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Abstract
Abstract:CBT (computer-based training) applications and hypermedia publications are two different approaches to the utilisation of computers in medical education.Medical CBT software continues to playa minor role in spite of the increasing availability, whereas hypermedia have become very popular through the World Wide Web (WWW). Based on the HTML format they can be designed by non-programmers using inexpensive tools while the production of CBT applications requires programming expertise. HTML documents can be easily developed to be distributed by a web-server or to run as local applications.In developed countries CBT and hypermedia have to compete with an abundance of printed or audio-visual media and a wealth of lectures, conferences, etc., whereas in developing countries these media are scarce and expensive. Here CBT programs, and hypermedia publications in particular, may be a cost-effective way to improve quality of education in the health sector.
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Ricroch A, Harwood W, Svobodová Z, Sági L, Hundleby P, Badea EM, Rosca I, Cruz G, Salema Fevereiro MP, Marfà Riera V, Jansson S, Morandini P, Bojinov B, Cetiner S, Custers R, Schrader U, Jacobsen HJ, Martin-Laffon J, Boisron A, Kuntz M. Challenges facing European agriculture and possible biotechnological solutions. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2015; 36:875-83. [PMID: 26133365 DOI: 10.3109/07388551.2015.1055707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Agriculture faces many challenges to maximize yields while it is required to operate in an environmentally sustainable manner. In the present study, we analyze the major agricultural challenges identified by European farmers (primarily related to biotic stresses) in 13 countries, namely Belgium, Bulgaria, the Czech Republic, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Portugal, Romania, Spain, Sweden, UK and Turkey, for nine major crops (barley, beet, grapevine, maize, oilseed rape, olive, potato, sunflower and wheat). Most biotic stresses (BSs) are related to fungi or insects, but viral diseases, bacterial diseases and even parasitic plants have an important impact on yield and harvest quality. We examine how these challenges have been addressed by public and private research sectors, using either conventional breeding, marker-assisted selection, transgenesis, cisgenesis, RNAi technology or mutagenesis. Both national surveys and scientific literature analysis followed by text mining were employed to evaluate genetic engineering (GE) and non-GE approaches. This is the first report of text mining of the scientific literature on plant breeding and agricultural biotechnology research. For the nine major crops in Europe, 128 BS challenges were identified with 40% of these addressed neither in the scientific literature nor in recent European public research programs. We found evidence that the private sector was addressing only a few of these "neglected" challenges. Consequently, there are considerable gaps between farmer's needs and current breeding and biotechnology research. We also provide evidence that the current political situation in certain European countries is an impediment to GE research in order to address these agricultural challenges in the future. This study should also contribute to the decision-making process on future pertinent international consortia to fill the identified research gaps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnès Ricroch
- a AgroParisTech, Paris and Université Paris-Sud, Collége d'Etudes Interdisciplinaires , Sceaux , France
| | - Wendy Harwood
- b Crop Transformation Group, John Innes Centre (JIC) , Norwich Research Park , Norwich , UK
| | - Zdeňka Svobodová
- c Institute of Entomology BC AS CR, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia , České Budějovice , Czech Republic
| | - László Sági
- d Plant Cell Biology Department, Center for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences , Martonvásár , Hungary
| | - Penelope Hundleby
- b Crop Transformation Group, John Innes Centre (JIC) , Norwich Research Park , Norwich , UK
| | - Elena Marcela Badea
- e Biotechnology and Biosecurity Department , Institute of Biochemistry of the Romanian Academy , Bucharest , Romania
| | - Ioan Rosca
- f University of Agronomic Science and Veterinary Medicine-Bucharest , Bucuresti , Romania
| | - Gabriela Cruz
- g APOSOLO - Associação Portuguesa de Mobilização e Conservação do Solo , Évora , Portugal
| | - Manuel Pedro Salema Fevereiro
- h Laboratory of Plant Cell Biotechnology , ITQB - Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica, Universidade Nova de Lisboa ITQB/IBET - Apt 127 , Oeiras , Portugal
| | - Victoria Marfà Riera
- i CRAG - Centre de Recerca en AgriGenòmica, Campus UAB - Edifici CRAG, Bellaterra - Cerdanyola del Vallès , Barcelona , Spain
| | - Stefan Jansson
- j Umeå Plant Science Center, Umeå University , UMEÅ , Sweden
| | - Piero Morandini
- k Department of Biosciences , Biophysics Institute of the National Research Council (CNR), Università di Milano , Milano , Italy
| | - Bojin Bojinov
- l Faculty of Agronomy , Agricultural University of Plovdiv , Plovdiv , Bulgaria
| | - Selim Cetiner
- m Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences , Sabanci University , Istanbul , Turkey
| | | | - Uwe Schrader
- o InnoPlantae.V., OT Gatersleben , Stadt Seeland , Germany
| | - Hans-Joerg Jacobsen
- p Institut für Pflanzengenetik, Leibniz Universität Hannover , Hannover , Germany
| | - Jacqueline Martin-Laffon
- q Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire Végétale - CNRS , CEA, INRA, Université Grenoble-Alpes , Grenoble , France , and
| | - Audrey Boisron
- r INRA, Direction de la Valorisation, Information Scientifique et Technique , Versailles , France
| | - Marcel Kuntz
- q Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire Végétale - CNRS , CEA, INRA, Université Grenoble-Alpes , Grenoble , France , and
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Schrader U. [DRGs--their effect on the nursing systems]. Pflege Aktuell 2000; 54:550-3. [PMID: 11097000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
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Abstract
This paper describes a continuous effort to improve the knowledge of nursing informatics among German nurses. The authors have co-operated in the nursing informatics working group of the German Medical Informatics Association GMDS. Besides, one of the authors has been active in the European summer school of nursing informatics (Essoni) for several years. The authors have now established a national counterpart to the Essoni program, the German summer school of nursing informatics. This event in German language is centred around nursing informatics topics. Students may opt for one of the several study tracks to gain insight in topics such as nursing classifications and nursing terminologies, clinical information systems and their implementation or teaching requirements in nursing informatics. They go through a 5-day curriculum consisting of plenary sessions, lectures and opportunities for self learning and self teaching. At the end they demonstrate to the fellow students from the other tracks what they have achieved in their own field of study. The German Summer School is open to interested nurses, nurse executives and nurse teachers. In this paper, we will describe the curriculum, talk about the participants and show results of the questionnaire-based evaluation for the first two events in 1998 and 1999.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Bürkle
- Institute of Medical Informatics, University of Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 44, 35392 Giessen, Germany.
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Bürkle T, Schrader U. How can we improve informatics education for German nurses? Statements derived from the first German nursing informatics summer school. Stud Health Technol Inform 2000; 68:944-7. [PMID: 10725038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
Abstract
For German nurses it is difficult to join training in health informatics besides their professional activity. The authors have successfully established a German nursing informatics summer school in shape of a 5 day intensive curriculum which they offer to German nurses during the summer holidays. The summer school introduces nurses into health informatics and nursing informatics. It targets interested nursing staff, nurse executives, and nurse teachers. It promotes self learning abilities for continued self education of the participants. One of its goals is to enable participants to formulate their own requirements in health information processing and to influence system design and system introduction. The paper presents the curriculum, talks about first experiences, and demonstrates the results of an evaluation among the participants. Conclusions are drawn in a set of statements on informatics education of nurses.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Bürkle
- University of Applied Sciences, Frankfurt a. M., Germany
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Schrader U, Zaiss AW, Büchele S, Binder M, Leupolz U, Klar R. Realization of a CPR using HL7 queries from communication server to information server. Stud Health Technol Inform 2000; 68:834-7. [PMID: 10725014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
Abstract
A communication server is often used in Germany to interface legacy systems. It handles the translation, duplication, and transmission of messages to all systems that might need this information. Based on the principles of "for every data there is only one master" and "information on demand" we have built an information server that reduces the messages required and simplifies the handling of messages, the update of data already sent compared to a communication server. It also allows to implement a security policy as required by the German data privacy legislature.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Schrader
- University of Applied Sciences Frankfurt a. M., Germany
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Schrader U. [Information technology for allied health fields: nursing information systems]. Pflege Aktuell 1998; 52:546-50. [PMID: 9842350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- U Schrader
- Abteilung für Medizinische Informatik des Universitätsklinikums Freiburg
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Pelikan E, Ganser A, Kotter E, Schrader U, Timmermann U. Experience with PACS in an ATM/Ethernet switched network environment. IEEE Trans Inf Technol Biomed 1998; 2:26-9. [PMID: 10719509 DOI: 10.1109/4233.678532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Legacy local area network (LAN) technologies based on shared media concepts are not adequate for the growth of a large-scale picture archiving and communication system (PACS) in a client-server architecture. First, an asymmetric network load, due to the requests of a large number of PACS clients for only a few main servers, should be compensated by communication links to the servers with a higher bandwidth compared to the clients. Secondly, as the number of PACS nodes increases, the network throughout should not measurably cut production. These requirements can easily be fulfilled using switching technologies. Here asynchronous transfer mode (ATM) is clearly one of the hottest topics in networking because the ATM architecture provides integrated support for a variety of communication services, and it supports virtual networking. On the other hand, most of the imaging modalities are not yet ready for integration into a native ATM network. For a lot of nodes already joining an Ethernet, a cost-effective and pragmatic way to benefit from the switching concept would be a combined ATM/Ethernet switching environment. This incorporates an incremental migration strategy with the immediate benefits of high-speed, high-capacity ATM (for servers and high-sophisticated display workstations), while preserving elements of the existing network technologies. In addition, Ethernet switching instead of shared media Ethernet improves the performance considerably. The LAN emulation (LANE) specification by the ATM forum defines mechanisms that allow ATM networks to coexist with legacy systems using any data networking protocol. This paper points out the suitability of this network architecture in accordance with an appropriate system design.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Pelikan
- Hospital Computer Center, Freiburg University Hospital, Albert-Ludwigs-University, Germany.
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Schulz S, Auhuber T, Schrader U, Klar R. Quality criteria for electronic publications in medicine. Stud Health Technol Inform 1997; 51:217-26. [PMID: 10179625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
This paper defines "electronic publications in medicine (EPM)" as computer based training programs, databases, knowledge-based systems, multimedia applications and electronic books running on standard platforms and available by usual distribution channels. A detailed catalogue of quality criteria as a basis for development and evaluation of EPMs is presented. The necessity to raise the quality level of electronic publications is stressed considering aspects of domain knowledge, software engineering, media development, interface design and didactics.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Schulz
- Department of Medical Informatics, University Hospital Freiburg, Germany.
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Schulz S, Schrader U, Klar R. Computer-based training and electronic publishing in the health sector: tools and trends. Methods Inf Med 1997; 36:149-53. [PMID: 9242015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
CBT (computer-based training) applications and hypermedia publications are two different approaches to the utilisation of computers in medical education. Medical CBT software continues to play a minor role in spite of the increasing availability, whereas hypermedia have become very popular through the World Wide Web (WWW). Based on the HTML format they can be designed by non-programmers using inexpensive tools while the production of CBT applications requires programming expertise. HTML documents can be easily developed to be distributed by a web-server or to run as local applications. In developed countries CBT and hypermedia have to compete with an abundance of printed or audio-visual media and a wealth of lectures, conferences, etc., whereas in developing countries these media are scarce and expensive. Here CBT programs, and hypermedia publications in particular, may be a cost-effective way to improve quality of education in the health sector.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Schulz
- Department of Medical Informatics, University of Freiburg, Germany.
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Schrader U, Kotter E, Pelikan E, Zaiss A, Timmermann U, Klar R. Critical success factors for a hospital-wide PACS. Proc AMIA Annu Fall Symp 1997:439-43. [PMID: 9357664 PMCID: PMC2233597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Since 1996 a picture archiving and communications system (PACS) is installed at the university hospital of Freiburg. The PACS is integrated in the hospital information system (HIS) and several modalities of different vendors are attached to it. During the implementation phase three critical factors to the success of our PACS installation where identified: the support of the workflow, the interface of the radiological information system (RIS) to the modalities, and the security policy to allow hospital-wide access to the images and results in the PACS.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Schrader
- Dept. of Med. Informatics, Albert-Ludwigs-University, Freiburg, Germany
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Schrader U, Marx R, Balint R. CareBase: a reference base for nursing. Proc Annu Symp Comput Appl Med Care 1995:22-6. [PMID: 8563272 PMCID: PMC2579048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Due to the lack of generally accepted nursing classifications and standards in Germany the introduction of nursing information systems for planning and documentation of care is a very time consuming process since the classifications and standards must be defined locally to adjust the systems. At the University Hospital Freiburg a nursing reference system was developed to collect this knowledge, make it available for easy reference and as a source usable for the initialisation of nursing information systems to be installed in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Schrader
- Dept. of Med. Informatics, Albert-Ludwigs-University, Freiburg, Germany
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Liebmann C, Mentz P, Schnittler M, Schrader U, Neubert K, Barth A. Nonopioid effects of beta-casomorphin-5 in guinea pig heart: alterations to the beta-adrenoceptor-G-protein complex and inhibition of myocardial responses to isoproterenol. Peptides 1991; 12:265-70. [PMID: 1648711 DOI: 10.1016/0196-9781(91)90009-e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The influence of beta-casomorphin-5 on the beta-adrenoceptor complex in guinea pig heart membranes was studied by means of binding studies, G-protein investigations and isolated heart preparations. In nanomolar concentrations beta-CM-5 induced an increase in receptor affinity towards the agonist isoproterenol whereas the antagonist affinity was reduced. The isoproterenol-stimulated increase in cardiac contractility, moreover, is reduced by 10 nM beta-CM-5. Furthermore, beta-CM-5 was found to inhibit the isoproterenol-induced GDP/GTP exchange as well as the [35S]GTP[S] binding to guinea pig heart membranes, indicating an involvement of G-proteins. These findings suggest that low concentrations of beta-CM-5 modulate the functional properties of the myocardial beta-adrenoceptor-G-protein complex, presumably resulting in its desensitization. The observed effects of beta-CM-5 are not prevented by naloxone and, therefore, are nonopioid in nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Liebmann
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Biological and Pharmaceutical Faculty, Friedrich-Schiller-University, FRG, Jena
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Schrader U, Kordass B. [Follow-up study of accuracy of fit of crowns, prepared for phantom head under practice conditions]. ZWR 1990; 99:84-6. [PMID: 2220089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Mesial, distal, oral and vestibular measurement of fissure spaces in 39 crowns and 51 bridges (divided with interlock-connection) made in the context of propedeutic instruction showed a mean marginal discrepancy of 62-90 microns in a range of 30-160 microns. A simple method to evaluate the fissure space was described. In actually discussion the results would be helpful to determine criterions for quality on fixed restorations.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Schrader
- Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Westdeutsche Kieferklinik, Zentrum für Zahn-, Mund- und Kieferheilkunde
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Abstract
Hemorphin-4 and cytochrophin-4 displayed affinities for mu- and delta-opioid receptors that were in the same range as those observed for the structurally related beta-casomorphins. However, they showed markedly higher affinities at kappa-opioid binding sites when compared to the beta-casomorphins. These blood-derived peptides could be involved in blood pressure regulation.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Brain Chemistry
- Cyclazocine/analogs & derivatives
- Cyclazocine/pharmacology
- Endorphins/pharmacology
- Enkephalin, Ala(2)-MePhe(4)-Gly(5)-
- Enkephalin, Leucine/analogs & derivatives
- Enkephalin, Leucine/pharmacology
- Enkephalin, Leucine-2-Alanine
- Enkephalins/pharmacology
- Ethylketocyclazocine
- Female
- Guinea Pigs
- Hemoglobins/pharmacology
- In Vitro Techniques
- Male
- Peptide Fragments/pharmacology
- Rats
- Rats, Inbred Strains
- Receptors, Opioid/drug effects
- Receptors, Opioid/metabolism
- Receptors, Opioid, delta
- Receptors, Opioid, kappa
- Receptors, Opioid, mu
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Affiliation(s)
- C Liebmann
- Department of Biology, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, G.D.R
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Schwarz G, Schrader U. The effects of cooperativity, finite chain length, and field-induced changes of the conformational equilibrium on the electric birefringence of polypeptides in the range of the helix-coil transition. Biopolymers 1975; 14:1181-95. [PMID: 1164542 DOI: 10.1002/bip.1975.360140607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Schrader U, Ring G. [Prevention is better then treatment. Dental assistants serving the community]. Quintessenz J 1975; 5:39-41. [PMID: 1057190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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