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Zhang S, Zhang S, Luo S, Wang R, Di J, Wang Y, Wu D. Four-component of double-layer infinite coordination polymer nanocomposites for large tumor trimodal therapy via multi high-efficiency synergies. J Colloid Interface Sci 2024; 666:259-275. [PMID: 38598998 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2024.04.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2024] [Revised: 03/30/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
Multimodal /components tumors synergistic therapy is a crucial approach for enhancing comprehensive efficacy. Our research has identified lots of high efficiency synergies among four suitable components, revealing combinations with remarkably low combination index (CI) values (10-3-10-8). These combinations hold promise for large tumor powerful electrothermal-thermodynamic-multi-chemo trimodal therapy. To implement this approach, we developed four-component of double-layer infinite coordination polymer (ICP) nanocomposites, in which hypoxia-activated AQ4N and thermodynamic agent AIPH coordinated with Cu(Ⅱ) to form initial layer of positively charged ICPs-l NPs, chemotherapeutic agents gossypol-hyaluronic acid (G-HA) and CA4 coordinated with Fe(Ⅲ) to form out layer of negatively charged ICPs-2 NPs, then double-layer infinite coordination polymer nanocomposites (ICPs-1@ICPs-2 CNPs) were fabricated by electrostatic adsorption using ICPs-l NPs and ICPs-2 NPs. Cell experiments have extensively optimized the coordination combinations of the four components and the composition of the two layers. A programmable three-stage therapeutic procedure, assisted by a micro-electrothermal needle (MEN), was developed. Under this procedure the resulting nanocomposites demonstrate the powerful trimodal comprehensive therapeutic outcomes for large tumors using lower components dosage, achieving a tumor inhibition rate nearly reaching 100 % and no recurrence for 60 days. This study offers remarkable potential for tumor multimodal /components synergistic therapy in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, PR China
| | - Shuo Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, PR China
| | - Siyuan Luo
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, PR China
| | - Rong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, PR China
| | - Jingran Di
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, PR China
| | - Ya Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, PR China
| | - Daocheng Wu
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, PR China.
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Watanabe-Takahashi M, Kumoi K, Yamamoto H, Shimizu E, Motoyama J, Hamabata T, Nishikawa K. Tailored multivalent peptide targeting the B-subunit pentamer of cholera toxin inhibits its intestinal toxicity by inducing aberrant transport of the toxin in cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2024; 716:149991. [PMID: 38704888 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2024.149991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2024] [Revised: 04/17/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
Cholera toxin (Ctx) is a major virulence factor produced by Vibrio cholerae that can cause gastrointestinal diseases, including severe watery diarrhea and dehydration, in humans. Ctx binds to target cells through multivalent interactions between its B-subunit pentamer and the receptor ganglioside GM1 present on the cell surface. Here, we identified a series of tetravalent peptides that specifically bind to the receptor-binding region of the B-subunit pentamer using affinity-based screening of multivalent random-peptide libraries. These tetravalent peptides efficiently inhibited not only the cell-elongation phenotype but also the elevated cAMP levels, both of which are induced by Ctx treatment in CHO cells or a human colon carcinoma cell line (Caco-2 cells), respectively. Importantly, one of these peptides, NRR-tet, which was highly efficient in these two activities, markedly inhibited fluid accumulation in the mouse ileum caused by the direct injection of Ctx. In consistent, NRR-tet reduced the extensive Ctx-induced damage of the intestinal villi. After NRR-tet bound to Ctx, the complex was incorporated into the cultured epithelial cells and accumulated in the recycling endosome, affecting the retrograde transport of Ctx from the endosome to the Golgi, which is an essential process for Ctx to exert its toxicity in cells. Thus, NRR-tet may be a novel type of therapeutic agent against cholera, which induces the aberrant transport of Ctx in the intestinal epithelial cells, detoxifying the toxin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miho Watanabe-Takahashi
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences, Graduate School of Life and Medical Sciences, Doshisha University, Kyoto, Japan.
| | - Kahori Kumoi
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences, Graduate School of Life and Medical Sciences, Doshisha University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Yamamoto
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences, Graduate School of Life and Medical Sciences, Doshisha University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Eiko Shimizu
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences, Graduate School of Life and Medical Sciences, Doshisha University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Jun Motoyama
- Laboratory of Developmental Neurobiology, Graduate School of Brain Science, Doshisha University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Takashi Hamabata
- Department of Infectious Disease, Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kiyotaka Nishikawa
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences, Graduate School of Life and Medical Sciences, Doshisha University, Kyoto, Japan.
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3
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Pan Y, Zhang Y, Li S, Wu L. A newly defined cuproptosis-related model to predict prognosis and molecular docking highlights potentially therapeutic agents for hepatocellular carcinoma. Asian J Surg 2024; 47:1533-1535. [PMID: 38065728 DOI: 10.1016/j.asjsur.2023.11.163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/13/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yong Pan
- Department of Infectious Disease, Zhoushan Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Zhoushan, China; State Key Laboratory for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yiru Zhang
- Department of Infectious Disease, Zhoushan Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Zhoushan, China; State Key Laboratory for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shibo Li
- Department of Infectious Disease, Zhoushan Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Zhoushan, China.
| | - Liping Wu
- Zhoushan Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Zhoushan, China.
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Caicedo A, Benavides-Almeida A, Haro-Vinueza A, Peña-Cisneros J, Pérez-Meza ÁA, Michelson J, Peñaherrera S, Picard M. Decoding the nature and complexity of extracellular mtDNA: Types and implications for health and disease. Mitochondrion 2024; 75:101848. [PMID: 38246335 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2024.101848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Revised: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
The mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is replicated and canonically functions within intracellular mitochondria, but recent discoveries reveal that the mtDNA has another exciting extracellular life. mtDNA fragments and mitochondria-containing vesicular structures are detected at high concentrations in cell-free forms, in different biofluids. Commonly referred to as cell-free mtDNA (cf-mtDNA), the field is currently without a comprehensive classification system that acknowledges the various biological forms of mtDNA and whole mitochondria existing outside the cell. This absence of classification hampers the creation of precise and consistent quantification methods across different laboratories, which is crucial for unraveling the molecular and biological characteristics of mtDNA. In this article, we integrate recent findings to propose a classification for different types of Extracellular mtDNA [ex-mtDNA]. The major biologically distinct types include: Naked mtDNA [N-mtDNA], mtDNA within non-mitochondrial Membranes [M-mtDNA], Extracellular mitochondria [exM-mtDNA], and mtDNA within Mitochondria enclosed in a Membrane [MM-mtDNA]. We outline the challenges associated with accurately quantifying these ex-mtDNA types, suggest potential physiological roles for each ex-mtDNA type, and explore how this classification could establish a foundation for future research endeavors and further analysis and definitions for ex-mtDNA. By proposing this classification of circulating mtDNA forms, we draw a parallel with the clinically recognized forms of cholesterol, such as HDL and LDL, to illustrate potential future significance in a similar manner. While not directly analogous, these mtDNA forms may one day be as biologically relevant in clinical interpretation as cholesterol fractions are currently. We also discuss how advancing methodologies to reliably quantify distinct ex-mtDNA forms could significantly enhance their utility as health or disease biomarkers, and how their application may offer innovative therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrés Caicedo
- Universidad San Francisco de Quito USFQ, Colegio de Ciencias de la Salud, Escuela de Medicina, Quito, Ecuador; Universidad San Francisco de Quito USFQ, Instituto de Investigaciones en Biomedicina iBioMed, Quito, Ecuador; Mito-Act Research Consortium, Quito, Ecuador; Sistemas Médicos SIME, Universidad San Francisco de Quito USFQ, Quito, Ecuador.
| | - Abigail Benavides-Almeida
- Universidad San Francisco de Quito USFQ, Colegio de Ciencias de la Salud, Escuela de Medicina, Quito, Ecuador; Universidad San Francisco de Quito USFQ, Instituto de Investigaciones en Biomedicina iBioMed, Quito, Ecuador; Mito-Act Research Consortium, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Alissen Haro-Vinueza
- Universidad San Francisco de Quito USFQ, Colegio de Ciencias de la Salud, Escuela de Medicina, Quito, Ecuador; Universidad San Francisco de Quito USFQ, Instituto de Investigaciones en Biomedicina iBioMed, Quito, Ecuador; Mito-Act Research Consortium, Quito, Ecuador; Biología, Colegio de Ciencias Biológicas y Ambientales COCIBA, Universidad San Francisco de Quito USFQ, Quito, Ecuador
| | - José Peña-Cisneros
- Universidad San Francisco de Quito USFQ, Colegio de Ciencias de la Salud, Escuela de Medicina, Quito, Ecuador; Universidad San Francisco de Quito USFQ, Instituto de Investigaciones en Biomedicina iBioMed, Quito, Ecuador; Mito-Act Research Consortium, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Álvaro A Pérez-Meza
- Universidad San Francisco de Quito USFQ, Colegio de Ciencias de la Salud, Escuela de Medicina, Quito, Ecuador; Universidad San Francisco de Quito USFQ, Instituto de Investigaciones en Biomedicina iBioMed, Quito, Ecuador; Mito-Act Research Consortium, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Jeremy Michelson
- Department of Psychiatry, Division of Behavioral Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sebastian Peñaherrera
- Universidad San Francisco de Quito USFQ, Colegio de Ciencias de la Salud, Escuela de Medicina, Quito, Ecuador; Universidad San Francisco de Quito USFQ, Instituto de Investigaciones en Biomedicina iBioMed, Quito, Ecuador; Mito-Act Research Consortium, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Martin Picard
- Department of Psychiatry, Division of Behavioral Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA; Department of Neurology, H. Houston Merritt Center, Columbia Translational Neuroscience Initiative, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA; New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA; Robert N Butler Columbia Aging Center, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York, NY, USA
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Wei Z, Zhong H, Yuan S, Chen C. Daturataturin A Ameliorates Psoriasis by Regulating PPAR Pathway. Biochem Genet 2024:10.1007/s10528-024-10680-1. [PMID: 38379039 DOI: 10.1007/s10528-024-10680-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
Psoriasis is a kind of severe immune-mediated systemic skin disorder, becoming a worldwide public health concern. Daturataturin A (DTA), a withanolide compound, exerts excellent anti-inflammatory and anti-proliferative properties. The objective of this study is to elucidate the effect of DTA on psoriasis and its potential mechanism. We established psoriasis-like keratinocytes model by stimulating HaCaT cells with M5 cocktail cytokines including Interleukin (IL)-17A, IL-22, oncostatin M, IL-1α, and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), followed by intervention with DTA. The potential effects and mechanisms of DTA on psoriasis were evaluated in vitro. DTA was found to be able to inhibit hyperproliferation, promote apoptosis, decrease the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines, downregulate keratin expression, and improve lipid metabolism via regulating the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) signaling pathway by M5 cocktail cytokines stimulation in HaCaT cells. DTA ameliorated lipid metabolism of psoriasis and exerted the potential anti-psoriasis effects by regulating PPAR pathway in vitro, suggesting that DTA may act as a new therapeutic agent for psoriasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Wei
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ganzhou People's Hospital, No. 16 Meiguang Avenue, Ganzhou City, 341000, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Hongfa Zhong
- Trauma Center, Ganzhou People's Hospital, No. 16 Meiguang Avenue, Ganzhou City, 341000, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Shanmin Yuan
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ganzhou People's Hospital, No. 16 Meiguang Avenue, Ganzhou City, 341000, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Cong Chen
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ganzhou People's Hospital, No. 16 Meiguang Avenue, Ganzhou City, 341000, Jiangxi Province, China.
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Takaya K, Asou T, Kishi K. Fisetin, a potential skin rejuvenation drug that eliminates senescent cells in the dermis. Biogerontology 2024; 25:161-175. [PMID: 37736858 DOI: 10.1007/s10522-023-10064-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023]
Abstract
Accumulation of senescent fibroblasts, chronic inflammation, and collagen remodeling due to aging-related secretory phenotypes have been hypothesized to cause age-related skin aging, which results in wrinkles and loss of skin elasticity, thus compromising appearance attractiveness. However, the rejuvenating effects of removing senescent cells from the human skin and the efficacy of related therapeutic agents remain unclear. Here, we investigated the effects of fisetin, a potential anti-aging component found in various edible fruits and vegetables, on senescent human dermal fibroblasts (HDFs) and aging human skin. Senescence was induced in primary HDFs using long-term passaging and treatment with ionizing radiation, and cell viability was assessed after treatment with fisetin and a control component. A mouse/human chimeric model was established by subcutaneously transplanting whole skin grafts from aged individuals into nude mice, which were treated intraperitoneally with fisetin or control a component for 30 d. Skin samples were obtained and subjected to senescence-associated-beta-galactosidase staining; the extent of aging was evaluated using western blotting, reverse transcription-quantitative PCR, and histological analysis. Fisetin selectively eliminated senescent dermal fibroblasts in both senescence-induced cellular models; this effect is attributable to cell death induction by caspases 3, 8, and 9-mediated endogenous and exogenous apoptosis. Fisetin-treated senescent human skin grafts showed increased collagen density and decreased senescence-associated secretory phenotypes (SASP), including matrix metalloproteinases and interleukins. No apparent adverse events were observed. Thus, fisetin could improve skin aging through selective removal of senescent dermal fibroblasts and SASP inhibition, indicating its potential as an effective novel therapeutic agent for combating skin aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kento Takaya
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan.
| | - Toru Asou
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Kazuo Kishi
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
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Tsuji S, Otani C, Horie T, Watanabe S, Baba O, Sowa N, Ide Y, Kashiwa A, Makiyama T, Imai H, Nakashima Y, Yamasaki T, Xu S, Matsushita K, Suzuki K, Zou F, Kume E, Hasegawa K, Kimura T, Kakizuka A, Ono K. KUS121, a VCP modulator, has an ameliorating effect on acute and chronic heart failure without calcium loading via maintenance of intracellular ATP levels. Biomed Pharmacother 2024; 170:115850. [PMID: 38091636 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Revised: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024] Open
Abstract
AIMS As heart failure (HF) progresses, ATP levels in myocardial cells decrease, and myocardial contractility also decreases. Inotropic drugs improve myocardial contractility but increase ATP consumption, leading to poor prognosis. Kyoto University Substance 121 (KUS121) is known to selectively inhibit the ATPase activity of valosin-containing protein, maintain cellular ATP levels, and manifest cytoprotective effects in several pathological conditions. The aim of this study is to determine the therapeutic effect of KUS121 on HF models. METHODS AND RESULTS Cultured cell, mouse, and canine models of HF were used to examine the therapeutic effects of KUS121. The mechanism of action of KUS121 was also examined. Administration of KUS121 to a transverse aortic constriction (TAC)-induced mouse model of HF rapidly improved the left ventricular ejection fraction and improved the creatine phosphate/ATP ratio. In a canine model of high frequency-paced HF, administration of KUS121 also improved left ventricular contractility and decreased left ventricular end-diastolic pressure without increasing the heart rate. Long-term administration of KUS121 to a TAC-induced mouse model of HF suppressed cardiac hypertrophy and fibrosis. In H9C2 cells, KUS121 reduced ER stress. Finally, in experiments using primary cultured cardiomyocytes, KUS121 improved contractility and diastolic capacity without changing peak Ca2+ levels or contraction time. These effects were not accompanied by an increase in cyclic adenosine monophosphate or phosphorylation of phospholamban and ryanodine receptors. CONCLUSIONS KUS121 ameliorated HF by a mechanism totally different from that of conventional catecholamines. We propose that KUS121 is a promising new option for the treatment of HF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuhei Tsuji
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Chiharu Otani
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Takahiro Horie
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Shin Watanabe
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Osamu Baba
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan; Preemptive Medicine and Lifestyle Disease Research Center, Kyoto University Hospital Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Naoya Sowa
- Division of Translational Research, National Hospital Organization, Kyoto Medical Center, 1-1 Fukakusa Mukaihata-cho, Fushimi-ku, Kyoto 612-8555, Japan
| | - Yuya Ide
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Asami Kashiwa
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Takeru Makiyama
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Hirohiko Imai
- Department of Systems Science, Graduate School of Informatics, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Nakashima
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Yamasaki
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Sijia Xu
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Kazuki Matsushita
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Keita Suzuki
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Fuquan Zou
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Eitaro Kume
- Department of Pediatrics, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Koji Hasegawa
- Preemptive Medicine and Lifestyle Disease Research Center, Kyoto University Hospital Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Takeshi Kimura
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Akira Kakizuka
- Laboratory of Functional Biology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Biostudies and Solution Oriented Research for Science and Technology, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan.
| | - Koh Ono
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan.
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Paramasivam G, Sanmugam A, Palem VV, Sevanan M, Sairam AB, Nachiappan N, Youn B, Lee JS, Nallal M, Park KH. Nanomaterials for detection of biomolecules and delivering therapeutic agents in theragnosis: A review. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 254:127904. [PMID: 37939770 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.127904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2023] [Revised: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
Nanomaterials are emerging facts used to deliver therapeutic agents in living systems. Nanotechnology is used as a compliment by implementing different kinds of nanotechnological applications such as nano-porous structures, functionalized nanomaterials, quantum dots, carbon nanomaterials, and polymeric nanostructures. The applications are in the initial stage, which led to achieving several diagnoses and therapy in clinical practice. This review conveys the importance of nanomaterials in post-genomic employment, which includes the design of immunosensors, immune assays, and drug delivery. In this view, genomics is a molecular tool containing large databases that are useful in choosing an apt molecular inhibitor such as drug, ligand and antibody target in the drug delivery process. This study identifies the expression of genes and proteins in analysis and classification of diseases. Experimentally, the study analyses the design of a disease model. In particular, drug delivery is a boon area to treat cancer. The identified drugs enter different phase trails (Trails I, II, and III). The genomic information conveys more essential entities to the phase I trials and helps to move further for other trails such as trails-II and III. In such cases, the biomarkers play a crucial role by monitoring the unique pathological process. Genetic engineering with recombinant DNA techniques can be employed to develop genetically engineered disease models. Delivering drugs in a specific area is one of the challenging issues achieved using nanoparticles. Therefore, genomics is considered as a vast molecular tool to identify drugs in personalized medicine for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gokul Paramasivam
- Department of Biotechnology, Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha Institute of Medical & Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Saveetha Nagar, Thandalam, Chennai 602105, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Anandhavelu Sanmugam
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Sri Venkateswara College of Engineering, Pennalur, Sriperumbudur 602117, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Vishnu Vardhan Palem
- Department of Biotechnology, Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha Institute of Medical & Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Saveetha Nagar, Thandalam, Chennai 602105, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Murugan Sevanan
- Department of Biotechnology, Karunya Institute of Technology and Sciences, Karunya Nagar, Coimbatore 641114, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Ananda Babu Sairam
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Sri Venkateswara College of Engineering, Pennalur, Sriperumbudur 602117, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Nachiappan Nachiappan
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Sri Venkateswara College of Engineering, Pennalur, Sriperumbudur 602117, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - BuHyun Youn
- Department of Biological Sciences, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Sub Lee
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Biomedical Research Institute, Pusan National University Hospital, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea; School of Medicine, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Muthuchamy Nallal
- Department of Chemistry, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea.
| | - Kang Hyun Park
- Department of Chemistry, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea.
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9
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Lu J, Chen S, Bai X, Liao M, Qiu Y, Zheng LL, Yu H. Targeting cholesterol metabolism in Cancer: From molecular mechanisms to therapeutic implications. Biochem Pharmacol 2023; 218:115907. [PMID: 37931664 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2023.115907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/08/2023]
Abstract
Cholesterol is an essential component of cell membranes and helps to maintain their structure and function. Abnormal cholesterol metabolism has been linked to the development and progression of tumors. Changes in cholesterol metabolism triggered by internal or external stimuli can promote tumor growth. During metastasis, tumor cells require large amounts of cholesterol to support their growth and colonization of new organs. Recent research has shown that cholesterol metabolism is reprogrammed during tumor development, and this can also affect the anti-tumor activity of immune cells in the surrounding environment. However, identifying the specific targets in cholesterol metabolism that regulate cancer progression and the tumor microenvironment is still a challenge. Additionally, exploring the potential of combining statin drugs with other therapies for different types of cancer could be a worthwhile avenue for future drug development. In this review, we focus on the molecular mechanisms of cholesterol and its derivatives in cell metabolism and the tumor microenvironment, and discuss specific targets and relevant therapeutic agents that inhibit aspects of cholesterol homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Siwei Chen
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Biomimetic Synthesis of Natural Drugs, School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China
| | - Xuejiao Bai
- Department of Anesthesiology, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Minru Liao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yuling Qiu
- School of Pharmacy, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China.
| | - Ling-Li Zheng
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu 610500, China.
| | - Haiyang Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China.
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Bryja A, Zadka Ł, Farzaneh M, Zehtabi M, Ghasemian M, Dyszkiewicz-Konwińska M, Mozdziak P, Zabel M, Podhorska-Okołów M, Dzięgiel P, Piotrowska-Kempisty H, Kempisty B. Small extracellular vesicles - A host for advanced bioengineering and "Trojan Horse" of non-coding RNAs. Life Sci 2023; 332:122126. [PMID: 37769803 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2023.122126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
Small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) are a type of membranous vesicles that can be released by cells into the extracellular space. The relationship between sEVs and non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) is highly intricate and interdependent. This symbiotic relationship plays a pivotal role in facilitating intercellular communication and holds profound implications for a myriad of biological processes. The concept of sEVs and their ncRNA cargo as a "Trojan Horse" highlights their remarkable capacity to traverse biological barriers and surreptitiously deliver their cargo to target cells, evading detection by the host-immune system. Accumulating evidence suggests that sEVs may be harnessed as carriers to ferry therapeutic ncRNAs capable of selectively silencing disease-driving genes, particularly in conditions such as cancer. This approach presents several advantages over conventional drug delivery methods, opening up new possibilities for targeted therapy and improved treatment outcomes. However, the utilization of sEVs and ncRNAs as therapeutic agents raises valid concerns regarding the possibility of unforeseen consequences and unintended impacts that may emerge from their application. It is important to consider the fundamental attributes of sEVs and ncRNAs, including by an in-depth analysis of the practical and clinical potentials of exosomes, serving as a representative model for sEVs encapsulating ncRNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Artur Bryja
- Division of Anatomy, Department of Human Morphology and Embryology, Wroclaw Medical University, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Łukasz Zadka
- Division of Ultrastructural Research, Wroclaw Medical University, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Maryam Farzaneh
- Fertility, Infertility and Perinatology Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Mojtaba Zehtabi
- Hematology and Oncology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Majid Ghasemian
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | | | - Paul Mozdziak
- Prestage Department of Poultry Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, USA
| | - Maciej Zabel
- Division of Ultrastructural Research, Wroclaw Medical University, Wrocław, Poland; Division of Histology and Embryology, Department of Human Morphology and Embryology, Wroclaw Medical University, Wrocław, Poland; Division of Anatomy and Histology, University of Zielona Gora, Zielona Góra, Poland
| | | | - Piotr Dzięgiel
- Division of Histology and Embryology, Department of Human Morphology and Embryology, Wroclaw Medical University, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Hanna Piotrowska-Kempisty
- Department of Toxicology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznań, Poland; Department of Basic and Preclinical Sciences, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Poland
| | - Bartosz Kempisty
- Division of Anatomy, Department of Human Morphology and Embryology, Wroclaw Medical University, Wrocław, Poland; Prestage Department of Poultry Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, USA; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital and Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic; Department of Veterinary Surgery, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Toruń, Poland.
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Guan X, Zhao B, Guan X, Dong J, Ying J. A benzochalcone derivative synchronously induces apoptosis and ferroptosis in pancreatic cancer cells. PeerJ 2023; 11:e16291. [PMID: 37927794 PMCID: PMC10625348 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.16291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Pancreatic cancer is a highly aggressive and lethal disease with limited treatment options. In this study, we investigated the potential therapeutic effects of compound KL-6 on pancreatic cancer cells. Methods The study involved assessing the inhibitory effects of KL-6 on cell proliferation, clonogenic potential, cell cycle progression, apoptosis, migration, and invasion. Additionally, we examined the action mechanism of KL-6 by RNA-seq and bioinformatic analysis and validated by qRT-PCR and western blot in pancreatic cancer cells. Results Our results demonstrated that KL-6 effectively inhibited the growth of pancreatic cancer cells in a dose-dependent manner. It induced G2/M phase cell cycle arrest and apoptosis, disrupting the cell cycle progression and promoting cell death. KL-6 also exhibited inhibitory effects on cell migration and invasion, suggesting its potential to suppress the metastatic properties of pancreatic cancer cells. Furthermore, KL-6 modulated the expression of genes involved in various cancer-related pathways including apoptosis and ferroptosis. Conclusion These findings collectively support the potential of KL-6 as a promising therapeutic option for pancreatic cancer treatment. Further research is needed to fully understand the underlying mechanisms and evaluate the clinical efficacy of KL-6 in pancreatic cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqing Guan
- Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou Institute of Medicine (HIM), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Key Laboratory of Prevention, Diagnosis and Therapy of Upper Gastrointestinal Cancer of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Bing Zhao
- Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou Institute of Medicine (HIM), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiaodan Guan
- Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou Institute of Medicine (HIM), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jinyun Dong
- Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou Institute of Medicine (HIM), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jieer Ying
- Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou Institute of Medicine (HIM), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Key Laboratory of Prevention, Diagnosis and Therapy of Upper Gastrointestinal Cancer of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
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12
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Varshney H, Siddique YH. Pharmacological attributes of Fenugreek with special reference to Alzheimer's disease. Curr Alzheimer Res 2023:CAR-EPUB-132090. [PMID: 37231762 DOI: 10.2174/1567205020666230525154300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Revised: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND An annual plant, Fenugreek (Trigonellafoenum-graecum L.) has well-known health care benefits in Ayurvedic and Chinese medicine. Its leaves and seeds have alkaloids, amino acids, caumarins, flavonoids, saponins, and other bioactive components. Various pharmacological properties such as antioxidants, hypoglycemic, and hypolipidemic have been attributed to fenugreek. Trigonelline, diosgenin, and 4- hydroxyisoleucine have shown neuroprotection against Alzheimer's disease, and the extract have also been reported to act as an anti-depressant, anti-anxiety, and also regulate cognitive functions. This review highlights various studies carried out on animals as well as on humans for the protective effect against Alzheimer's disease. METHODS The Data presented in this review is taken from popular search engines, viz, Google Scholar, PubMed, and Scopus. This review highlights the studies and clinical trials performed to show the protective effect of Fenugreek on neurodegenerative diseases with special reference to AD from 2005 to 2023. RESULTS Fenugreek improves cognitive deficits by Nrf2-mediated antioxidative pathway and provides neuroprotection against amyloid-beta-induced mitochondria dysfunction. It enhances SOD and catalase activities and scavenges reactive oxygen species to protect the cellular organelle from oxidative stress. It normalizes the tubulin protein and improved axonal growth by regulating nerve growth factors. Fenugreek can also influence metabolism. DISCUSSION Fenugreek significantly improves the pathological symptoms of neurodegenerative disease, especially AD and can be used as a therapeutic agent to control disease conditions as evidenced by the review of the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Himanshi Varshney
- Drosophila Transgenic Laboratory, Section of Genetics, Department of Zoology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, 202002, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Yasir Hasan Siddique
- Drosophila Transgenic Laboratory, Section of Genetics, Department of Zoology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, 202002, Uttar Pradesh, India
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13
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Rahman MM, Islam MR, Supti FA, Dhar PS, Shohag S, Ferdous J, Shuvo SK, Akter A, Hossain MS, Sharma R. Exploring the Therapeutic Effect of Neurotrophins and Neuropeptides in Neurodegenerative Diseases: at a Glance. Mol Neurobiol 2023:10.1007/s12035-023-03328-5. [PMID: 37052791 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-023-03328-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
Neurotrophins and neuropeptides are the essential regulators of peripheral nociceptive nerves that help to induce, sensitize, and maintain pain. Neuropeptide has a neuroprotective impact as it increases trophic support, regulates calcium homeostasis, and reduces excitotoxicity and neuroinflammation. In contrast, neurotrophins target neurons afflicted by ischemia, epilepsy, depression, and eating disorders, among other neuropsychiatric conditions. Neurotrophins are reported to inhibit neuronal death. Strategies maintained for "brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) therapies" are to upregulate BDNF levels using the delivery of protein and genes or compounds that target BDNF production and boosting BDNF signals by expanding with BDNF mimetics. This review discusses the mechanisms of neurotrophins and neuropeptides against acute neural damage as well as highlighting neuropeptides as a potential therapeutic agent against Parkinson's disease (PD), Huntington's disease (HD), Alzheimer's disease (AD), and Machado-Joseph disease (MJD), the signaling pathways affected by neurotrophins and their receptors in both standard and diseased CNS systems, and future perspectives that can lead to the potent application of neurotrophins and neuropeptides in neurodegenerative diseases (NDs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Mominur Rahman
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Daffodil International University, Dhaka, 1207, Bangladesh
| | - Md Rezaul Islam
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Daffodil International University, Dhaka, 1207, Bangladesh
| | - Fatema Akter Supti
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Daffodil International University, Dhaka, 1207, Bangladesh
| | - Puja Sutro Dhar
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Daffodil International University, Dhaka, 1207, Bangladesh
| | - Sheikh Shohag
- Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Faculty of Earth and Ocean Science, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Maritime University, Mirpur 12, Dhaka, 1216, Bangladesh
| | - Jannatul Ferdous
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Daffodil International University, Dhaka, 1207, Bangladesh
| | - Shakil Khan Shuvo
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Daffodil International University, Dhaka, 1207, Bangladesh
| | - Aklima Akter
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Daffodil International University, Dhaka, 1207, Bangladesh
| | - Md Sarowar Hossain
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Daffodil International University, Dhaka, 1207, Bangladesh
| | - Rohit Sharma
- Department of Rasa Shastra & Bhaishajya Kalpana, Faculty of Ayurveda, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, Uttar Pradesh, India.
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14
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Chong ZX, Ho WY, Yeap SK. Delineating the tumour-regulatory roles of EYA4. Biochem Pharmacol 2023; 210:115466. [PMID: 36849065 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2023.115466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Revised: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 02/27/2023]
Abstract
Eyes absent homolog 4 (EYA4) is a protein that regulates many vital cellular processes and organogenesis pathways. It possesses phosphatase, hydrolase, and transcriptional activation functions. Mutations in the Eya4 gene can cause sensorineural hearing loss and heart disease. In most non-nervous system cancers such as those of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT), hematological and respiratory systems, EYA4 acts as a putative tumor suppressor. However, in nervous system tumors such as glioma, astrocytoma, and malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor (MPNST), it plays a putative tumor-promoting role. EYA4 interacts with various signaling proteins of the PI3K/AKT, JNK/cJUN, Wnt/GSK-3β, and cell cycle pathways to exert its tumor-promoting or tumor-suppressing effect. The tissue expression level and methylation profiles of Eya4 can help predict the prognosis and anti-cancer treatment response among cancer patients. Targeting and altering Eya4 expression and activity could be a potential therapeutic strategy to suppress carcinogenesis. In conclusion, EYA4 may have both putative tumor-promoting and tumor-suppressing roles in different human cancers and has the potential to serve as a prognostic biomarker and therapeutic agent in various cancer types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Xiong Chong
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Nottingham Malaysia, 43500 Semenyih, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Wan Yong Ho
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Nottingham Malaysia, 43500 Semenyih, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Swee Keong Yeap
- China-ASEAN College of Marine Sciences, Xiamen University Malaysia, 43900 Sepang, Selangor, Malaysia.
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15
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Wang X, Hou X, Zhao Y, Zhao R, Dai J, Dai H, Wang C. The early and late intervention effects of collagen-binding FGF2 on elastase-induced lung injury. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 158:114147. [PMID: 36584430 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.114147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) has high morbidity and mortality, with no effective treatment at present. Emphysema, a major component of COPD, is a leading cause of human death worldwide. Fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2) is implicated in the pathogenesis of pulmonary emphysema and may play an important role in the lung repair process after injury, but concerns remain with respect to its effectiveness. OBJECTIVE In the present work, we sought to determine how the timing (early and late intervention) of sustained-release FGF2 system administration impacted its effectiveness on a porcine pancreatic elastase (PPE)-induced lung injury mouse model. METHODS To examine the early intervention efficiency of collagen-binding FGF2 (CBD-FGF2), mice received intratracheally nebulized CBD-FGF2 with concurrent intratracheal injection of PPE. To explore the late intervention effect, CBD-FGF2 was intratracheally aerosolized after PPE administration, and lungs were collected after CBD-FGF2 treatment for subsequent analysis. RESULT In response to PPE, mice had significantly increased alveolar diameter, collagen deposition and expression of inflammatory factors and decreased lung function indices and expression of alveolar epithelium markers. Our results indicate that CBD-FGF2 administration was able to prevent and repair elastase-induced lung injury partly through the suppression of the inflammatory response and recovery of the alveolar epithelium. The early use of CBD-FGF2 for the prevention of PPE-induced emphysema showed better results than late therapeutic administration against established emphysema. CONCLUSION These data provide insight regarding the prospective role of a drug-based option (CBD-FGF2) for preventing and curing emphysema.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Wang
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China; Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Xianglin Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Yannan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Ruiming Zhao
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China; Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Jianwu Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
| | - Huaping Dai
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100029, China; National Center for Respiratory Medicine; National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases; Institute of Respiratory Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100029, China.
| | - Chen Wang
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100029, China; National Center for Respiratory Medicine; National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases; Institute of Respiratory Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100029, China.
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16
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Dube PS, Legoabe LJ, Beteck RM. Quinolone: a versatile therapeutic compound class. Mol Divers 2022:10.1007/s11030-022-10581-8. [PMID: 36527518 PMCID: PMC9758687 DOI: 10.1007/s11030-022-10581-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The discovery of nalidixic acid is one pinnacle in medicinal chemistry, which opened a new area of research that has led to the discovery of several life-saving antimicrobial agents (generally referred to as fluoroquinolones) for over decades. Although fluoroquinolones are frequently encountered in the literature, the utility of quinolone compounds extends far beyond the applications of fluoroquinolones. Quinolone-based compounds have been reported for activity against malaria, tuberculosis, fungal and helminth infections, etc. Hence, the quinolone scaffold is of great interest to several researchers in diverse disciplines. This article highlights the versatility of the quinolone pharmacophore as a therapeutic agent beyond the fluoroquinolone profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phelelisiwe S. Dube
- Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom, 2520 South Africa
| | - Lesetja J. Legoabe
- Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom, 2520 South Africa
| | - Richard M. Beteck
- Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom, 2520 South Africa
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17
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Onishi M, Koyama Y, Hagika A, Omotani S, Hatsuda Y, Maezaki N, Myotoku M. Effect of Central Venous Nutrition Infusion, Intravenous Fat Emulsion, and Therapeutic Agents on the Particle Size of Fat Emulsion for Simultaneous Administration of Three Drugs. Ann Nutr Metab 2022; 78:307-315. [PMID: 35933978 PMCID: PMC9808686 DOI: 10.1159/000526329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In Japan, therapeutic agents are often administered through the side tube of a central venous line or mixed with a total parenteral nutrition (TPN) infusion. This is expected to result in the mixture of three drugs in the infusion line: the infusion product for TPN, the fat emulsion, and the therapeutic agent. Therefore, we investigated whether various therapeutic agents affect the particle size of the fat emulsion. METHODS In model of administration A, the TPN infusion formulation was administered through the main tube, and the fat emulsion and therapeutic agents were simultaneously administered through the side tube; 21 therapeutic agents were used. In model of administration B, the TPN infusion formulation mixed with therapeutic agents was administered through the main tube, and the fat emulsion was simultaneously administered through the side tube; 20 therapeutic agents were used. The number of fine particles for each particle size range in the mixed solution was measured over time using a light-shielding automatic fine-particle measuring device. RESULTS In model A, the number of fine particles in the fat emulsion changed rapidly for five therapeutic agents and slowly for two therapeutic agents. In model B, this change occurred drastically for five therapeutic agents and slowly for one therapeutic agent. CONCLUSIONS Some therapeutic agents may contribute to fat particle aggregation. Therefore, these therapeutic agents should not be concurrently administered with fat emulsions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mika Onishi
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Osaka Ohtani University, Tondabayashi, Japan,Department of Pharmacy, Higashi-Sumiyoshi Morimoto Hospital, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yoshihito Koyama
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Osaka Ohtani University, Tondabayashi, Japan
| | - Akemi Hagika
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Osaka Ohtani University, Tondabayashi, Japan
| | - Sachiko Omotani
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Osaka Ohtani University, Tondabayashi, Japan
| | | | - Naoyoshi Maezaki
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Osaka Ohtani University, Tondabayashi, Japan
| | - Michiaki Myotoku
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Osaka Ohtani University, Tondabayashi, Japan,*Michiaki Myotoku,
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Parasites release a wide array of protein as excretory and secretory products (ESPs). Irrespective of their mode of propagation, ESPs are found to be secreted or excreted by both naturally occurring and laboratory-cultivated parasites. Mass spectrometry-based approaches have been extensively used to identify and characterize the ESP constituents. ESPs are involved in various cellular activities such as immune modulation, proteolysis, inhibition of proteases and protection of cells against oxidants. Specifically, their role in host immune evasion by down-regulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines and up-regulation of anti-inflammatory cytokines attracts scientific attention. A thorough investigation of functional diversity of ESPs may be helpful in planning control strategies against many parasites. METHODS This review focuses on diversity of ES proteins, various approaches to identify them and discusses about the biochemical and functional aspects of such proteins. RESULTS The diverse array of proteins secreted or excreted (a, GST-1, acetylcholinesterase, GAPDH) by the parasites are also described emphasizing their role in cellular physiology. CONCLUSION Finally, it concludes by citing some of these proteins as potential therapeutic agents against helminth challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paritosh Joshi
- Division of Biochemistry, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, U.P., 243122, India.
- Panchvati, Bijroli, Bhimtal, Uttarakhand, India.
| | - Prasanta Kumar K Mishra
- Division of Biochemistry, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, U.P., 243122, India.
- Unit of Veterinary Clinical Complex, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, RGSC, Banaras Hindu University, Mirzapur, U.P., India.
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Rahman MM, Islam MR, Shohag S, Ahasan MT, Sarkar N, Khan H, Hasan AM, Cavalu S, Rauf A. Microbiome in cancer: Role in carcinogenesis and impact in therapeutic strategies. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 149:112898. [PMID: 35381448 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.112898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Revised: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is the world's second-leading cause of death, and the involvement of microbes in a range of diseases, including cancer, is well established. The gut microbiota is known to play an important role in the host's health and physiology. The gut microbiota and its metabolites may activate immunological and cellular pathways that kill invading pathogens and initiate a cancer-fighting immune response. Cancer is a multiplex illness, characterized by the persistence of several genetic and physiological anomalies in malignant tissue, complicating disease therapy and control. Humans have coevolved with a complex bacterial, fungal, and viral microbiome over millions of years. Specific long-known epidemiological links between certain bacteria and cancer have recently been grasped at the molecular level. Similarly, advances in next-generation sequencing technology have enabled detailed research of microbiomes, such as the human gut microbiome, allowing for the finding of taxonomic and metabolomic linkages between the microbiome and cancer. These investigations have found causative pathways for both microorganisms within tumors and bacteria in various host habitats far from tumors using direct and immunological procedures. Anticancer diagnostic and therapeutic solutions could be developed using this review to tackle the threat of anti-cancer medication resistance as well through the wide-ranging involvement of the microbiota in regulating host metabolic and immunological homeostasis. We reviewed the significance of gut microbiota in cancer initiation as well as cancer prevention. We look at certain microorganisms that may play a role in the development of cancer. Several bacteria with probiotic qualities may be employed as bio-therapeutic agents to re-establish the microbial population and trigger a strong immune response to remove malignancies, and further study into this should be conducted.
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Chong ZX, Yeap SK, Ho WY, Fang CM. Unveiling the tumour-regulatory roles of miR-1275 in cancer. Pathol Res Pract 2021; 230:153745. [PMID: 34953353 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2021.153745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The rapid development of small RNA and molecular biology research in the past 20 years has enabled scientists to discover many new miRNAs that are proven to play essential roles in regulating the development of different cancer types. Among these miRNAs, miR-1275 is one of the well-studied miRNAs that has been described to act as a tumour-promoting or tumour-suppressing miRNA in various cancer types. Even though miR-1275 has been widely reported in different original research articles on its roles in modulating the progression of different cancer types, however, there is scarce an in-depth review that could constructively summarize the findings from different studies on the regulatory roles of miR-1275 in different cancer types. To fill up this literature gap, therefore, this review was aimed to provide an overview and summary of the roles of miR-1275 in modulating the development of different cancers and to unravel the mechanism of how miR-1275 regulates cancer progression. Based on the findings summarized from various sources, it was found that miR-1275 plays a vital role in regulating various cellular signaling pathways like the PI3K/AKT, ERK/JNK, MAPK, and Wnt signaling pathways, and the dysregulation of this miRNA has been shown to contribute to the development of multiple cancer types such as cancers of the liver, breast, lung, gastrointestinal tract and genitourinary tract. Therefore, miR-1275 has great potential to be employed as a biomarker to diagnose cancer and to predict the prognosis of cancer patients. In addition, by inhibiting the expression of its unique downstream targets that are involved in regulating the mentioned cellular pathways, this miRNA could also be utilized as a novel therapeutic agent to halt cancer development.
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21
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Chong ZX, Yeap SK, Ho WY. Unraveling the roles of miRNAs in regulating epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in osteosarcoma. Pharmacol Res 2021; 172:105818. [PMID: 34400316 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2021.105818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Revised: 08/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Osteosarcoma is one of the most prevalent primary bone tumors with a high metastatic and recurrence rate with poor prognosis. MiRNAs are short and non-coding RNAs that could regulate various cellular activities and one of them is the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Osteosarcoma cells that have undergone EMT would lose their cellular polarity and acquire invasive and metastatic characteristics. Our literature search showed that many pre-clinical and clinical studies have reported the roles of miRNAs in modulating the EMT process in osteosarcoma and compared to other cancers like breast cancer, there is a lack of review article which effectively summarizes the various roles of EMT-regulating miRNAs in osteosarcoma. This review, therefore, was aimed to discuss and summarize the EMT-promoting and EMT-suppressing roles of different miRNAs in osteosarcoma. The review would begin with the discussion on the concepts and principles of EMT, followed by the exploration of the diverse roles of EMT-regulating miRNAs in osteosarcoma. Subsequently, the potential use of miRNAs as prognostic biomarkers in osteosarcoma to predict the likelihood of metastases and as therapeutic agents would be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Xiong Chong
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Nottingham Malaysia, 43500 Semenyih, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Swee Keong Yeap
- China-ASEAN College of Marine Sciences, Xiamen University Malaysia, 43900 Sepang, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Wan Yong Ho
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Nottingham Malaysia, 43500 Semenyih, Selangor, Malaysia.
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22
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Babaei A, Mousavi SM, Ghasemi M, Pirbonyeh N, Soleimani M, Moattari A. Gold nanoparticles show potential in vitro antiviral and anticancer activity. Life Sci 2021; 284:119652. [PMID: 34051217 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2021.119652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Revised: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) have been attracted interests in the various areas of clinical therapeutics. In this study, we investigated the anticancer and antiviral potential activity of AuNPs against influenza A virus and human glioblastoma (GMB) U-87 and U-251 cell lines. MAIN METHODS Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) were synthesized by citrate reduction method. Then, ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometry (UV-vis spectra) and electron microscopy analysis confirmed the type, size (mean diameter of 17 nm) and distribution of the particles. The AuNPs in vitro antiviral and anticancer effects was evaluated by hemagglutination inhibition (HAI), tissue culture infectious dose 50 (TCID50), real-time PCR, MTT, flow cytometry, and scratch assays. KEY FINDINGS The AuNPs were synthesized in spherical with a mean diameter of 17 ± 2 nm and an absorbance peak at 520 nm. The AuNPs were well tolerable by MDCK cells at concentrations up to 0.5μg/ml and they significantly inhibited the hemagglutination and virus infectivity, particularly when added pre- or during virus infection. Furthermore, anticancer results indicated that AuNPs treatment caused the marked induction of apoptosis and reduced growth and migration capability of U-87 and U-251 cell lines in a time-dependent manner. SIGNIFICANCE The present results suggest that AuNPs provide promising antiviral and anticancer approaches. Further research is needed to fully elucidate the mode of antiviral and anticancer action of AuNPs against influenza virus infection and human glioblastoma cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abouzar Babaei
- Department of Bacteriology and Virology, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Department of Virology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Mahmoud Mousavi
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Marzie Ghasemi
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Science, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Neda Pirbonyeh
- Department of Bacteriology and Virology, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Burn and Wound Healing Research Center, Microbiology Department, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Masoud Soleimani
- Department of Hematology and Cell Therapy, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran; Nano Medicine and Tissue Engineering Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Afagh Moattari
- Department of Bacteriology and Virology, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
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Yang ZS, Lin CY, Huang SW, Wang WH, Urbina AN, Tseng SP, Lu PL, Chen YH, Wang SF. Regulatory roles of galectins on influenza A virus and their potential as a therapeutic strategy. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 139:111713. [PMID: 34243634 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.111713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Galectins, are β-galactoside binding lectins expressed in numerous cells and are known to regulate various immune responses and cellular physiological functions. Galectins have been reported to participate in the regulation of several viral infections via carbohydrate‑dependent/independent manner. Galectins have displayed various regulatory functions on viral infection, however, the detailed mechanism remains unclear. More recently, some members of galectins have been reported to regulate influenza A virus (IAV) infection. In this review, we aim to analyze and summarize current findings regarding the role of galectins in IAV infection and their antiviral potential therapeutic application in the treatment of IAVs. The eligible articles were selected according to the PRISMA guidelines. Results indicate that Galectin-1(Gal-1), Galectin-3(Gal-3) and Galectin-9 (Gal-9) were found as the predominant galectins reported to participate in the regulation of IAVs infection. The inhibitory regulation of IAVs by these galectins occurred mainly through extracellular binding to glycosylated envelope proteins, further blocking the interaction between influenza envelope and sialic acid receptor, interacting with ligands or receptors on immune cells to trigger immunol or cellular response against IAVs, and endogenously interacting cellular components in the cytoplasm to activate inflammasome and autophagy. This study offers information regarding the multiple roles of galectins observed in IAVs infection and suggest that galectins has the potential to be used as therapeutic agents for IAVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zih-Syuan Yang
- Center for Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan; Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Yen Lin
- Center for Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan; Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
| | - Szu-Wei Huang
- Model Development Section, Basic Research Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Wen-Hung Wang
- Center for Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan; Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical, University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
| | - Aspiro Nayim Urbina
- Center for Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
| | - Sung-Pin Tseng
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
| | - Po-Liang Lu
- Center for Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan; Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical, University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Hsu Chen
- Center for Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan; Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical, University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
| | - Sheng-Fan Wang
- Center for Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan; Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan; Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan.
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Caicedo A, Zambrano K, Sanon S, Luis Vélez J, Montalvo M, Jara F, Moscoso SA, Vélez P, Maldonado A, Velarde G. The diversity and coexistence of extracellular mitochondria in circulation: A friend or foe of the immune system. Mitochondrion 2021; 58:270-284. [PMID: 33662580 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2021.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The diversity and coexistence of extracellular mitochondria may have a key role in the maintenance of health and progression of disease. Studies report that active mitochondria can be found physiologically outside of cells and circulating in the blood without inducing an inflammatory response. In addition, inactive or harmed mitochondria have been recognized as activators of immune cells, as they play an essential role in diseases characterized by the metabolic deregulation of these cells, such as sepsis. In this review we analyze key aspects regarding the existence of a diversity of extracellular mitochondria, their coexistence in body fluids and their effects on various immune cells. Additionally, we introduce models of how extracellular mitochondria could be interacting to maintain health and affect disease prognosis. Unwrapped mitochondria (freeMitos) can exist as viable, active, inactive or harmed organelles. Mitochondria can also be found wrapped in a membrane (wrappedMitos) that may differ depending on the cell of origin. Mitochondrial fragments can also be present in various body fluids as DAMPs, as mtDNA enclosed in vesicles or as circulating-cell-free mtDNA (ccf-mtDNA). Interestingly, the great quantity of evidence regarding the levels of ccf-mtDNA and their correlation with aging and disease allows for the identification of the diversity, but not type, of extracellular mitochondria. The existence of a diversity of mitochondria and their effects on immune cells opens a new concept in the biomedical field towards the understanding of health, the progression of disease and the development of mitochondria as therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrés Caicedo
- Universidad San Francisco de Quito USFQ, Colegio de Ciencias de la Salud, Escuela de Medicina, Quito, Ecuador; Universidad San Francisco de Quito USFQ, Instituto de Investigaciones en Biomedicina, Quito, Ecuador; Mito-Act Research Consortium, Quito, Ecuador; Sistemas Médicos SIME, Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Quito, Ecuador.
| | - Kevin Zambrano
- Universidad San Francisco de Quito USFQ, Colegio de Ciencias de la Salud, Escuela de Medicina, Quito, Ecuador; Universidad San Francisco de Quito USFQ, Instituto de Investigaciones en Biomedicina, Quito, Ecuador; Mito-Act Research Consortium, Quito, Ecuador; School for Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNs), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands; Instituto de Neurociencias, Universidad San Francisco de Quito USFQ, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Serena Sanon
- Universidad San Francisco de Quito USFQ, Instituto de Investigaciones en Biomedicina, Quito, Ecuador; Mito-Act Research Consortium, Quito, Ecuador; Cornell University - Ithaca, United States
| | - Jorge Luis Vélez
- Universidad Central del Ecuador, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Quito, Ecuador; Hospital Pablo Arturo Suárez, Unidad de Terapia Intensiva y Centro de Investigación Clínica, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Mario Montalvo
- Hospital Pablo Arturo Suárez, Unidad de Terapia Intensiva y Centro de Investigación Clínica, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Fernando Jara
- Hospital Pablo Arturo Suárez, Unidad de Terapia Intensiva y Centro de Investigación Clínica, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Santiago Aguayo Moscoso
- Hospital Pablo Arturo Suárez, Unidad de Terapia Intensiva y Centro de Investigación Clínica, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Pablo Vélez
- Hospital Pablo Arturo Suárez, Unidad de Terapia Intensiva y Centro de Investigación Clínica, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Augusto Maldonado
- Universidad San Francisco de Quito USFQ, Colegio de Ciencias de la Salud, Escuela de Medicina, Quito, Ecuador; Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, United States; Hospital General Docente de Calderón, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Gustavo Velarde
- Universidad Central del Ecuador, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Quito, Ecuador; Hospital Pablo Arturo Suárez, Unidad de Terapia Intensiva y Centro de Investigación Clínica, Quito, Ecuador
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25
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Abstract
Cyanine is a meritorious fluorogenic core for the construction of fluorescent probes and its phototherapeutic potential has been enthusiastically explored as well. Alternatively, the covalent conjugation of cyanine with other potent therapeutic agents not only boosts its therapeutic efficacy but also broadens its therapeutic modality. Herein, we summarize miscellaneous cyanine-therapeutic agent conjugates in cancer theranostics from literature published between 2014 and 2020. The application scenarios of such theranostic cyanine conjugates covered common cancer therapeutic modalities, including chemotherapy, phototherapy and targeted therapy. Besides, cyanine conjugates that serve as nanocarriers for drug delivery are introduced as well. In an additional section, we analyze the potential of these conjugates for clinical translation. Overall, this review is aimed to stimulate research interest in exploring unattempted therapeutic agents and novel conjugation strategies and hopefully, accelerate clinical translation in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yiming Zhou
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Xiuli Yue
- School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Zhifei Dai
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
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26
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Abstract
MicroRNA (miRNA) is a form of short, single-stranded and non-coding RNA that is important in regulating the post-transcriptional modification of multiple downstream targets. Many miRNAs have been reported to involve in controlling the progression of human diseases, and one of them is miR-638, which play essential roles in regulating the development of human cancer. By targeting the 3'-ends of its targets, miR-638 can regulate cellular processes including proliferation, invasion, metastases, angiogenesis, apoptosis and inflammation. This review was aimed to summarize current findings on the roles of miR-638 in different human cancers based on the results from various in vitro, in vivo and clinical studies. The biogenesis process and tissue expression, followed by the roles of miR-638 in regulating the development of various human cancers by targeting different downstream targets were covered in this review. The potential applications and challenges of employing miR-638 as cancer biomarker and therapeutic agent were also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Xiong Chong
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Nottingham Malaysia, 43500, Semenyih, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Swee Keong Yeap
- China-ASEAN College of Marine Sciences, Xiamen University Malaysia, 43900, Sepang, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Wan Yong Ho
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Nottingham Malaysia, 43500, Semenyih, Selangor, Malaysia.
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27
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Silva D, Sousa R, Salgado A. Hydrogels as delivery systems for spinal cord injury regeneration. Mater Today Bio 2021; 9:100093. [PMID: 33665602 PMCID: PMC7905359 DOI: 10.1016/j.mtbio.2021.100093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Revised: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury is extremely debilitating, both at physiological and psychological levels, changing completely the patient's lifestyle. The introduction of biomaterials has opened a new window to develop a therapeutic approach to induce regeneration after injury due to similarities with extracellular matrix. Particularly, hydrogels have the ability to support axonal growth and endogenous regeneration. Moreover, they can also act as potential matrixes in which to load and deliver therapeutic agents at injury site. In this review, we highlight some important characteristics to be considered when designing hydrogels as delivery systems (DS), such as rheology, mesh size, swelling, degradation, gelation temperature and surface charge. Additionally, affinity-based release systems, incorporation of nanoparticles, or ion-mediated interactions are also pondered. Overall, hydrogel DS aim to promote a sustained, controlled and prolonged release at injury site, allowing a targeted oriented action of the therapeutic agent that will be used.
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Affiliation(s)
- D. Silva
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B's—PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4710-057/4805-017, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
- Stemmatters, Biotecnologia e Medicina Regenerativa SA, 4805-017, Guimarães, Portugal
| | - R.A. Sousa
- Stemmatters, Biotecnologia e Medicina Regenerativa SA, 4805-017, Guimarães, Portugal
| | - A.J. Salgado
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B's—PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4710-057/4805-017, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
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28
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Roh K, Lee JH, Kang H, Park KW, Song Y, Lee S, Ku JM. Synthesis and evaluation of butein derivatives for in vitro and in vivo inflammatory response suppression in lymphedema. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 197:112280. [PMID: 32361286 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.112280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Revised: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we demonstrate that butein (1) can prevent swelling in a murine lymphedema model by suppressing tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) production. Butein derivatives were synthesized and evaluated to identify compounds with in vitro anti-inflammatory activity. Among them, 20 μM of compounds 7j, 7m, and 14a showed 50% suppression of TNF-α production in mouse peritoneal macrophages after lipopolysaccharide stimulation. Compound 14a, exhibited the strongest potency with an in vitro IC50 of 14.6 μM and suppressed limb volume by 70% in a murine lymphedema model. The prodrug strategy enabled a six-fold increase in kinetic solubility of compound 1 and five-fold higher levels of active metabolite in the blood for compound 14a via oral administration in the pharmacokinetics study. We suggest that the compound 14a could be developed as a potential therapeutic agent targeting anti-inflammatory activity to alleviate lymphedema progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kangsan Roh
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Hun Lee
- Bio-Center, Gyeonggido Business & Science Accelerator, 147 Gwanggyo-ro, Suwon, 16229, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee Kang
- Humanitas College, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, 17104, Republic of Korea
| | - Kye Won Park
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngju Song
- Department of Biomedical Science and Technology, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Sukchan Lee
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jin-Mo Ku
- Bio-Center, Gyeonggido Business & Science Accelerator, 147 Gwanggyo-ro, Suwon, 16229, Republic of Korea.
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29
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Wang Z, Shi C. Cellular senescence is a promising target for chronic wounds: a comprehensive review. Burns Trauma 2020; 8:tkaa021. [PMID: 32607375 PMCID: PMC7309580 DOI: 10.1093/burnst/tkaa021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Revised: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Chronic wounds include, but are not limited to, radiation ulcers, pressure ulcers, vascular ulcers and diabetic foot ulcers. These chronic wounds can persist for years without healing and severe ulcers may lead to amputation. Unfortunately, the underlying pathologies of refractory chronic wounds are not fully characterized, and new treatments are urgently needed. Recently, increasing evidence has indicated that cell senescence plays an important role in the development of chronic wounds, and preventing cell senescence or removing senescent cells holds promise as a new therapeutic strategy. In this review, we aim to probe these latest findings to promote the understanding of cellular senescence in the pathological process and potential management of chronic wounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziwen Wang
- Institute of Rocket Force Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), No. 30 Gaotanyan Street, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Chunmeng Shi
- Institute of Rocket Force Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), No. 30 Gaotanyan Street, Chongqing, 400038, China
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30
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Tahamtan S, Shirban F, Bagherniya M, Johnston TP, Sahebkar A. The effects of statins on dental and oral health: a review of preclinical and clinical studies. J Transl Med 2020; 18:155. [PMID: 32252793 PMCID: PMC7132955 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-020-02326-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The statin family of drugs are safe and effective therapeutic agents for the treatment of arteriosclerotic cardiovascular disease (CVD). Due to a wide range of health benefits in addition to their cholesterol lowering properties, statins have recently attracted significant attention as a new treatment strategy for several conditions, which are not directly related to normalizing a lipid profile and preventing CVD. Statins exert a variety of beneficial effects on different aspects of oral health, which includes their positive effects on bone metabolism, their anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, and their potential effects on epithelization and wound healing. Additionally, they possess antimicrobial, antiviral, and fungicidal properties, which makes this class of drugs attractive to the field of periodontal diseases and oral and dental health. However, to the best of our knowledge, there has been no comprehensive study to date, which has investigated the effects of statin drugs on different aspects of dental and oral health. Therefore, the primary objective of this paper was to review the effect of statins on dental and oral health. Results of our extensive review have indicated that statins possess remarkable and promising effects on several aspects of dental and oral health including chronic periodontitis, alveolar bone loss due to either extraction or chronic periodontitis, osseointegration of implants, dental pulp cells, orthodontic tooth movement, and orthodontic relapse, tissue healing (wound/bone healing), salivary gland function, and finally, anti-cancer effects. Hence, statins can be considered as novel, safe, inexpensive, and widely-accessible therapeutic agents to improve different aspects of dental and oral health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shabnam Tahamtan
- Dental Research Center, Department of Orthodontics, Dental Research Institute, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Farinaz Shirban
- Dental Research Center, Department of Orthodontics, Dental Research Institute, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mohammad Bagherniya
- Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Science, Food Security Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Thomas P Johnston
- Division of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, USA
| | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Halal Research Center of IRI, FDA, Tehran, Iran.
- Neurogenic Inflammation Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box: 91779-48564, Mashhad, Iran.
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31
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Orozco Valencia A, Camargo Knirsch M, Suavinho Ferro E, Antonio Stephano M. Interleukin-2 as immunotherapeutic in the autoimmune diseases. Int Immunopharmacol 2020; 81:106296. [PMID: 32058934 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2020.106296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2019] [Revised: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Interleukins, also called cytokines are secretory proteins that bind to specific receptors and play a critical role in the intercellular communication between cells of the immune system. Cytokines are mainly produced by T lymphocytes, macrophages and eosinophils. Among its functions are the activation and suppression of immune system responses, induction of cell division and regulation of memory cells. Interleukin 2 (IL-2) is a secretory monomeric glycoprotein composed of 149 amino acids containing a signal peptide of 20 amino acids. It is classified as a member of the type I cytokines family. IL-2 binds to its receptor (IL-2R receptor) with high affinity and its signaling function promotes the activation of various subtypes of lymphocytes during the process of cell differentiation to generate an immune or homeostatic response. The specificity of IL-2 depends on its binding to low, medium or high-affinity receptors. Interleukin 2 acts as a regulator of the proliferation of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. There is a relationship between IL-2 and autoimmune diseases due to its influence in the differentiation of T helper cells, which in turn directly influence immunological response processes. Therefore, IL-2 is a key element in the control and treatment of those diseases. In recent years, many therapeutic agents based on biomolecules and recombinant chimeric proteins have been developed to treat different autoimmune diseases. In this review, we focus on the use of interleukin 2 as a versatile therapeutic agent, alone or associated with other molecules to increase the efficiency of autoimmune disease treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexy Orozco Valencia
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemical Technology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Marcos Camargo Knirsch
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemical Technology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Emer Suavinho Ferro
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marco Antonio Stephano
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemical Technology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Mahapatra K, Ghosh AK, De S, Ghosh N, Sadhukhan P, Chatterjee S, Ghosh R, Sil PC, Roy S. Assessment of cytotoxic and genotoxic potentials of a mononuclear Fe(II) Schiff base complex with photocatalytic activity in Trigonella. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2019; 1864:129503. [PMID: 31816347 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2019.129503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2019] [Revised: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In recent times, coordination complexes of iron in various oxidation states along with variety of ligand systems have been designed and developed for effective treatment of cancer cells without adversely affecting the normal cell and tissues of various organs. METHODS In this study, we have evaluated the mechanism of action of a Fe(II) Schiff base complex in the crop plant Trigonella foenum-graecum L. (Fenugreek) as the screening system by using morphological, cytological, biochemical and molecular approaches. Further functional characterization was performed using MCF-7 cell line and solid tumour model for the assessment of anti-tumour activity of the complex. RESULTS Our results indicate efficiency of the Fe(II) Schiff base complex in the induction of double strand breaks in DNA. Complex treatment clearly induced cytotoxic and genotoxic damage in Trigonella seedlings. The Fe-complex treatment caused cell cycle arrest via the activation of ATM-ATR kinase mediated DNA damage response pathway with the compromised expression of CDK1, CDK2 and CyclinB1 protein in Trigonella seedlings. In cultured MCF-7 cells, the complex induces cytotoxicity and DNA fragmentation through intracellular ROS generation. Fe-complex treatment inhibited tumour growth in solid tumour model with no additional side effects. CONCLUSION The growth inhibitory and cytotoxic effects of the complex result from activation of DNA damage response along with oxidative stress and cell cycle arrest. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE Overall, our results have provided comprehensive information on the mechanism of action and efficacy of a Fe(II) Schiff base complex in higher eukaryotic genomes and indicated its future implications as potential therapeutic agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalyan Mahapatra
- Department of Botany, UGC Centre for Advanced Studies, The University of Burdwan, Golapbag Campus, Burdwan 713104, West Bengal, India
| | - Ayon Kanti Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry, UGC Centre for Advanced Studies, The University of Burdwan, Golapbag Campus, Burdwan 713104, West Bengal, India
| | - Sayanti De
- Department of Botany, UGC Centre for Advanced Studies, The University of Burdwan, Golapbag Campus, Burdwan 713104, West Bengal, India
| | - Noyel Ghosh
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Bose Institute, Centenary Campus, P-1/12 C.I.T. Scheme VIIM, Kolkata 700054, India
| | - Pritam Sadhukhan
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Bose Institute, Centenary Campus, P-1/12 C.I.T. Scheme VIIM, Kolkata 700054, India
| | - Sharmistha Chatterjee
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Bose Institute, Centenary Campus, P-1/12 C.I.T. Scheme VIIM, Kolkata 700054, India
| | - Rajarshi Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry, UGC Centre for Advanced Studies, The University of Burdwan, Golapbag Campus, Burdwan 713104, West Bengal, India
| | - Parames C Sil
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Bose Institute, Centenary Campus, P-1/12 C.I.T. Scheme VIIM, Kolkata 700054, India
| | - Sujit Roy
- Department of Botany, UGC Centre for Advanced Studies, The University of Burdwan, Golapbag Campus, Burdwan 713104, West Bengal, India.
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Lee C, Jeong H, Bae Y, Shin K, Kang S, Kim H, Oh J, Bae H. Targeting of M2-like tumor-associated macrophages with a melittin-based pro-apoptotic peptide. J Immunother Cancer 2019; 7:147. [PMID: 31174610 DOI: 10.1186/s40425-019-0610-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) are the major component of tumor-infiltrating immune cells. Macrophages are broadly categorized as M1 or M2 types, and TAMs have been shown to express an M2-like phenotype. TAMs promote tumor progression and contribute to resistance to chemotherapies. Therefore, M2-like TAMs are potential targets for the cancer immunotherapy. In this study, we targeted M2-like TAMs using a hybrid peptide, MEL-dKLA, composed of melittin (MEL), which binds preferentially to M2-like TAMs, and the pro-apoptotic peptide d (KLAKLAK)2 (dKLA), which induces mitochondrial death after cell membrane penetration. Methods The M1 or M2-differentiated RAW264.7 cells were used for mitochondrial colocalization and apoptosis test in vitro. For in vivo study, the murine Lewis lung carcinoma cells were inoculated subcutaneously in the right flank of mouse. The dKLA, MEL and MEL-dKLA peptides were intraperitoneally injected at 175 nmol/kg every 3 days. Flow cytometry analysis of tumor-associated macrophages and immunofluorescence staining were performed to investigate the immunotherapeutic effects of MEL-dKLA. Results We showed that MEL-dKLA induced selective cell death of M2 macrophages in vitro, whereas MEL did not disrupt the mitochondrial membrane. We also showed that MEL-dKLA selectively targeted M2-like TAMs without affecting other leukocytes, such as T cells and dendritic cells, in vivo. These features resulted in lower tumor growth rates, tumor weights, and angiogenesis in vivo. Importantly, although both MEL and MEL-dKLA reduced numbers of CD206+ M2-like TAMs in tumors, only MEL-dKLA induced apoptosis in CD206+ M2-like TAMs, and MEL did not induce cell death. Conclusion Taken together, our study demonstrated that MEL-dKLA could be used to target M2-like TAMs as a promising cancer therapeutic agent.
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Li Y, Pu S, Liu Q, Li R, Zhang J, Wu T, Chen L, Li H, Yang X, Zou M, Xiao J, Xie W, He J. An integrin-based nanoparticle that targets activated hepatic stellate cells and alleviates liver fibrosis. J Control Release 2019; 303:77-90. [PMID: 31004666 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2019.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2019] [Revised: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Activation of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) contributes to the development of liver fibrosis. Because of a relatively small population of HSCs in the liver and the lack of specific membrane targeting proteins, HSC-targeted therapy remains a major clinical challenge. Here we first showed that a hallmark of activated HSC (aHSC) is their increased expression of integrin αvβ3. Thus we established sterically stable liposomes that contain the cyclic peptides (cRGDyK) with a high affinity to αvβ3 to achieve aHSC-specific delivery. Our results showed that the cRGDyK-guided liposomes were preferentially internalized by activated HSCs in vitro and in vivo, and the internalization was abolished by excess free cRGDyK or knockdown of αvβ3. In contrast, quiescent HSCs, hepatocytes, Kupffer cells, sinusoidal endothelial cells, or biliary cells showed minimal uptake of the cRGDyK-guided liposomes. When loaded with the hedgehog inhibitor vismodegib, the cRGDyK-guided liposomes inhibited hedgehog pathway signaling specifically in activated HSCs. Moreover, treatment of mice with vismodegib-loaded cRGDyK-liposomes markedly inhibited the fibrogenic phenotype in bile duct ligation- or thioacetamide-treated mice. We conclude that the cRGDyK-guided liposomes can specifically target the activated HSCs, but not quiescent HSCs. This nanoparticle system showed great promise to deliver therapeutic agents to aHSC to treat liver fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanping Li
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacy and Adverse Drug Reaction, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China; Department of Pharmacy, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Shiyun Pu
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacy and Adverse Drug Reaction, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China; Department of Pharmacy, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qinhui Liu
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacy and Adverse Drug Reaction, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Rui Li
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacy and Adverse Drug Reaction, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China; Department of Pharmacy, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jinhang Zhang
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacy and Adverse Drug Reaction, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China; Department of Pharmacy, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Tong Wu
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacy and Adverse Drug Reaction, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China; Department of Pharmacy, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Lei Chen
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacy and Adverse Drug Reaction, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China; Department of Pharmacy, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hong Li
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacy and Adverse Drug Reaction, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China; Department of Pharmacy, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xuping Yang
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacy and Adverse Drug Reaction, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China; Department of Pharmacy, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Min Zou
- Department of Pharmacy, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jia Xiao
- Institute of Clinical Science, Guangzhou Overseas Chinese Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wen Xie
- Center for Pharmacogenetics and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
| | - Jinhan He
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacy and Adverse Drug Reaction, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China; Department of Pharmacy, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
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Kiuchi J, Komatsu S, Imamura T, Nishibeppu K, Shoda K, Arita T, Kosuga T, Konishi H, Shiozaki A, Okamoto K, Fujiwara H, Ichikawa D, Otsuji E. Low levels of tumour suppressor miR-655 in plasma contribute to lymphatic progression and poor outcomes in oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Mol Cancer 2019; 18:2. [PMID: 30609933 PMCID: PMC6320607 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-018-0929-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Accepted: 12/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent studies identified that low levels of tumour suppressor microRNAs (miRNAs) in plasma/serum relate to tumour progression and poor outcomes in cancers. We selected six candidates (miR-126, 133b, 143, 203, 338-3p, 655) of tumour suppressor miRNAs in oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) by a systematic review of NCBI database. Of these, miR-655 levels were significantly down-regulated in plasma of ESCC patients compared to healthy volunteers by test- and validation-scale analyses. Low levels of plasma miR-655 were significantly associated with lymphatic invasion, lymph node metastasis and advanced stage. Univariate and multivariate analysis revealed that the low level of plasma miR-655 was an independent risk factor of lymphatic progression and a poor prognostic factor. Overexpression of miR-655 in ESCC cells inhibited cell proliferation, migration, invasion and epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Increased plasma miR-655 levels by the subcutaneous injection significantly inhibited lymph node metastasis in mice. Low levels of miR-655 in plasma relate to lymphatic progression and poor outcomes, and the restoration of the plasma miR-655 levels might inhibit tumour and lymphatic progression in ESCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Kiuchi
- Division of Digestive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465 Kajii-cho, Kawaramachihirokoji, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto, 602-8566, Japan
| | - Shuhei Komatsu
- Division of Digestive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465 Kajii-cho, Kawaramachihirokoji, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto, 602-8566, Japan.
| | - Taisuke Imamura
- Division of Digestive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465 Kajii-cho, Kawaramachihirokoji, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto, 602-8566, Japan
| | - Keiji Nishibeppu
- Division of Digestive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465 Kajii-cho, Kawaramachihirokoji, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto, 602-8566, Japan
| | - Katsutoshi Shoda
- Division of Digestive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465 Kajii-cho, Kawaramachihirokoji, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto, 602-8566, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Arita
- Division of Digestive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465 Kajii-cho, Kawaramachihirokoji, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto, 602-8566, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Kosuga
- Division of Digestive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465 Kajii-cho, Kawaramachihirokoji, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto, 602-8566, Japan
| | - Hirotaka Konishi
- Division of Digestive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465 Kajii-cho, Kawaramachihirokoji, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto, 602-8566, Japan
| | - Atsushi Shiozaki
- Division of Digestive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465 Kajii-cho, Kawaramachihirokoji, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto, 602-8566, Japan
| | - Kazuma Okamoto
- Division of Digestive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465 Kajii-cho, Kawaramachihirokoji, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto, 602-8566, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Fujiwara
- Division of Digestive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465 Kajii-cho, Kawaramachihirokoji, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto, 602-8566, Japan
| | - Daisuke Ichikawa
- First Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Eigo Otsuji
- Division of Digestive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465 Kajii-cho, Kawaramachihirokoji, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto, 602-8566, Japan
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Tang SS, Prodhan ZH, Biswas SK, Le CF, Sekaran SD. Antimicrobial peptides from different plant sources: Isolation, characterisation, and purification. Phytochemistry 2018; 154:94-105. [PMID: 30031244 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2018.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2018] [Revised: 07/03/2018] [Accepted: 07/07/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), the self-defence products of organisms, are extensively distributed in plants. They can be classified into several groups, including thionins, defensins, snakins, lipid transfer proteins, glycine-rich proteins, cyclotides and hevein-type proteins. AMPs can be extracted and isolated from different plants and plant organs such as stems, roots, seeds, flowers and leaves. They perform various physiological defensive mechanisms to eliminate viruses, bacteria, fungi and parasites, and so could be used as therapeutic and preservative agents. Research on AMPs has sought to obtain more detailed and reliable information regarding the selection of suitable plant sources and the use of appropriate isolation and purification techniques, as well as examining the mode of action of these peptides. Well-established AMP purification techniques currently used include salt precipitation methods, absorption-desorption, a combination of ion-exchange and reversed-phase C18 solid phase extraction, reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC), and the sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) method. Beyond these traditional methods, this review aims to highlight new and different approaches to the selection, characterisation, isolation, purification, mode of action and bioactivity assessment of a range of AMPs collected from plant sources. The information gathered will be helpful in the search for novel AMPs distributed in the plant kingdom, as well as providing future directions for the further investigation of AMPs for possible use on humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swee-Seong Tang
- Division of Microbiology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Zakaria H Prodhan
- Division of Microbiology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Department of Agronomy, Institute of Crop Science, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Sudhangshu K Biswas
- Division of Microbiology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Cheng-Foh Le
- School of Biosciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Nottingham Malaysia Campus, Semenyih, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Shamala D Sekaran
- Faculty of Medicine, MAHSA University, Saujana Putra Campus, 42610, Jenjarum, Selangor, Malaysia.
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Xin T, Chen M, Duan L, Xu Y, Gao P. Interleukin-32: its role in asthma and potential as a therapeutic agent. Respir Res 2018; 19:124. [PMID: 29940981 PMCID: PMC6019726 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-018-0832-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-32, also named natural killer cell transcript 4 (NK4), has increasingly been described as an immunoregulator that controls cell differentiation and cell death and is involved in the stimulation of anti−/pro-inflammatory cytokines. Abnormal presence of IL-32 has been repeatedly noticed during the pathogenesis of allergic, infectious, cancerous, and inflammatory diseases. Of particular note was the observation of the anti-inflammatory property of IL-32 in a murine ovalbumin model of allergic asthma. Compared to wild-type mice, IL-32γ transgenic mice show decreased levels of inflammatory cells, recruited eosinophils, and lymphocytes in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid in a mouse model of acute asthma. To date, the molecular mechanism underlying the role of IL-32 in asthma remains to be elucidated. This review aims to summarize recent advances in the pathophysiology of asthma and describe the links to IL-32. The possibilities of using IL-32 as an airway inflammation biomarker and an asthma therapeutic agent are also evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Xin
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, the Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Mo Chen
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, the Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Liwei Duan
- Department of Gastrointestinal medicine, the Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Yanling Xu
- Department of Geriatrics and General Medicine, the Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Peng Gao
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, the Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China.
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Abstract
Autoimmune diseases (ADs) are featured by the body's immune responses being directed against its own tissues, resulting in prolonged inflammation and subsequent tissue damage. Currently, the exact pathogenesis of ADs remains not fully elucidated. Semaphorin-3A (Sema3A), a secreted member of semaphorin family, is a potent immunoregulator during all immune response stages. Sema3A has wide expression, such as in bone, connective tissue, kidney, neurons, and cartilage. Sema3A can downregulate ADs by suppressing the over-activity of both T-cell and B-cell autoimmunity. Moreover, Sema3A shows the ability to enhance T-cell and B-cell regulatory properties that control ADs, including systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis, and systemic sclerosis. However, it can also induce ADs when overexpressed. Together, these data strongly suggest that Sema3A plays a pivotal role in ADs, and it may be a promising treatment target for these diseases. In the present review, we focus on the immunological functions of Sema3A and summarize recent studies on the involvement of Sema3A in the pathogenesis of ADs; the discoveries obtained from recent findings may translate into novel therapeutic agent for ADs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Na Liu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Diseases, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Xiao-Mei Li
- Department of Rheumatology, Anhui Provincial Hospital, 17 Lujiang Road, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Dong-Qing Ye
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Diseases, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Hai-Feng Pan
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China.
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Khushboo M, Murthy MK, Devi MS, Sanjeev S, Ibrahim KS, Kumar NS, Roy VK, Gurusubramanian G. Testicular toxicity and sperm quality following copper exposure in Wistar albino rats: ameliorative potentials of L-carnitine. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2018; 25:1837-1862. [PMID: 29103113 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-0624-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2017] [Accepted: 10/26/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Copper is a persistent toxic and bio-accumulative heavy metal of global concern. Continuous exposure of copper compounds of different origin is the most common form of copper poisoning and in turn adversely altering testis morphology and function and affecting sperm quality. L-carnitine has a vital role in the spermatogenesis, physiology of sperm, sperm production and quality. This study was designed to examine whether the detrimental effects of long-term copper consumption on sperm quality and testis function of Wistar albino rat could be prevented by L-carnitine therapy. The parameters included were sperm quality (concentration, viability, motility, and morphology), histopathology, serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST), serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT), serum urea, serum creatinine, serum testosterone and testis antioxidant enzyme levels (superoxide dismutase and glutathione-S-transferase), and biomarkers of oxidative stress (lipid peroxidation and expression of heat shock protein 70 in testis). Three-month-old male Wistar rats (n = 30) were divided into six groups as group 1 (G1, 0.9% saline control), group 2 (G2, CuSO4 200 mg/kg dissolved in 0.9% saline water), groups 3 and 4 (G3 and G4, L-carnitine 50 and 100 mg/kg dissolved in 0.9% saline water, respectively), and groups 5 and 6 (G5 and G6, CuSO4 200 mg/kg plus L-carnitine, 50 and 100 mg/kg dissolved in 0.9% saline water, respectively). Doses of copper (200 mg/kg) and L-carnitine (50 and 100 mg/kg) alone and in combinations along with untreated control were administered orally for 30 days. The following morphological, physiological, and biochemical alterations were observed due to chronic exposure of copper (200 mg/kg) to rats in comparison with the untreated control: (1) generation of oxidative stress through rise in testis lipid peroxidation (12.21 vs 3.5 nmol MDA equivalents/mg protein) and upregulation of heat shock protein (overexpression of HSP70 in testis), (2) liver and kidney dysfunction [elevation in serum ALT (81.65 vs 48.08 IU/L), AST (156.82 vs 88.25 IU/L), ALP (230.54 vs 148.16 IU/L), urea (12.65 vs 7.45 mmol/L), and creatinine (80.61 vs 48.25 μmol/L) levels], (3) significant decrease in body (99.64 vs 106.09 g) and organ weights (liver-3.48 vs 4.99 g; kidney-429.29 vs 474.78 mg; testes-0.58 vs 0.96 g), (4) imbalance in hormonal and antioxidant enzyme concentrations [significant decline in serum testosterone (0.778 vs 3.226 ng/mL), superoxide dismutase (3.07 vs 8.55 μmol/mg protein), and glutathione-S-transferase (59.28 vs 115.58 nmol/mg protein) levels], (5) severe alterations in the testis histomorphology [sloughed cells (90.65%, score 4 vs 15.65%, score 1), vacuolization (85.95%, score 4 vs 11.45%, score 1), cellular debris along with degenerative characteristics, accentuated germ cell depletion in the seminiferous epithelium, severe damage of spermatogonia and Sertoli cells (73.56%, score 3 vs 0%, score 1)], (6) suppression of spermatogenic process [hypospermatogenesis (low Jhonsen testicular biopsy score 4 vs 9.5), decrease in tubules size (283.75 vs 321.25 μm in diameter), and no. of germ cells (81.8 vs 148.7/100 tubules), Leydig cells (5.2 vs 36.65/100 tubules), and Sertoli cells (8.1 vs 13.5/100 tubules)], (7) sperm transit time was shorter in caput and cauda and ensued in incomplete spermatogenic process and formation of immature sperm leading to infertility, (8) sperm quality was affected significantly [decreased daily sperm production (13.21 vs 26.9 × 106 sperms/mL), sperm count (96.12 vs 154.25 × 106/g), sperm viability (26.88 vs 91.65%), and sperm motility (38.48 vs 64.36%)], and (9) increase of head (32.82 vs 2.01%) and tail (14.85 vs 0.14%) morphologic abnormalities and DNA fragmentation index (88.37 vs 11.11%). Oxidative stress and their related events appear to be a potential mechanism involved in copper testicular toxicity and L-carnitine supplementation significantly modulated the possible adverse effects of copper on seminiferous tubules damage, testes function, spermatogenesis, and sperm quality. It was validated that the use of L-carnitine at doses of 50 and 100 mg/kg protects against copper-induced testicular tissue damage and acts as a therapeutic agent for copper heavy metal toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maurya Khushboo
- Department of Zoology, Mizoram Central University, Aizawl, Mizoram, 796004, India
| | | | - Maibam Sunita Devi
- Department of Zoology, Mizoram Central University, Aizawl, Mizoram, 796004, India
| | - Sanasam Sanjeev
- Department of Zoology, Mizoram Central University, Aizawl, Mizoram, 796004, India
| | | | | | - Vikas Kumar Roy
- Department of Zoology, Mizoram Central University, Aizawl, Mizoram, 796004, India.
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Bagherniya M, Nobili V, Blesso CN, Sahebkar A. Medicinal plants and bioactive natural compounds in the treatment of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: A clinical review. Pharmacol Res 2017; 130:213-240. [PMID: 29287685 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2017.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2017] [Revised: 11/29/2017] [Accepted: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a major cause of liver diseases, and is closely related to metabolic syndrome and its related conditions, diabetes mellitus and dyslipidemia. On the other hand, NAFLD as a multisystem disease increases the risk of several chronic diseases include type 2 diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular disease (CVD), and chronic kidney disease. The main objective was to review the efficacy of bioactive natural compounds assessed by clinical trials. Search literature using four databases (PubMed, EBSCO, Web of Science, and Ovid Medline) to review publications that focused on the impact of bioactive natural compounds in NAFLD treatment. Due to the lack of effective pharmacological treatments available for NAFLD, lifestyle modifications such as following a healthy diet, vigorous physical activity, and weight reduction remain the first line of treatment for NAFLD. However, due to the poor adherence to this type of treatment, especially for long-term weight loss diets some of which may have harmful effects on the liver, finding novel therapeutic agents for NAFLD treatment and/or preventing NAFLD progression has garnered significant interest. Although the therapeutic agents of NAFLD treatment have been reviewed previously, to date, no summary has been conducted of clinical trials examining the effects of herbal compounds on NAFLD-related biomarkers. This review highlights the beneficial role of herbal bioactives and medicinal plants in NAFLD treatment, particularly as complementary to a healthy lifestyle. All natural products described in this review seem to have some benefits to improve oxidative stress, cellular inflammation and insulin-resistance, which always remain as the "primum movens" of NAFLD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Bagherniya
- Student Research Committee, Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Valerio Nobili
- Hepato-Metabolic Disease Unit, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Christopher N Blesso
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, United States
| | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Neurogenic Inflammation Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad 9177948564, Iran; School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
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Sarangarajan R, Meera S, Rukkumani R, Sankar P, Anuradha G. Antioxidants: Friend or foe? ASIAN PAC J TROP MED 2017; 10:1111-1116. [PMID: 29268965 DOI: 10.1016/j.apjtm.2017.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2017] [Revised: 09/24/2017] [Accepted: 10/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species are the intermediates that are formed during the normal metabolic process which are effectively neutralized by the antioxidant system of the body. Any imbalance in this neutralization process causes oxidative stress which has been implicated as one of the cause in diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, cardiovascular disorders, cancer etc. Research has enabled the use of antioxidants as therapeutic agents in the treatment of various diseases. Literature also puts forth the negative effects of using antioxidants in the treatment of diseases. This review is a compilation of both the beneficial and detrimental effects of use of antioxidants in the treatment of diseases such as cancer, cardiovascular diseases, diabetes and oral diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Sarangarajan
- Department of Oral Pathology, Madha Dental College, Kundrathur, Chennai, India.
| | - S Meera
- Private Dental Practitioner, Sree Sai Dental Care, Chennai, India
| | - R Rukkumani
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Pondicherry University, Puducherry, India
| | - P Sankar
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Pondicherry University, Puducherry, India
| | - G Anuradha
- Private Dental Practitioner, Sai Raghav Dental Clinic, Chennai, India
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Lee JY, Sim TB, Lee JE, Na HK. Chemopreventive and Chemotherapeutic Effects of Fish Oil derived Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids on Colon Carcinogenesis. Clin Nutr Res 2017; 6:147-160. [PMID: 28770178 PMCID: PMC5539209 DOI: 10.7762/cnr.2017.6.3.147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2017] [Revised: 07/13/2017] [Accepted: 07/17/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer is the third most common cause of cancer related death in the world. Multiple lines of evidence suggest that there is an association between consumption of dietary fat and colon cancer risk. Not only the amount but also the type and the ratio of fatty acids comprising dietary fats consumed have been implicated in the etiology and pathogenesis of colon cancer. Omega-3 (n-3) polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), such as docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), have been known to inhibit development of colon cancer by downregulating the expression of genes involved in colon carcinogenesis and also by altering the membrane lipid composition. Data from laboratory, epidemiological, and clinical studies substantiate the beneficial role of n-3 PUFAs in preventing colitis and subsequent development of colon cancer. In addition, recent studies suggest that some n-3 PUFAs can be effective as an adjuvant with chemotherapeutic agents and other natural anticancer compounds in the management of colon cancer. In this review, we discuss chemopreventive and therapeutic effects of fish oil derived long chain n-3 PUFAs, particularly EPA and DHA, with focus on synergetic effects of which they exert when combined with chemotherapeutic agents and other natural compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ja Young Lee
- Department of Food and Nutrition, College of Health and Wellness, Sungshin Women's University, Seoul 01133, Korea
| | - Tae-Bu Sim
- Department of Food and Nutrition, College of Health and Wellness, Sungshin Women's University, Seoul 01133, Korea
| | - Jeong-Eun Lee
- Department of Food and Nutrition, College of Health and Wellness, Sungshin Women's University, Seoul 01133, Korea
| | - Hye-Kyung Na
- Department of Food and Nutrition, College of Health and Wellness, Sungshin Women's University, Seoul 01133, Korea.,Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, College of Knowledge-Based Services Engineering, Sungshin Women's University, Seoul 01133, Korea
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Ray L, Pal MK, Ray RS. Synergism of co-delivered nanosized antioxidants displayed enhanced anticancer efficacy in human colon cancer cell lines. Bioact Mater 2017; 2:82-95. [PMID: 29744415 PMCID: PMC5935044 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2017.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2016] [Revised: 02/24/2017] [Accepted: 02/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Combination of chemopreventive and/or therapeutic agents is the imminent smart approach to cope up with cancer because it may act on multiple targets through different pathways. In the present study, we have synthesized multiple chemopreventive and/or therapeutic agents (Curcumin, Quercetin and Aspirin) loaded nanoparticles by simple cation-anion interaction among the amine groups of chitosan (CS) and phosphate groups of sodium hexametaphosphate (SHMP). These nanosized bioactive materials (CS-SHMP-CQA-NPs) were well characterized and found most effective in colon cancer cell line (HCT-116) compared to other cancer cell lines. Triplex chemopreventive and/or therapeutic agents-loaded NPs were synergistically inducing apoptosis in HCT-116 cells compared to two-chemopreventive agents-loaded NPs as evident by an increase in sub-G1 cells (percent), and chromatin condensation along with the decrease in mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP). Interestingly, Chou–Talalay analysis revealed that CS-SHMP-CQA-NPs showed strong synergistic effect in its all doses. Thus, our study demonstrates that nanoparticles based bioactive materials significantly inhibit the growth of HCT-116 cells and thus could be a promising approach for colon cancer chemoprevention. Multiple antioxidants loaded nanoparticle base bioactive materials have been synthesized. This nanoparticular bioactive materials (CS-SHMP-CQA-NPs) were well characterized and found most effective in colon cancer cell line (HCT-116) compared to other cancer cell lines. Nanosized bioactivematerial inhibited HCT-116 cells synergistically, could be a promising approach for colon cancer chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lipika Ray
- CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, P.O. Box No. 80, M.G. Marg, Lucknow, UP, 226001, India
| | - Manish Kumar Pal
- CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, P.O. Box No. 80, M.G. Marg, Lucknow, UP, 226001, India
| | - Ratan Singh Ray
- CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, P.O. Box No. 80, M.G. Marg, Lucknow, UP, 226001, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, New Delhi 110001, India
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Jeong HS, Kim KH, Lee IS, Park JY, Kim Y, Kim KS, Jang HJ. Ginkgolide A ameliorates non-alcoholic fatty liver diseases on high fat diet mice. Biomed Pharmacother 2017; 88:625-634. [PMID: 28142119 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.01.114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2016] [Revised: 01/17/2017] [Accepted: 01/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is one of the most common diseases worldwide and has continuously increased. NAFLD refers to a spectrum of diseases ranging from fatty liver to steatohepatitis, cirrhosis, and even to hepatocyte carcinoma. Excessive fatty acid enters the cell and the mitochondria undergo stress and unremoved ROS can trigger a form of cell apoptosis known as 'lipoapoptosis'. NASH arises from damaged liver hepatocytes due to lipotoxicity. NASH not only involves lipid accumulation and apoptosis but also inflammation. Ginkgo biloba has been tested clinical trials as a traditional medicine for asthma, bronchitis and cardiovascular disease. The effects of Ginkgolide A (GA), derived from the ginkgo biloba leaf, are still unknown in NAFLD. To determine the protective effects of GA in NAFLD, we examined the fatty liver disease condition in the non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA)-induced HepG2 cell line and in a high fat diet mouse model. The findings of this study suggest that GA is non-toxic at high concentrations in hepatocytes. Moreover, GA was found to inhibit cellular lipogenesis and lipid accumulation by causing mitochondrial oxidative stress. GA showed hepatoprotective efficacy by inducing cellular lipoapoptosis and by inhibiting cellular inflammation. The results demonstrated that GA may be feasible as a therapeutic agent for NAFLD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeon-Soo Jeong
- Department of Biochemistry, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Heogi-dong, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea; Department of Science in Korean Medicine, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Republic of Korea
| | - Kang-Hoon Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Heogi-dong, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea; Department of Science in Korean Medicine, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Republic of Korea
| | - In-Seung Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Heogi-dong, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea; Department of Science in Korean Medicine, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Young Park
- Department of Biochemistry, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Heogi-dong, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea; Department of Science in Korean Medicine, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Republic of Korea
| | - Yumi Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Heogi-dong, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea; Department of Science in Korean Medicine, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki-Suk Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Heogi-dong, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeung-Jin Jang
- Department of Biochemistry, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Heogi-dong, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea; Department of Science in Korean Medicine, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Republic of Korea.
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Kuo ZK, Lin MW, Lu IH, Yao HJ, Wu HC, Wang CC, Lin SH, Wu SY, Tong TS, Cheng YC, Yen JH, Ko CH, Chiou SJ, Pan IH, Tseng HW. Antiangiogenic and antihepatocellular carcinoma activities of the Juniperus chinensis extract. Altern Ther Health Med 2016; 16:277. [PMID: 27502492 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-016-1250-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2015] [Accepted: 07/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Background To identify a novel therapeutic agent for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), for which no promising therapeutic agent exists, we screened a panel of plants and found that Juniperus chinensis exhibited potential antiangiogenic and anti-HCC activities. We further investigated the antiangiogenic and anti-HCC effects of the active ingredient of J. chinensis extract, CBT-143-S-F6F7, both in vitro and in vivo. Methods A tube formation assay conducted using human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) was first performed to identify the active ingredient of CBT-143-S-F6F7. A series of angiogenesis studies, including HUVEC migration, Matrigel plug, and chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) assays, were then performed to confirm the effects of CBT-143-S-F6F7 on angiogenesis. The effects of CBT-143-S-F6F7 on tumor growth were investigated using a subcutaneous and orthotopic mouse model of HCC. In vitro studies were performed to investigate the effects of CBT-143-S-F6F7 on the cell cycle and apoptosis in HCC cells. Moreover, protein arrays for angiogenesis and apoptosis were used to discover biomarkers that may be influenced by CBT-143-S-F6F7. Finally, nuclear magnetic resonance analysis was conducted to identify the compounds of CBT-143-S-F6F7. Results CBT-143-S-F6F7 showed significantly antiangiogenic activity in various assays, including HUVEC tube formation and migration, CAM, and Matrigel plug assays. In in vivo studies, gavage with CBT-143-S-F6F7 significantly repressed subcutaneous Huh7 tumor growth in severe combined immunodeficient (SCID) mice, and prolonged the survival of orthotopic Huh7 tumor-bearing SCID mice (a 40 % increase in median survival duration compared with the vehicle-treated mice). Immunohistochemical staining of subcutaneous Huh7 tumors in CBT-143-S-F6F7-treated mice showed a significantly decrease in the cell cycle regulatory protein cyclin D1, cellular proliferation marker Ki-67, and endothelial marker CD31. CBT-143-S-F6F7 caused arrest of the G2/M phase and induced Huh7 cell apoptosis, possibly contributing to the inhibition of HCC tumors. Protein array analysis revealed that several angiogenic and antiapoptotic factors were suppressed in CBT-143-S-F6F7-treated Huh7 cells. Finally, five compounds from CBT-143-S-F6F7 were identified. Conclusions According to these results, we report for the first time the antiangiogenic and anti-HCC activities of CBT-143-S-F6F7, the active fractional extract of J. chinensis. We believe that CBT-143-S-F6F7 warrants further evaluation as a new anti-HCC drug. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12906-016-1250-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Costa TM, Tavares LBB, de Oliveira D. Fungi as a source of natural coumarins production. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2016; 100:6571-6584. [PMID: 27364626 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-016-7660-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2016] [Revised: 05/29/2016] [Accepted: 05/31/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Natural coumarins and derivatives are compounds that occur naturally in several organisms (plant, bacteria, and fungi) consisting of fused benzene and α-pyrone rings. These compounds show high technological potential applications in agrochemical, food, pharmaceuticals, and cosmetics industries. Therefore, the need for bulk production of coumarins and the advancement of the chemical and pharmaceutical industries led to the development of synthetic coumarin. However, biotransformation process, synthetic bioengineering, metabolic engineering, and bioinformatics have proven effective in the production of natural products. Today, these biological systems are recognized as green chemistry innovation and business strategy. This review article aims to report the potential of fungi for synthesis of coumarin. These microorganisms are described as a source of natural products capable of synthesizing many bioactive metabolites. The features, classification, properties, and industrial applications of natural coumarins as well as new molecules obtained by basidiomycetes and ascomycetes fungi are reported in order to explore a topic not yet discussed in the scientific literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tania Maria Costa
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Trindade, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, CEP 88040-900, Brazil
| | - Lorena Benathar Ballod Tavares
- Environmental Engineering Postgraduate, Regional University of Blumenau, Itoupava Seca, Blumenau, Santa Catarina, CEP 89030-080, Brazil
| | - Débora de Oliveira
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Trindade, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, CEP 88040-900, Brazil.
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Luan Y, Chai D, Peng J, Ma S, Wang M, Ma H, Li X, Fu S, Pan X, Wang X, Qin S, Xu T. A fully human monoclonal antibody targeting PD-L1 with potent anti-tumor activity. Int Immunopharmacol 2016; 31:248-56. [PMID: 26773772 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2015.12.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2015] [Revised: 12/07/2015] [Accepted: 12/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Programmed cell death ligand-1 (PD-L1) with its receptor PD-1 pathway is overactivated in many tumors. Inhibiting the interaction of PD-L1 and PD-1 is an attractive strategy to restore tumor-specific T cell immunity for tumor therapy. METHODS A fully human anti-PD-L1 monoclonal antibody (mAb) B60-55 was identified by yeast surface display. The affinity, specificity, activity, and efficacy of mAb B60-55 were investigated in vitro or in vivo. RESULTS mAb B60-55 (purity >99%) could bind to PD-L1 that is expressed on HEK293 cells with a dissociation constant of 0.2 nM, and specifically bind to human or cynomolgus macaque PD-L1 without a cross-reaction with murine PD-L1. Moreover, mAb B60-55 is an antagonistic antibody, which can block PD-L1 binding to its receptors, including PD-1 (PDCD1) and B7.1 (CD80). In vitro assays demonstrated the ability of mAb B60-55 to enhance T cell responses and cytokine production in the mixed lymphocyte reaction. In vivo studies showed that administration of mAb B60-55 exhibited a potent antitumor activity toward tumor cell carcinoma xenograft, with a mean half-life of 177.9h in cynomolgus monkeys. CONCLUSION mAb B60-55 is a potential candidate for clinical development in cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Luan
- DingFu Biotarget Co. Ltd., Suzhou, Jiangsu 215125, PR China; Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory for Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, PR China
| | - Dafei Chai
- DingFu Biotarget Co. Ltd., Suzhou, Jiangsu 215125, PR China
| | - Jianjian Peng
- DingFu Biotarget Co. Ltd., Suzhou, Jiangsu 215125, PR China
| | - Shuli Ma
- DingFu Biotarget Co. Ltd., Suzhou, Jiangsu 215125, PR China
| | - Min Wang
- DingFu Biotarget Co. Ltd., Suzhou, Jiangsu 215125, PR China
| | - Hui Ma
- DingFu Biotarget Co. Ltd., Suzhou, Jiangsu 215125, PR China
| | - Xiang Li
- DingFu Biotarget Co. Ltd., Suzhou, Jiangsu 215125, PR China
| | - Shilong Fu
- DingFu Biotarget Co. Ltd., Suzhou, Jiangsu 215125, PR China
| | - Xiaolong Pan
- DingFu Biotarget Co. Ltd., Suzhou, Jiangsu 215125, PR China
| | | | - Songbing Qin
- Department of Radiotherapy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215006, PR China.
| | - Ting Xu
- DingFu Biotarget Co. Ltd., Suzhou, Jiangsu 215125, PR China; Alphamab Co. Ltd., Suzhou, Jiangsu 215125, PR China.
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Basak I, Patil KS, Alves G, Larsen JP, Møller SG. microRNAs as neuroregulators, biomarkers and therapeutic agents in neurodegenerative diseases. Cell Mol Life Sci 2016; 73:811-27. [PMID: 26608596 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-015-2093-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2015] [Revised: 10/14/2015] [Accepted: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The last decade has experienced the emergence of microRNAs as a key molecular tool for the diagnosis and prognosis of human diseases. Although the focus has mostly been on cancer, neurodegenerative diseases present an exciting, yet less explored, platform for microRNA research. Several studies have highlighted the significance of microRNAs in neurogenesis and neurodegeneration, and pre-clinical studies have shown the potential of microRNAs as biomarkers. Despite this, no bona fide microRNAs have been identified as true diagnostic or prognostic biomarkers for neurodegenerative disease. This is mainly due to the lack of precisely defined patient cohorts and the variability within and between individual cohorts. However, the discovery that microRNAs exist as stable molecules at detectable levels in body fluids has opened up new avenues for microRNAs as potential biomarker candidates. Furthermore, technological developments in microRNA biology have contributed to the possible design of microRNA-mediated disease intervention strategies. The combination of these advancements, with the availability of well-defined longitudinal patient cohort, promises to not only assist in developing invaluable diagnostic tools for clinicians, but also to increase our overall understanding of the underlying heterogeneity of neurodegenerative diseases. In this review, we present a comprehensive overview of the existing knowledge of microRNAs in neurodegeneration and provide a perspective of the applicability of microRNAs as a basis for future therapeutic intervention strategies.
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Abstract
Skin is the first line of defense for protecting our bodies against external perturbations, including ultraviolet (UV) irradiation, mechanical/chemical stress, and bacterial infection. Nutrition is one of many factors required for the maintenance of overall skin health. An impaired nutritional status alters the structural integrity and biological function of skin, resulting in an abnormal skin barrier. In particular, the importance of micronutrients (such as certain vitamins and minerals) for skin health has been highlighted in cell culture, animal, and clinical studies. These micronutrients are employed not only as active compounds in therapeutic agents for treating certain skin diseases, but also as ingredients in cosmetic products. Here, the author describes the barrier function of the skin and the general nutritional requirements for skin health. The goal of this review is to discuss the potential roles and current knowledge of selected micronutrients in skin health and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyungho Park
- Department of Dermatology, Northern California Institute for Research and Education (NCIRE)-VA Medical Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158, USA
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Ridlon JM, Bajaj JS. The human gut sterolbiome: bile acid-microbiome endocrine aspects and therapeutics. Acta Pharm Sin B 2015; 5:99-105. [PMID: 26579434 PMCID: PMC4629220 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2015.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2014] [Accepted: 01/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The human body is now viewed as a complex ecosystem that on a cellular and gene level is mainly prokaryotic. The mammalian liver synthesizes and secretes hydrophilic primary bile acids, some of which enter the colon during the enterohepatic circulation, and are converted into numerous hydrophobic metabolites which are capable of entering the portal circulation, returned to the liver, and in humans, accumulating in the biliary pool. Bile acids are hormones that regulate their own synthesis, transport, in addition to glucose and lipid homeostasis, and energy balance. The gut microbial community through their capacity to produce bile acid metabolites distinct from the liver can be thought of as an “endocrine organ” with potential to alter host physiology, perhaps to their own favor. We propose the term “sterolbiome” to describe the genetic potential of the gut microbiome to produce endocrine molecules from endogenous and exogenous steroids in the mammalian gut. The affinity of secondary bile acid metabolites to host nuclear receptors is described, the potential of secondary bile acids to promote tumors, and the potential of bile acids to serve as therapeutic agents are discussed.
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Key Words
- APC, adenomatous polyposis coli
- BA, bile acids
- BSH, bile salt hydrolases
- Bile acids
- CA, cholic acid
- CDCA, chenodeoxycholic acid
- COX-2, cyclooxygenase-2
- CRC, colorectal cancer
- CYP27A1, sterol-27-hydroxylase
- CYP7A1, cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase
- CYP8B1, sterol 12α-hydroxylase
- DCA, deoxycholic acid
- EGFR, epidermal growth factor receptor
- FAP, familial adenomatous polyposis
- FGF15/19, fibroblast growth factor 15/19
- FXR, farnesoid X receptor
- GABA, γ-aminobutyric acid
- GPCR, G-protein coupled receptors
- Gut microbiome
- HMP, Human Microbiome Project
- HSDH, hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase
- LCA, lithocholic acid
- LOX, lipooxygenase
- MetaHIT, Metagenomics of the Human Intestinal Tract
- Metabolite
- NSAIDs, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
- PKC, protein kinase C
- PSC, primary sclerosing cholangitis
- PXR, pregnane X receptor
- Sterolbiome
- Therapeutic agent
- UDCA, ursodeoxycholic acid
- VDR, vitamin D receptor
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