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Ribeiro O, Gaivão I, Carrola JS. Alkaline Comet Assay to Assess Genotoxicity in Zebrafish Larvae. Methods Mol Biol 2024; 2753:503-514. [PMID: 38285363 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3625-1_32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
The zebrafish (Danio rerio) is a model organism widely used in several research fields due to its characteristics and numerous advantages, such as optical embryo transparency, fully sequenced genome, orthologous genes to humans, small size, high reproductive rate, easy gene editing and relatively low costs. Thus, a number of protocols have been developed that allow the use of this vertebrate model for toxic effect evaluation at various biological levels, including genotoxicity, using the comet assay technique.The comet assay or single-cell gel electrophoresis is a popular and sensitive method to study DNA damage in cells, which is described in this chapter. Briefly, cells suspended in agarose on a microscope slide are lysed, denatured, electrophoresed, neutralized, and stained to study the migration of DNA strand breaks. As a result, cells with increased DNA damage present a high fluorescence intensity and an increase of comet tail length. For the visual score, comets are classified according to the head integrity, tail intensity, and tail length into five classes, namely, class 0 until class 4 (comets with high damage and with almost all the DNA in the tail). These data are used to calculate the Genetic Damage Index (GDI) expressed as Arbitrary Units (AU).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ondina Ribeiro
- Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), Quinta de Prados, Vila Real, Portugal
- Institute for Innovation, Capacity Building and Sustainability of Agri-food Production (Inov4Agro), Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Isabel Gaivão
- Veterinary and Animal Research Centre (CECAV), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), Vila Real, Portugal
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), Vila Real, Portugal
| | - João Soares Carrola
- Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), Quinta de Prados, Vila Real, Portugal.
- Institute for Innovation, Capacity Building and Sustainability of Agri-food Production (Inov4Agro), Vila Real, Portugal.
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2
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Gelbrich N, Muhtadi R, Scherthan H, Stope MB. Short-term Effects of Non-invasive Physical Plasma Treatment on Genomic Stability. In Vivo 2024; 38:82-89. [PMID: 38148057 PMCID: PMC10756489 DOI: 10.21873/invivo.13413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Revised: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIM The application of non-invasive physical plasma (NIPP) generates reactive oxygen species. These can lead to chemical oxidation of cellular molecules including DNA. On the other hand, NIPP can induce therapeutically intended apoptosis, which also leads to DNA fragmentation in the late phase. Therefore, to assess unwanted genotoxic effects, the formation of DNA damage was investigated in this study in discrimination from apoptotic processes. MATERIALS AND METHODS Mutation events after NIPP application were analyzed in CCL-93 fibroblast cells using the hypoxanthine phosphoribosyl transferase assay. Additionally, DNA single-strand breaks (SSB) and double-strand breaks (DSB) were quantified by performing the alkaline comet assay, and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick-end labeling assay. DSBs were quantified by phospho-histone 2AX-p53-binding protein 1 co-localization DSB focus assay. The data were compared with cell death quantification by the caspase-3/7 apoptosis assay. RESULTS Treatment with NIPP led to exceedingly rapid damage to genomic DNA and the appearance of DNA SSBs and DSBs in the initial 4 h. However, damage decreased again within the first 4-8 h, then the late phase began, characterized by DNA DSB and increasing caspase-3/7 activation. CONCLUSION Although NIPP treatment leads to extremely rapid damage to genomic DNA, this damage is reversed very quickly by efficient DNA-repair processes. As a consequence, only those cells whose genome damage can be repaired actually survive and proliferate. Persistent genotoxic effects were not observed in the cell system used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine Gelbrich
- Department of General, Visceral, Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Razan Muhtadi
- Bundeswehr Institute for Radiobiology affiliated to the University of Ulm, Munich, Germany
| | - Harry Scherthan
- Bundeswehr Institute for Radiobiology affiliated to the University of Ulm, Munich, Germany
| | - Matthias B Stope
- Department of Gynecology and Gynecological Oncology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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3
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Rouleau-Turcotte É, Pascal JM. ADP-ribose contributions to genome stability and PARP enzyme trapping on sites of DNA damage; paradigm shifts for a coming-of-age modification. J Biol Chem 2023; 299:105397. [PMID: 37898399 PMCID: PMC10722394 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.105397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/30/2023] Open
Abstract
ADP-ribose is a versatile modification that plays a critical role in diverse cellular processes. The addition of this modification is catalyzed by ADP-ribosyltransferases, among which notable poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) enzymes are intimately involved in the maintenance of genome integrity. The role of ADP-ribose modifications during DNA damage repair is of significant interest for the proper development of PARP inhibitors targeted toward the treatment of diseases caused by genomic instability. More specifically, inhibitors promoting PARP persistence on DNA lesions, termed PARP "trapping," is considered a desirable characteristic. In this review, we discuss key classes of proteins involved in ADP-ribose signaling (writers, readers, and erasers) with a focus on those involved in the maintenance of genome integrity. An overview of factors that modulate PARP1 and PARP2 persistence at sites of DNA lesions is also discussed. Finally, we clarify aspects of the PARP trapping model in light of recent studies that characterize the kinetics of PARP1 and PARP2 recruitment at sites of lesions. These findings suggest that PARP trapping could be considered as the continuous recruitment of PARP molecules to sites of lesions, rather than the physical stalling of molecules. Recent studies and novel research tools have elevated the level of understanding of ADP-ribosylation, marking a coming-of-age for this interesting modification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Élise Rouleau-Turcotte
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - John M Pascal
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada.
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4
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Cant A, Bado-Nilles A, Porcher JM, Bolzan D, Prygiel J, Catteau A, Turiès C, Geffard A, Bonnard M. Application of the Fpg-modified comet assay on three-spined stickleback in freshwater biomonitoring: toward a multi-biomarker approach of genotoxicity. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2023:10.1007/s11356-023-30756-6. [PMID: 37989949 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-30756-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023]
Abstract
Aquatic species are exposed to a wide spectrum of substances, which can compromise their genomic integrity by inducing DNA damage or oxidative stress. Genotoxicity biomarkers as DNA strand breaks and chromosomal damages developed on sentinel species have already proved to be relevant in aquatic biomonitoring. However, these biomarkers do not reflect DNA oxidative lesions, i.e., the 8-oxodG, recognized as pre-mutagenic lesion if not or mis-repaired in human biomonitoring. The relevance to include the measure of these lesions by using the Fpg-modified comet assay on erythrocytes of the three-spined stickleback was investigated. An optimization step of the Fpg-modified comet assay considering enzyme buffer impact, Fpg concentration, and incubation time has been performed. Then, this measure was integrated in a battery of genotoxicity and cytotoxicity biomarkers (considering DNA strand breaks, DNA content variation, and cell apoptosis/necrosis and density) and applied in a freshwater monitoring program on six stations of the Artois Picardie watershed (3-week caging of control fish). These biomarkers allowed to discriminate the stations regarding the genotoxic potential of water bodies and specifically by the measure of oxidative DNA lesions, which seem to be a promising tool in environmental genotoxicity risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amélie Cant
- Institut National de L'Environnement Industriel Et Des Risques (INERIS), UMR-I 02 SEBIO, Parc Technologique Alata, BP 2, 60550, Verneuil-en-Halatte, France
- Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA), UMR-I 02 SEBIO, Moulin de La Housse, B.P. 1039, 51687, Reims, France
| | - Anne Bado-Nilles
- Institut National de L'Environnement Industriel Et Des Risques (INERIS), UMR-I 02 SEBIO, Parc Technologique Alata, BP 2, 60550, Verneuil-en-Halatte, France
| | - Jean-Marc Porcher
- Institut National de L'Environnement Industriel Et Des Risques (INERIS), UMR-I 02 SEBIO, Parc Technologique Alata, BP 2, 60550, Verneuil-en-Halatte, France
| | - Dorothée Bolzan
- Agence de L'Eau Artois-Picardie, Centre Tertiaire de L'Arsenal, BP 80818, 59508, Douai Cedex, France
| | - Jean Prygiel
- Agence de L'Eau Artois-Picardie, Centre Tertiaire de L'Arsenal, BP 80818, 59508, Douai Cedex, France
| | - Audrey Catteau
- Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA), UMR-I 02 SEBIO, Moulin de La Housse, B.P. 1039, 51687, Reims, France
| | - Cyril Turiès
- Institut National de L'Environnement Industriel Et Des Risques (INERIS), UMR-I 02 SEBIO, Parc Technologique Alata, BP 2, 60550, Verneuil-en-Halatte, France
| | - Alain Geffard
- Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA), UMR-I 02 SEBIO, Moulin de La Housse, B.P. 1039, 51687, Reims, France
| | - Marc Bonnard
- Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA), UMR-I 02 SEBIO, Moulin de La Housse, B.P. 1039, 51687, Reims, France.
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Lamghari Y, Lu H, Bentourkia M. DNA damage by radiation as a function of electron energy and interaction at the atomic level with Monte Carlo simulation. Z Med Phys 2023; 33:489-498. [PMID: 35973908 PMCID: PMC10751702 DOI: 10.1016/j.zemedi.2022.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2022] [Revised: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
In radiotherapy, X-ray or heavy ion beams target tumors to cause damage to their cell DNA. This damage is mainly induced by secondary low energy electrons. In this paper, we report the DNA molecular breaks at the atomic level as a function of electron energy and types of electron interactions using of Monte Carlo simulation. The number of DNA single and double strand breaks are compared to those from experimental results based on electron energies. In recent years, DNA atomistic models were introduced but still the simulations consider energy deposition in volumes of DNA or water equivalent material. We simulated a model of atomistic B-DNA in vacuum, forming 1122 base pairs of 30 nm in length. Each atom has been represented by a sphere whose radius equals the radius of van der Waals. We repeatedly simulated 10 million electrons for each energy from 4 eV to 500 eV and counted each interaction type with its position x, y, z in the volume of DNA. Based on the number and types of interactions at the atomic level, the number of DNA single and double strand breaks were calculated. We found that the dissociative electron attachment has the dominant effect on DNA strand breaks at energies below 10 eV compared to excitation and ionization. In addition, it is straightforward with our simulation to discriminate the strand and base breaks as a function of radiation interaction type and energy. In conclusion, the knowledge of DNA damage at the atomic level helps design direct internal therapeutic agents of cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youssef Lamghari
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Radiobiology, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Huizhong Lu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Radiobiology, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - M'hamed Bentourkia
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Radiobiology, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada.
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Møller P, Azqueta A, Rodriguez-Garraus A, Bakuradze T, Richling E, Bankoglu EE, Stopper H, Claudino Bastos V, Langie SAS, Jensen A, Ristori S, Scavone F, Giovannelli L, Wojewódzka M, Kruszewski M, Valdiglesias V, Laffon B, Costa C, Costa S, Paulo Teixeira J, Marino M, Del Bo C, Riso P, Zheng C, Shaposhnikov S, Collins A. DNA strand break levels in cryopreserved mononuclear blood cell lines measured by the alkaline comet assay: results from the hCOMET ring trial. Mutagenesis 2023; 38:273-282. [PMID: 37357800 DOI: 10.1093/mutage/gead019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The comet assay is widely used in biomonitoring studies for the analysis of DNA damage in leukocytes and peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Rather than processing blood samples directly, it can be desirable to cryopreserve whole blood or isolated cells for later analysis by the comet assay. However, this creates concern about artificial accumulation of DNA damage during cryopreservation. In this study, 10 laboratories used standardized cryopreservation and thawing procedures of monocytic (THP-1) or lymphocytic (TK6) cells. Samples were cryopreserved in small aliquots in 50% foetal bovine serum, 40% cell culture medium, and 10% dimethyl sulphoxide. Subsequently, cryopreserved samples were analysed by the standard comet assay on three occasions over a 3-year period. Levels of DNA strand breaks in THP-1 cells were increased (four laboratories), unaltered (four laboratories), or decreased (two laboratories) by long-term storage. Pooled analysis indicates only a modest positive association between storage time and levels of DNA strand breaks in THP-1 cells (0.37% Tail DNA per year, 95% confidence interval: -0.05, 0.78). In contrast, DNA strand break levels were not increased by cryopreservation in TK6 cells. There was inter-laboratory variation in levels of DNA strand breaks in THP-1 cells (SD = 3.7% Tail DNA) and TK6 reference sample cells (SD = 9.4% Tail DNA), whereas the intra-laboratory residual variation was substantially smaller (i.e. SD = 0.4%-2.2% Tail DNA in laboratories with the smallest and largest variation). In conclusion, the study shows that accumulation of DNA strand breaks in cryopreserved mononuclear blood cell lines is not a matter of concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Møller
- Department of Public Health, Section of Environmental Health, University of Copenhagen, Øster Farimagsgade 5A, DK-1014 Copenhagen K, Denmark
| | - Amaya Azqueta
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Navarra, C/Irunlarrea 1, 31009 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Adriana Rodriguez-Garraus
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Navarra, C/Irunlarrea 1, 31009 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Tamara Bakuradze
- Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Department of Chemistry, RPTU Kaiserslautern-Landau, Erwin-Schroedinger-Str. 52, D-67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Elke Richling
- Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Department of Chemistry, RPTU Kaiserslautern-Landau, Erwin-Schroedinger-Str. 52, D-67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Ezgi Eyluel Bankoglu
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Wuerzburg, Versbacher Str. 9, 97078 Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Helga Stopper
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Wuerzburg, Versbacher Str. 9, 97078 Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Victoria Claudino Bastos
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Sabine A S Langie
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Annie Jensen
- Department of Public Health, Section of Environmental Health, University of Copenhagen, Øster Farimagsgade 5A, DK-1014 Copenhagen K, Denmark
| | - Sara Ristori
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Pharmacology and Child Health (NEUROFARBA), Section Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Francesca Scavone
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Pharmacology and Child Health (NEUROFARBA), Section Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Lisa Giovannelli
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Pharmacology and Child Health (NEUROFARBA), Section Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Maria Wojewódzka
- Centre for Radiobiology and Biological Dosimetry, Institute of Nuclear Chemistry and Technology, Dorodna 16, 01-310 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marcin Kruszewski
- Centre for Radiobiology and Biological Dosimetry, Institute of Nuclear Chemistry and Technology, Dorodna 16, 01-310 Warsaw, Poland
- Department of Molecular Biology and Translational Research, Institute of Rural Health, Jaczewskiego 2, 20-090 Lublin, Poland
| | - Vanessa Valdiglesias
- Universidade da Coruña, Grupo NanoToxGen, Centro Interdisciplinar de Química e Bioloxía - CICA, Departamento de Biología, A Coruña, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de A Coruña (INIBIC), A Coruña, Spain
| | - Blanca Laffon
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de A Coruña (INIBIC), A Coruña, Spain
- Universidade da Coruña, Grupo DICOMOSA, Centro Interdisciplinar de Química e Bioloxía - CICA, Departamento de Psicología, A Coruña, Spain
| | - Carla Costa
- Environmental Health Department, National Institute of Health, Porto, Portugal
- EPIUnit - Instituto de Saúde Pública, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Laboratory for Integrative and Translational Research in Population Health (ITR), Porto, Portugal
| | - Solange Costa
- Environmental Health Department, National Institute of Health, Porto, Portugal
- EPIUnit - Instituto de Saúde Pública, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Laboratory for Integrative and Translational Research in Population Health (ITR), Porto, Portugal
| | - João Paulo Teixeira
- Environmental Health Department, National Institute of Health, Porto, Portugal
- EPIUnit - Instituto de Saúde Pública, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Laboratory for Integrative and Translational Research in Population Health (ITR), Porto, Portugal
| | - Mirko Marino
- Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences (DeFENS), Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Cristian Del Bo
- Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences (DeFENS), Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Patrizia Riso
- Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences (DeFENS), Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Congying Zheng
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Department of Nutrition, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Andrew Collins
- Department of Nutrition, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- NorGenotech AS, Oslo, Norway
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Signorell C, Kurpad AV, Pauline M, Shenvi S, Mukhopadhyay A, King JC, Zimmermann MB, Moretti D. The Effect of Zinc Biofortified Wheat Produced via Foliar Application on Zinc Status: A Randomized, Controlled Trial in Indian Children. J Nutr 2023; 153:3092-3100. [PMID: 37633331 DOI: 10.1016/j.tjnut.2023.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Revised: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Agronomic zinc biofortification of wheat by foliar application increases wheat zinc content and total zinc absorption in humans. OBJECTIVES To assess the effect of agronomically biofortified whole wheat flour (BFW) on plasma zinc (PZC) compared with a postharvest fortified wheat (PHFW) and unfortified control wheat (CW) when integrated in a midday school meal scheme. METHODS We conducted a 20-wk double-blind intervention trial in children (4-12 y, n = 273) individually randomly assigned to 3 groups to receive a daily school lunch consisting of 3 chapattis prepared with the 3 different wheat flour types. Measurements of anthropometry, blood biochemistry, and leukocyte DNA strand breaks were conducted. We applied sparse serial sampling to monitor PZC over time, and analysis was performed using linear mixed-effects models. RESULTS Mean zinc content in BFW, PHFW, and CW were 48.0, 45.1, and 21.2 ppm, respectively (P < 0.001). Mean (standard deviation) daily zinc intakes in the study intervention in BFW, PHFW, and CW groups were 4.4 (1.6), 5.9 (1.9) and 2.6 (0.6) mg Zn/d, respectively, with intake in groups PHFW and BFW differing from CW (P < 0.001) but no difference between BFW and PHFW. There were no time effect, group difference, or group × time interaction in PZC. Prevalence of zinc deficiency decreased in the BFW (from 14.1%-11.2%), PHFW (from 8.9%-2.3%), and CW (9.8%-8.8%) groups, but there was no time × treatment interaction in the prevalence of zinc deficiency (P = 0.191). Compliance with consuming the study school meals was associated with PZC (P = 0.006). DNA strand breaks were not significantly associated with PZC (n = 51; r = 0.004, P = 0.945). CONCLUSIONS Consumption of either PHFW or BFW provided an additional ∼1.8 to 3.3 mg Zn/d, but it did not affect PZC or zinc deficiency, growth, or DNA strand breaks. This trial was registered on clinicaltrials.gov as NCT02241330 and ctri.nic.in as CTRI/2015/06/005913.
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Affiliation(s)
- Coralie Signorell
- Laboratory for Human Nutrition, Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, ETH Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Anura V Kurpad
- Department of Physiology, St. John's Medical College, St. John's National Academy of Health Sciences, Bengaluru, India
| | - Maria Pauline
- Department of Physiology, St. John's Medical College, St. John's National Academy of Health Sciences, Bengaluru, India
| | - Swapna Shenvi
- Nutrition and Metabolism Center, Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, Oakland, CA, United States
| | | | - Janet C King
- Department of Nutritional Sciences and Toxicology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Michael B Zimmermann
- Laboratory for Human Nutrition, Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, ETH Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Diego Moretti
- Laboratory for Human Nutrition, Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, ETH Zurich, Switzerland; Nutrition Group, Swiss Distance Learning University of Applied Sciences (FFHS)/University of Applied Sciences of South Switzerland (SUPSI), Zürich, Switzerland.
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8
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Serrano‐Benitez A, Wells SE, Drummond‐Clarke L, Russo LC, Thomas JC, Leal GA, Farrow M, Edgerton JM, Balasubramanian S, Yang M, Frezza C, Gautam A, Brazina J, Burdova K, Hoch NC, Jackson SP, Caldecott KW. Unrepaired base excision repair intermediates in template DNA strands trigger replication fork collapse and PARP inhibitor sensitivity. EMBO J 2023; 42:e113190. [PMID: 37492888 PMCID: PMC10505916 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2022113190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/27/2023] Open
Abstract
DNA single-strand breaks (SSBs) disrupt DNA replication and induce chromosome breakage. However, whether SSBs induce chromosome breakage when present behind replication forks or ahead of replication forks is unclear. To address this question, we exploited an exquisite sensitivity of SSB repair-defective human cells lacking PARP activity or XRCC1 to the thymidine analogue 5-chloro-2'-deoxyuridine (CldU). We show that incubation with CldU in these cells results in chromosome breakage, sister chromatid exchange, and cytotoxicity by a mechanism that depends on the S phase activity of uracil DNA glycosylase (UNG). Importantly, we show that CldU incorporation in one cell cycle is cytotoxic only during the following cell cycle, when it is present in template DNA. In agreement with this, while UNG induces SSBs both in nascent strands behind replication forks and in template strands ahead of replication forks, only the latter trigger fork collapse and chromosome breakage. Finally, we show that BRCA-defective cells are hypersensitive to CldU, either alone and/or in combination with PARP inhibitor, suggesting that CldU may have clinical utility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Almudena Serrano‐Benitez
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge InstituteUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
- The Wellcome and Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute and Department of BiochemistryUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - Sophie E Wells
- Genome Damage and Stability Centre, School of Life SciencesUniversity of SussexFalmerUK
| | - Lylah Drummond‐Clarke
- Genome Damage and Stability Centre, School of Life SciencesUniversity of SussexFalmerUK
| | - Lilian C Russo
- Departament of Biochemistry, Chemistry InstituteUniversity of São PauloSão PauloBrazil
| | - John Christopher Thomas
- The Wellcome and Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute and Department of BiochemistryUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - Giovanna A Leal
- Departament of Biochemistry, Chemistry InstituteUniversity of São PauloSão PauloBrazil
| | - Mark Farrow
- Yusuf Hamied Department of ChemistryUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | | | - Shankar Balasubramanian
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge InstituteUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
- Yusuf Hamied Department of ChemistryUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - Ming Yang
- CECAD Research Center, Faculty of MedicineUniversity Hospital CologneCologneGermany
| | - Christian Frezza
- CECAD Research Center, Faculty of MedicineUniversity Hospital CologneCologneGermany
| | - Amit Gautam
- Genome Damage and Stability Centre, School of Life SciencesUniversity of SussexFalmerUK
| | - Jan Brazina
- Genome Damage and Stability Centre, School of Life SciencesUniversity of SussexFalmerUK
| | - Kamila Burdova
- Genome Damage and Stability Centre, School of Life SciencesUniversity of SussexFalmerUK
| | - Nicolas C Hoch
- Departament of Biochemistry, Chemistry InstituteUniversity of São PauloSão PauloBrazil
| | - Stephen P Jackson
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge InstituteUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
- The Wellcome and Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute and Department of BiochemistryUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - Keith W Caldecott
- Genome Damage and Stability Centre, School of Life SciencesUniversity of SussexFalmerUK
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Schmalz M, Liang XX, Wieser I, Gruschel C, Muskalla L, Stöckl MT, Nitschke R, Linz N, Leitenstorfer A, Vogel A, Ferrando-May E. Dissection of DNA damage and repair pathways in live cells by femtosecond laser microirradiation and free-electron modeling. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2220132120. [PMID: 37307476 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2220132120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding and predicting the outcome of the interaction of light with DNA has a significant impact on the study of DNA repair and radiotherapy. We report on a combination of femtosecond pulsed laser microirradiation at different wavelengths, quantitative imaging, and numerical modeling that yields a comprehensive picture of photon-mediated and free-electron-mediated DNA damage pathways in live cells. Laser irradiation was performed under highly standardized conditions at four wavelengths between 515 nm and 1,030 nm, enabling to study two-photon photochemical and free-electron-mediated DNA damage in situ. We quantitatively assessed cyclobutane pyrimidine dimer (CPD) and γH2AX-specific immunofluorescence signals to calibrate the damage threshold dose at these wavelengths and performed a comparative analysis of the recruitment of DNA repair factors xeroderma pigmentosum complementation group C (XPC) and Nijmegen breakage syndrome 1 (Nbs1). Our results show that two-photon-induced photochemical CPD generation dominates at 515 nm, while electron-mediated damage dominates at wavelengths ≥620 nm. The recruitment analysis revealed a cross talk between nucleotide excision and homologous recombination DNA repair pathways at 515 nm. Numerical simulations predicted electron densities and electron energy spectra, which govern the yield functions of a variety of direct electron-mediated DNA damage pathways and of indirect damage by •OH radicals resulting from laser and electron interactions with water. Combining these data with information on free electron-DNA interactions gained in artificial systems, we provide a conceptual framework for the interpretation of the wavelength dependence of laser-induced DNA damage that may guide the selection of irradiation parameters in studies and applications that require the selective induction of DNA lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Schmalz
- Department of Physics, University of Konstanz, 78457 Konstanz, Germany
- Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, 78457 Konstanz, Germany
- Center for Applied Photonics, University of Konstanz, 78457 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Xiao-Xuan Liang
- Institute of Biomedical Optics, University of Lübeck, 23562 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Ines Wieser
- Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, 78457 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Caroline Gruschel
- Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, 78457 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Lukas Muskalla
- Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, 78457 Konstanz, Germany
| | | | - Roland Nitschke
- Life Imaging Center and Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Norbert Linz
- Institute of Biomedical Optics, University of Lübeck, 23562 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Alfred Leitenstorfer
- Department of Physics, University of Konstanz, 78457 Konstanz, Germany
- Center for Applied Photonics, University of Konstanz, 78457 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Alfred Vogel
- Institute of Biomedical Optics, University of Lübeck, 23562 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Elisa Ferrando-May
- Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, 78457 Konstanz, Germany
- Center for Applied Photonics, University of Konstanz, 78457 Konstanz, Germany
- Department Enabling Technology, German Cancer Research Center, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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10
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de Wit L, Hamberg MR, Ross AM, Goris M, Lie FF, Ruf T, Giroud S, Henning RH, Hut RA. Temperature Effects on DNA Damage during Hibernation. Physiol Biochem Zool 2023; 96:144-152. [PMID: 36921268 DOI: 10.1086/722904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
AbstractDuring multiday torpor, deep-hibernating mammals maintain a hypometabolic state where heart rate and ventilation are reduced to 2%-4% of euthermic rates. It is hypothesized that this ischemia-like condition may cause DNA damage through reactive oxygen species production. The reason for intermittent rewarming (arousal) during hibernation might be to repair the accumulated DNA damage. Because increasing ambient temperatures (Ta's) shortens torpor bout duration, we hypothesize that hibernating at higher Ta's will result in a faster accumulation of genomic DNA damage. To test this, we kept 39 male and female garden dormice at a Ta of either 5°C or 10°C and obtained tissue at 1, 4, and 8 d in torpor to assess DNA damage and recruitment of DNA repair markers in splenocytes. DNA damage in splenocytes measured by comet assay was significantly higher in almost all torpor groups than in summer euthermic groups. Damage accumulates in the first days of torpor at Ta=5°C (between days 1 and 4) but not at Ta=10°C. At the higher Ta, DNA damage is high at 24 h in torpor, indicating either a faster buildup of DNA damage at higher Ta's or an incomplete repair during arousals in dormice. At 5°C, recruitment of the DNA repair protein 53BP1 paralleled the increase in DNA damage over time during torpor. In contrast, after 1 d in torpor at 10°C, DNA damage levels were high, but 53BP1 was not recruited to the nuclear DNA yet. The data suggest a potential mismatch in the DNA damage/repair dynamics during torpor at higher Ta's.
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11
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Wang C, Ebel K, Heinze K, Resch-Genger U, Bald I. Quantum Yield of DNA Strand Breaks under Photoexcitation of a Molecular Ruby. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202203719. [PMID: 36734093 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202203719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) used for treating cancer relies on the generation of highly reactive oxygen species, for example, singlet oxygen 1 O2 , by light-induced excitation of a photosensitizer (PS) in the presence of molecular oxygen, inducing DNA damage in close proximity of the PS. Although many precious metal complexes have been explored as PS for PDT and received clinical approval, only recently, the potential of photoactive complexes of non-noble metals as PS has been discovered. Using the DNA origami technology that can absolutely quantify DNA strand break cross sections, we assessed the potential of the luminescent transition metal complex [Cr(ddpd)2 ]3+ (ddpd=N,N'-dimethyl-N,N'-dipyridine-2-ylpyridine-2,6-diamine) to damage DNA in an air-saturated aqueous environment upon UV/Vis illumination. The quantum yield for strand breakage, that is, the ratio of DNA strand breaks to the number of absorbed photons, was determined to 1-4 %, indicating efficient transformation of photons into DNA strand breaks by [Cr(ddpd)2 ]3+ .
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Affiliation(s)
- Cui Wang
- Division Biophotonics, Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM), Richard-Willstaetter Strasse 11, 12489, Berlin, Germany.,present address: Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, St. Johanns-Ring 19, 4056, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Kenny Ebel
- Institute of Chemistry, Hybrid Nanostructures, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Katja Heinze
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Ute Resch-Genger
- Division Biophotonics, Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM), Richard-Willstaetter Strasse 11, 12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ilko Bald
- Institute of Chemistry, Hybrid Nanostructures, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
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12
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Sendra M, Štampar M, Fras K, Novoa B, Figueras A, Žegura B. Adverse (geno)toxic effects of bisphenol A and its analogues in hepatic 3D cell model. Environ Int 2023; 171:107721. [PMID: 36580735 PMCID: PMC9875311 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2022.107721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Bisphenol A (BPA) is one of the most widely used and versatile chemical compounds in polymer additives and epoxy resins for manufacturing a range of products for human applications. It is known as endocrine disruptor, however, there is growing evidence that it is genotoxic. Because of its adverse effects, the European Union has restricted its use to protect human health and the environment. As a result, the industry has begun developing BPA analogues, but there are not yet sufficient toxicity data to claim that they are safe. We investigated the adverse toxic effects of BPA and its analogues (BPS, BPAP, BPAF, BPFL, and BPC) with emphasis on their cytotoxic and genotoxic activities after short (24-h) and prolonged (96-h) exposure in in vitro hepatic three-dimensional cell model developed from HepG2 cells. The results showed that BPFL and BPC (formed by an additional ring system) were the most cytotoxic analogues that affected cell viability, spheroid surface area and morphology, cell proliferation, and apoptotic cell death. BPA, BPAP, and BPAF induced DNA double-strand break formation (γH2AX assay), whereas BPAF and BPC increased the percentage of p-H3-positive cells, indicating their aneugenic activity. All BPs induced DNA single-strand break formation (comet assay), with BPAP (≥0.1 μM) being the most effective and BPA and BPC the least effective (≥1 μM) under conditions applied. The results indicate that not all of the analogues studied are safer alternatives to BPA and thus more in-depth research is urgently needed to adequately evaluate the risks of BPA analogues and assess their safety for humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Sendra
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, Faculty of Sciences, University of Burgos, Plaza Misael Bañuelos, 09001 Burgos, Spain; International Research Center in Critical Raw Materials-ICCRAM, Universidad de Burgos, Plaza Misael Bañuelos s/n, 09001 Burgos, Spain.
| | - Martina Štampar
- National Institute of Biology, Department of Genetic Toxicology and Cancer Biology, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Katarina Fras
- National Institute of Biology, Department of Genetic Toxicology and Cancer Biology, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Beatriz Novoa
- Immunology and Genomics Group, Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas (IIM), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Vigo, Spain.
| | - Antonio Figueras
- Immunology and Genomics Group, Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas (IIM), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Vigo, Spain.
| | - Bojana Žegura
- National Institute of Biology, Department of Genetic Toxicology and Cancer Biology, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; Jozef Stefan International Postgraduate School, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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13
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Yokoya A, Obata Y. Core level ionization or excitation and Auger relaxation induce clustered DNA damage. Enzymes 2022; 51:79-100. [PMID: 36336411 DOI: 10.1016/bs.enz.2022.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Ionizing radiation causes various types of DNA damage, such as single- (SSBs) and double-strand breaks (DSBs), nucleobase lesions, abasic sites (AP sites), and cross-linking between complementary strands of DNA or DNA and proteins. DSBs are among the most harmful type of DNA damage, inducing serious genetic effects such as cell lethality and mutation. Nucleobase lesions and AP sites, on the other hand, may be less deleterious and are promptly repaired by base excision repair (BER) pathways. Recently, biochemical approaches to quantify nucleobase lesions and AP sites have revealed certain types of non-strand break lesions as harmful DNA damage, called clustered DNA damage. Such clusters can retard nucleobase excision repair enzymes, and can sometimes be converted to DSBs by BER catalysis. This unique character of clustered DNA damage strongly depends on the spatial density of ionization or excitation events occurring at the track end of initial radiation or low energy secondary electrons. In particular, the photoelectric effect of elements comprising biological molecules, followed by emission of Auger electrons, are key factors in determining the future fate of each clustered damage site. This chapter describes biological studies of clustered nucleobase lesions with SSBs or AP sites, and mechanistical studies on core level excitation and Auger relaxation giving rise to clustered DNA damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akinari Yokoya
- Institute for Quantum Life Science, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, Chiba-shi, Japan; Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ibaraki University, Mito, Japan.
| | - Yui Obata
- Institute for Quantum Life Science, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, Chiba-shi, Japan; Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ibaraki University, Mito, Japan
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14
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Liu F, Last KS, Henry TB, Reinardy HC. Interspecific differences in oxidative DNA damage after hydrogen peroxide exposure of sea urchin coelomocytes. Mutagenesis 2022; 38:13-20. [PMID: 36130095 PMCID: PMC9897020 DOI: 10.1093/mutage/geac018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Interspecific comparison of DNA damage can provide information on the relative vulnerability of marine organisms to toxicants that induce oxidative genotoxicity. Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is an oxidative toxicant that causes DNA strand breaks and nucleotide oxidation and is used in multiple industries including Atlantic salmon aquaculture to treat infestations of ectoparasitic sea lice. H2O2 (up to 100 mM) can be released into the water after sea lice treatment, with potential consequences of exposure in nontarget marine organisms. The objective of the current study was to measure and compare differences in levels of H2O2-induced oxidative DNA damage in coelomocytes from Scottish sea urchins Echinus esculentus, Paracentrotus lividus, and Psammechinus miliaris. Coelomocytes were exposed to H2O2 (0-50 mM) for 10 min, cell concentration and viability were quantified, and DNA damage was measured by the fast micromethod, an alkaline unwinding DNA method, and the modified fast micromethod with nucleotide-specific enzymes. Cell viability was >92% in all exposures and did not differ from controls. Psammechinus miliaris coelomocytes had the highest oxidative DNA damage with 0.07 ± 0.01, 0.08 ± 0.01, and 0.07 ± 0.01 strand scission factors (mean ± SD) after incubation with phosphate-buffered saline, formamidopyrimidine-DNA glycosylase, and endonuclease-III, respectively, at 50 mM H2O2. Exposures to 0.5 mM H2O2 (100-fold dilution from recommended lice treatment concentration) induced oxidative DNA damage in all three species of sea urchins, suggesting interspecific differences in vulnerabilities to DNA damage and/or DNA repair mechanisms. Understanding impacts of environmental genotoxicants requires understanding species-specific susceptibilities to DNA damage, which can impact long-term stability in sea urchin populations in proximity to aquaculture farms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengjia Liu
- The Scottish Association for Marine Science, Oban, United Kingdom
| | - Kim S Last
- The Scottish Association for Marine Science, Oban, United Kingdom
| | - Theodore B Henry
- Institute of Earth and Life Sciences, School of Energy, Geoscience, Infrastructure and Society, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, United Kingdom,Center for Environmental Biotechnology, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Knoxville, TN, United States
| | - Helena C Reinardy
- Corresponding author. Scottish Association for Marine Science, Oban, Argyll PA37 1QA, UK. E-mail: ;
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15
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Rouleau-Turcotte É, Krastev DB, Pettitt SJ, Lord CJ, Pascal JM. Captured snapshots of PARP1 in the active state reveal the mechanics of PARP1 allostery. Mol Cell 2022; 82:2939-2951.e5. [PMID: 35793673 PMCID: PMC9391306 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2022.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Revised: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
PARP1 rapidly detects DNA strand break damage and allosterically signals break detection to the PARP1 catalytic domain to activate poly(ADP-ribose) production from NAD+. PARP1 activation is characterized by dynamic changes in the structure of a regulatory helical domain (HD); yet, there are limited insights into the specific contributions that the HD makes to PARP1 allostery. Here, we have determined crystal structures of PARP1 in isolated active states that display specific HD conformations. These captured snapshots and biochemical analysis illustrate HD contributions to PARP1 multi-domain and high-affinity interaction with DNA damage, provide novel insights into the mechanics of PARP1 allostery, and indicate how HD active conformations correspond to alterations in the catalytic region that reveal the active site to NAD+. Our work deepens the understanding of PARP1 catalytic activation, the dynamics of the binding site of PARP inhibitor compounds, and the mechanisms regulating PARP1 retention on DNA damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Élise Rouleau-Turcotte
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Dragomir B Krastev
- CRUK Gene Function Laboratory and Breast Cancer Now Toby Robins Research Centre, Institute of Cancer Research, London SW3 6JB, UK
| | - Stephen J Pettitt
- CRUK Gene Function Laboratory and Breast Cancer Now Toby Robins Research Centre, Institute of Cancer Research, London SW3 6JB, UK
| | - Christopher J Lord
- CRUK Gene Function Laboratory and Breast Cancer Now Toby Robins Research Centre, Institute of Cancer Research, London SW3 6JB, UK
| | - John M Pascal
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada.
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16
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Zhang H, Wang Z, Liu Y, Xie P. Exploring the direct effects of microcystin-LR on DNA via using cross-technical means. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 2022; 241:113841. [PMID: 36068764 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.113841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Microcystin-leucine arginine (MC-LR) is the most toxic and abundant microcystin produced by cyanobacteria. Previous studies have demonstrated that MC-LR can lead to DNA damage by increasing intracellular reactive oxygen species content to induce oxidative stress. However, the direct effect of MC-LR on DNA has not been fully described. In this study, the direct effect of MC-LR on DNA was explored by using spectral analysis and molecular biology technology. First, the fluorescent probe Bptp-R2 was developed to monitor different types of DNA and explore the direct interaction between DNA and MC-LR. The significant differences in the fluorescence of probe-plasmid DNA and probe-ds DNA at various MC-LR concentrations (0, 5, 10, 20, and 30 μmol/L) and MC-LR exposure times (0, 6, 12, and 24 h) showed that the direct interaction between DNA and MC-LR was significant (P ≤ 0.01). Gel electrophoresis demonstrated that the direct interaction between DNA and MC-LR cannot cause DNA strand breaks or change DNA configuration. Then, PCR experiments revealed that the direct interaction between DNA and MC-LR cannot affect DNA replication in a PCR system (P ≤ 0.01). This study discovered that the effects of MC-LR on DNA originate mainly from the secondary effects of MC-LR rather than from the direct interaction between DNA and MC-LR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huixia Zhang
- Institute for Ecological Research and Pollution Control of Plateau Lakes; School of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming 650500, P.R. China
| | - Zhaomin Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Shandong 250022, P.R. China
| | - Yong Liu
- Institute for Ecological Research and Pollution Control of Plateau Lakes; School of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming 650500, P.R. China.
| | - Ping Xie
- Institute for Ecological Research and Pollution Control of Plateau Lakes; School of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming 650500, P.R. China; Donghu Experimental Station of Lake Ecosystems, State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, P.R. China.
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17
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Kobets T, Duan JD, Vock E, Deschl U, Williams GM. Evaluation of Pharmaceuticals for DNA Damage in the Chicken Egg Genotoxicity Assay (CEGA). Int J Toxicol 2022; 41:297-311. [PMID: 35658642 DOI: 10.1177/10915818221093583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
DNA damage is an established initiating event in the mutagenicity and carcinogenicity of genotoxic chemicals. Accordingly, assessment of this endpoint is critical for chemicals which are being developed for use in humans. To assess the ability of the Chicken Egg Genotoxicity Assay (CEGA) to detect genotoxic pharmaceuticals, a set of 23 compounds with different pharmacological and reported genotoxic effects was tested for the potential to produce nuclear DNA adducts and strand breaks in the embryo-fetal livers using the 32P-nucleotide postlabeling (NPL) and comet assays, respectively. Due to high toxicity, two aneugens, colchicine and vinblastine, and an autophagy inhibitor, hydroxychloroquine, could not be evaluated. Out of the 20 remaining pharmaceuticals, 10 including estrogen modulators, diethylstilbestrol and tamoxifen, antineoplastics cyclophosphamide, etoposide, and mitomycin C, antifungal griseofulvin, local anesthetics lidocaine and prilocaine, and antihistamines diphenhydramine and doxylamine, yielded clear positive outcomes in at least one of the assays. The antihypertensive vasodilator hydralazine and antineoplastics streptozotocin and teniposide, produced only DNA strand breaks, which were not dose-dependent, and thus, the results with these 3 pharmaceuticals were considered equivocal. No DNA damage was detected for 7 compounds, including the purine antagonist 6-thioguanine, antipyretic analgesics acetaminophen and phenacetin, antibiotic ciprofloxacin, antilipidemic clofibrate, anti-inflammatory ibuprofen, and sedative phenobarbital. However, low solubility of these compounds limited dosages tested in CEGA. Overall, results in CEGA were largely in concordance with the outcomes in other systems in vitro and in vivo, indicating that CEGA provides reliable detection of DNA damaging activity of genotoxic compounds. Further evaluations with a broader set of compounds would support this conclusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetyana Kobets
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Microbiology, 8137New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, USA
| | - Jian-Dong Duan
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Microbiology, 8137New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, USA
| | - Esther Vock
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH&Co. KG, Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Ulrich Deschl
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH&Co. KG, Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Gary M Williams
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Microbiology, 8137New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, USA
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18
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Miclot T, Hognon C, Bignon E, Terenzi A, Grandemange S, Barone G, Monari A. Never Cared for What They Do: High Structural Stability of Guanine-Quadruplexes in the Presence of Strand-Break Damage. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27103256. [PMID: 35630732 PMCID: PMC9146567 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27103256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Revised: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
DNA integrity is an important factor that assures genome stability and, more generally, the viability of cells and organisms. In the presence of DNA damage, the normal cell cycle is perturbed when cells activate their repair processes. Although efficient, the repair system is not always able to ensure complete restoration of gene integrity. In these cases, mutations not only may occur, but the accumulation of lesions can either lead to carcinogenesis or reach a threshold that induces apoptosis and programmed cell death. Among the different types of DNA lesions, strand breaks produced by ionizing radiation are the most toxic due to the inherent difficultly of repair, which may lead to genomic instability. In this article we show, by using classical molecular simulation techniques, that compared to canonical double-helical B-DNA, guanine-quadruplex (G4) arrangements show remarkable structural stability, even in the presence of two strand breaks. Since G4-DNA is recognized for its regulatory roles in cell senescence and gene expression, including oncogenes, this stability may be related to an evolutionary cellular response aimed at minimizing the effects of ionizing radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Miclot
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Palermo, viale delle Scienze, Ed. 17, 90128 Palermo, Italy; (T.M.); (A.T.)
- Université de Lorraine and CNRS, LPCT UMR 7019, F-54000 Nancy, France; (C.H.); (E.B.)
| | - Cécilia Hognon
- Université de Lorraine and CNRS, LPCT UMR 7019, F-54000 Nancy, France; (C.H.); (E.B.)
| | - Emmanuelle Bignon
- Université de Lorraine and CNRS, LPCT UMR 7019, F-54000 Nancy, France; (C.H.); (E.B.)
| | - Alessio Terenzi
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Palermo, viale delle Scienze, Ed. 17, 90128 Palermo, Italy; (T.M.); (A.T.)
| | | | - Giampaolo Barone
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Palermo, viale delle Scienze, Ed. 17, 90128 Palermo, Italy; (T.M.); (A.T.)
- Correspondence: (G.B.); (A.M.)
| | - Antonio Monari
- Université Paris Cité and CNRS, ITODYS, F-75006 Paris, France
- Correspondence: (G.B.); (A.M.)
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19
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Zhang S, Shang P, Gao K, Zhao G, Zhou J, Chen R, Ning X, Guo C. Dynamics of estrogen-induced ROS and DNA strand break generation in estrogen receptor α-positive breast cancer. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2022; 602:170-178. [PMID: 35278890 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2022.02.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
DNA repair machinery is involved in estrogen-dependent transactivation. Mounting evidence suggests that mechanisms underlying estrogen-induced DNA damage are complicated. To date estrogen-induced DNA oxidation and its impact on ERα-mediated transaction remains ambiguous. Herein, we found that the process of 17β-estradiol (E2)-induced ROS production can be approximately divided into two phases according to responding time and generation mechanisms. The intracellular Ca2+ fluctuation and ERα-dependent transcription lead to temporospatially different oxidative DNA damage. Further, we demonstrate that DNA oxidation is dispensable for estrogen-responsive gene expression. Dynamics of estrogen-induced DNA strand break generation also show two-phase pattern and topoisomerase-mediated DNA stand breaks are essential in estrogen signaling. Collectively, our findings have provided new insights into oxidative DNA damage in estrogen signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaolong Zhang
- School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Pengzhao Shang
- School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Kun Gao
- School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Guomeng Zhao
- School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Jingping Zhou
- School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Rong Chen
- School of Science, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Xiaoju Ning
- Ningxia Traditional Chinese Medicine hospital and Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Yinchuan, PR China
| | - Changying Guo
- School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, PR China.
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20
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Ohsawa D, Hiroyama Y, Kobayashi A, Kusumoto T, Kitamura H, Hojo S, Kodaira S, Konishi T. DNA strand break induction of aqueous plasmid DNA exposed to 30 MeV protons at ultra-high dose rate. J Radiat Res 2022; 63:255-260. [PMID: 34952540 PMCID: PMC8944314 DOI: 10.1093/jrr/rrab114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Revised: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Radiation cancer therapy with ultra-high dose rate exposure, so called FLASH radiotherapy, appears to reduce normal tissue damage without compromising tumor response. The aim of this study was to clarify whether FLASH exposure of proton beam would be effective in reducing the DNA strand break induction. We applied a simple model system, pBR322 plasmid DNA in aqueous 1 × TE solution, where DNA single strand breaks (SSBs) and double strand breaks (DSBs) can be precisely quantified by gel electrophoresis. Plasmid DNA were exposed to 27.5 MeV protons in the conventional dose rate of 0.05 Gy/s (CONV) and ultra-high dose rate of 40 Gy/s (FLASH). With both dose rate, the kinetics of the SSB and DSB induction were proportional to absorbed dose. The SSB induction of FLASH was significantly less than CONV, which were 8.79 ± 0.14 (10-3 SSB per Gy per molecule) and 10.8 ± 0.68 (10-3 SSB per Gy per molecule), respectively. The DSB induction of FLASH was also slightly less than CONV, but difference was not significant. Altogether, 27.5 MeV proton beam at 40 Gy/s reduced SSB and not DSB, thus its effect may not be significant in reducing lethal DNA damage that become apparent in acute radiation effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Ohsawa
- Single Cell Radiation Biology Group, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology; 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inageku, Chiba, 263-8555, Japan
| | - Yota Hiroyama
- Single Cell Radiation Biology Group, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology; 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inageku, Chiba, 263-8555, Japan
- Graduate School of Health Sciences, Hirosaki University, 66-1 Hommachi, Hirosaki-shi, Aomori, 036-8564, Japan
| | - Alisa Kobayashi
- Single Cell Radiation Biology Group, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology; 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inageku, Chiba, 263-8555, Japan
- Electrostatic Accelerator Operation Section, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inageku, Chiba, 263-8555, Japan
| | - Tamon Kusumoto
- Single Cell Radiation Biology Group, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology; 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inageku, Chiba, 263-8555, Japan
- Radiation Measurement Research Group, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inageku, Chiba, 263-8555, Japan
| | - Hisashi Kitamura
- Radiation Measurement Research Group, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inageku, Chiba, 263-8555, Japan
| | - Satoru Hojo
- Cyclotron Operation Section, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inageku, Chiba, 263-8555, Japan
| | - Satoshi Kodaira
- Single Cell Radiation Biology Group, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology; 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inageku, Chiba, 263-8555, Japan
- Radiation Measurement Research Group, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inageku, Chiba, 263-8555, Japan
| | - Teruaki Konishi
- Corresponding author. Single Cell Radiation Biology Group, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inageku, Chiba, 263-8555 Japan, ; Tel.: +81-43-206-4695
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21
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Plitta-Michalak BP, Ramos AA, Pupel P, Michalak M. Oxidative damage and DNA repair in desiccated recalcitrant embryonic axes of Acer pseudoplatanus L. BMC Plant Biol 2022; 22:40. [PMID: 35045819 PMCID: PMC8767751 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-021-03419-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Most plants encounter water stress at one or more different stages of their life cycle. The maintenance of genetic stability is the integral component of desiccation tolerance that defines the storage ability and long-term survival of seeds. Embryonic axes of desiccation-sensitive recalcitrant seeds of Acer pseudoplatnus L. were used to investigate the genotoxic effect of desiccation. Alkaline single-cell gel electrophoresis (comet assay) methodology was optimized and used to provide unique insights into the onset and repair of DNA strand breaks and 8-oxo-7,8-dihydroguanine (8-oxoG) formation during progressive steps of desiccation and rehydration. RESULTS The loss of DNA integrity and impairment of damage repair were significant predictors of the viability of embryonic axes. In contrast to the comet assay, automated electrophoresis failed to detect changes in DNA integrity resulting from desiccation. Notably, no significant correlation was observed between hydroxyl radical (٠OH) production and 8-oxoG formation, although the former is regarded to play a major role in guanine oxidation. CONCLUSIONS The high-throughput comet assay represents a sensitive tool for monitoring discrete changes in DNA integrity and assessing the viability status in plant germplasm processed for long-term storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beata P. Plitta-Michalak
- Department of Plant Physiology, Genetics and Biotechnology, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 1A/103, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Alice A. Ramos
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar (ICBAS), University of Porto (U. Porto), Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
- Interdisciplinary Center for Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR), University of Porto (U. Porto), Avenida General Norton de Matos, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Piotr Pupel
- Department of Plant Physiology, Genetics and Biotechnology, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 1A/103, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Marcin Michalak
- Department of Plant Physiology, Genetics and Biotechnology, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 1A/103, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland
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22
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May S, Hirsch C, Rippl A, Bürkle A, Wick P. Assessing Genotoxicity of Ten Different Engineered Nanomaterials by the Novel Semi-Automated FADU Assay and the Alkaline Comet Assay. Nanomaterials (Basel) 2022; 12:220. [PMID: 35055238 DOI: 10.3390/nano12020220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Revised: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Increased engineered nanomaterial (ENM) production and incorporation in consumer and biomedical products has raised concerns about the potential adverse effects. The DNA damaging capacity is of particular importance since damaged genetic material can lead to carcinogenesis. Consequently, reliable and robust in vitro studies assessing ENM genotoxicity are of great value. We utilized two complementary assays based on different measurement principles: (1) comet assay and (2) FADU (fluorimetric detection of alkaline DNA unwinding) assay. Assessing cell viability ruled out false-positive results due to DNA fragmentation during cell death. Potential structure–activity relationships of 10 ENMs were investigated: three silica nanoparticles (SiO2-NP) with varying degrees of porosity, titanium dioxide (TiO2-NP), polystyrene (PS-NP), zinc oxide (ZnO-NP), gold (Au-NP), graphene oxide (GO) and two multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWNT). SiO2-NPs, TiO2-NP and GO were neither cytotoxic nor genotoxic to Jurkat E6-I cells. Quantitative interference corrections derived from GO results can make the FADU assay a promising screening tool for a variety of ENMs. MWNT merely induced cytotoxicity, while dose- and time-dependent cytotoxicity of PS-NP was accompanied by DNA fragmentation. Hence, PS-NP served to benchmark threshold levels of cytotoxicity at which DNA fragmentation was expected. Considering all controls revealed the true genotoxicity for Au-NP and ZnO-NP at early time points.
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23
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Tolouee M, Hendriks KDW, Lie FF, Gartzke LP, Goris M, Hoogstra-Berends F, Bergink S, Henning RH. Cooling of Cells and Organs Confers Extensive DNA Strand Breaks Through Oxidative Stress and ATP Depletion. Cell Transplant 2022; 31:9636897221108705. [PMID: 35808831 PMCID: PMC9272479 DOI: 10.1177/09636897221108705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cooling at 4°C is routinely used to lower metabolism and preserve cell and tissue integrity in laboratory and clinical settings, including organ transplantation. However, cooling and rewarming produce cell damage, attributed primarily to a burst of reactive oxygen species (ROS) upon rewarming. While DNA represents a highly vulnerable target of ROS, it is unknown whether cooling and/or rewarming produces DNA damage. Here, we show that cooling alone suffices to produce extensive DNA damage in cultured primary cells and cell lines, including double-strand breaks (DSBs), as shown by comet assay and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. Cooling-induced DSB formation is time- and temperature-dependent and coincides with an excess production of ROS, rather than a decrease in ATP levels. Immunohistochemistry confirmed that DNA damage activates the DNA damage response marked by the formation of nuclear foci of proteins involved in DSB repair, γ-H2Ax, and 53BP1. Subsequent rewarming for 24 h fails to recover ATP levels and only marginally lowers DSB amounts and nuclear foci. Precluding ROS formation by dopamine and the hydroxychromanol, Sul-121, dose-dependently reduces DSBs. Finally, a standard clinical kidney transplant procedure, using cold static storage in UW preservation solution up to 24 h in porcine kidney, lowered ATP, increased ROS, and produced increasing amounts of DSBs with recruitment of 53BP1. Given that DNA repair is erroneous by nature, cooling-inflicted DNA damage may affect cell survival, proliferation, and genomic stability, significantly impacting cellular and organ function, with relevance in stem cell and transplantation procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marziyeh Tolouee
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Koen D W Hendriks
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Fia Fia Lie
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.,Department of Pharmacology, Medical Faculty, Universitas Tarumanagara, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Lucas P Gartzke
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Maaike Goris
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Femke Hoogstra-Berends
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Steven Bergink
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells and Systems (BSCS), University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Robert H Henning
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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Kuang H, Dai Y, Ding X, Li Y, Cha C, Jiang W, Zhang H, Zhou W, Zeng Y, Pang Q, Fan R. Association among blood BPDE-DNA adduct, serum interleukin-8 (IL-8) and DNA strand breaks for children with pulmonary diseases. Int J Environ Health Res 2021; 31:823-834. [PMID: 31722538 DOI: 10.1080/09603123.2019.1690638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P) may be a risk factor for pulmonary diseases. To investigate the correlations among B[a]P exposure level, DNA strand breaks and pulmonary inflammation, we recruited 83 children diagnosed with pulmonary diseases and 63 healthy children from Guangzhou, China. Results showed that the levels of Benzo[a]pyrene diol epoxide (BPDE) DNA adduct in blood and IL-8 in serum in case group were significantly higher than those in control group (p < 0.01). Moreover, levels of atmospheric B[a]P in case group was about twice of those in control group, which was consistent with the levels of BPDE-DNA adduct in blood. Significant positive correlations were observed among the levels of BPDE-DNA adduct, IL-8 and DNA strand breaks (p < 0.05). Our findings indicate that environmental air is an important exposure source of B[a]P and higher B[a]P exposure may contribute to the occurrence of pulmonary inflammation and lead to high health risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongxuan Kuang
- South China Normal University-Panyu Central Hospital Joint Laboratory of Translational Medical Research, Panyu Central Hospital, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Drug and Food Biological Resources Processing and Comprehensive Utilization, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yanyan Dai
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Drug and Food Biological Resources Processing and Comprehensive Utilization, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiang Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yonghong Li
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Drug and Food Biological Resources Processing and Comprehensive Utilization, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Caihui Cha
- Department of Psychology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenhui Jiang
- Department of Respiration, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Haibin Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Drug and Food Biological Resources Processing and Comprehensive Utilization, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenji Zhou
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Drug and Food Biological Resources Processing and Comprehensive Utilization, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yingwei Zeng
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Drug and Food Biological Resources Processing and Comprehensive Utilization, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qihua Pang
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Drug and Food Biological Resources Processing and Comprehensive Utilization, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ruifang Fan
- South China Normal University-Panyu Central Hospital Joint Laboratory of Translational Medical Research, Panyu Central Hospital, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Drug and Food Biological Resources Processing and Comprehensive Utilization, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
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25
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Darling-Reed SF, Nkrumah-Elie Y, Ferguson DT, Flores-Rozas H, Mendonca P, Messeha S, Hudson A, Badisa RB, Tilghman SL, Womble T, Day A, Jett M, Hammamieh R, Soliman KFA. Diallyl Sulfide Attenuation of Carcinogenesis in Mammary Epithelial Cells through the Inhibition of ROS Formation, and DNA Strand Breaks. Biomolecules 2021; 11:1313. [PMID: 34572526 DOI: 10.3390/biom11091313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Revised: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Garlic has long been used medicinally for many diseases, including cancer. One of the active garlic components is diallyl sulfide (DAS), which prevents carcinogenesis and reduces the incidence rate of several cancers. In this study, non-cancerous MCF-10A cells were used as a model to investigate the effect of DAS on Benzo (a)pyrene (BaP)-induced cellular carcinogenesis. The cells were evaluated based on changes in proliferation, cell cycle arrest, the formation of peroxides, 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) levels, the generation of DNA strand breaks, and DNA Polymerase β (Pol β) expression. The results obtained indicate that when co-treated with BaP, DAS inhibited BaP-induced cell proliferation (p < 0.05) to levels similar to the negative control. BaP treatment results in a two-fold increase in the accumulation of cells in the G2/M-phase of the cell cycle, which is restored to baseline levels, similar to untreated cells and vehicle-treated cells, when pretreated with 6 μM and 60 μM DAS, respectively. Co-treatment with DAS (60 μM and 600 μM) inhibited BaP-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation by 132% and 133%, respectively, as determined by the accumulation of H2O2 in the extracellular medium and an increase in 8-OHdG levels of treated cells. All DAS concentrations inhibited BaP-induced DNA strand breaks through co-treatment and pre-treatment methods at all time points evaluated. Co-Treatment with 60 μM DAS increased DNA Pol β expression in response to BaP-induced lipid peroxidation and oxidative DNA damage. These results indicate that DAS effectively inhibited BaP-induced cell proliferation, cell cycle transitions, ROS, and DNA damage in an MCF-10A cell line. These results provide more experimental evidence for garlic's antitumor abilities and corroborate many epidemiological studies regarding the association between the increased intake of garlic and the reduced risk of several types of cancer.
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26
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Liong EM, McDonald CM, Suh J, Westcott JL, Wong CP, Signorell C, King JC. Zinc-Biofortified Wheat Intake and Zinc Status Biomarkers in Men: Randomized Controlled Trial. J Nutr 2021; 151:1817-1823. [PMID: 34036355 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxab092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Biofortification is a novel method for improving the nutritional value of grains. Wheat is widely consumed worldwide. Thus, wheat zinc biofortification may improve the zinc status of populations. OBJECTIVES We determined the effect of consuming zinc-biofortified wheat on plasma zinc concentrations and biomarkers of zinc-dependent functions in a controlled feeding study. METHODS Thirty-six healthy adult men, aged 18 to 51 y, participated in a 10-wk zinc-controlled feeding trial. After a 2-wk run-in period [metabolic period (MP) 1] (9.3 mg zinc/d and 2.1 g total phytate/d) to standardize zinc status, the participants consumed bread made from zinc-biofortified wheat (10.9 mg zinc/d) with no additional phytate (0.6 g/d total phytate) for 6 wk (MP2). During the final 2 wk (MP3), half of the men took a 25-mg zinc supplement daily to determine if the supplement further altered zinc status biomarkers. Repeated-measures linear regression methods were used to compare plasma zinc concentrations, fatty acid desaturase (FADS) activities, glutathione (GSH) concentrations, and DNA strand breaks assessed at enrollment and the end of each metabolic period. RESULTS Plasma zinc concentrations did not change throughout the study. From the end of MP1 to the end of MP2, the conversion of linoleic acid to γ-linolenic acid (FADS2 activity) increased from 0.020 to 0.025 (P = 0.02), and the conversion of dihomo-γ-linolenic acid to arachidonic acid (FADS1 activity) decreased from 6.37 to 5.53 (P = 0.01). GSH concentrations and DNA strand breaks did not change. Zinc supplementation (25 mg/d) in MP3 did not alter any of the endpoints. CONCLUSIONS In healthy adult men, a 1.6-mg/d increase in dietary zinc from biofortified wheat modified FADS2 and FADS1 activities without changing DNA damage, plasma zinc, or GSH concentrations, demonstrating that FADS activities are more sensitive to small changes in zinc consumed with a meal. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT03451214.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erinn M Liong
- Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, Oakland, CA, USA
| | - Christine M McDonald
- Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, Oakland, CA, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jung Suh
- Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, Oakland, CA, USA
| | | | - Carmen P Wong
- School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | | | - Janet C King
- Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, Oakland, CA, USA.,Department of Nutritional Sciences and Toxicology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
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27
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Badri H, Polya DA, Povey AC. Geochemical compositional controls on DNA strand breaks induced in in vitro cell-free assays by crushed rock powders from the Panasqueira mine area, Portugal. Environ Geochem Health 2021; 43:2631-2647. [PMID: 32648060 PMCID: PMC8275547 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-020-00653-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
DNA strand breaks are a common form of DNA damage that can contribute to chromosomal instability or gene mutations. Such strand breaks may be caused by exposure to heavy metals. The aim of this study was to assess the level of DNA strand breaks caused by µm-scale solid particles of known chemical composition with elevated heavy metals/metalloids, notably arsenic, using an in vitro cell-free DNA plasmid scission assay. These samples were incubated with and without H2O2 to see whether damage occurs directly or indirectly through the Fenton reaction. Levels of DNA damage in the absence of H2O2 were < 10%, but in the presence of H2O2, all samples showed higher levels of damage ranging from 10 to 100% suggesting that damage was being incurred through the Fenton reaction. Using bivariate correlation analysis and multiple linear regression, manganese oxide (MnO), sulphur (S), copper (Cu), and zinc (Zn) concentrations in the particulates were found to be the most significant predictors of DNA damage. The mechanism of this DNA damage formation has yet to be thoroughly investigated but is hypothesised to be due to reactive oxygen species formation. Further work is required to assess the extent of contribution of reactive oxygen species to this DNA damage, but this study highlights the potential role of chemistry and/or mineralogy to the extent and/or nature of DNA damage caused by particulates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hatim Badri
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences and Williamson Research Centre for Molecular Environmental Science, University of Manchester, Williamson Building, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
- Department of Environmental Health, College of Public Health and Health Informatics, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - David A Polya
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences and Williamson Research Centre for Molecular Environmental Science, University of Manchester, Williamson Building, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK.
| | - Andrew C Povey
- Division of Population Health, Health Services Research and Primary Care, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Biology and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
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28
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Bakuradze T, Meiser P, Galan J, Richling E. DNA Protection by an Aronia Juice-Based Food Supplement. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:857. [PMID: 34071817 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10060857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study investigated the effects of an aronia juice-based food supplement on background and total DNA strand breaks in whole blood, and on H2O2-induced DNA strand breaks in isolated peripheral blood lymphocytes. METHODS Ninety-one healthy volunteers were randomly selected to consume either the food supplement (2 × 25 mL drinking ampules, n = 45) or no supplement (n = 46) daily for eight weeks. RESULTS Background DNA strand breaks decreased significantly after four and eight weeks of supplement consumption, compared to baseline (p < 0.05), but the overall effect was low, and neither group showed a decrease in total DNA strand breaks. Conversely, supplement consumption clearly reduced H2O2-induced DNA strand breaks ex vivo (p < 0.001), with statistically significant reductions after four and eight weeks, compared to the control group (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Thus, although consuming antioxidant supplements might produce only marginal immediate benefits under healthy conditions, potential preventive effects warrant further investigation.
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29
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Atlı Şekeroğlu Z, Şekeroğlu V, Kontaş Yedier S, İlkun E, Liou LS. Increased DNA strand breaks and neoplastic transformation in human bladder cells treated with pioglitazone. Environ Mol Mutagen 2021; 62:143-154. [PMID: 33496997 DOI: 10.1002/em.22424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Pioglitazone (PIO), an oral hypoglycemic agent, is used in the treatment of type 2 diabetes. Some studies have suggested that an increased risk of bladder cancer with PIO exposure, while the others reported there is no such relationship. Therefore, it is doubtful whether PIO can increase the risk of bladder cancer. The effects of PIO on DNA damage and/or transformation of human bladder cells are not fully known. We investigated the effects of PIO on cytotoxicity, DNA single and double strand breaks and repair and neoplastic transformation in human bladder cells (hTU1) treated with 10, 20, and 40 μM PIO for 24, 48 and 72 hr. PIO decreased cell viability in a concentration-dependent manner. Increased levels of comet parameters showed that PIO and its metabolites can significantly induce DNA double strand breaks at all concentrations tested. PIO also significantly induced the formation of phosphorylated H2AX and p53 binding protein 1 foci. DNA damage was not repaired in a 24 hr recovery period. PIO can also induce malignant transformation of human bladder cells exhibiting loss of contact inhibition and anchorage independent growth. This is the first study to indicate that PIO can induce DNA damage and malignant transformation, reduce or alter the DNA repair capacity in human bladder cells. From these results, we suggest that patients with diabetes treated with PIO may have an increased risk of bladder cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zülal Atlı Şekeroğlu
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science and Letters, Ordu University, Ordu, Turkey
| | - Vedat Şekeroğlu
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science and Letters, Ordu University, Ordu, Turkey
| | - Seval Kontaş Yedier
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science and Letters, Ordu University, Ordu, Turkey
| | - Emre İlkun
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science and Letters, Ordu University, Ordu, Turkey
| | - Louis S Liou
- Department of Urology, Cambridge Health Alliance, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
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30
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Ogulur I, Ertuzun T, Kocamis B, Kendir Demirkol Y, Uyar E, Kiykim A, Baser D, Yesil G, Akturk H, Somer A, Ozen A, Karakoc-Aydiner E, Muftuoglu M, Baris S. Parents of ataxia-telangiectasia patients display a distinct cellular immune phenotype mimicking ATM-mutated patients. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2021; 32:349-357. [PMID: 33012025 DOI: 10.1111/pai.13387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Revised: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Heterozygous relatives of ataxia-telangiectasia (AT) patients are at an increased risk for certain AT-related manifestations. We also show that there is an increase of infection frequency in parents of AT patients. Thus, we hypothesized that the parents might exhibit immune alterations similar to their affected children. METHODS Lymphocyte phenotyping to enumerate T- and B-cell subsets was performed. Functional analyses included in vitro quantified γ-H2AX, poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) and caspase-9 proteins. Chromosomal instability was determined by comet assay. RESULTS We analyzed 20 AT patients (14F/6M), 31 parents (16F/15M), and 35 age-matched healthy controls. The AT patients' parents exhibited low frequency of naive CD4+ T- (n = 14, 45%) and recent thymic emigrants (n = 11, 35%) in comparison with the age-matched healthy donors. Interestingly, parents with low naive T cells also demonstrated high rate of recurrent infections (9/14, 64%). In comparison with age-matched controls, parents who had recurrent infections and low naive T cells showed significantly higher baseline γ-H2AX levels and H2 O2 -induced DNA damage as well as increased cleaved caspase-9 and PARP proteins. CONCLUSION Parents of AT patients could present with recurrent infections and display cellular defects that mimic AT patients. The observed immunological changes could be associated with increased DNA double-strand breaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ismail Ogulur
- Division of Pediatric Allergy-Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey.,Istanbul Jeffrey Modell Diagnostic and Research Center for Primary Immunodeficiencies, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Tugce Ertuzun
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Acibadem Mehmet Ali Aydinlar University, Istanbul, Turkey.,Department of Medical Biotechnology, Acibadem Mehmet Ali Aydinlar University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Burcu Kocamis
- Division of Pediatric Allergy-Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Yasemin Kendir Demirkol
- Department of Pediatric Genetics, Umraniye Education and Research Hospital, Health Science University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Emel Uyar
- Division of Pediatric Allergy-Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ayca Kiykim
- Division of Pediatric Allergy-Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Dilek Baser
- Division of Pediatric Allergy-Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Gozde Yesil
- Department of Genetic, Bezmialem Vakıf University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Hacer Akturk
- Division of Pediatric Infections, Istanbul Medical Faculty, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ayper Somer
- Division of Pediatric Infections, Istanbul Medical Faculty, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ahmet Ozen
- Division of Pediatric Allergy-Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey.,Istanbul Jeffrey Modell Diagnostic and Research Center for Primary Immunodeficiencies, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Elif Karakoc-Aydiner
- Division of Pediatric Allergy-Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey.,Istanbul Jeffrey Modell Diagnostic and Research Center for Primary Immunodeficiencies, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Meltem Muftuoglu
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Acibadem Mehmet Ali Aydinlar University, Istanbul, Turkey.,Department of Medical Biotechnology, Acibadem Mehmet Ali Aydinlar University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Safa Baris
- Division of Pediatric Allergy-Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey.,Istanbul Jeffrey Modell Diagnostic and Research Center for Primary Immunodeficiencies, Istanbul, Turkey
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Deng J, Chen X, Wang D, Song Y, Chen Y, Ouyang D, Liang Y, Sun Y, Li M. Protective effect of hawthorn extract against genotoxicity induced by benzo(<alpha>)pyrene in C57BL/6 mice. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 2020; 200:110761. [PMID: 32470682 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.110761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Revised: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Benzo(<alpha>)pyrene [B(<alpha>)P], widely originated from environmental pollution or food process such as roasting and frying, is a strong mutagen and potent carcinogen. Utilization of hawthorn has been reported against physical mutagens. Our study found that hawthorn extract (HE) contained abundant phenolic compounds, wherein chlorogenic acid was 2.78 mg/g, procyanidine B2 was 3.58 mg/g, epicatechin was 2.99 mg/g DW, which may contribute to anti-genotoxicity activity. So, the role of HE against B(<alpha>)P-induced genotoxicity in C57BL/6 mice was further assessed. Fifty mice were distributed into five groups: control group, B(<alpha>)P group (30 mg/kg, i.p.), B(<alpha>)P + HE-L group (100 mg/kg, i.g.), B(<alpha>)P + HE-M group (200 mg/kg, i.g.), B(<alpha>)P + HE-H group (400 mg/kg, i.g.). Mice were orally administered with solutions of HE for 10 days and injected intraperitoneally with B(<alpha>)P for 3 days from the 8th day. Results showed that B(<alpha>)P can induce significantly pathological damage in liver, lung and spleen, as well as decrease white blood cells (WBCs). Remarkably elevated levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), DNA strand breaks (DSBs) and G1 cell cycle arrest were also found in B(<alpha>)P group, with upregulated expressions of p-H2AX, p-p53 and p21 in bone marrow cells. With administration of HE, liver, lung and spleen injury significantly mitigated, while WBCs were evidently increased in B(<alpha>)P-treated mice. Consistently, HE markedly reduced level of ROS, DSBs and G1 cell cycle arrest accompanied by reducing expressions of p-H2AX, p-p53 and p21 in bone marrow cells. Combined, these results indicated a protective role of HE on B(<alpha>)P-induced genotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Deng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Food Safety and Quality, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510642, PR China; College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, PR China
| | - Ximiao Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Food Safety and Quality, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510642, PR China; College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, PR China
| | - Da Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Food Safety and Quality, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510642, PR China; College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, PR China
| | - Ya Song
- Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Food Safety and Quality, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510642, PR China; College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, PR China
| | - Yongchun Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Food Safety and Quality, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510642, PR China; College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, PR China
| | - Dongmei Ouyang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Food Safety and Quality, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510642, PR China; College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, PR China
| | - Yuxuan Liang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Food Safety and Quality, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510642, PR China; College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, PR China
| | - Yuanming Sun
- Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Food Safety and Quality, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510642, PR China; College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, PR China.
| | - Meiying Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Food Safety and Quality, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510642, PR China; College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, PR China.
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32
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Friedrich A, Assmann AS, Schumacher L, Stuijvenberg JV, Kassack MU, Schulz WA, Roos WP, Hansen FK, Pflieger M, Kurz T, Fritz G. In Vitro Assessment of the Genotoxic Hazard of Novel Hydroxamic Acid- and Benzamide-Type Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors (HDACi). Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E4747. [PMID: 32635356 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21134747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACi) are already approved for the therapy of leukemias. Since they are also emerging candidate compounds for the treatment of non-malignant diseases, HDACi with a wide therapeutic window and low hazard potential are desirable. Here, we investigated a panel of 12 novel hydroxamic acid- and benzamide-type HDACi employing non-malignant V79 hamster cells as toxicology guideline-conform in vitro model. HDACi causing a ≥10-fold preferential cytotoxicity in malignant neuroblastoma over non-malignant V79 cells were selected for further genotoxic hazard analysis, including vorinostat and entinostat for control. All HDACi selected, (i.e., KSK64, TOK77, DDK137 and MPK77) were clastogenic and evoked DNA strand breaks in non-malignant V79 cells as demonstrated by micronucleus and comet assays, histone H2AX foci formation analyses (γH2AX), DNA damage response (DDR) assays as well as employing DNA double-strand break (DSB) repair-defective VC8 hamster cells. Genetic instability induced by hydroxamic acid-type HDACi seems to be independent of bulky DNA adduct formation as concluded from the analysis of nucleotide excision repair (NER) deficient mutants. Summarizing, KSK64 revealed the highest genotoxic hazard and DDR stimulating potential, while TOK77 and MPK77 showed the lowest DNA damaging capacity. Therefore, these compounds are suggested as the most promising novel candidate HDACi for subsequent pre-clinical in vivo studies.
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Ebel K, Bald I. Length and Energy Dependence of Low-Energy Electron-Induced Strand Breaks in Poly(A) DNA. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 21:E111. [PMID: 31877939 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21010111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Revised: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The DNA in living cells can be effectively damaged by high-energy radiation, which can lead to cell death. Through the ionization of water molecules, highly reactive secondary species such as low-energy electrons (LEEs) with the most probable energy around 10 eV are generated, which are able to induce DNA strand breaks via dissociative electron attachment. Absolute DNA strand break cross sections of specific DNA sequences can be efficiently determined using DNA origami nanostructures as platforms exposing the target sequences towards LEEs. In this paper, we systematically study the effect of the oligonucleotide length on the strand break cross section at various irradiation energies. The present work focuses on poly-adenine sequences (d(A4), d(A8), d(A12), d(A16), and d(A20)) irradiated with 5.0, 7.0, 8.4, and 10 eV electrons. Independent of the DNA length, the strand break cross section shows a maximum around 7.0 eV electron energy for all investigated oligonucleotides confirming that strand breakage occurs through the initial formation of negative ion resonances. When going from d(A4) to d(A16), the strand break cross section increases with oligonucleotide length, but only at 7.0 and 8.4 eV, i.e., close to the maximum of the negative ion resonance, the increase in the strand break cross section with the length is similar to the increase of an estimated geometrical cross section. For d(A20), a markedly lower DNA strand break cross section is observed for all electron energies, which is tentatively ascribed to a conformational change of the dA20 sequence. The results indicate that, although there is a general length dependence of strand break cross sections, individual nucleotides do not contribute independently of the absolute strand break cross section of the whole DNA strand. The absolute quantification of sequence specific strand breaks will help develop a more accurate molecular level understanding of radiation induced DNA damage, which can then be used for optimized risk estimates in cancer radiation therapy.
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Mahapatra K, Ghosh AK, De S, Ghosh N, Sadhukhan P, Chatterjee S, Ghosh R, Sil PC, Roy S. Assessment of cytotoxic and genotoxic potentials of a mononuclear Fe(II) Schiff base complex with photocatalytic activity in Trigonella. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2019; 1864:129503. [PMID: 31816347 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2019.129503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2019] [Revised: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In recent times, coordination complexes of iron in various oxidation states along with variety of ligand systems have been designed and developed for effective treatment of cancer cells without adversely affecting the normal cell and tissues of various organs. METHODS In this study, we have evaluated the mechanism of action of a Fe(II) Schiff base complex in the crop plant Trigonella foenum-graecum L. (Fenugreek) as the screening system by using morphological, cytological, biochemical and molecular approaches. Further functional characterization was performed using MCF-7 cell line and solid tumour model for the assessment of anti-tumour activity of the complex. RESULTS Our results indicate efficiency of the Fe(II) Schiff base complex in the induction of double strand breaks in DNA. Complex treatment clearly induced cytotoxic and genotoxic damage in Trigonella seedlings. The Fe-complex treatment caused cell cycle arrest via the activation of ATM-ATR kinase mediated DNA damage response pathway with the compromised expression of CDK1, CDK2 and CyclinB1 protein in Trigonella seedlings. In cultured MCF-7 cells, the complex induces cytotoxicity and DNA fragmentation through intracellular ROS generation. Fe-complex treatment inhibited tumour growth in solid tumour model with no additional side effects. CONCLUSION The growth inhibitory and cytotoxic effects of the complex result from activation of DNA damage response along with oxidative stress and cell cycle arrest. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE Overall, our results have provided comprehensive information on the mechanism of action and efficacy of a Fe(II) Schiff base complex in higher eukaryotic genomes and indicated its future implications as potential therapeutic agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalyan Mahapatra
- Department of Botany, UGC Centre for Advanced Studies, The University of Burdwan, Golapbag Campus, Burdwan 713104, West Bengal, India
| | - Ayon Kanti Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry, UGC Centre for Advanced Studies, The University of Burdwan, Golapbag Campus, Burdwan 713104, West Bengal, India
| | - Sayanti De
- Department of Botany, UGC Centre for Advanced Studies, The University of Burdwan, Golapbag Campus, Burdwan 713104, West Bengal, India
| | - Noyel Ghosh
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Bose Institute, Centenary Campus, P-1/12 C.I.T. Scheme VIIM, Kolkata 700054, India
| | - Pritam Sadhukhan
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Bose Institute, Centenary Campus, P-1/12 C.I.T. Scheme VIIM, Kolkata 700054, India
| | - Sharmistha Chatterjee
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Bose Institute, Centenary Campus, P-1/12 C.I.T. Scheme VIIM, Kolkata 700054, India
| | - Rajarshi Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry, UGC Centre for Advanced Studies, The University of Burdwan, Golapbag Campus, Burdwan 713104, West Bengal, India
| | - Parames C Sil
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Bose Institute, Centenary Campus, P-1/12 C.I.T. Scheme VIIM, Kolkata 700054, India
| | - Sujit Roy
- Department of Botany, UGC Centre for Advanced Studies, The University of Burdwan, Golapbag Campus, Burdwan 713104, West Bengal, India.
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35
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Riccio AA, Schellenberg MJ, Williams RS. Molecular mechanisms of topoisomerase 2 DNA-protein crosslink resolution. Cell Mol Life Sci 2019; 77:81-91. [PMID: 31728578 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-019-03367-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Revised: 10/11/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The compaction of DNA and the continuous action of DNA transactions, including transcription and DNA replication, create complex DNA topologies that require Type IIA Topoisomerases, which resolve DNA topological strain and control genome dynamics. The human TOP2 enzymes catalyze their reactions via formation of a reversible covalent enzyme DNA-protein crosslink, the TOP2 cleavage complex (TOP2cc). Spurious interactions of TOP2 with DNA damage, environmental toxicants and chemotherapeutic "poisons" perturbs the TOP2 reaction cycle, leading to an accumulation of DNA-protein crosslinks, and ultimately, genomic instability and cell death. Emerging evidence shows that TOP2-DNA protein crosslink (DPC) repair entails multiple strand break repair activities, such as removal of the poisoned TOP2 protein and rejoining of the DNA ends through homologous recombination (HR) or non-homologous end joining (NHEJ). Herein, we discuss the molecular mechanisms of TOP2-DPC resolution, with specific emphasis on the recently uncovered ZATTZnf451-licensed TDP2-catalyzed TOP2-DPC reversal mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda A Riccio
- Department of Health and Human Services, Genome Integrity and Structural Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, US National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Matthew J Schellenberg
- Department of Health and Human Services, Genome Integrity and Structural Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, US National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - R Scott Williams
- Department of Health and Human Services, Genome Integrity and Structural Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, US National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA.
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36
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Williams RS. Introduction to the multi-author-review: emerging advances in the structural chemistry of DNA strand break repair. Cell Mol Life Sci 2019; 77:1-2. [PMID: 31712993 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-019-03364-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Revised: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
DNA strand breaks present a complex challenge for our cells, and the integrity of the DNA damage response machinery is critical for preventing cancer, premature aging, and neurodegenerative syndromes amongst other ailments. This multi-author review issue presents emerging topics relevant to understanding the fundamental structural mechanisms of DNA strand break sensing, signaling, and repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Scott Williams
- Department of Health and Human Services, Genome Integrity and Structural Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, US National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, Durham, NC, USA.
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Mondal T, Nautiyal A, Agrawal M, Mitra D, Goel A, Kumar Dey S. 18F-FDG-induced DNA damage, chromosomal aberrations, and toxicity in V79 lung fibroblast cells. Mutat Res Genet Toxicol Environ Mutagen 2019; 847:503105. [PMID: 31699341 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2019.503105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Revised: 10/04/2019] [Accepted: 10/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
18F-FDG PET/CT imaging is used in the diagnosis of diseases, including cancers. The principal photons used for imaging are 511 ke V gamma photons resulting from positron annihilation. The absorbed dose varies among body organs, depending on administered radioactivity and biological clearance. We have attempted to evaluate DNA double-strand breaks (DSB) and toxicity induced in V79 lung fibroblast cells in vitro by 18F-FDG, at doses which might result from PET procedures. Cells were irradiated by 18F-FDG at doses (14.51 and 26.86 mGy), comparable to absorbed doses received by critical organs during PET procedures. The biological endpoints measured were formation of γ-H2AX foci, mitochondrial stress, chromosomal aberrations, and cell cycle perturbation. Irradiation induced DSB (γH2AX assay), mitochondrial depolarization, and both chromosome and chromatid types of aberrations. At higher radiation doses, increased aneuploidy and reduced mitotic activity were also seen. Thus, significant biological effects were observed at the doses delivered by the 18F-FDG exposure and the effects increased with dose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanmoy Mondal
- Department of Biotechnology, Maulana Abul Kalam Azad University of Technology, BF-142, Sector-I, Salt Lake, Kolkata, 700 064, West Bengal, India
| | - Amit Nautiyal
- Institute of Nuclear Medicine & Molecular Imaging, Advance Medicare & Research Institute, P-4&5, Gariahat Road Block-A, Scheme-L11, Dhakuria, Kolkata, 700029, West Bengal, India
| | - Milee Agrawal
- Department of Biotechnology, Maulana Abul Kalam Azad University of Technology, BF-142, Sector-I, Salt Lake, Kolkata, 700 064, West Bengal, India
| | - Deepanjan Mitra
- Institute of Nuclear Medicine & Molecular Imaging, Advance Medicare & Research Institute, P-4&5, Gariahat Road Block-A, Scheme-L11, Dhakuria, Kolkata, 700029, West Bengal, India
| | - Alpana Goel
- Amity Institute of Nuclear Science & Technology, Amity University, Noida, Delhi, India
| | - Subrata Kumar Dey
- Department of Biotechnology, Maulana Abul Kalam Azad University of Technology, BF-142, Sector-I, Salt Lake, Kolkata, 700 064, West Bengal, India.
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Sahlmann A, Lode T, Heuschele J, Borgå K, Titelman J, Hylland K. Genotoxic Response and Mortality in 3 Marine Copepods Exposed to Waterborne Copper. Environ Toxicol Chem 2019; 38:2224-2232. [PMID: 31343775 DOI: 10.1002/etc.4541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Revised: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Copper (Cu) is an essential trace metal, but may also be toxic to aquatic organisms. Although many studies have investigated the cytotoxicity of Cu, little is known about the in vivo genotoxic potential of Cu in marine invertebrates. We investigated the genotoxicity of Cu in 2 pelagic calanoid copepods, Acartia tonsa and Temora longicornis, and the intertidal harpacticoid copepod Tigriopus brevicornis by exposing them for 6 and 72 h to waterborne Cu (0, 6, and 60 µg Cu/L). A subsequent 24-h period in filtered seawater was used to investigate delayed effects or recovery. Genotoxicity was evaluated as DNA strand breaks in individual copepods using the comet assay. Copper did not increase DNA strand breaks in any of the species at any concentration or time point. The treatment did, however, cause 100% mortality in A. tonsa following exposure to 60 µg Cu/L. Acartia tonsa and T. longicornis were more susceptible to Cu-induced mortality than the benthic harpacticoid T. brevicornis, which appeared to be unaffected by the treatments. The results show major differences in Cu susceptibility among the 3 copepods and also that acute toxicity of Cu to A. tonsa is not directly associated with genotoxicity. We also show that the comet assay can be used to quantify genotoxicity in individual copepods. Environ Toxicol Chem 2019;38:2224-2232. © 2019 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Torben Lode
- Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jan Heuschele
- Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Katrine Borgå
- Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Ketil Hylland
- Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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Moreno-Villanueva M, Kramer A, Hammes T, Venegas-Carro M, Thumm P, Bürkle A, Gruber M. Influence of Acute Exercise on DNA Repair and PARP Activity before and after Irradiation in Lymphocytes from Trained and Untrained Individuals. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20122999. [PMID: 31248182 PMCID: PMC6628277 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20122999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Revised: 06/10/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Several studies indicate that acute exercise induces DNA damage, whereas regular exercise increases DNA repair kinetics. Although the molecular mechanisms are not completely understood, the induction of endogenous reactive oxygen species (ROS) during acute exhaustive exercise due to metabolic processes might be responsible for the observed DNA damage, while an adaptive increase in antioxidant capacity due to regular physical activity seems to play an important protective role. However, the protective effect of physical activity on exogenously induced DNA damage in human immune cells has been poorly investigated. We asked the question whether individuals with a high aerobic capacity would have an enhanced response to radiation-induced DNA damage. Immune cells are highly sensitive to radiation and exercise affects lymphocyte dynamics and immune function. Therefore, we measured endogenous and radiation-induced DNA strand breaks and poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP1) activity in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from endurance-trained (maximum rate of oxygen consumption measured during incremental exercise V'O2max > 55 mL/min/kg) and untrained (V'O2max < 45 mL/min/kg) young healthy male volunteers before and after exhaustive exercise. Our results indicate that: (i) acute exercise induces DNA strand breaks in lymphocytes only in untrained individuals, (ii) following acute exercise, trained individuals repaired radiation-induced DNA strand breaks faster than untrained individuals, and (iii) trained subjects retained a higher level of radiation-induced PARP1 activity after acute exercise. The results of the present study indicate that increased aerobic fitness can protect immune cells against radiation-induced DNA strand breaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Moreno-Villanueva
- Molecular Toxicology Group, Department of Biology, Box 628, University of Konstanz, 78457 Konstanz, Germany.
- Human Performance Research Centre, Department of Sport Science, Box 30, University of Konstanz, 78457 Konstanz, Germany.
| | - Andreas Kramer
- Human Performance Research Centre, Department of Sport Science, Box 30, University of Konstanz, 78457 Konstanz, Germany.
| | - Tabea Hammes
- Molecular Toxicology Group, Department of Biology, Box 628, University of Konstanz, 78457 Konstanz, Germany.
| | - Maria Venegas-Carro
- Human Performance Research Centre, Department of Sport Science, Box 30, University of Konstanz, 78457 Konstanz, Germany.
| | - Patrick Thumm
- Human Performance Research Centre, Department of Sport Science, Box 30, University of Konstanz, 78457 Konstanz, Germany.
| | - Alexander Bürkle
- Molecular Toxicology Group, Department of Biology, Box 628, University of Konstanz, 78457 Konstanz, Germany.
| | - Markus Gruber
- Human Performance Research Centre, Department of Sport Science, Box 30, University of Konstanz, 78457 Konstanz, Germany.
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O'Connor PJ, Alonso-Amelot ME, Roberts SA, Povey AC. The role of bracken fern illudanes in bracken fern-induced toxicities. Mutat Res Rev Mutat Res 2019; 782:108276. [PMID: 31843140 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2019.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Revised: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Bracken fern is carcinogenic when fed to domestic and laboratory animals inducing bladder and ileal tumours and is currently classified as a possible human carcinogen by IARC. The carcinogenic illudane, ptaquiloside (PTQ) was isolated from bracken fern and is widely assumed to be the major bracken carcinogen. However, several other structurally similar illudanes are found in bracken fern, in some cases at higher levels than PTQ and so may contribute to the overall toxicity and carcinogenicity of bracken fern. In this review, we critically evaluate the role of illudanes in bracken fern induced toxicity and carcinogenicity, the mechanistic basis of these effects including the role of DNA damage, and the potential for human exposure in order to highlight deficiencies in the current literature. Critical gaps remain in our understanding of bracken fern induced carcinogenesis, a better understanding of these processes is essential to establish whether bracken fern is also a human carcinogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- P J O'Connor
- Centre for Occupational and Environmental Health, Centre for Epidemiology, Division of Population Health, Health Services Research and Primary Care, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - M E Alonso-Amelot
- Chemical Ecology Group, Faculty of Sciences, University of Los Andes, Mérida 5101, Venezuela
| | - S A Roberts
- Centre for Biostatistics, Division of Population Health, Health Services Research and Primary Care, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - A C Povey
- Centre for Occupational and Environmental Health, Centre for Epidemiology, Division of Population Health, Health Services Research and Primary Care, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK.
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41
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Magalhães YT, Farias JO, Monteiro LF, Forti FL. Measuring the Contributions of the Rho Pathway to the DNA Damage Response in Tumor Epithelial Cells. Methods Mol Biol 2019; 1821:339-355. [PMID: 30062423 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-8612-5_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
Actin polymerization, actomyosin ring contraction, and stress fiber formation are examples of relevant actions of the RhoA/B/C pathway as GTPases that regulate the cytoskeleton. However, open questions that remain to be addressed are whether this pathway and/or downstream components protect against or facilitate the formation of DNA double-strand breaks, the most lethal form of DNA damage in cells. Genotoxic drugs are radiomimetic and/or chemotherapeutic agents that are currently used for cancer treatments and are associated with specific methodologies; thus, these compounds should represent good tools to answer these questions. In this chapter, we describe two methods, the alkaline comet assay and homologous/nonhomologous recombination assays, to investigate the mechanism by which the Rho pathway modulates the repair of DNA breaks in tumor epithelial cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuli T Magalhães
- Laboratory of Signaling in Molecular Biosystems, Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jessica O Farias
- Laboratory of Signaling in Molecular Biosystems, Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lucas F Monteiro
- Laboratory of Signaling in Molecular Biosystems, Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fábio L Forti
- Laboratory of Signaling in Molecular Biosystems, Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
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42
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Rai P, Sobol RW. Mechanisms of MTH1 inhibition-induced DNA strand breaks: The slippery slope from the oxidized nucleotide pool to genotoxic damage. DNA Repair (Amst) 2019; 77:18-26. [PMID: 30852368 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2019.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2019] [Revised: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Unlike normal tissues, tumor cells possess a propensity for genomic instability, resulting from elevated oxidant levels produced by oncogenic signaling and aberrant cellular metabolism. Thus, targeting mechanisms that protect cancer cells from the tumor-inhibitory consequences of their redox imbalance and spontaneous DNA-damaging events is expected to have broad-spectrum efficacy and a high therapeutic index. One critical mechanism for tumor cell protection from oxidant stress is the hydrolysis of oxidized nucleotides. Human MutT homolog 1 (MTH1), the mammalian nudix (nucleoside diphosphate X) pyrophosphatase (NUDT1), protects tumor cells from oxidative stress-induced genomic DNA damage by cleansing the nucleotide pool of oxidized purine nucleotides. Depletion or pharmacologic inhibition of MTH1 results in genomic DNA strand breaks in many cancer cells. However, the mechanisms underlying how oxidized nucleotides, thought mainly to be mutagenic rather than genotoxic, induce DNA strand breaks are largely unknown. Given the recent therapeutic interest in targeting MTH1, a better understanding of such mechanisms is crucial to its successful translation into the clinic and in identifying the molecular contexts under which its inhibition is likely to be beneficial. Here we provide a comprehensive perspective on MTH1 function and its importance in protecting genome integrity, in the context of tumor-associated oxidative stress and the mechanisms that likely lead to irreparable DNA strand breaks as a result of MTH1 inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyamvada Rai
- Department of Medicine/Division of Medical Oncology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, 33136, United States; Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, Miami, FL, 33136, United States.
| | - Robert W Sobol
- Mitchell Cancer Institute, University of South Alabama, 1660 Springhill Avenue, Mobile, AL, 36604, United States.
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43
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Vogel S, Ebel K, Schürmann RM, Heck C, Meiling T, Milosavljevic AR, Giuliani A, Bald I. Vacuum-UV and Low-Energy Electron-Induced DNA Strand Breaks - Influence of the DNA Sequence and Substrate. Chemphyschem 2019; 20:823-830. [PMID: 30719805 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201801152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Revised: 02/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
DNA is effectively damaged by radiation, which can on the one hand lead to cancer and is on the other hand directly exploited in the treatment of tumor tissue. DNA strand breaks are already induced by photons having an energy below the ionization energy of DNA. At high photon energies, most of the DNA strand breaks are induced by low-energy secondary electrons. In the present study we quantified photon and electron induced DNA strand breaks in four different 12mer oligonucleotides. They are irradiated directly with 8.44 eV vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) photons and 8.8 eV low energy electrons (LEE). By using Si instead of VUV transparent CaF2 as a substrate the VUV exposure leads to an additional release of LEEs, which have a maximum energy of 3.6 eV and can significantly enhance strand break cross sections. Atomic force microscopy is used to visualize strand breaks on DNA origami platforms and to determine absolute values for the strand break cross sections. Upon irradiation with 8.44 eV photons all the investigated sequences show very similar strand break cross sections in the range of 1.7-2.3×10-16 cm2 . The strand break cross sections for LEE irradiation at 8.8 eV are one to two orders of magnitude larger than the ones for VUV photons, and a slight sequence dependence is observed. The sequence dependence is even more pronounced for LEEs with energies <3.6 eV. The present results help to assess DNA damage by photons and electrons close to the ionization threshold.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Vogel
- Institute of Chemistry - Physical Chemistry, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, 14476, Potsdam, Germany.,Department 1 - Analytical Chemistry and Reference Materials, BAM Federal Institute of Materials Research and Testing, Richard-Willstätter Str. 11, 12489, Berlin, Germany.,School of Analytical Sciences Adlershof, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Unter den Linden 6, 10099, Germany
| | - Kenny Ebel
- Institute of Chemistry - Physical Chemistry, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, 14476, Potsdam, Germany.,Department 1 - Analytical Chemistry and Reference Materials, BAM Federal Institute of Materials Research and Testing, Richard-Willstätter Str. 11, 12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - Robin M Schürmann
- Department 1 - Analytical Chemistry and Reference Materials, BAM Federal Institute of Materials Research and Testing, Richard-Willstätter Str. 11, 12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christian Heck
- Institute of Chemistry - Physical Chemistry, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, 14476, Potsdam, Germany.,Department 1 - Analytical Chemistry and Reference Materials, BAM Federal Institute of Materials Research and Testing, Richard-Willstätter Str. 11, 12489, Berlin, Germany.,School of Analytical Sciences Adlershof, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Unter den Linden 6, 10099, Germany
| | - Till Meiling
- Institute of Chemistry - Physical Chemistry, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
| | | | - Alexandre Giuliani
- Synchrotron SOLEIL, 91192, Gif-sur-Yvette, France.,UAR 1008 CEPIA, INRA, 44316, Nantes, France
| | - Ilko Bald
- Institute of Chemistry - Physical Chemistry, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, 14476, Potsdam, Germany.,Department 1 - Analytical Chemistry and Reference Materials, BAM Federal Institute of Materials Research and Testing, Richard-Willstätter Str. 11, 12489, Berlin, Germany
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Abstract
Helicobacter pylori is a major cause of gastric cancer. This study was aimed to explore the characteristic of DNA damage induced by H. pylori infection in gastric cancer AGS cells. After infection with H. pylori, the reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels in AGS cells were significantly higher than those in the uninfected cells. Cells with longer comet tails were detected after infection with H. pylori. The number of apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease 1- and phosphorylated H2AX-positive cells was significantly increased compared with the number of negative control cells. The expression of pChk1 and pChk2 was significantly upregulated by H. pylori infection. Cell growth was inhibited after H. pylori infection. All these results were dose dependent. The cell alterations were more significant upon infection with H. pylori at a multiplicity of infection (MOI) of 100:1 than at an MOI of 50:1. H. pylori infection can induce DNA single-strand breaks, DNA double-strand breaks, and cell cycle checkpoint activation after ROS generation in the gastric cancer cell line AGS, which is a potential driver for gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanyan Shi
- 1 Research Center of Clinical Epidemiology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Pan Wang
- 2 Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Yanlei Guo
- 3 Department of Gastroenterology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoling Liang
- 2 Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Yuan Li
- 3 Department of Gastroenterology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Shigang Ding
- 3 Department of Gastroenterology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, P.R. China
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45
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Guidi P, Lyons BP, Frenzilli G. The Comet Assay in Marine Animals. Methods Mol Biol 2019; 2031:275-286. [PMID: 31473965 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9646-9_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/24/2023]
Abstract
Comet assay is a quick and versatile technique for assessing DNA damage in individual cells. It allows for the detection of DNA single- and double-strand breaks, as well as the presence of alkali labile sites and cross-links. Here we describe protocols for the single-cell gel electrophoresis (Comet assay) in its alkaline (pH > 13), mild alkaline (pH = 12.1) and neutral (pH = 8) versions when applied in marine animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrizia Guidi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | | | - Giada Frenzilli
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.
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46
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Schipp D, Tulinska J, Sustrova M, Liskova A, Spustova V, Lehotska Mikusova M, Krivosikova Z, Rausova K, Collins A, Vebraite V, Volkovova K, Rollerova E, Barancokova M, Shaposhnikov S. Consumption of a dark roast coffee blend reduces DNA damage in humans: results from a 4-week randomised controlled study. Eur J Nutr 2019; 58:3199-206. [PMID: 30448878 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-018-1863-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine the DNA protective effects of a standard coffee beverage in comparison to water consumption. METHODS The single-blind, randomised controlled study with parallel design included healthy women (n = 50) and men (n = 50) recruited from the general Central European population. The subjects were randomised in a coffee and a control group, with stratification for sex and body mass index. The study comprised two periods of 4 weeks: a preconditioning period, with daily consumption of at least 500 ml water but no coffee, nor tea, nor any other caffeine-containing product. During the subsequent intervention period the coffee group consumed 500 ml of freshly brewed dark roast coffee blend per day, the control group consumed water instead. On the last day of each period, blood was drawn and analysed by comet assay (single-cell gel electrophoresis) to assess the level of DNA damage (strand breakage). RESULTS At the end of the intervention period the mean level of DNA strand breaks in the coffee group has decreased in comparison to the control group [difference in means 0.23% TI (tail intensity), p = 0.028]. The mean change from baseline (delta value) was - 23% in the coffee group (p = 0.0012). Effects of coffee intake were similar for men and women. During intervention, neither group showed any significant change in body weight or calorie intake. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that regular consumption of a dark roast coffee blend has a beneficial protective effect on human DNA integrity in both, men and women.
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47
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Su M, Guggenheim KG, Lien J, Siegel JB, Guo T. X-ray-Mediated Release of Molecules and Engineered Proteins from Nanostructure Surfaces. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2018; 10:31860-31864. [PMID: 30212177 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b13117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Many applications call for initiation of chemical reactions with highly penetrating X-rays with nanometer precision and little damage to the surroundings, which is difficult to realize because of low interaction cross-sections between hard X-rays and organic matters. Here, we demonstrate that a combination of computational protein design of single conjugation site green fluorescent proteins and nanomaterial engineering of silica-covered gold nanoparticles can enhance the release efficiencies of proteins from the surface of nanoparticles. The nanoparticles, to which the proteins are attached through DNA linkers, provide increased X-ray absorption without scavenging radicals, and single conjugation sites allow efficient release of proteins.
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48
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Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are ubiquitous contaminants in aquatic ecosystems, which may have potentially toxic effects on organisms. In this study occurrence of DNA strand breaks, oxidative stress, and cytotoxicity were investigated in rainbow trout hepatocytes following in vitro exposure for 24 h to four PAHs (0.01-10 µM): naphthalene, fluoranthene, pyrene, and benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P). The exposed hepatocytes were analyzed for DNA strand breaks using the comet assay and for antioxidant status by measuring intracellular glutathione (GSH) content using the fluorescent probe mBCl. The cytotoxicity of PAHs was assessed using the fluorescent probe CFDA-AM. The results showed that fluoranthene, pyrene, and B[a]P were genotoxic at all exposure concentrations, whereas naphthalene was genotoxic at concentrations ≥0.1 µM. All treatments reduced the intracellular concentrations of GSH for all four PAHs, except 10 µM of B[a]P, suggesting that some level of oxidative stress was present. The cytotoxic effect was observed for naphthalene at concentrations ≥0.1 µM and pyrene at all exposure concentrations, whereas fluoranthene and B[a]P were not cytotoxic at the tested concentrations. The study shows that low-molecular-weight PAHs may cause DNA strand breaks as high-molecular-weight PAHs do in fish tissue. In addition, two- to five-ring PAHs can induce oxidative stress and cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mazyar Yazdani
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Oslo University Hospital, Ullevål, Oslo, Norway
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49
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Paraswani N, Thoh M, Bhilwade HN, Ghosh A. Early antioxidant responses via the concerted activation of NF-κB and Nrf2 characterize the gamma-radiation-induced adaptive response in quiescent human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Mutat Res Genet Toxicol Environ Mutagen 2018; 831:50-61. [PMID: 29875077 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2018.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Revised: 04/25/2018] [Accepted: 04/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The radiation-induced adaptive response (RI-AR) is a non-targeted effect which is outside the scope of the classical Linear-No-Threshold (LNT) dose-response paradigm. However, the mechanisms of the RI-AR are not well understood. We have studied the RI-AR in quiescent human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). PBMCs in G0 phase were 'primed' with a low dose (100 mGy gamma radiation) and then, after an 'adaptive window' of 4 h, 'challenged' with a high dose (2 Gy). A small (5.7%) increase in viability and a decrease in DNA strand breaks were seen in primed cells, compared to non-primed cells. This was consistent with lower levels of reactive oxygen species, higher mitochondrial membrane potential, and increased activity of antioxidant enzymes such as catalase, superoxide dismutase, thioredoxin reductase, and glutathione peroxidase, in the primed cells. Reduced oxidative stress in primed PBMCs correlated with greater nuclear translocation of the redox-sensitive transcription factors Nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) and Nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2). Distinct differences in responses were seen in PBMCs irradiated with low dose (100 mGy) and high dose (2 Gy). These findings provide insight into the mechanisms of radioadaptation in human cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha Paraswani
- Radiation Signaling Group, Radiation Biology & Health Sciences Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai 400 085, India; Homi Bhabha National Institute, Anushaktinagar, Mumbai, 400 094, India
| | - Maikho Thoh
- Free Radical Biology Section, Radiation Biology & Health Sciences Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai 400 085, India
| | - Hari N Bhilwade
- Free Radical Biology Section, Radiation Biology & Health Sciences Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai 400 085, India
| | - Anu Ghosh
- Radiation Signaling Group, Radiation Biology & Health Sciences Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai 400 085, India; Homi Bhabha National Institute, Anushaktinagar, Mumbai, 400 094, India.
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50
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Rackwitz J, Bald I. Low-Energy Electron-Induced Strand Breaks in Telomere-Derived DNA Sequences-Influence of DNA Sequence and Topology. Chemistry 2018; 24:4680-4688. [PMID: 29359819 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201705889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
During cancer radiation therapy high-energy radiation is used to reduce tumour tissue. The irradiation produces a shower of secondary low-energy (<20 eV) electrons, which are able to damage DNA very efficiently by dissociative electron attachment. Recently, it was suggested that low-energy electron-induced DNA strand breaks strongly depend on the specific DNA sequence with a high sensitivity of G-rich sequences. Here, we use DNA origami platforms to expose G-rich telomere sequences to low-energy (8.8 eV) electrons to determine absolute cross sections for strand breakage and to study the influence of sequence modifications and topology of telomeric DNA on the strand breakage. We find that the telomeric DNA 5'-(TTA GGG)2 is more sensitive to low-energy electrons than an intermixed sequence 5'-(TGT GTG A)2 confirming the unique electronic properties resulting from G-stacking. With increasing length of the oligonucleotide (i.e., going from 5'-(GGG ATT)2 to 5'-(GGG ATT)4 ), both the variety of topology and the electron-induced strand break cross sections increase. Addition of K+ ions decreases the strand break cross section for all sequences that are able to fold G-quadruplexes or G-intermediates, whereas the strand break cross section for the intermixed sequence remains unchanged. These results indicate that telomeric DNA is rather sensitive towards low-energy electron-induced strand breakage suggesting significant telomere shortening that can also occur during cancer radiation therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny Rackwitz
- Institute of Chemistry-Physical Chemistry, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Ilko Bald
- Institute of Chemistry-Physical Chemistry, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, 14476, Potsdam, Germany.,Department 1-Analytical Chemistry and Reference Materials, BAM Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing, Richard-Willstätter Str. 11, 12489, Berlin, Germany
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