The Mechanisms of Long Non-coding RNA-XIST in Ischemic Stroke: Insights into Functional Roles and Therapeutic Potential

Ischemic stroke, which occurs due to the occlusion of cerebral arteries, is a common type of stroke. Recent research has highlighted the important role of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) in the development of cerebrovascular diseases, specifically ischemic stroke. Understanding the functional roles of lncRNAs in ischemic stroke is crucial, given their potential contribution to the disease pathology. One noteworthy lncRNA is X-inactive specific transcript (XIST), which exhibits downregulation during the early stages of ischemic stroke and subsequent upregulation in later stages. XIST exert its influence on the development of ischemic stroke through interactions with multiple miRNAs and transcription factors. These interactions play a significant role in the pathogenesis of the condition. In this review, we have provided a comprehensive summary of the functional roles of XIST in ischemic stroke. By investigating the involvement of XIST in the disease process, we aim to enhance our understanding of the mechanisms underlying ischemic stroke and potentially identify novel therapeutic targets.

Signaling pathways governing the behaviors of leukemia stem cells

Leukemia is a malignancy in the blood that develops from the lymphatic system and bone marrow. Although various treatment options have been used for different types of leukemia, understanding the molecular pathways involved in the development and progression of leukemia is necessary. Recent studies showed that leukemia stem cells (LSCs) play essential roles in the pathogenesis of leukemia by targeting several signaling pathways, including Notch, Wnt, Hedgehog, and STAT3. LSCs are highly proliferative cells that stimulate tumor initiation, migration, EMT, and drug resistance. This review summarizes cellular pathways that stimulate and prevent LSCs' self-renewal, metastasis, and tumorigenesis.

Phenotypic Transitions the Processes Involved in Regulation of Growth and Proangiogenic Properties of Stem Cells, Cancer Stem Cells and Circulating Tumor Cells

Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a crucial process with significance in the metastasis of malignant tumors. It is through the acquisition of plasticity that cancer cells become more mobile and gain the ability to metastasize to other tissues. The mesenchymal-epithelial transition (MET) is the return to an epithelial state, which allows for the formation of secondary tumors. Both processes, EMT and MET, are regulated by different pathways and different mediators, which affects the sophistication of the overall tumorigenesis process. Not insignificant are also cancer stem cells and their participation in the angiogenesis, which occur very intensively within tumors. Difficulties in effectively treating cancer are primarily dependent on the potential of cancer cells to rapidly expand and occupy secondarily vital organs. Due to the ability of these cells to spread, the concept of the circulating tumor cell (CTC) has emerged. Interestingly, CTCs exhibit molecular diversity and stem-like and mesenchymal features, even when derived from primary tumor tissue from a single patient. While EMT is necessary for metastasis, MET is required for CTCs to establish a secondary site. A thorough understanding of the processes that govern the balance between EMT and MET in malignancy is crucial.

Cellular, Molecular and Clinical Aspects of Aortic Aneurysm-Vascular Physiology and Pathophysiology

A disturbance of the structure of the aortic wall results in the formation of aortic aneurysm, which is characterized by a significant bulge on the vessel surface that may have consequences, such as distention and finally rupture. Abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) is a major pathological condition because it affects approximately 8% of elderly men and 1.5% of elderly women. The pathogenesis of AAA involves multiple interlocking mechanisms, including inflammation, immune cell activation, protein degradation and cellular malalignments. The expression of inflammatory factors, such as cytokines and chemokines, induce the infiltration of inflammatory cells into the wall of the aorta, including macrophages, natural killer cells (NK cells) and T and B lymphocytes. Protein degradation occurs with a high expression not only of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) but also of neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL), interferon gamma (IFN-γ) and chymases. The loss of extracellular matrix (ECM) due to cell apoptosis and phenotype switching reduces tissue density and may contribute to AAA. It is important to consider the key mechanisms of initiating and promoting AAA to achieve better preventative and therapeutic outcomes.

WITHDRAWN: Insights into the Biological Properties of Prostate Cancer Stem Cells: Implications for Cancer Progression and Therapy

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The emerging roles of long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) H19 in gynecologic cancers

Long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) H19 has gained significant recognition as a pivotal contributor to the initiation and advancement of gynecologic cancers, encompassing ovarian, endometrial, cervical, and breast cancers. H19 exhibits a complex array of mechanisms, demonstrating dualistic effects on tumorigenesis as it can function as both an oncogene and a tumor suppressor, contingent upon the specific context and type of cancer being investigated. In ovarian cancer, H19 promotes tumor growth, metastasis, and chemoresistance through modulation of key signaling pathways and interaction with microRNAs. Conversely, in endometrial cancer, H19 acts as a tumor suppressor by inhibiting proliferation, inducing apoptosis, and regulating epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Additionally, H19 has been implicated in cervical and breast cancers, where it influences cell proliferation, invasion, and immune evasion. Moreover, H19 has potential as a diagnostic and prognostic biomarker for gynecologic cancers, with its expression levels correlating with clinical parameters and patient outcomes. Understanding the functional roles of H19 in gynecologic cancers is crucial for the development of targeted therapeutic strategies and personalized treatment approaches. Further investigation into the intricate molecular mechanisms underlying H19's involvement in gynecologic malignancies is warranted to fully unravel its therapeutic potential and clinical implications. This review aims to elucidate the functional roles of H19 in various gynecologic malignancies.

Mesenchymal Stem Cells-Conditioned Medium; An Effective Cell-Free Therapeutic Option for in vitro Maturation of Oocytes

Infertility is a major reproductive health issue worldwide. One of the main problems in infertile women is the failure to generate or release a mature egg. Therefore, the development of new technologies for in vitro generation or induction of mature oocytes can improve various ART procedures. Recently, stem cell-based therapy has opened a new window for several pathological complications. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are multipotent stem cells with the capacity to self-renew and differentiate into the mesodermal lineage. MSCs contain various bioactive molecules which are involved in the regulation of key biological processes. They can secret multiple paracrine factors, such as VEGF, IGF, HGF, EGF, and FGF to stimulate egg maturation. Although MSCs represent a promising source for cell therapy, the potential risk of tumor development reduces their clinical applications. Recent studies have suggested that the supernatant or conditioned medium of MSCs also contains similar components and regulates the oocyte behavior. The MSC-conditioned medium can eliminate the safety concerns associated with MSC transplantation and avoid rejection problems. Although MSC and MSC-CM could improve oocyte quality, ovarian function, and fertility, these improvements have not yet been demonstrated in clinical trials in humans. Hereby, we summarized recent research findings of MSCs-derived conditioned medium in in vitro development of immature oocytes.

Functional Roles of Mesenchymal Stem Cell-derived Exosomes in Ischemic Stroke Treatment

Stroke is a life-threatening disease and one of the leading causes of death and physical disability worldwide. Currently, no drugs on the market promote neural recovery after stroke insult, and spontaneous remodeling processes are limited to induce recovery in the ischemic regions. Therefore, promoting a cell-based therapy has been needed to elevate the endogenous recovery process. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been regarded as candidate cell sources for therapeutic purposes of ischemic stroke, and their therapeutic effects are mediated by exosomes. The microRNA cargo in these extracellular vesicles is mostly responsible for the positive effects. When it comes to the therapeutic viewpoint, MSCsderived exosomes could be a promising therapeutic strategy against ischemic stroke. The aim of this review is to discuss the current knowledge around the potential of MSCs-derived exosomes in the treatment of ischemic stroke.

The functions of long non-coding RNA (lncRNA)-MALAT-1 in the pathogenesis of renal cell carcinoma

Renal cell carcinoma (RCC), a prevalent form of renal malignancy, is distinguished by its proclivity for robust tumor proliferation and metastatic dissemination. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have emerged as pivotal modulators of gene expression, exerting substantial influence over diverse biological processes, encompassing the intricate landscape of cancer development. Metastasis-associated lung adenocarcinoma transcript 1 (MALAT-1), an exemplar among lncRNAs, has been discovered to assume functional responsibilities within the context of RCC. The conspicuous expression of MALAT-1 in RCC cells has been closely linked to the advancement of tumors and an unfavorable prognosis. Experimental evidence has demonstrated the pronounced ability of MALAT-1 to stimulate RCC cell proliferation, migration, and invasion, thereby underscoring its active participation in facilitating the metastatic cascade. Furthermore, MALAT-1 has been implicated in orchestrating angiogenesis, an indispensable process for tumor expansion and metastatic dissemination, through its regulatory influence on pro-angiogenic factor expression. MALAT-1 has also been linked to the evasion of immune surveillance in RCC, as it can regulate the expression of immune checkpoint molecules and modulate the tumor microenvironment. Hence, the potential utility of MALAT-1 as a diagnostic and prognostic biomarker in RCC emerges, warranting further investigation and validation of its clinical significance. This comprehensive review provides an overview of the diverse functional roles exhibited by MALAT-1 in RCC.

Circular RNAs-mediated angiogenesis in human cancers

Circular RNAs (circRNAs) as small non-coding RNAs with cell, tissue, or organ-specific expression accomplish a broad array of functions in physiological and pathological processes such as cancer development. Angiogenesis, a complicated multistep process driving a formation of new blood vessels, speeds up tumor progression by supplying nutrients as well as energy. Abnormal expression of circRNAs reported to affect tumor development through impressing angiogenesis. Such impacts are introduced as constant with different tumorigenic features known as "hallmarks of cancer". In addition, deregulated circRNAs show possibilities to prognosis and diagnosis both in the prophecy of prognosis in malignancies and also their prejudice from healthy individuals. In the present review article, we have evaluated the angiogenic impacts and anti-angiogenic managements of circRNAs in human cancers.

Small extracellular vesicles - A host for advanced bioengineering and "Trojan Horse" of non-coding RNAs

Small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) are a type of membranous vesicles that can be released by cells into the extracellular space. The relationship between sEVs and non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) is highly intricate and interdependent. This symbiotic relationship plays a pivotal role in facilitating intercellular communication and holds profound implications for a myriad of biological processes. The concept of sEVs and their ncRNA cargo as a "Trojan Horse" highlights their remarkable capacity to traverse biological barriers and surreptitiously deliver their cargo to target cells, evading detection by the host-immune system. Accumulating evidence suggests that sEVs may be harnessed as carriers to ferry therapeutic ncRNAs capable of selectively silencing disease-driving genes, particularly in conditions such as cancer. This approach presents several advantages over conventional drug delivery methods, opening up new possibilities for targeted therapy and improved treatment outcomes. However, the utilization of sEVs and ncRNAs as therapeutic agents raises valid concerns regarding the possibility of unforeseen consequences and unintended impacts that may emerge from their application. It is important to consider the fundamental attributes of sEVs and ncRNAs, including by an in-depth analysis of the practical and clinical potentials of exosomes, serving as a representative model for sEVs encapsulating ncRNAs.

Unveiling Mesenchymal Stem Cells' Regenerative Potential in Clinical Applications: Insights in miRNA and lncRNA Implications

It is now widely recognized that mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) possess the capacity to differentiate into a wide array of cell types. Numerous studies have identified the role of lncRNA in the regulation of MSC differentiation. It is important to elucidate the role and interplay of microRNAs (miRNAs) and long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) in the regulation of signalling pathways that govern MSC function. Furthermore, miRNAs and lncRNAs are important clinical for innovative strategies aimed at addressing a wide spectrum of existing and emerging disease. Hence it is important to consider their impact on MSC function and differentiation. Examining the data available in public databases, we have collected the literature containing the latest discoveries pertaining to human stem cells and their potential in both fundamental research and clinical applications. Furthermore, we have compiled completed clinical studies that revolve around the application of MSCs, shedding light on the opportunities presented by harnessing the regulatory potential of miRNAs and lncRNAs. This exploration of the therapeutic possibilities offered by miRNAs and lncRNAs within MSCs unveils exciting prospects for the development of precision therapies and personalized treatment approaches. Ultimately, these advancements promise to augment the efficacy of regenerative strategies and produce positive outcomes for patients. As research in this field continues to evolve, it is imperative to explore and exploit the vast potential of miRNAs and lncRNAs as therapeutic agents. The findings provide a solid basis for ongoing investigations, fuelling the quest to fully unlock the regenerative potential of MSCs.

Potential roles of lncRNA MALAT1-miRNA interactions in ocular diseases

Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are non-protein coding transcripts that are longer than 200 nucleotides in length. LncRNAs are implicated in gene expression at the transcriptional, translational, and epigenetic levels, and thereby impact different cellular processes including cell proliferation, migration, apoptosis, angiogenesis, and immune response. In recent years, numerous studies have demonstrated the significant contribution of lncRNAs to the pathogenesis and progression of various diseases, such as stroke, heart disease, and cancer. Further investigations have shown that lncRNAs have altered expression patterns in ocular tissues and cell lines during pathological conditions. The pathogenesis of various ocular diseases, including glaucoma, cataract, corneal diseases, proliferative vitreoretinopathy, diabetic retinopathy, and retinoblastoma, is influenced by the involvement of specific lncRNAs which play a critical role in the development and progression of these diseases. Metastasis-associated lung adenocarcinoma transcript 1 (MALAT1) is a well-researched lncRNA in the context of ocular diseases, which has been shown to exert its biological effects through several signaling pathways and downstream targets. The present review provides a comprehensive summary of the molecular mechanisms underlying the biological functions and roles of MALAT1 in ocular diseases.

Emerging roles of long non-coding RNA FTX in human disorders

Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are involved the progression of cancerous and non-cancerous disorders via different mechanism. FTX (five prime to xist) is an evolutionarily conserved lncRNA that is located upstream of XIST and regulates its expression. FTX participates in progression of various malignancy including gastric cancer, glioma, ovarian cancer, pancreatic cancer, and retinoblastoma. Also, FTX can be involved in the pathogenesis of non-cancerous disorders such as endometriosis and stroke. FTX acts as competitive endogenous RNA (ceRNA) and via sponging various miRNAs, including miR-186, miR-200a-3p, miR-215-3p, and miR-153-3p to regulate the expression of their downstream target. FTX by targeting various signaling pathways including Wnt/β-catenin, PI3K/Akt, SOX4, PDK1/PKB/GSK-3β, TGF-β1, FOXA2, and PPARγ regulate molecular mechanism involved in various disorders. Dysregulation of FTX is associated with an increased risk of various disorders. Therefore, FTX and its downstream targets may be suitable biomarkers for the diagnosis and treatment of human malignancies. In this review, we summarized the emerging roles of FTX in human cancerous and non-cancerous cells.

Bioreactors, scaffolds and microcarriers and in vitro meat production-current obstacles and potential solutions

In vitro meat production presents a potential viable alternative for meat consumption, which could provide the consumer with a product indistinguishable from the original, with very similar nutritional and culinary values. Indeed, the alternative products currently accessible often lack comparable nutritional value or culinary attributes to their animal-derived counterparts. This creates challenges for their global acceptance, particularly in countries where meat consumption holds cultural significance. However, while cultured meat research has been progressing rapidly in recent years, some significant obstacles still need to be overcome before its possible commercialization. Hence, this review summarizes the most current knowledge regarding the history of cultured meat, the currently used cell sources and methods used for the purpose of in vitro meat production, with particular focus on the role of bioreactors, scaffolds and microcarriers in overcoming the current obstacles. The authors put the potential microcarrier and scaffold-based solutions in a context, discussing the ways in which they can impact the way forward for the technology, including the use of considering the potential practical and societal barriers to implementing it as a viable food source worldwide.

Emerging roles of the long non-coding RNA NEAT1 in gynecologic cancers

Gynecologic cancers are a worldwide problem among women. Recently, molecular targeted therapy opened up an avenue for cancer diagnosis and treatment. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are RNA molecules (> 200 nt) that are not translated into protein, and interact with DNA, RNA, and proteins. LncRNAs were found to play pivotal roles in cancer tumorigenesis and progression. Nuclear paraspeckle assembly transcript 1 (NEAT1) is a lncRNA that mediates cell proliferation, migration, and EMT in gynecologic cancers by targeting several miRNAs/mRNA axes. Therefore, NEAT1 may function as a potent biomarker for the prediction and treatment of breast, ovarian, cervical, and endometrial cancers. In this narrative review, we summarized various NEAT1-related signaling pathways that are critical in gynecologic cancers. Long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) by targeting various signaling pathways involved in its target genes can regulate the occurrence of gynecologic cancers.

Functional Roles of lncRNAs in Recurrent Pregnancy Loss: A Review Study

Recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL) or recurrent miscarriage is the failure of pregnancy before 20-24 weeks that influences around 2-5% of couples. Several genetic, immunological, environmental and physical factors may influence RPL. Although various traditional methods have been used to treat post-implantation failures, identifying the mechanisms underlying RPL may improve an effective treatment. Recent evidence suggested that gene expression alterations presented essential roles in the occurrence of RPL. It has been found that long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) play functional roles in pregnancy pathologies, such as recurrent miscarriage. lncRNAs can function as dynamic scaffolds, modulate chromatin function, guide and bind to microRNAs (miRNAs) or transcription factors. lncRNAs, by targeting various miRNAs and mRNAs, play essential roles in the progression or suppression of RPL. Therefore, targeting lncRNAs and their downstream targets might be a suitable strategy for diagnosis and treatment of RPL. In this review, we summarized emerging roles of several lncRNAs in stimulation or suppression of RPL.

Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Parkinson's Disease: Pathogenesis and Therapeutic Strategies

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a common age-related neurodegenerative disorder whose pathogenesis is not completely understood. Mitochondrial dysfunction and increased oxidative stress have been considered as major causes and central events responsible for the progressive degeneration of dopaminergic (DA) neurons in PD. Therefore, investigating mitochondrial disorders plays a role in understanding the pathogenesis of PD and can be an important therapeutic target for this disease. This study discusses the effect of environmental, genetic and biological factors on mitochondrial dysfunction and also focuses on the mitochondrial molecular mechanisms underlying neurodegeneration, and its possible therapeutic targets in PD, including reactive oxygen species generation, calcium overload, inflammasome activation, apoptosis, mitophagy, mitochondrial biogenesis, and mitochondrial dynamics. Other potential therapeutic strategies such as mitochondrial transfer/transplantation, targeting microRNAs, using stem cells, photobiomodulation, diet, and exercise were also discussed in this review, which may provide valuable insights into clinical aspects. A better understanding of the roles of mitochondria in the pathophysiology of PD may provide a rationale for designing novel therapeutic interventions in our fight against PD.

The pathogenic roles of lncRNAs in glioma

Abstract:

Brain cancers or intracranial cancers are among the deadliest cancers in the world. The presence of tumorigenic cancer cells in the brain and induction of poor prognosis may impact the survival/death balance. Glioma is a type of brain tumor that begins in the glial tissue. Recently, it has been reported that long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) with at least 200 nucleotides in length by targeting DNAs, RNAs, and proteins play essential roles in several biological processes, including growth, differentiation, and development. Recently, lncRNAs was reported to contribute to the tumorigenesis of glioma by targeting miRNAs, other ncRNAs, and mRNAs. In this review, we focused on the functional roles of lnRNAs in glioma.

Endometrial cancer stem cells related signaling pathways

Abstract:

Endometrial cancer is gynecologic cancer that occurs in the uterus. Endometrial cancer stem cells (ECSC) are a small population of cancer cells that represent a crucial role in the metastasis of endometrial cancer cells to other organs in the body. ECSC can proliferate and give rise to mature cancer cells, which are found to participate in the aggressiveness of metastatic lesions. Therefore, targeting ECSC can be a valuable strategy for drug development against the metastasis of endometrial cancer. Previous studies have demonstrated that several signaling pathways, including Wnt, mTOR, EGFR, NOTCH, STAT3, VEGF, and SHH show modest effects and regulate the growth, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), and tumorigenesis of ECSC. Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) also play an important role in ECSC self-renewal, progression, and drug resistance. Hence, targeting these pathways might be a novel therapeutic approach for endometrial cancer diagnosis and therapy. This mini-review aims to characterize the main signaling pathways involved in the stimulation of ECSCs proliferation and tumorigenesis.

Potential roles of lncRNA-XIST/miRNAs/mRNAs in human cancer cells

Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are non-coding RNAs that contain more than 200 nucleotides but do not code for proteins. In tumorigenesis, lncRNAs can have both oncogenic and tumor-suppressive properties. X inactive-specific transcript (XIST) is a known lncRNA that has been implicated in X chromosome silencing in female cells. Dysregulation of XIST is associated with an increased risk of various cancers. Therefore, XIST can be a beneficial prognostic biomarker for human malignancies. In this review, we attempt to summarize the emerging roles of XIST in human cancers.

Potential roles of endothelial cells-related non-coding RNAs in cardiovascular diseases

Endothelial dysfunction is identified by a conversion of the endothelium toward decreased vasodilation and prothrombic features and is known as a primary pathogenic incident in cardiovascular diseases. An insight based on particular and promising biomarkers of endothelial dysfunction may possess vital clinical significances. Currently, non-coding RNAs due to their participation in critical cardiovascular processes like initiation and progression have gained much attention as possible diagnostic as well as prognostic biomarkers in cardiovascular diseases. Emerging line of proof has demonstrated that abnormal expression of non-coding RNAs is nearly correlated with the pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases. In the present review, we focus on the expression and functional effects of various kinds of non-coding RNAs in cardiovascular diseases and negotiate their possible clinical implications as diagnostic or prognostic biomarkers and curative targets.

The stem cell-specific long non-coding RNAs in leukemia

Leukemia is defined as a heterogeneous group of hematological cancers whose prevalence is on the rise worldwide. Despite the large body of studies, the etiology of leukemia has not been fully elucidated. Leukemia stem cells (LSCs) are a subpopulation of cancer cells that sustain the growth of the leukemic clone and are the main culprit for the maintenance of the neoplasm. In contrast to most leukemia cells, LSCs are resistant to chemo- and radiotherapy. Several recent studies demonstrated the altered expression profile of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) in LSCs and shed light on the role of lncRNAs in the survival, proliferation, and differentiation of LSCs. LncRNAs are transcripts longer than 200 nucleotides that are implicated in several cellular and molecular processes such as gene expression, apoptosis, and carcinogenesis. Likewise, lncRNAs have shown a prognostic marker in leukemia patients and represent novel treatment options. Herein, we review the current knowledge concerning lncRNAs' implication in the pathogenesis of LSCs and discuss their prognostic, diagnostic, and therapeutic potential.

The Role of LncRNA XIST in Gynecologic Cancers

Abstract:

Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are non-coding RNAs longer than 200 nucleotides that act by targeting translational and post-translational modifications, epigenetic regulators, and chromatin remodeling complexes. There has been increasing evidence that the lncRNA X-inactive specific transcript (lncRNA Xist) via targeting miRNAs and transcription factors plays a critical role in cell growth, proliferation, and differentiation. This lncRNA also has an important role in the progression of tumors and other human diseases by acting as a competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA). Accumulating evidence revealed that lncRNA Xist by targeting several signaling pathways is involved in the pathogenesis of gynecologic cancers. In this review, we focused on the recent functions of lncRNA Xist in breast, cervical, and ovarian cancers.

LncRNA MALAT1-related signaling pathways in osteosarcoma

Osteosarcoma (OS) is a common and malignant form of bone cancer, which affects children and young adults. OS is identified by osteogenic differentiation and metastasis. However, the exact molecular mechanism of OS development and progression is still unclear. Recently, long non-coding RNAs (lncRNA) have been proven to regulate OS proliferation and drug resistance. LncRNAs are longer than 200 nucleotides that represent the extensive applications in the processing of pre-mRNA and the pathogenesis of human diseases. Metastasis-associated lung adenocarcinoma transcript-1 (MALAT1) is a well-known lncRNA known as a transcriptional and translational regulator. The aberrant expression of MALAT1 has been shown in several human cancers. The high level of MALAT1 is involved in OS cell growth and tumorigenicity by targeting several signaling pathways and miRNAs. Hence, MALAT1 might be a suitable approach for OS diagnosis and treatment. In this review, we will summarize the role of lncRNA MALAT1 in the pathophysiology of OS.

The role of LncRNA MCM3AP-AS1 in human cancer

Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNA) play pivotal roles in every level of gene and genome regulation. MCM3AP-AS1 is a lncRNA that has an oncogenic role in several kinds of cancers. Aberrant expression of MCM3AP-AS1 has been reported to be involved in the progression of diverse malignancies, including colorectal, cervical, prostate, lymphoma, lung, ovary, liver, bone, and breast cancers. It is generally believed that MCM3AP-AS1 expression is associated with cancer cell growth, proliferation, angiogenesis, and metastasis. MCM3AP-AS1 by targeting various signaling pathways and microRNAs (miRNAs) presents an important role in cancer pathogenesis. MCM3AP-AS1 as a competitive endogenous RNA has the ability to sponge miRNA, inhibit their expressions, and bind to different target mRNAs related to cancer development. Therefore, MCM3AP-AS1 by targeting several signaling pathways, including the FOX family, Wnt, EGF, and VEGF can be a potent target for cancer prediction and diagnosis. In this review, we will summarize the role of MCM3AP-AS1 in various human cancers.

MicroRNAs as a Novel Player for Differentiation of Mesenchymal Stem Cells into Cardiomyocytes

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is defined as a class of disorders affecting the heart and blood vessels. Cardiomyocytes and endothelial cells play important roles in cardiac regeneration and heart repair. However, the proliferating capacity of cardiomyocytes is limited. To overcome this issue, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have emerged as an alternative strategy for CVD therapy. MSCs can proliferate and differentiate (or trans-differentiate) into cardiomyocytes. Several in vitro and in vivo differentiation protocols have been used to obtain MSCs-derived cardiomyocytes. It was recently investigated that microRNAs (miRNAs) by targeting several signaling pathways, including STAT3, Wnt/β-catenin, Notch, and TBX5, play a crucial role in regulating cardiomyocytes' differentiation of MSCs. In this review, we focused on the role of miRNAs in the differentiation of MSCs into cardiomyocytes.

The function of LncRNA-ATB in cancer

Cancer as a progressive and complex disease is caused by early chromosomal changes and stimulated cellular transformation. Previous studies reported that long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) play pivotal roles in the initiation, maintenance, and progression of cancer cells. LncRNA activated by TGF-β (ATB) has been shown to be dysregulated in different types of cancer. Aberrant expression of lncRNA-ATB plays an important role in the progression of diverse malignancies. High expression of LncRNA-ATB is associated with cancer cell growth, proliferation, metastasis, and EMT. LncRNA-ATB by targeting various signaling pathways and microRNAs (miRNAs) can trigger cancer pathogenesis. Therefore, lncRNA-ATB can be a novel target for cancer prediction and diagnosis. In this review, we will focus on the function of lncRNA-ATB in various types of human cancers.

Signaling pathways governing glioma cancer stem cells behavior

Glioma is the most common malignant brain tumor that develops in the glial tissue. Several studies have identified that glioma cancer stem cells (GCSCs) play important roles in tumor-initiating features in malignant gliomas. GCSCs are a small population in the brain that presents an essential role in the metastasis of glioma cells to other organs. These cells can self-renew and differentiate, which are thought to be involved in the pathogenesis of glioma. Therefore, targeting GCSCs might be a novel strategy for the treatment of glioma. Accumulating evidence revealed that several signaling pathways, including Notch, TGF-β, Wnt, STAT3, AKT, and EGFR mediated GCSC growth, proliferation, migration, and invasion. Besides, non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), including miRNAs, circular RNAs, and long ncRNAs have been found to play pivotal roles in the regulation of GCSC pathogenesis and drug resistance. Therefore, targeting these pathways could open a new avenue for glioma management. In this review, we summarized critical signaling pathways involved in the stimulation or prevention of GCSCs tumorigenesis and invasiveness.

The pathogenic roles of lncRNA-Taurine upregulated 1 (TUG1) in colorectal cancer

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a gastrointestinal tumor that develops from the colon, rectum, or appendix. The prognosis of CRC patients especially those with metastatic lesions remains unsatisfactory. Although various conventional methods have been used for the treatment of patients with CRC, the early detection and identification of molecular mechanisms associated with CRC is necessary. The scientific literature reports that altered expression of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) contributed to the pathogenesis of CRC cells. LncRNA TUG1 was reported to target various miRNAs and signaling pathways to mediate CRC cell proliferation, migration, and metastasis. Therefore, TUG1 might be a potent predictive/prognostic biomarker for diagnosis of CRC.

Functional roles of lncRNA-TUG1 in hepatocellular carcinoma

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) or hepatoma is malignant cancer that starts from the main liver cells. Although various classical methods have been used for patients with HCC, various molecular mechanisms involved in HCC progression should be invested. Previous studies demonstrated that abnormal expression of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) presented important roles in the pathogenesis of HCC cells. LncRNA TUG1 was found to mediate HCC cell growth, EMT, and metastasis. Therefore, targeting TUG1 and its downstream genes may be a suitable approach for patients with HCC. In this review, we summarized the potential roles of TUG1 in HCC.

Co-culture of liver parenchymal cells with non-parenchymal cells under 2D and 3D culture systems; a review paper

Hepatocytes are the major parenchymal cells (PC) in the liver and present an important role in liver metabolism. Hepatocytes are considered a gold standard tool for drug toxicity/screening or liver disease modeling. However, the maturation and functions of hepatocytes are lost under routine 2-dimensional (2D) culture conditions. Recent studies revealed that the interactions between hepatocytes and non-parenchyma cells (NPC) under 3D culture conditions can be an alternative option for optimizing hepatocyte maturation. Co-culture of hepatocytes with NPC simplifies the in-vitro liver disease models of fibrosis, steatosis and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), cholestasis, and viral hepatitis. This review described the co-culture of liver PC with NPC under 2D and 3D culture systems.

Emerging roles for lncRNA-NEAT1 in colorectal cancer

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third cause of cancer death in the world that arises from the glandular and epithelial cells of the large intestine, during a series of genetic or epigenetic alternations. Recently, long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) has opened a separate window of research in molecular and translational medicine. Emerging evidence has supported that lncRNAs can regulate cell cycle of CRC cells. LncRNA NEAT1 has been verified to participate in colon cancer development and progression. NEAT1 as a competing endogenous RNA could suppress the expression of miRNAs, and then regulate molecules downstream of these miRNAs. In this review, we summarized emerging roles of NEAT1 in CRC cells.

Herbal medicine-derived compounds for the prevention and treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma

Abstract:

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the second malignancy worldwide. Dysregulation of various signaling pathways has been detected in HCC. Recent investigations have suggested a new approach for the prevention and treatment of HCC with herbal drugs. The anticancer effects of herbal drugs can be evaluated in animal models or HCC cell lines. Various molecular mechanisms and signaling pathways such as TGF-β, Wnt/β-catenin, SHH, Notch, Hippo, PI3K, and VEGF have been found to induce and promote carcinogenesis of HCC. Herbal drugs can target the signaling pathways in HCC and trigger apoptosis, suppress proliferation, and tumor growth. Molecularly targeted therapies using herbal drugs can be novel therapeutic strategies against HCC. This study provides the latest findings on using herbal medicine-derived compounds in the control of HCC.

The implications of exosomes in pregnancy: emerging as new diagnostic markers and therapeutics targets

Extracellular vehicles (EVs) are a heterogeneous group of cell and membranous particles originating from different cell compartments. EVs participate in many essential physiological functions and mediate fetal-maternal communications. Exosomes are the smallest unit of EVs, which are delivered to the extracellular space. Exosomes can be released by the umbilical cord, placenta, amniotic fluid, and amniotic membranes and are involved in angiogenesis, endothelial cell migration, and embryo implantation. Also, various diseases such as gestational hypertension, gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), preterm birth, and fetal growth restriction can be related to the content of placental exosomes during pregnancy. Due to exosomes' ability to transport signaling molecules and their effect on sperm function, they can also play a role in male and female infertility. In the new insight, exosomal miRNA can diagnose and treat infertilities disorders. In this review, we focused on the functions of exosomes during pregnancy.

Prevention and Treatment of Hepatocellular Carcinoma Using miRNAs

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the second leading cause of death due to cancer. Liver transplantation, surgical liver resection, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy are the main options for the treatment of HCC. However, these methods are unable to limit the growth, survival, and metastasis of HCC cells. Several signaling pathways control propagation, metastasis, and recurrence of HCC. Recent studies have established new approaches for the prevention and treatment of HCC using miRNA technology. MicroRNAs are a class of non-coding RNAs with an average of 22 nucleotides that play critical roles in controlling gene expression in a variety of biological processes. miRNAs can induce or suppress HCC proliferation, migration, metastasis, and tumorigenesis. The anti-cancer effects of molecular agents can be evaluated directly in animal models or indirectly through the injection of HCC cell lines treated with anti-cancer agents. Targeting cancer-specific signaling pathways with miRNAs can be novel therapeutic strategies against HCC. This study provides the latest findings on using miRNAs in the control of HCC in both in vitro and in vivo models.

Remediation of zearalenone mycotoxin contamination in rumen fluid by phytochemical compounds of Zataria multiflora

Background

Zearalenone (ZEA), which is one of the most prevalent wheat and corn seeds mycotoxins causes acute and chronic toxicities in ruminants, poultry, and aquatic animals. Among commercial toxin binders, only a few active charcoals have the significant ability to adsorb ZEA contamination; nevertheless, active charcoal is not considered a sound additive by the feed industry.

Aims

This study aimed to screen and identify the ZEA-degradation compounds of the Zataria multiflora (Shirazi thyme) in the cattle rumen fluid.

Methods

In this investigation, essential oil and different extracts (n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol) of the aerial part of Shirazi thyme (at three concentrations of 0.5, 1, and 2 mg/ml) were screened to reduce ZEA contamination conditions (2 µg/ml) in rumen fluid. ZEA-content was analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with a fluorescence detector. In addition, Shirazi thyme phytochemical compounds responsible for eliminating ZEA were localized by HPLC-based activity profiling and then identified by mass spectrometry (LC-MS).

Results

Both n-hexane and methanol extracts of Z. multiflora, considerably remediated ZEA (63-78%) from rumen fluid. According to HPLC-based activity profiling of Z. multiflora extract and LC-MS analysis, two triterpene compounds, including ursolic and oleanolic acids were introduced as ZEA degradation agents.

Conclusion

Z. multiflora could be recommended as a new botanical source, and ursolic and oleanolic acids could be introduced as new phytochemical compounds that degrade ZEA.

Introducing Alternaria tenuissima SBUp1, as an endophytic fungus of Ferula assa-foetida from Iran, which is a rich source of rosmarinic acid

Endophytic fungi are the endogenous micro-organisms to interacting with the plant cells, which do not exhibit any symptoms on the host plant and may produce some of the main secondary metabolites of the host plant cells. Ferula assa-foetida is a perennial and endemic medicinal plant of Iran, which is a rich source of sesquiterpene, coumarins, polysulfides and phenolic acids. In this study, 28 endophytic fungi isolates including Fusarium (60·7%), Aspergillus (7·1%), Alternaria (17·9%) and Plectosphaerella (7·1%) were isolated from F. assa-foetida root (57·1%), stem (32·1%) and leaf (10·8%) collected from Parvand protected area. Subsequently, their ability to produce phenolic acids was evaluated. The high amounts of total phenol (326·09 mg g-1 of dry weight, DW), total flavonoid (901·11 mg g-1 DW) and antioxidant activity (247·96 mg l-1 ) were found in the supernatant fluid of SBUp1 isolate. The high-performance liquid chromatography analysis of 14 phenolic acids showed that rosmarinic acid (RA) is the main phenolic acid in the supernatant fluid of SBUp1 by 64·11 mg g-1 DW confirmed by the liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometric analysis. According to morphological identification followed by phylogenetic study based on internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequencing (ITS1-5.8S-ITS2) analysis, the SBUp1 isolate was identified as Alternaria tenuissima. Eventually, to our knowledge, it is the first document confirming A. tenuissima as an endophytic fungus of F. assa-foetida, which is a rich source of RA.

MicroRNAs: Crucial Players in the Differentiation of Human Pluripotent and Multipotent Stem Cells into Functional Hepatocyte-Like Cells

Hepatic disease negatively impacts liver function and metabolism. Primary human hepatocytes are the gold standard for the prediction and successful treatment of liver disease. However, the sources of hepatocytes for drug toxicity testing and disease modeling are limited. To overcome this issue, pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) have emerged as an alternative strategy for liver disease therapy. Human PSCs, including embryonic stem cells (ESC) and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) can self-renew and give rise to all cells of the body. Human PSCs are attractive cell sources for regenerative medicine, tissue engineering, drug discovery, and developmental studies. Several recent studies have shown that mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) can also differentiate (or trans-differentiate) into hepatocytes. Differentiation of human PSCs and MSCs into functional hepatocyte-like cells (HLCs) opens new strategies to study genetic diseases, hepatotoxicity, infection of hepatotropic viruses, and analyze hepatic biology. Numerous in vitro and in vivo differentiation protocols have been established to obtain human PSCs/MSCs-derived HLCs and mimic their characteristics. It was recently discovered that microRNAs (miRNAs) play a critical role in controlling the ectopic expression of transcription factors and governing the hepatocyte differentiation of human PSCs and MSCs. In this review, we focused on the role of miRNAs in the differentiation of human PSCs and MSCs into hepatocytes.

Withdrawn: Mesenchymal Stem Cell-derived Exosomes for Treatment of Ischemic Stroke

The article titled “Mesenchymal Stem Cell-derived Exosomes for Treatment of Ischemic Stroke”, by Rucheng Liu et al., published in Current Stem Cell Research & Therapy 2022; 17. 10.2174/1574888X16666210812151003 has been withdrawn upon the request of the authors. The authors found that invalid references were cited. Consequently, the authors concluded that the results could not be guaranteed.

Bentham Science apologizes to the readers of the journal for any inconvenience this may have caused.

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Differentiation of Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells into Male Germ Cells

Infertility is defined as not being able to become pregnant or to conceive a child after one year or longer of regular unprotected intercourse. Male infertility refers to a male's inability to cause pregnancy that can result from deficiencies in semen quality, sperm concentration, or abnormal sperm function. Till now, there are few effective methods for the treatment of a couple with male infertility. In the past few years, stem cell-based therapy as a promising strategy has emerged for the treatment of male infertility. Human Pluripotent Stem Cells (hPSCs) can self-renew and differentiate into any type of cell. Human Embryonic Stem Cells (hESCs) and induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (hiPSCs) are two pluripotent populations that can proliferate and give rise to ectodermal, mesodermal, endodermal, and germ cell lineages. Both undifferentiated hiPSCs and hESCs are powerful candidates for the treatment of male infertility. Generation of male germ cells from hPSCs can provide new mechanistic insights into the regulation of spermatogenesis and have a great opportunity for families with infertility. Therefore, a robust, reproducible, and low-cost culture method that supports hPSCs differentiation into male germ cells is necessary. However, very few studies have focused on the derivation of sperm-like cells from hiPSCs and the details of hPSCs differentiation into male germ cells have not been fully investigated. Therefore, in this review, we focus on the in vitro differentiation potential of hiPSCs into male germ cells.

JMJD3: a critical epigenetic regulator in stem cell fate

The Jumonji domain-containing protein-3 (JMJD3) is a histone demethylase that regulates the trimethylation of histone H3 on lysine 27 (H3K27me3). H3K27me3 is an important epigenetic event associated with transcriptional silencing. JMJD3 has been studied extensively in immune diseases, cancer, and tumor development. There is a comprehensive epigenetic transformation during the transition of embryonic stem cells (ESCs) into specialized cells or the reprogramming of somatic cells to induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). Recent studies have illustrated that JMJD3 plays a major role in cell fate determination of pluripotent and multipotent stem cells (MSCs). JMJD3 has been found to enhance self-renewal ability and reduce the differentiation capacity of ESCs and MSCs. In this review, we will focus on the recent advances of JMJD3 function in stem cell fate.

Video Abstract

miRNAs; a novel strategy for the treatment of COVID-19

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) is the seventh member of the bat severe acute respiratory syndrome family. COVID‐19 can fuse their envelopes with the host cell membranes and deliver their genetic material. COVID‐19 attacks the respiratory system and stimulates the host inflammatory responses, enhances the recruitment of immune cells, and promotes angiotensin‐converting enzyme 2 activities. Patients with confirmed COVID‐19 may have experienced fever, dry cough, headache, dyspnea, acute kidney injury, acute respiratory distress syndrome, and acute heart injury. Several strategies such as oxygen therapy, ventilation, antibiotic or antiviral therapy, and renal replacement therapy are commonly used to decrease COVID‐19‐associated mortality. However, these approaches may not be good treatment options. Therefore, the search for an alternative‐novel therapy is urgently important to prevent the disease progression. Recently, microRNAs (miRNAs) have emerged as a promising strategy for COVID‐19. The design of oligonucleotide against the genetic material of COVID‐19 might suppress virus RNA translation. Several previous studies have shown that host miRNAs play an antiviral role and improve the treatment of patients with COVID‐19. miRNAs by binding to the 3′‐untranslated region (UTR) or 5′‐UTR of viral RNA play an important role in COVID‐19‐host interplay and viral replication. miRNAs interact with multiple pathways and reduce inflammatory biomarkers, thrombi formation, and tissue damage to accelerate the patient outcome. The information in this review provides a summary of the current clinical application of miRNAs for the treatments of patients with COVID‐19.

Mini review: The FDA-approved prescription drugs that target the MAPK signaling pathway in women with breast cancer

Breast cancer (BC) is the most common cancer and the prevalent type of malignancy among women. Multiple risk factors, including genetic changes, biological age, dense breast tissue, and obesity are associated with BC. The mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) signaling pathway has a pivotal role in regulating biological functions such as cell proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, and survival. It has become evident that the MAPK pathway is associated with tumorigenesis and may promote breast cancer development. The MAPK/RAS/RAF cascade is closely associated with breast cancer. RAS signaling can enhance BC cell growth and progression. B-Raf is an important kinase and a potent RAF isoform involved in breast tumor initiation and differentiation. Depending on the reasons for cancer, there are different strategies for treatment of women with BC. Till now, several FDA-approved treatments have been investigated that inhibit the MAPK pathway and reduce metastatic progression in breast cancer. The most common breast cancer drugs that regulate or inhibit the MAPK pathway may include Farnesyltransferase inhibitors (FTIs), Sorafenib, Vemurafenib, PLX8394, Dabrafenib, Ulixertinib, Simvastatin, Alisertib, and Teriflunomide. In this review, we will discuss the roles of the MAPK/RAS/RAF/MEK/ERK pathway in BC and summarize the FDA-approved prescription drugs that target the MAPK signaling pathway in women with BC.

Signaling pathways governing breast cancer stem cells behavior

Breast cancer is the second common cancer and the leading cause of malignancy among females overall. Breast cancer stem cells (BCSCs) are a small population of breast cancer cells that play a critical role in the metastasis of breast cancer to other organs in the body. BCSCs have both self-renewal and differentiation capacities, which are thought to contribute to the aggressiveness of metastatic lesions. Therefore, targeting BCSCs can be a suitable approach for the treatment and metastasis of breast cancer. Growing evidence has indicated that the Wnt, NFκB, Notch, BMP2, STAT3, and hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathways govern epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) activation, growth, and tumorigenesis of BCSCs in the primary regions. miRNAs as the central regulatory molecules also play critical roles in BCSC self-renewal, metastasis, and drug resistance. Hence, targeting these pathways might be a novel therapeutic approach for breast cancer diagnosis and therapy. This review discusses known signaling mechanisms involved in the stimulation or prevention of BCSC self-renewal, metastasis, and tumorigenesis.

Critical signaling pathways governing hepatocellular carcinoma behavior; small molecule-based approaches

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the second leading cause of death due to cancer. Although there are different treatment options, these strategies are not efficient in terms of restricting the tumor cell's proliferation and metastasis. The liver tumor microenvironment contains the non-parenchymal cells with supportive or inhibitory effects on the cancerous phenotype of HCC. Several signaling pathways are dis-regulated in HCC and cause uncontrolled cell propagation, metastasis, and recurrence of liver carcinoma cells. Recent studies have established new approaches for the prevention and treatment of HCC using small molecules. Small molecules are compounds with a low molecular weight that usually inhibit the specific targets in signal transduction pathways. These components can induce cell cycle arrest, apoptosis, block metastasis, and tumor growth. Devising strategies for simultaneously targeting HCC and the non-parenchymal population of the tumor could lead to more relevant research outcomes. These strategies may open new avenues for the treatment of HCC with minimal cytotoxic effects on healthy cells. This study provides the latest findings on critical signaling pathways governing HCC behavior and using small molecules in the control of HCC both in vitro and in vivo models.

Tribbles homolog 2 (Trib2), a pseudo serine/threonine kinase in tumorigenesis and stem cell fate decisions

The family of Tribbles proteins play many critical nonenzymatic roles and regulate a wide range of key signaling pathways. Tribbles homolog 2 (Trib2) is a pseudo serine/threonine kinase that functions as a scaffold or adaptor in various physiological and pathological processes. Trib2 can interact with E3 ubiquitin ligases and control protein stability of downstream effectors. This protein is induced by mitogens and enhances the propagation of several cancer cells, including myeloid leukemia, liver, lung, skin, bone, brain, and pancreatic. Thus, Trib2 can be a predictive and valuable biomarker for the diagnosis and treatment of cancer. Recent studies have illustrated that Trib2 plays a major role in cell fate determination of stem cells. Stem cells have the capacity to self-renew and differentiate into specific cell types. Stem cells are important sources for cell-based regenerative medicine and drug screening. Trib2 has been found to increase the self-renewal ability of embryonic stem cells, the reprogramming efficiency of somatic cells, and chondrogenesis. In this review, we will focus on the recent advances of Trib2 function in tumorigenesis and stem cell fate decisions.

Video abstract

Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells for Spinal Cord Injury

Spinal Cord Injury (SCI), as a devastating and life-altering neurological disorder, is one of the most serious health issues. Currently, the management of acute SCI includes pharmacotherapy and surgical decompression. Both the approaches have been observed to have adverse physiological effects on SCI patients. Therefore, novel therapeutic targets for the management of SCI are urgently required for developing cell-based therapies. Multipotent stem cells, as a novel strategy for the treatment of tissue injury, may provide an effective therapeutic option against many neurological disorders. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) or multipotent stromal cells can typically self-renew and generate various cell types. These cells are often isolated from bone marrow (BM-MSCs), adipose tissues (AD-MSCs), umbilical cord blood (UCB-MSCs), and placenta (PMSCs). MSCs have remarkable potential for the development of regenerative therapies in animal models and humans with SCI. Herein, we summarize the therapeutic potential of human MSCs in the treatment of SCI.

An Extracellular Matrix-based Culture System for Generation of Human Pluripotent Stem Cell Derived-hepatocytes

Liver disease (hepatic disease) adversely affects the normal function of the liver and causes liver problems. Drug-induced liver injury (DILI) can be predicted by primary human hepatocytes. However, the sources of hepatocytes for large-scale drug toxicity screening are limited. To solve this problem, pluripotent stem cells (PSCs), mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), and hepatic stem cells (HSCs) have emerged as attractive cell sources for cell-based therapies. Human PSCs, including embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) have the ability to undergo self-renewal and differentiate into lineages of ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm. Human PSC can be used for the generation of hepatocytes to facilitate the development of novel drugs for the treatment of severe liver diseases. The therapeutic potential of PSC-derived hepatocytes for liver failure have been identified to enhance the development of chemically defined and xenogenic- free 3D culture methods. To date, several hepatic differentiation strategies and various extracellular matrix (ECM) components have been employed to produce hepatocytes or hepatic-like cells (HLCs) in vitro. In this review, we focused on the potential of Matrigel, collagen type 1, Ro- Gel, and laminin as ECM on the differentiation and function of hESC- and hiPSC-derived hepatocytes. The hepatic differentiation of human ESCs and iPSCs would offer an ideal tool for cell therapy and liver diseases.

Paracrine Interactions Involved in Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells Differentiation into Chondrocytes

Osteoarthritis (OA), as a degenerative joint disease, is the most common form of joint disorder that causes pain, stiffness, and other symptoms associated with OA. Various genetic, biomechanical, and environmental factors have a relevant role in the development of OA. To date, extensive efforts are currently being made to overcome the poor self-healing capacity of articular cartilage. Despite the pivotal role of chondrocytes, their proliferation and repair capacity after tissue injury are limited. Therefore, the development of new strategies to overcome these constraints is urgently needed. Recent advances in regenerative medicine suggest that pluripotent stem cells are promising stem cell sources for cartilage repair. Pluripotent stem cells are undifferentiated cells that have the capacity to differentiate into different types of cells and can self-renew indefinitely. In the past few decades, numerous attempts have been made to regenerate articular cartilage by using induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). The potential applications of patient-specific iPSCs hold great promise for regenerative medicine and OA treatment. However, there are different culture conditions for the preparation and characterization of human iPSCs-derived chondrocytes (hiChondrocytes). Recent biochemical analyses reported that several paracrine factors such as TGFb, BMPs, WNT, Ihh, and Runx have been shown to be involved in cartilage cell proliferation and differentiation from human iPSCs. In this review, we summarize and discuss the paracrine interactions involved in human iPSCs differentiation into chondrocytes in different cell culture media.