or abiotic stress. To investigate the existence of WRKY co-regulatory networks in plants, a whole gene family WRKYs expression study was carried out in rice (Oryza sativa). This analysis was extended to Arabidopsis thaliana taking advantage of an extensive repository of gene expression data. RESULTS The presented results suggested that 24 members of the rice WRKY gene family (22% of the total) were differentially-regulated in response to at least one of the stress conditions tested. We defined the existence of nine OsWRKY gene clusters comprising both phylogenetically related and unrelated genes that were significantly co-expressed, suggesting that specific sets of WRKY genes might act in co-regulatory networks. This hypothesis was tested by Pearson Correlation Coefficient analysis of the Arabidopsis WRKY gene family in a large set of Affymetrix microarray experiments. AtWRKYs were found to belong to two main co-regulatory networks (COR-A, COR-B) and two smaller ones (COR-C and COR-D), all including genes belonging to distinct phylogenetic groups. The COR-A network contained several AtWRKY genes known to be involved mostly in response to pathogens, whose physical and/or genetic interaction was experimentally proven. We also showed that specific co-regulatory networks were conserved between the two model species by identifying Arabidopsis orthologs of the co-expressed OsWRKY genes. CONCLUSION In this work we identified sets of co-expressed WRKY genes in both rice and Arabidopsis that are functionally likely to cooperate in the same signal transduction pathways. We propose that, making use of data from co-regulatory networks, it is possible to highlight novel clusters of plant genes contributing to the same biological processes or signal transduction pathways. Our approach will contribute to unveil gene cooperation pathways not yet identified by classical genetic analyses. This information will open new routes contributing to the dissection of WRKY signal transduction pathways in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Berri
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Milan, via Celoria 26, 20133 Milan, Italy
- School of Computing, University of Leeds, LS2 9JT Leeds, UK
| | - Pamela Abbruscato
- Rice Genomics Unit, Parco Tecnologico Padano, via Einstein, 26900 Lodi, Italy
| | - Odile Faivre-Rampant
- Rice Genomics Unit, Parco Tecnologico Padano, via Einstein, 26900 Lodi, Italy
- UMR BGPI, CIRAD, Campus International de Baillarguet, 34398 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Ana CM Brasileiro
- Parque Estação Biológica, Embrapa Recursos Genéticos e Biotecnologia, Av. W5 Norte, 02372, Brasília DF, Brazil
- UMR DAP, CIRAD, Avenue Agropolis, 34398 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Irene Fumasoni
- Rice Genomics Unit, Parco Tecnologico Padano, via Einstein, 26900 Lodi, Italy
| | - Kouji Satoh
- Department of Molecular Genetics, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, 2-1-2 Kannon-dai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8602, Japan
| | - Shoshi Kikuchi
- Department of Molecular Genetics, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, 2-1-2 Kannon-dai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8602, Japan
| | - Luca Mizzi
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Milan, via Celoria 26, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Piero Morandini
- Department of Biology, University of Milan and CNR Institut of Biophysics (Milan Section), via Celoria 26, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Mario Enrico Pè
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Milan, via Celoria 26, 20133 Milan, Italy
- Sant'Anna School for Advanced Studies, Piazza Martiri della Libertà 33, 56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - Pietro Piffanelli
- Rice Genomics Unit, Parco Tecnologico Padano, via Einstein, 26900 Lodi, Italy
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Abstract
Modulation of metabolic fluxes in plants is usually not a successful business. The main reason is our limited understanding of metabolic plasticity and metabolic control, with the latter still largely influenced by the idea that each pathway has a rate limiting step controlling the flux. Not only is experimental evidence for such steps lacking for most pathways, despite intensive search, but there are also theoretical arguments against the idea that highly regulated enzymes catalyzing reactions far from equilibrium must be considered a priori rate limiting. Conversely, it is argued that reactions close to equilibrium need a lot of enzyme to be maintained close to equilibrium and, contrary to accepted wisdom, begin to limit flux when reduced. Using a few key examples of plant metabolic pathways as case studies, I draw some general conclusions. The approach of augmenting flux by pushing a pathway from above is well exemplified by the attempts at increasing starch content in potato tubers, where several different approaches failed. Also pulling at the other end (close to the end product) has yielded little improvement, while targeting a reaction close to equilibrium (ADP/ATP translocation at the plastid envelope) successfully increased starch content. Rethinking control is equally well applicable to photosynthesis, with prime examples of 'neglected', unregulated enzymes exerting significant control and overprized 'limiting' enzymes having little control in normal conditions like rubisco. In this new paradigm, the role of most control mechanisms is also challenged: feedback inhibition and post-translational modification of enzymes are relevant to metabolite homeostasis rather than flux control, with moiety conservation being a major reason for this constraint. I advocate a more extensive use of control circuitry elements (e.g. sensors like riboswitches), metabolic shortcuts and transcription factors in metabolic engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piero Morandini
- Department of Biology, University of Milan, CNR, Institute of Biophysics, via Celoria 26, 20133 Milan, Italy.
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Beekwilder J, van Leeuwen W, van Dam NM, Bertossi M, Grandi V, Mizzi L, Soloviev M, Szabados L, Molthoff JW, Schipper B, Verbocht H, de Vos RCH, Morandini P, Aarts MGM, Bovy A. The impact of the absence of aliphatic glucosinolates on insect herbivory in Arabidopsis. PLoS One 2008; 3:e2068. [PMID: 18446225 PMCID: PMC2323576 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0002068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2007] [Accepted: 03/21/2008] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Aliphatic glucosinolates are compounds which occur in high concentrations in Arabidopsis thaliana and other Brassicaceae species. They are important for the resistance of the plant to pest insects. Previously, the biosynthesis of these compounds was shown to be regulated by transcription factors MYB28 and MYB29. We now show that MYB28 and MYB29 are partially redundant, but in the absence of both, the synthesis of all aliphatic glucosinolates is blocked. Untargeted and targeted biochemical analyses of leaf metabolites showed that differences between single and double knock-out mutants and wild type plants were restricted to glucosinolates. Biosynthesis of long-chain aliphatic glucosinolates was blocked by the myb28 mutation, while short-chain aliphatic glucosinolates were reduced by about 50% in both the myb28 and the myb29 single mutants. Most remarkably, all aliphatic glucosinolates were completely absent in the double mutant. Expression of glucosinolate biosynthetic genes was slightly but significantly reduced by the single myb mutations, while the double mutation resulted in a drastic decrease in expression of these genes. Since the myb28myb29 double mutant is the first Arabidopsis genotype without any aliphatic glucosinolates, we used it to establish the relevance of aliphatic glucosinolate biosynthesis to herbivory by larvae of the lepidopteran insect Mamestra brassicae. Plant damage correlated inversely to the levels of aliphatic glucosinolates observed in those plants: Larval weight gain was 2.6 fold higher on the double myb28myb29 mutant completely lacking aliphatic glucosinolates and 1.8 higher on the single mutants with intermediate levels of aliphatic glucosinolates compared to wild type plants.
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Miller HI, Morandini P, Ammann K. Is biotechnology a victim of anti-science bias in scientific journals? Trends Biotechnol 2008; 26:122-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2007.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2007] [Revised: 11/13/2007] [Accepted: 11/19/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Anzi C, Pelucchi P, Vazzola V, Murgia I, Gomarasca S, Piccoli MB, Morandini P. The proton pump interactor (Ppi) gene family of Arabidopsis thaliana: expression pattern of Ppi1 and characterisation of knockout mutants for Ppi1 and 2. Plant Biol (Stuttg) 2008; 10:237-49. [PMID: 18304198 DOI: 10.1111/j.1438-8677.2007.00022.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Plant plasma membrane H+-ATPases (PM H+-ATPase) are essential for establishing a proton electrochemical gradient across the cell plasma membrane. Their regulation is poorly understood, except for the role of 14-3-3 proteins, which relieve autoinhibition from the C-terminal domain. A novel protein interacting with this domain was recently identified in Arabidopsis and named PPI1 (Proton Pump Interactor 1). PPI1 stimulates PM H+-ATPase activity in vitro. Here, we analyse the expression pattern of Ppi1 using beta-glucuronidase as a reporter. Expression is strong in root and shoot vascular systems, particularly in meristematic and sink tissues, as well as in pollen, stigmas and siliques, but not in developing embryos. Removal of the first intron decreased GUS expression 45-fold. We also analysed the transcription of Ppi2, another gene in the family, and demonstrated that Ppi2 is expressed in seedlings, cultured cells and flowers. We reassessed Ppi2 gene structure based on RT-PCR amplifications, cDNA data and similarity to other Ppi genes. Insertional mutants for both Ppi1 and Ppi2 were isolated. Two different mutants of Ppi1 showed aberrant mRNAs and lacked any detectable protein and are therefore true knockouts. Interestingly, one mutation inhibited the splicing of one intron at a considerable distance (>700 bp) from the T-DNA insertion site, but not the splicing of a proximal intron (29 bp) or of any other intron. At the plant level, neither of the single mutants nor the double ppi1ppi2 mutant showed an altered phenotype in standard growth conditions under acid load or salt stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Anzi
- Department of Biology, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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Menges M, Dóczi R, Ökrész L, Morandini P, Mizzi L, Soloviev M, Murray JAH, Bögre L. Comprehensive gene expression atlas for the Arabidopsis MAP kinase signalling pathways. New Phytol 2008; 179:643-662. [PMID: 18715324 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2008.02552.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
* Mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways are signal transduction modules with layers of protein kinases having c. 120 genes in Arabidopsis, but only a few have been linked experimentally to functions. * We analysed microarray expression data for 114 MAPK signalling genes represented on the ATH1 Affymetrix arrays; determined their expression patterns during development, and in a wide range of time-course microarray experiments for their signal-dependent transcriptional regulation and their coregulation with other signalling components and transcription factors. * Global expression correlation of the MAPK genes with each of the represented 21 692 Arabidopsis genes was determined by calculating Pearson correlation coefficients. To group MAPK signalling genes based on similarities in global regulation, we performed hierarchical clustering on the pairwise correlation values. This should allow inferring functional information from well-studied MAPK components to functionally uncharacterized ones. Statistical overrepresentation of specific gene ontology (GO) categories in the gene lists showing high expression correlation values with each of the MAPK components predicted biological themes for the gene functions. * The combination of these methods provides functional information for many uncharacterized MAPK genes, and a framework for complementary future experimental dissection of the function of this complex family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margit Menges
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QT, UK
| | - Róbert Dóczi
- School of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham, Surrey TW20 0EX, UK
| | - László Ökrész
- Institute of Plant Biology, Biological Research Centre, POB 521, H-6701, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Piero Morandini
- Department of Biology, University of Milan and CNR Biophysics Institute (Milan Section), Via Celoria 26, I-20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Luca Mizzi
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Milan and CNR Biophysics Institute (Milan Section), Via Celoria 26, I-20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Mikhail Soloviev
- School of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham, Surrey TW20 0EX, UK
| | - James A H Murray
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QT, UK
| | - László Bögre
- School of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham, Surrey TW20 0EX, UK
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Menges M, Pavesi G, Morandini P, Bögre L, Murray JAH. Genomic organization and evolutionary conservation of plant D-type cyclins. Plant Physiol 2007; 145:1558-76. [PMID: 17951462 PMCID: PMC2151690 DOI: 10.1104/pp.107.104901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2007] [Accepted: 10/06/2007] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Plants contain more genes encoding core cell cycle regulators than other organisms but it is unclear whether these represent distinct functions. D-type cyclins (CYCD) play key roles in the G1-to-S-phase transition, and Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) contains 10 CYCD genes in seven defined subgroups, six of which are conserved in rice (Oryza sativa). Here, we identify 22 CYCD genes in the poplar (Populus trichocarpa) genome and confirm that these six CYCD subgroups are conserved across higher plants, suggesting subgroup-specific functions. Different subgroups show gene number increases, with CYCD3 having three members in Arabidopsis, six in poplar, and a single representative in rice. All three species contain a single CYCD7 gene. Despite low overall sequence homology, we find remarkable conservation of intron/exon boundaries, because in most CYCD genes of plants and mammals, the first exon ends in the conserved cyclin signature. Only CYCD3 genes contain the complete cyclin box in a single exon, and this structure is conserved across angiosperms, again suggesting an early origin for the subgroup. The single CYCD gene of moss has a gene structure closely related to those of higher plants, sharing an identical exon/intron structure with several higher plant subgroups. However, green algae have CYCD genes structurally unrelated to higher plants. Conservation is also observed in the location of potential cyclin-dependent kinase phosphorylation sites within CYCD proteins. Subgroup structure is supported by conserved regulatory elements, particularly in the eudicot species, including conserved E2F regulatory sites within CYCD3 promoters. Global expression correlation analysis further supports distinct expression patterns for CYCD subgroups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margit Menges
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QT, United Kingdom
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Viotti C, Luoni L, Morandini P, De Michelis MI. Characterization of the interaction between the plasma membrane H-ATPase of Arabidopsis thaliana and a novel interactor (PPI1). FEBS J 2005; 272:5864-71. [PMID: 16279950 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2005.04985.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Proton pump interactor, isoform 1 (PPI1) is a novel interactor of the C-terminus of Arabidopsis thaliana plasma membrane H(+)-ATPase (EC 3.6.3.6). We produced two fusion proteins consisting of, respectively, the first 88 amino acids or the entire protein deleted of the last 24 hydrophobic amino acids, and we show that the latter protein has a threefold higher affinity for the H(+)-ATPase. PPI1-induced stimulation of H(+)-ATPase activity dramatically decreased with the increase of pH above pH 6.8, but became largely pH-independent when the enzyme C-terminus was displaced by fusicoccin-induced binding of 14-3-3 proteins. The latter treatment did not affect PPI1 affinity for the H(+)-ATPase. These results indicate that PPI1 can bind the H(+)-ATPase independently of the C-terminus conformation, but is not able to suppress the C-terminus auto-inhibitory action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corrado Viotti
- Dipartimento di Biologia 'L. Gorini', Università di Milano, CNR Istituto di Biofisica -- Sezione di Milano, Italy
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Invernizzi G, Ragona L, Brocca S, Pedrazzoli E, Molinari H, Morandini P, Catalano M, Lotti M. Heterologous expression of bovine and porcine β-lactoglobulins in Pichia pastoris: towards a comparative functional characterisation. J Biotechnol 2004; 109:169-78. [PMID: 15063625 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2003.10.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2002] [Accepted: 10/14/2003] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Bovine and porcine beta-lactoglobulins were cloned and expressed in host cells with the aim of developing the tools necessary for their structural, functional and conformational characterisation by NMR techniques. Both lipocalins were expressed in Pichia pastoris, where the use of a constitutive promoter turned out to allow the highest productivity. The yield of recombinant proteins was further improved through multiple integration of the encoding genes and by increasing aeration of the transformed cultures. Both proteins were obtained in the culture medium at the concentration of 200 microg/ml. Recombinant lipocalins were purified by ion-exchange chromatography from the culture medium. A preliminary NMR characterisation showed that both proteins were correctly folded.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaetano Invernizzi
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie e Bioscienze, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 2, Milan, Italy
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Abstract
Plant metabolic engineering is lagging behind other kinds of genetic manipulation of plants. Creating metabolic pathways or improving their yields requires a better understanding of plant metabolism and of its regulation. Metabolic Control Analysis provides an interpretation of experimental failures and a guide for manipulators. It suggests also that there might be intrinsic limits to raising yields in already abundant products. At present, these limits can be dealt with more effectively by plant breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piero Morandini
- Department of Biology, University of Milan, via Celoria 26, 20133 Milan, Italy.
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Morandini P, Valera M, Albumi C, Bonza MC, Giacometti S, Ravera G, Murgia I, Soave C, De Michelis MI. A novel interaction partner for the C-terminus of Arabidopsis thaliana plasma membrane H+-ATPase (AHA1 isoform): site and mechanism of action on H+-ATPase activity differ from those of 14-3-3 proteins. Plant J 2002; 31:487-497. [PMID: 12182706 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-313x.2002.01373.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Using the two-hybrid technique we identified a novel protein whose N-terminal 88 amino acids (aa) interact with the C-terminal regulatory domain of the plasma membrane (PM) H+-ATPase from Arabidopsis thaliana (aa 847-949 of isoform AHA1). The corresponding gene has been named Ppi1 for Proton pump interactor 1. The encoded protein is 612 aa long and rich in charged and polar residues, except for the extreme C-terminus, where it presents a hydrophobic stretch of 24 aa. Several genes in the A. thaliana genome and many ESTs from different plant species share significant similarity (50-70% at the aa level over stretches of 200-600 aa) to Ppi1. The PPI1 N-terminus, expressed in bacteria as a fusion protein with either GST or a His-tag, binds the PM H+-ATPase in overlay experiments. The same fusion proteins and the entire coding region fused to GST stimulate H+-ATPase activity. The effect of the His-tagged peptide is synergistic with that of fusicoccin (FC) and of tryptic removal of a C-terminal 10 kDa fragment. The His-tagged peptide binds also the trypsinised H+-ATPase. Altogether these results indicate that PPI1 N-terminus is able to modulate the PM H+-ATPase activity by binding to a site different from the 14-3-3 binding site and is located upstream of the trypsin cleavage site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piero Morandini
- Dipartimento di Biologia L. Gorini, Sezione di Fisiologia e Biochimica delle Piante, Centro di Studio CNR-Biologia Cellulare e Molecolare delle Piante, c/o Dip. di Biologia, Via Celoria 26, 20133 Milan, Italy.
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45
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Bonza MC, Morandini P, Luoni L, Geisler M, Palmgren MG, De Michelis MI. At-ACA8 encodes a plasma membrane-localized calcium-ATPase of Arabidopsis with a calmodulin-binding domain at the N terminus. Plant Physiol 2000; 123:1495-506. [PMID: 10938365 PMCID: PMC59105 DOI: 10.1104/pp.123.4.1495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2000] [Accepted: 04/17/2000] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
A Ca(2+)-ATPase was purified from plasma membranes (PM) isolated from Arabidopsis cultured cells by calmodulin (CaM)-affinity chromatography. Three tryptic fragments from the protein were microsequenced and the corresponding cDNA was amplified by polymerase chain reaction using primers designed from the microsequences of the tryptic fragments. At-ACA8 (Arabidopsis-autoinhibited Ca(2+)-ATPase, isoform 8, accession no. AJ249352) encodes a 1,074 amino acid protein with 10 putative transmembrane domains, which contains all of the characteristic motifs of Ca(2+)-transporting P-type Ca(2+)-ATPases. The identity of At-ACA8p as the PM Ca(2+)-ATPase was confirmed by immunodetection with an antiserum raised against a sequence (valine-17 through threonine-31) that is not found in other plant CaM-stimulated Ca(2+)-ATPases. Confocal fluorescence microscopy of protoplasts immunodecorated with the same antiserum confirmed the PM localization of At-ACA8. At-ACA8 is the first plant PM localized Ca(2+)-ATPase to be cloned and is clearly distinct from animal PM Ca(2+)-ATPases due to the localization of its CaM-binding domain. CaM overlay assays localized the CaM-binding domain of At-ACA8p to a region of the N terminus of the enzyme around tryptophan-47, in contrast to a C-terminal localization for its animal counterparts. Comparison between the sequence of At-ACA8p and those of endomembrane-localized type IIB Ca(2+)-ATPases of plants suggests that At-ACA8 is a representative of a new subfamily of plant type IIB Ca(2+)-ATPases.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Bonza
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università di Milano, Centro di Studio del Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche per la Biologia Cellulare e Molecolare delle Piante, via G. Celoria 26, 20133 Milano, Italy
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Murgia I, Morandini P, Moroni A, Soave C. A non-destructive selection method for resistance to fusicoccin in Arabidopsis thaliana. Plant Cell Rep 1998; 18:255-259. [PMID: 30744231 DOI: 10.1007/s002990050567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
A mutagenised population of seeds of Arabidopsis thaliana was allowed to germinate in the presence of the positively charged aminoglycoside hygromycin (4 μg/ml) and the fungal toxin fusicoccin (5×10-6 M). This hygromycin concentration, which is non-toxic by itself, becomes toxic when used together with fusicoccin, which stimulates cation uptake. Seeds that had germinated after 3-5 days and produced seedlings with green cotyledons were potentially resistant to fusicoccin and were therefore transferred into sterile Magenta vessels containing 1/2-strength Murashige and Skoog medium. This selection procedure is non-destructive, i.e. it allows the recovery of viable seedlings and their growth into adult plants thus permitting direct physiological characterisation.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Murgia
- Dipartimento di Biologia "L. Gorini", Sezione di Fisiologia e Biochimica delle Piante, via Celoria 26, I-20133 Milan, Italy e-mail: Fax: +39-2-26604399, , , , , , IT
| | - P Morandini
- Dipartimento di Biologia "L. Gorini", Sezione di Fisiologia e Biochimica delle Piante, via Celoria 26, I-20133 Milan, Italy e-mail: Fax: +39-2-26604399, , , , , , IT
| | - A Moroni
- Dipartimento di Biologia "L. Gorini", Sezione di Fisiologia e Biochimica delle Piante, via Celoria 26, I-20133 Milan, Italy e-mail: Fax: +39-2-26604399, , , , , , IT
| | - C Soave
- Dipartimento di Biologia "L. Gorini", Sezione di Fisiologia e Biochimica delle Piante, via Celoria 26, I-20133 Milan, Italy e-mail: Fax: +39-2-26604399, , , , , , IT
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47
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Abstract
The Saccharomyces cerevisiae protein kinase C homologue, PKC1, is involved in maintenance of cell integrity during polarized growth. We have used a mutant complementation approach to investigate related signal transduction pathways in higher plants. Here we report the isolation of a cDNA from Arabidopsis thaliana which partially suppresses the lytic defect of a delta pkc1 yeast strain. The encoded protein, ANT, belongs to the AP2-related gene family and is essential for ovule development. Expression in yeast of a LexA-ANT fusion protein activates transcription of a reporter gene from promoters containing lexA operators. Our results support the idea that ANT acts as transcriptional activator in planta.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Vergani
- Department of Biology, Section of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, University of Milano, Italy.
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48
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Wetterauer B, Morandini P, Hribar I, Murgia-Morandini I, Hamker U, Singleton C, Macwilliams HK. Wild-type strains of Dictyostelium discoideum can be transformed using a novel selection cassette driven by the promoter of the ribosomal V18 gene. Plasmid 1996; 36:169-81. [PMID: 9007012 DOI: 10.1006/plas.1996.0044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Almost all methods for transformation of the social ameba Dictyostelium discoideum rely on axenic growth, that is, growth in a synthetic medium, for at least part of the procedure. Axenic growth requires several mutations. Here we describe a procedure that can be used to transform wild-type strains which are able to grow only on the natural food source, bacteria. The method relies on a new selection cassette driven by the V18 promoter, a promoter that we show is substantially more active during growth on bacteria than the actin-6 promoter, which is widely used for axenic transformation. The procedure gives transformation frequencies of about 10(-5) with both strains Ax2 (capable of axenic growth) and NC4 (capable of growth only on bacteria). Using this vector, we have obtained NC4 strains carrying several beta-galactosidase reporter cassettes. Our vector can also be used in axenic transformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Wetterauer
- Zoologisches Institut, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Luisenstrasse 14, Munich, 80333, Germany
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49
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Abstract
We constructed and tested a series of cloning vectors designed to facilitate protein production and purification in Dictyostelium discoideum (Dd). These vectors carry the origin of replication of the Dd high-copy-number plasmid Ddp2, expression cassettes consisting of the strong, constitutive actin (act15) or the inducible discoidin (disI gamma) promoters, a translational start codon upstream from a multiple cloning site and sequences for the addition of epitope or affinity tags at the N- or C-termini of any protein. The affinity tag used corresponds to 7 (N-terminal fusion) or 8 (C-terminal fusion) His residues. The epitope tags correspond to an 11-amino-acid sequence from human c-myc, recognised by monoclonal antibody (mAb) 9E10, and the Glu-Glu-Phe sequence recognised by mAb YL1/2 to alpha-tubulin. Both these mAb are commercially available. The YL1/2 epitope offers a second affinity tag for the purification of proteins under native conditions. The functional competence of the vectors was tested by determining their ability to promote the expression of various Dd myosin constructs. High synthesis levels were obtained for each vector; up to 1 mg of homogenous, functional protein per g of cells was obtained after purification of the recombinant products.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Manstein
- National Institute for Medical Research, Ridgeway, Mill Hill, London, UK
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50
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Morandini P, Offer J, Traynor D, Nayler O, Neuhaus D, Taylor GW, Kay RR. The proximal pathway of metabolism of the chlorinated signal molecule differentiation-inducing factor-1 (DIF-1) in the cellular slime mould Dictyostelium. Biochem J 1995; 306 ( Pt 3):735-43. [PMID: 7702568 PMCID: PMC1136583 DOI: 10.1042/bj3060735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Stalk cell differentiation during development of the slime mould Dictyostelium is induced by a chlorinated alkyl phenone called differentiation-inducing factor-1 (DIF-1). Inactivation of DIF-1 is likely to be a key element in the DIF-1 signalling system, and we have shown previously that this is accomplished by a dedicated metabolic pathway involving up to 12 unidentified metabolites. We report here the structure of the first four metabolites produced from DIF-1, as deduced by m.s., n.m.r. and chemical synthesis. The structures of these compounds show that the first step in metabolism is a dechlorination of the phenolic ring, producing DIF metabolite 1 (DM1). DM1 is identical with the previously known minor DIF activity, DIF-3. DIF-3 is then metabolized by three successive oxidations of its aliphatic side chain: a hydroxylation at omega-2 to produce DM2, oxidation of the hydroxy group to a ketone group to produce DM3 and a further hydroxylation at omega-1 to produce DM4, a hydroxyketone of DIF-3. We have investigated the enzymology of DIF-1 metabolism. It is already known that the first step, to produce DIF-3, is catalysed by a novel dechlorinase. The enzyme activity responsible for the first side-chain oxidation (DIF-3 hydroxylase) was detected by incubating [3H]DIF-3 with cell-free extracts and resolving the reaction products by t.l.c. DIF-3 hydroxylase has many of the properties of a cytochrome P-450. It is membrane-bound and uses NADPH as co-substrate. It is also inhibited by CO, the classic cytochrome P-450 inhibitor, and by several other cytochrome P-450 inhibitors, as well as by diphenyliodonium chloride, an inhibitor of cytochrome P-450 reductase. DIF-3 hydroxylase is highly specific for DIF-3: other closely related compounds do not compete for the activity at 100-fold molar excess, with the exception of the DIF-3 analogue lacking the chlorine atom. The Km for DIF-3 of 47 nM is consistent with this enzyme being responsible for DIF-3 metabolism in vivo. The two further oxidations necessary to produce DM4 are also performed in vitro by similar enzyme activities. One of the inhibitors of DIF-3 hydroxylase, ancymidol (IC50 67 nM) is likely to be particularly suitable for probing the function of DIF metabolism during development.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Morandini
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, U.K
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