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Goh YE, Manger MS, Duggal M, Das R, Saklani S, Agarwal S, Budhija D, Jamwal M, Singh BL, Dahiya N, Luo H, Long JM, Westcott J, Krebs NF, Gibson RS, Brown KH, McDonald CM. Women in Selected Communities of Punjab, India Have a High Prevalence of Iron, Zinc, Vitamin B12, and Folate Deficiencies: Implications for a Multiply-Fortified Salt Intervention. Nutrients 2023; 15:3024. [PMID: 37447352 DOI: 10.3390/nu15133024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Revised: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Dietary intake and biomarkers of micronutrient status of 100 non-pregnant women of reproductive age (NPWRA) were assessed to determine optimal levels of iron, zinc, vitamin B12, and folic acid to include in multiply-fortified salt (MFS) that will be evaluated in an upcoming trial. Weighed food records were obtained from participants to measure intake of micronutrients and discretionary salt, and to assess adequacy using Indian Nutrient Reference Values (NRVs). Statistical modeling was used to determine optimal fortification levels to reduce inadequate micronutrient intake while limiting intake above the upper limit. Fasting blood samples were obtained to assess iron, zinc, vitamin B12, and folate status. In usual diets, inadequate intake of iron (46%), zinc (95%), vitamin B12 (83%), and folate (36%) was high. Mean intake of discretionary salt was 4.7 g/day. Prevalence estimates of anemia (37%), iron deficiency (67%), zinc deficiency (34%), vitamin B12 insufficiency (37%), and folate insufficiency (70%) were also high. Simulating the addition of optimized MFS to usual diets resulted in percentage point (pp) reductions in inadequate intake by 29 pp for iron, 76 pp for zinc, 81 pp for vitamin B12, and 36 pp for folate. MFS holds potential to reduce the burden of micronutrient deficiencies in this setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvonne E Goh
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94609, USA
- International Zinc Nutrition Consultative Group, San Francisco, CA 94609, USA
| | - Mari S Manger
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94609, USA
- International Zinc Nutrition Consultative Group, San Francisco, CA 94609, USA
| | - Mona Duggal
- Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education & Research, Chandigarh 160012, India
| | - Reena Das
- Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education & Research, Chandigarh 160012, India
| | - Shipra Saklani
- Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education & Research, Chandigarh 160012, India
| | - Surbhi Agarwal
- Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education & Research, Chandigarh 160012, India
| | - Deepmala Budhija
- Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education & Research, Chandigarh 160012, India
| | - Manu Jamwal
- Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education & Research, Chandigarh 160012, India
| | - Bidhi L Singh
- Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education & Research, Chandigarh 160012, India
| | - Neha Dahiya
- Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education & Research, Chandigarh 160012, India
| | - Hanqi Luo
- Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Julie M Long
- Department of Pediatrics-Section of Nutrition, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Jamie Westcott
- Department of Pediatrics-Section of Nutrition, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Nancy F Krebs
- International Zinc Nutrition Consultative Group, San Francisco, CA 94609, USA
- Department of Pediatrics-Section of Nutrition, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Rosalind S Gibson
- Department of Human Nutrition, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
| | - Kenneth H Brown
- International Zinc Nutrition Consultative Group, San Francisco, CA 94609, USA
- Department of Nutrition and Institute for Global Nutrition, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Christine M McDonald
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94609, USA
- International Zinc Nutrition Consultative Group, San Francisco, CA 94609, USA
- Department of Nutrition and Institute for Global Nutrition, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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2
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Briend A, Myatt M, Berkley JA, Black RE, Boyd E, Garenne M, Lelijveld N, Isanaka S, McDonald CM, Mwangwome M, O’Brien KS, Schwinger C, Stobaugh H, Taneja S, West KP, Khara T. Prognostic value of different anthropometric indices over different measurement intervals to predict mortality in 6-59-month-old children. Public Health Nutr 2023; 26:1210-1221. [PMID: 36722310 PMCID: PMC10346023 DOI: 10.1017/s1368980023000149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 12/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare the prognostic value of mid-upper arm circumference (MUAC), weight-for-height Z-score (WHZ) and weight-for-age Z-score (WAZ) for predicting death over periods of 1, 3 and 6 months follow-up in children. DESIGN Pooled analysis of twelve prospective studies examining survival after anthropometric assessment. Sensitivity and false-positive ratios to predict death within 1, 3 and 6 months were compared for three individual anthropometric indices and their combinations. SETTING Community-based, prospective studies from twelve countries in Africa and Asia. PARTICIPANTS Children aged 6-59 months living in the study areas. RESULTS For all anthropometric indices, the receiver operating characteristic curves were higher for shorter than for longer durations of follow-up. Sensitivity was higher for death with 1-month follow-up compared with 6 months by 49 % (95 % CI (30, 69)) for MUAC < 115 mm (P < 0·001), 48 % (95 % CI (9·4, 87)) for WHZ < -3 (P < 0·01) and 28 % (95 % CI (7·6, 42)) for WAZ < -3 (P < 0·005). This was accompanied by an increase in false positives of only 3 % or less. For all durations of follow-up, WAZ < -3 identified more children who died and were not identified by WHZ < -3 or by MUAC < 115 mm, 120 mm or 125 mm, but the use of WAZ < -3 led to an increased false-positive ratio up to 16·4 % (95 % CI (12·0, 20·9)) compared with 3·5 % (95 % CI (0·4, 6·5)) for MUAC < 115 mm alone. CONCLUSIONS Frequent anthropometric measurements significantly improve the identification of malnourished children with a high risk of death without markedly increasing false positives. Combining two indices increases sensitivity but also increases false positives among children meeting case definitions.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Briend
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 30, DK-1958, Frederiksberg, Denmark
- Tampere Center for Child, Adolescent and Maternal Health Research, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University and Tampere University Hospital, Arvo building, Arvo Ylpön katu 34, FIN-33014Tampere, Finland
| | - Mark Myatt
- Brixton Health, Cilfach Greigiog, Fford Celynin, Llwyngwril, Gwynedd, UK
- Emergency Nutrition Network, Kidlington, OX, UK
| | - James A Berkley
- KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
- Centre for Tropical Medicine & Global Health, University of Oxford, UK
| | - Robert E Black
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Erin Boyd
- USAID, Bureau for Humanitarian Assistance, Washington, DC, USA
- Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Michel Garenne
- IRD, UMI Résiliences, Paris, France
- FERDI, Université d’Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
- MRC/Wits Rural Public Health and Health Transitions Research Unit, School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | | | - Sheila Isanaka
- Department of Research, Epicentre, Paris, France
- Departments of Nutrition and Global Health and Population, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Christine M McDonald
- Departments of Pediatrics, and Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, Oakland, CA, USA
| | - Martha Mwangwome
- KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
- Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), Centre for Geographic Medicine Research-Coast (CGMRC), Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Kieran S O’Brien
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, Francis I. Proctor Foundation, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Catherine Schwinger
- Centre for Intervention Science in Maternal and Child Health, Centre for International Health, Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Heather Stobaugh
- Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
- Action Against Hunger USA, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sunita Taneja
- Center for Health Research and Development, Society for Applied Studies, New Delhi, India
| | - Keith P West
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Tanya Khara
- Emergency Nutrition Network, Kidlington, OX, UK
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Adams KP, Jarvis M, Vosti SA, Manger MS, Tarini A, Somé JW, Somda H, McDonald CM. Estimating the cost and cost-effectiveness of adding zinc to, and improving the performance of, Burkina Faso's mandatory wheat flour fortification programme. Matern Child Nutr 2023:e13515. [PMID: 37021818 DOI: 10.1111/mcn.13515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Revised: 03/11/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 04/07/2023]
Abstract
Zinc is an essential micronutrient that promotes normal growth, development and immune function. In the context of persistent dietary zinc inadequacies, large-scale food fortification can help fill the gap between intake and requirements. Burkina Faso mandates wheat flour fortification with iron and folic acid. We used activity-based cost modelling to estimate the cost of adding zinc to the country's wheat flour fortification standard assuming (1) no change in compliance with the national standard, and (2) a substantial improvement in compliance. We used household food consumption data to model effective coverage, that is, the number of women of reproductive age (WRA) predicted to achieve adequate zinc density (zinc intake/1000 kcal) with the addition of fortification to diets. Without interventions, the prevalence of inadequate dietary zinc density was ~35.5%. With no change in compliance, the annual average incremental cost of adding zinc to fortified wheat flour was $10,347, which would effectively cover <1% of WRA at an incremental cost of ~$0.54/WRA effectively covered. Improving compliance added ~$300,000/year to the cost of the fortification programme without zinc; including zinc added another ~$78,000/year but only reduced inadequate intake among WRA by 3.6% at an incremental cost of ~$0.45/WRA effectively covered. Although the incremental cost of adding zinc to wheat flour is low ($0.01/wheat flour consumer/year), given low levels of wheat flour consumption, zinc fortification of wheat flour alone contributes marginally to, but will not fully close, the dietary zinc gap. Future research should explore potential contributions of zinc to a broader set of delivery vehicles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine P Adams
- Institute for Global Nutrition, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Michael Jarvis
- Independent Consultant, Washington DC, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Stephen A Vosti
- Institute for Global Nutrition, University of California, Davis, California, USA
- Department of Agricultural and Resource Economics, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Mari S Manger
- International Zinc Nutrition Consultative Group, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
- Independent Consultant, Laval, Quebec, Canada
| | - Ann Tarini
- Independent Consultant, Laval, Quebec, Canada
- IZiNCG Fortification Task Force, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Jérome W Somé
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé, Centre National de Recherche Scientifique et Technologique, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Hervé Somda
- Développement Agricole et Transformation de l'Agriculture, University of Thomas Sankara, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Christine M McDonald
- Institute for Global Nutrition, University of California, Davis, California, USA
- International Zinc Nutrition Consultative Group, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
- IZiNCG Fortification Task Force, San Francisco, California, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
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Thurstans S, Wrottesley SV, Fenn B, Khara T, Bahwere P, Berkley JA, Black RE, Boyd E, Garenne M, Isanaka S, Lelijveld N, McDonald CM, Mertens A, Mwangome M, O'Brien KS, Stobaugh H, Taneja S, West KP, Guerrero S, Kerac M, Briend A, Myatt M. Anthropometric deficits and the associated risk of death by age and sex in children aged 6-59 months: A meta-analysis. Matern Child Nutr 2023; 19:e13431. [PMID: 36164997 PMCID: PMC9749608 DOI: 10.1111/mcn.13431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2022] [Revised: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Risk of death from undernutrition is thought to be higher in younger than in older children, but evidence is mixed. Research also demonstrates sex differences whereby boys have a higher prevalence of undernutrition than girls. This analysis described mortality risk associated with anthropometric deficits (wasting, underweight and stunting) in children 6-59 months by age and sex. We categorised children into younger (6-23 months) and older (24-59 months) age groups. Age and sex variations in near-term (within 6 months) mortality risk, associated with individual anthropometric deficits were assessed in a secondary analysis of multi-country cohort data. A random effects meta-analysis was performed. Data from seven low-or-middle-income-countries collected between 1977 and 2013 were analysed. One thousand twenty deaths were recorded for children with anthropometric deficits. Pooled meta-analysis estimates showed no differences by age in absolute mortality risk for wasting (RR 1.08, p = 0.826 for MUAC < 125 mm; RR 1.35, p = 0.272 for WHZ < -2). For underweight and stunting, absolute risk of death was higher in younger (RR 2.57, p < 0.001) compared with older children (RR 2.83, p < 0.001). For all deficits, there were no differences in mortality risk for girls compared with boys. There were no differences in the risk of mortality between younger and older wasted children, supporting continued inclusion of all children under-five in wasting treatment programmes. The risk of mortality associated with underweight and stunting was higher among younger children, suggesting that prevention programmes might be justified in focusing on younger children where resources are limited. There were no sex differences by age in mortality risk for all deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Thurstans
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical MedicineLondonUK
- Emergency Nutrition NetworkKidlingtonUK
| | | | | | | | - Paluku Bahwere
- Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Clinical Research Centre, School of public HealthUniversité libre de BruxellesBrusselsBelgium
| | - James A. Berkley
- Centre for Tropical Medicine & Global HealthUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
- Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI)Centre for Geographic Medicine Research Coast (CGMRC) & KEMRI Wellcome Trust Research ProgrammeKilifiKenya
| | - Robert E. Black
- Department of International HealthJohns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public HealthBaltimoreUSA
| | - Erin Boyd
- USAID/Bureau of Humanitarian AssistanceWashington DCUSA
- Friedman School of Nutrition Science and PolicyTufts UniversityBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Michel Garenne
- IRDUMI RésiliencesParisFrance
- Institut PasteurEpidémiologie des Maladies EmergentesParisFrance
- FERDIUniversité d'AuvergneClermont‐FerrandFrance
- MRC/Wits Rural Public Health and Health Transitions Research Unit, School of Public Health, Faculty of Health SciencesUniversity of the WitwatersrandJohannesburgSouth Africa
| | - Sheila Isanaka
- Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public HealthBostonMassachusettsUSA
- EpicentreParisFrance
| | | | - Christine M. McDonald
- Departments of Pediatrics, and Epidemiology & BiostatisticsUniversity of CaliforniaSan FranciscoCaliforniaUSA
- Department of NutritionUniversity of CaliforniaDavisUSA
| | - Andrew Mertens
- Division of Epidemiology & BiostatisticsUniversity of CaliforniaBerkeleyUSA
| | - Martha Mwangome
- Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI)Centre for Geographic Medicine Research Coast (CGMRC) & KEMRI Wellcome Trust Research ProgrammeKilifiKenya
| | - Kieran S. O'Brien
- Francis I. Proctor FoundationUniversity of CaliforniaSan FranciscoUSA
| | - Heather Stobaugh
- Friedman School of Nutrition Science and PolicyTufts UniversityBostonMassachusettsUSA
- Action Against Hunger USANew YorkNew YorkUSA
| | - Sunita Taneja
- Center for Health Research and DevelopmentSociety for Applied StudiesNew DelhiIndia
| | - Keith P. West
- Department of International HealthJohns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public HealthBaltimoreUSA
| | | | - Marko Kerac
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical MedicineLondonUK
| | - André Briend
- Center for Child Health Research, Faculty of Medicine and Medical TechnologyTampere UniversityTampereFinland
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise, and SportsUniversity of CopenhagenFredericksbergDenmark
| | - Mark Myatt
- Brixton Health, LlwyngwrilGwyneddWalesUK
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5
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McDonald CM, Black RE, Krebs NF, Islam MM. Reply to R Pullakhandam et al. J Nutr 2022; 152:2310-2311. [PMID: 35939363 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxac156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Robert E Black
- International Zinc Nutrition Consultative Group, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Nancy F Krebs
- International Zinc Nutrition Consultative Group, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Munir M Islam
- Nutrition and Clinical Services Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr, b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
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Nagata JM, Bojorquez-Ramirez P, Nguyen A, Ganson KT, McDonald CM, Machen VI, Downey A, Buckelew SM, Garber AK. Sex differences and associations between zinc deficiency and anemia among hospitalized adolescents and young adults with eating disorders. Eat Weight Disord 2022; 27:2911-2917. [PMID: 35624393 PMCID: PMC9556365 DOI: 10.1007/s40519-022-01396-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine sex differences in and associations between zinc deficiency and anemia among adolescents and young adults hospitalized for medical complications of eating disorders. METHODS We retrospectively reviewed electronic medical records of 601 patients aged 9-25 years admitted to the University of California, San Francisco Eating Disorders Program for medical instability, between May 2012 and August 2020. Descriptive statistics, crude, and adjusted logistic regression models were used to assess the association between zinc deficiency (< 55 mcg/dL) and anemia (< 13.6 g/dL in males [M] and < 11.8 g/dL in females [F]). RESULTS A total of 87 males and 450 females met eligibility criteria (age 15.98 ± 2.81, 59.4% anorexia nervosa; admission body mass index 17.49 ± 2.82). In unadjusted comparisons, plasma zinc in males and females were not statistically different (M 64.88 ± 14.89 mcg/dL vs F 63.81 ± 13.96 mcg/dL, p = 0.517); moreover, there were no differences in the percentage of males and females with zinc deficiency (M 24.14% vs F 24.89%). However, a greater percentage of males than females were anemic (M 50.00% vs F 17.61%, p < 0.001), with similar findings in the subgroup with anorexia nervosa. In logistic regression models stratified by sex and eating disorder diagnosis, zinc deficiency was significantly associated with anemia in males (AOR 3.43, 95% CI 1.16, 10.13), but not females (AOR 1.47, 95% CI 0.86, 2.54). CONCLUSIONS For the first time, we demonstrate that zinc deficiency is equally severe in males compared to females hospitalized with medical complications from eating disorders, with nearly a quarter of inpatients experiencing zinc deficiency. Anemia is more common in males than females hospitalized with eating disorders. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level V: descriptive cross-sectional study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason M Nagata
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, 550 16th Street, 4th Floor, Box 0110, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA.
| | | | - Anthony Nguyen
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, 550 16th Street, 4th Floor, Box 0110, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - Kyle T Ganson
- Factor-Inwentash Faculty of Social Work, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Christine M McDonald
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, 550 16th Street, 4th Floor, Box 0110, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - Vanessa I Machen
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, 550 16th Street, 4th Floor, Box 0110, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - Amanda Downey
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, 550 16th Street, 4th Floor, Box 0110, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - Sara M Buckelew
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, 550 16th Street, 4th Floor, Box 0110, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - Andrea K Garber
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, 550 16th Street, 4th Floor, Box 0110, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
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McDonald CM, Brown KH, Goh YE, Manger MS, Arnold CD, Krebs NF, Westcott J, Long JM, Gibson RS, Jamwal M, Singh BL, Dahiya N, Budhija D, Das R, Duggal M. Quintuply-fortified salt for the improvement of micronutrient status among women of reproductive age and preschool-aged children in Punjab, India: protocol for a randomized, controlled, community-based trial. BMC Nutr 2022; 8:98. [PMID: 36068647 PMCID: PMC9450288 DOI: 10.1186/s40795-022-00583-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Multiple micronutrient (MN) deficiencies remain highly prevalent among women of reproductive age (WRA) and preschool-aged children (PSC) in many areas within India. Salt is an attractive vehicle for MN fortification in this context, as it is universally consumed in fairly consistent amounts and coverage of iodized salt (IS) is 94%. The overall objective of this trial is to evaluate the nutritional impact of quintuply-fortified salt with iron in the form of encapsulated ferrous fumarate, zinc, vitamin B12, folic acid, and iodine (eFF-Q5S) vs. quintuply-fortified salt with iron in the form of ferric pyrophosphate plus EDTA, zinc, vitamin B12, folic acid, and iodine (FePP-Q5S) vs. IS for the improvement of MN status among non-pregnant WRA and PSC. Methods The study is a community-based, randomized, controlled trial that will be conducted in Punjab, India. 780 non-pregnant WRA 18–49 years old and 468 PSC 12–59 months old will be enrolled and assigned to one of three intervention groups. Salt will be provided to participants monthly for 12 months. Primary outcomes include changes in mean concentration of biomarkers of iron, zinc, vitamin B12, folate and iodine. Secondary outcomes include changes in the composition of the gut microbiome, and discretionary salt intake of PSC. Discussion If proven efficacious, multiply-fortified salt (MFS) has the potential to drastically reduce the burden of MN deficiencies in India, and around the world. Although effectiveness research will be needed to examine the impact of MFS under programmatic conditions, salt fortification will piggy-back on existing platforms to produce IS and doubly-fortified salt (DFS), making it possible to scale-up the intervention quickly. Trial registration Clinicaltrials.gov: NCT05166980; date of registration: December 22, 2021. Clinical Trials Registry-India: CTRI/2022/040332 and CTRI/2022/02/040333; date of registration: February 15, 2022.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine M McDonald
- Departments of Pediatrics, and Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA. .,Department of Nutrition, and Institute for Global Nutrition, University of California, Davis, CA, USA. .,International Zinc Nutrition Consultative Group, Oakland, CA, USA.
| | - Kenneth H Brown
- Department of Nutrition, and Institute for Global Nutrition, University of California, Davis, CA, USA.,International Zinc Nutrition Consultative Group, Oakland, CA, USA
| | - Yvonne E Goh
- Departments of Pediatrics, and Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.,International Zinc Nutrition Consultative Group, Oakland, CA, USA
| | - Mari S Manger
- Departments of Pediatrics, and Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.,International Zinc Nutrition Consultative Group, Oakland, CA, USA
| | - Charles D Arnold
- Department of Nutrition, and Institute for Global Nutrition, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Nancy F Krebs
- International Zinc Nutrition Consultative Group, Oakland, CA, USA.,University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Jamie Westcott
- University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Julie M Long
- University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Rosalind S Gibson
- Department of Human Nutrition, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Manu Jamwal
- Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Bidhi L Singh
- Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Neha Dahiya
- Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India.,Indian Council of Medical Research, Delhi, India
| | - Deepmala Budhija
- Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Reena Das
- Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Mona Duggal
- Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
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8
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Hall AG, King JC, McDonald CM. Comparison of Serum, Plasma, and Liver Zinc Measurements by AAS, ICP-OES, and ICP-MS in Diverse Laboratory Settings. Biol Trace Elem Res 2022; 200:2606-2613. [PMID: 34453311 PMCID: PMC9132797 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-021-02883-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Progress improving zinc nutrition globally is slowed by limited understanding of population zinc status. This challenge is compounded when small differences in measurement can bias the determination of zinc deficiency rates. Our objective was to evaluate zinc analytical accuracy and precision among different instrument types and sample matrices using a standardized method. Participating laboratories analyzed zinc content of plasma, serum, liver samples, and controls, using a standardized method based on current practice. Instrument calibration and drift were evaluated using a zinc standard. Accuracy was evaluated by percent error vs. reference, and precision by coefficient of variation (CV). Seven laboratories in 4 countries running 9 instruments completed the exercise: 4 atomic absorbance spectrometers (AAS), 1 inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometer (ICP-OES), and 4 ICP mass spectrometers (ICP-MS). Calibration differed between individual instruments up to 18.9% (p < 0.001). Geometric mean (95% CI) percent error was 3.5% (2.3%, 5.2%) and CV was 2.1% (1.7%, 2.5%) overall. There were no significant differences in percent error or CV among instrument types (p = 0.91, p = 0.15, respectively). Among sample matrices, serum and plasma zinc measures had the highest CV: 4.8% (3.0%, 7.7%) and 3.9% (2.9%, 5.4%), respectively (p < 0.05). When using standardized materials and methods, similar zinc concentration values, accuracy, and precision were achieved using AAS, ICP-OES, or ICP-MS. However, method development is needed for improvement in serum and plasma zinc measurement precision. Differences in calibration among instruments demonstrate a need for harmonization among laboratories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew G Hall
- Benioff Children's Hospitals; Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, University of California San Francisco, Oakland, CA, USA.
- Department of Nutritional Sciences and Toxicology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA.
| | - Janet C King
- Benioff Children's Hospitals; Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, University of California San Francisco, Oakland, CA, USA
- Department of Nutritional Sciences and Toxicology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Christine M McDonald
- Benioff Children's Hospitals; Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, University of California San Francisco, Oakland, CA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
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Servais L, Mayer OH, McDonald CM, Voit T, Mercuri E, Buyse GM. 074 Long-term effect of idebenone in reducing respiratory function decline in patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2022. [DOI: 10.1136/jnnp-2022-abn.111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Two placebo-controlled trials of 52-week duration showed that idebenone consistently reduced respira- tory function decline rate in patients with DMD. Long-term data from the DELPHI-Extension (DELPHI-E) study and SYROS (DELOS patients who transitioned to idebenone under an Expanded Access Program) are now presented. The aim was to assess the consistency of the long-term effect of idebenone.11 DELPHI-E and 18 SYROS patients with abnormal (<80%) forced vital capacity (as percent predicted, FVC%p) were treated with idebenone for an average of 2.0 and 4.2 years respectively. Annualized FVC%p decline rates were compared to untreated patients from SYROS or matched external controls.Mean (SD) baseline age was 13.6 (2.3) and 13.3 (2.7) years in DELPHI (N=11) and DELOS (N=18), respec- tively, and FVC%p was 47.2% (19.7%) and 58.7% (17.6%). For the first 2-year period, the average annual decline rate was comparable in treated patients (4.5% and 5.4% in DELPHI-E and SYROS) and lower than in untreated SYROS patients and external controls (7.9% untreated and 8.1% in CINRG-DNHS). During years 3–6, the annual decline rate was consistently lower than for matched controls.Treatment with idebenone resulted in a sustained reduction in the rate of decline in respiratory function. laurent.servais@paediatrics.ox.ac.uk
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Manger MS, Brown KH, Osendarp SJM, Atkin RA, McDonald CM. Barriers to and Enablers of the Inclusion of Micronutrient Biomarkers in National Surveys and Surveillance Systems in Low- and Middle-Income Countries. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14102009. [PMID: 35631149 PMCID: PMC9145664 DOI: 10.3390/nu14102009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Revised: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Including biomarkers of micronutrient status in existing or planned national surveys or surveillance systems is a critical step in improving capacity to promote, design, monitor, and evaluate micronutrient policies and programs. We aimed to identify the barriers to and enablers of the inclusion of micronutrient biomarker assessment in national surveys and surveillance systems, to identify the main challenges faced during the survey process, and to review experiences using existing platforms for micronutrient surveys. We conducted a series of key informant interviews with in-country and external representatives from six countries where national-level data on micronutrient status were collected in the past 5 years: Cambodia, Pakistan, Malawi, Uganda, Ghana, and Uzbekistan. Micronutrients associated with specific public health programs were always prioritized for inclusion in the survey. If funding, time, and/or logistics allowed, other considered micronutrients were also included. The most important and frequently reported barrier to inclusion of a more comprehensive panel of micronutrient biomarkers was inadequate funding to cover the laboratory analysis cost for all micronutrients considered at the planning stage. Government support and commitment was stressed as the most important enabling factor by all key informants. Advocacy for funding for micronutrient status assessment is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mari S. Manger
- International Zinc Nutrition Consultative Group, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA;
- Correspondence:
| | - Kenneth H. Brown
- Department of Nutrition, Institute for Global Nutrition, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA;
| | | | - Reed A. Atkin
- Micronutrient Forum, Washington, DC 20005, USA; (S.J.M.O.); (R.A.A.)
| | - Christine M. McDonald
- International Zinc Nutrition Consultative Group, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA;
- Departments of Pediatrics, Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
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11
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Islam MM, Black RE, Krebs NF, Westcott J, Long J, Islam KM, Peerson JM, Sthity RA, Khandaker AM, Hasan M, El Arifeen S, Ahmed T, King JC, McDonald CM. Different Doses, Forms, and Frequencies of Zinc Supplementation for the Prevention of Diarrhea and Promotion of Linear Growth among Young Bangladeshi Children: A Six-Arm, Randomized, Community-Based Efficacy Trial. J Nutr 2022; 152:1306-1315. [PMID: 35015856 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxab439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Revised: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Children in resource-limited settings remain vulnerable to zinc deficiency and its consequences. OBJECTIVES To evaluate the effects of different doses, durations, and frequencies of zinc supplementation on the incidence of diarrhea and change in linear growth among young children. METHODS We conducted a randomized, partially double-blind, controlled, 6-arm, community-based efficacy trial in Dhaka, Bangladesh. Children aged 9-11 mo were randomly assigned to receive 1 of the following interventions for 24 wk: 1) standard micronutrient powder (MNP) containing 4.1 mg zinc and 10 mg iron, daily; 2) high-zinc (10 mg), low-iron (6 mg) (HiZn LoFe) MNP, daily; 3) HiZn (10 mg) LoFe (6 mg)/HiZn (10 mg), no-iron MNPs on alternating days; 4) dispersible zinc tablet (10 mg), daily; 5) dispersible zinc tablet (10 mg), daily for 2 wk at enrollment and 12 wk; 6) placebo powder, daily. Primary outcomes were incidence of diarrhea and change in length-for-age z-score (LAZ) over the 24-wk intervention period. Home visits were conducted twice weekly to assess diarrhea and other morbidity. Incidence and prevalence outcomes were compared among groups with Poisson regression; continuous outcomes were compared using ANCOVA. RESULTS A total of 2886 children were enrolled between February 2018 and July 2019. The mean incidence and prevalence of diarrhea among all participants was 1.21 episodes per 100 d and 3.76 d per 100 d, respectively. There were no differences in the incidence or prevalence of diarrhea across intervention groups. The decline in LAZ was slightly smaller among children in the daily HiZn LoFe MNP group compared with the placebo powder group (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS The dose of zinc in MNPs as well as the duration and frequency of supplementation evaluated in this trial were not effective in reducing diarrhea; however, the daily HiZn LoFe MNP formulation offered modest improvements in linear growth among young children. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT03406793.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Munirul Islam
- Nutrition and Clinical Services Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr, b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Robert E Black
- International Zinc Nutrition Consultative Group, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Institute for International Programs, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Nancy F Krebs
- International Zinc Nutrition Consultative Group, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Jamie Westcott
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Julie Long
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Kazi Munisul Islam
- Nutrition and Clinical Services Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr, b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | | | - Rahvia Alam Sthity
- Nutrition and Clinical Services Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr, b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Afsana Mim Khandaker
- Nutrition and Clinical Services Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr, b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Mehedi Hasan
- Nutrition and Clinical Services Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr, b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Shams El Arifeen
- Nutrition and Clinical Services Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr, b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Tahmeed Ahmed
- Nutrition and Clinical Services Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr, b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Janet C King
- International Zinc Nutrition Consultative Group, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, Oakland, CA, USA.,Department of Nutritional Sciences and Toxicology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Christine M McDonald
- International Zinc Nutrition Consultative Group, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, Oakland, CA, USA.,Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
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12
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Dhaliwal I, Kassirian S, Mitchell MA, Qiabi M, Warner A, Louie AV, Wong HH, McDonald CM, Rajchgot J, Palma DA. Endoscopic nodal staging in oligometastatic non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) being treated with stereotactic ablative radiotherapy (ENDO-SABR). BMC Cancer 2022; 22:468. [PMID: 35484614 PMCID: PMC9047351 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-022-09563-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Research in treatment of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) has shown promising results with stereotactic ablative radiotherapy (SABR) of oligometastatic disease, wherein distant disease may be limited to one or a few distant organs by host factors. Traditionally, PET/CT has been used in detecting metastatic disease and avoiding futile surgical intervention, however, sensitivity and specificity is limited to only 81 and 79%, respectively. Mediastinal staging still identifies occult nodal disease in up to 20% of NSCLC patients initially thought to be operative candidates. Endobronchial ultrasound and transbronchial needle aspiration (EBUS-TBNA) is a minimally invasive tool for the staging and diagnosis of thoracic malignancy. When EBUS is combined with endoscopic ultrasound using the same bronchoscope (EUS-B), the diagnostic sensitivity and negative predictive value increase to 84 and 97%, respectively. Endoscopic staging in patients with advanced disease has never been studied, but may inform treatment if a curative SABR approach is being taken. Methods This is a multi-centre, prospective, cohort study with two-stage design. In the first stage, 10 patients with oligometastatic NSCLC (lung tumour ± hilar/mediastinal lymphadenopathy) with up to 5 synchronous metastases will be enrolled An additional 19 patients will be enrolled in the second stage if rate of treatment change is greater than 10% in the first stage. Patients will be subject to EBUS or combined modality EBUS/EUS-B to assess bilateral lymph node stations using a N3 to N2 to N1 progression. Primary endpoint is defined as the rate of change to treatment plan including change from SABR to conventional dose radiation, change in mediastinal radiation field, and change from curative to palliative intent treatment. Discussion If a curative approach with SABR for oligometastatic disease is being explored, invasive mediastinal staging may guide treatment and prognosis. This study will provide insight into the use of endoscopic mediastinal staging in determining changes in treatment plan of NSCLC. Results will inform the design of future phase II trials. Trial registration Clinicaltrials.gov identifier NCT04852588. Date of registration: April 19, 2021. Protocol version: 1.1 on December 9, 2021.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inderdeep Dhaliwal
- Division of Respirology, Department of Medicine, London Health Sciences Centre, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Shayan Kassirian
- Division of Respirology, Department of Medicine, London Health Sciences Centre, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michael A Mitchell
- Division of Respirology, Department of Medicine, London Health Sciences Centre, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mehdi Qiabi
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, London Health Sciences Centre, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Andrew Warner
- Division of Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, London Health Sciences Centre, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Alexander V Louie
- Division of Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Harvey H Wong
- Division of Respirology, Department of Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Christine M McDonald
- Division of Respirology, Department of Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jason Rajchgot
- Division of Respirology, Department of Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - David A Palma
- Division of Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, London Health Sciences Centre, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
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Suh JH, Zyba SJ, Shigenaga M, McDonald CM, King JC. Marginal Zinc Deficiency Alters Essential Fatty Acid Metabolism in Healthy Men. J Nutr 2022; 152:671-679. [PMID: 34919682 PMCID: PMC9076996 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxab425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Revised: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rice biofortification with Zinc (Zn) can improve the Zn status of rice-consuming populations. However, the metabolic impact in humans consuming Zn-biofortified rice is unknown. OBJECTIVES To determine the effects of Zn-biofortified rice on lipid metabolism in normolipidemic men. METHODS The men consumed a rice-based diet containing 6 mg Zn/d and 1.5 g phytate (phytate/Zn ratio = 44) for 2 wk followed by a 10-mg Zn/d diet without phytate for 4 wk. An ad libitum diet supplemented with 25 mg Zn/d was then fed for 3 wk. Fasting blood samples were taken at baseline and at the end of each metabolic period for measuring plasma zinc, glucose, insulin, triglyceride (TG), LDL and HDL cholesterol, fatty acids, oxylipins, and fatty acid desaturase activities. Statistical differences were assessed by linear mixed model. RESULTS Fatty acid desaturase (FADS) 1 activity decreased by 29.1% (P = 0.007) when the 6-mg Zn/d diet was consumed for 2 wk. This change was associated with significant decreases in HDL and LDL cholesterol. The alterations in FADS1, HDL cholesterol, and TG remained unchanged when Zn intakes were increased to 10 mg/d for 4 wk. Supplementation with 25 mg Zn/d for 3 wk normalized these metabolic changes and significantly increased LDL cholesterol at the end of this metabolic period compared with baseline. FADS1 activity was inversely correlated with FADS2 (rmcorr = -0.52; P = 0.001) and TG (rmcorr = -0.55; P = 0.001) at all time points. CONCLUSIONS A low-zinc, high-phytate rice-based diet reduced plasma HDL cholesterol concentrations and altered fatty acid profiles in healthy men within 2 wk. Consuming 10 mg Zn/d without phytate for 4 wk did not improve the lipid profiles, but a 25-mg Zn/d supplement corrects these alterations in lipid metabolism within 3 wk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung H Suh
- UCSF Benioff Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, Oakland, CA, USA
| | - Sarah J Zyba
- UCSF Benioff Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, Oakland, CA, USA
- Institute for Global Nutrition Department of Nutrition University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Mark Shigenaga
- UCSF Benioff Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, Oakland, CA, USA
| | | | - Janet C King
- UCSF Benioff Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, Oakland, CA, USA
- Department of Nutritional Sciences and Toxicology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
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14
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Matthias D, McDonald CM, Archer N, Engle-Stone R. The Role of Multiply-Fortified Table Salt and Bouillon in Food Systems Transformation. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14050989. [PMID: 35267964 PMCID: PMC8912775 DOI: 10.3390/nu14050989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2022] [Revised: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Our global food system lacks the critically needed micronutrients to meet the daily requirements of the most at-risk populations. Diets also continue to shift toward unhealthy foods, including the increased intake of salt. While most countries exceed the WHO’s recommended levels, sodium does play an essential physiological role. Table salt and other salt-containing condiments, such as bouillon, also have cultural importance, as they are used to enhance the flavor of foods cooked at home. Given their universal consumption across income classes and both urban and rural populations, these condiments are an integral part of the food system and should, therefore, be part of its transformation. Fortification of salt and salt-containing condiments can play a catalytic role in the delivery of population-wide nutritional and health benefits. With relatively consistent levels of intake across the population, these condiments hold high potential for delivering micronutrients beyond iodine while also reducing concerns related to high micronutrient intake, particularly so in countries where the industries are relatively consolidated. As a flexible and complementary strategy to an evolving food system, fortification levels can also be adjusted over time to ensure micronutrient delivery targets continue to be achieved as the system improves, whether through lower intakes of sodium in line with WHO recommendations, enhanced consumption of nutrient-dense foods, and/or broader adoption of biofortified crops. Future areas of innovation are required to realize this vision, including developing affordable salt substitutes to meet cost requirements of consumers in low-and middle-income countries, improving the stability and bioavailability of the micronutrients in condiments so that delivery targets can be reached without affecting sensory attributes, and the development of efficient systems for monitoring population intake and micronutrient status to inform fortification program design and management. Rather than being considered antithetical to the transformation, multiply-fortified salt and bouillon can strengthen our ability to meet the cultural, sensory, nutritional, and health needs of an evolving food system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dipika Matthias
- Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
- Correspondence:
| | - Christine M. McDonald
- Departments of Pediatrics, and Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA;
- Department of Nutrition and Institute for Global Nutrition, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA;
| | - Nicholas Archer
- CSIRO Health and Biosecurity, North Ryde, Sydney 2113, Australia;
| | - Reina Engle-Stone
- Department of Nutrition and Institute for Global Nutrition, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA;
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15
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Haile D, Brown KH, McDonald CM, Luo H, Jarvis M, Teta I, Ndjebayi A, Martial GAJ, Vosti SA, Engle-Stone R. Applying Zinc Nutrient Reference Values as Proposed by Different Authorities Results in Large Differences in the Estimated Prevalence of Inadequate Zinc Intake by Young Children and Women and in Cameroon. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14040883. [PMID: 35215534 PMCID: PMC8879783 DOI: 10.3390/nu14040883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Nutrient reference values (NRVs) for zinc set by several expert groups differ widely and may affect the predicted prevalence of inadequate zinc intake. We examined this possibility using NRVs published by four different authorities and nationally representative dietary intake data collected among children aged 12–59 months and women in Cameroon. Usual zinc intake was estimated from 24 h recall data using the National Cancer Institute method. Prevalences of total zinc intake below the dietary requirement and of “absorbable zinc intake” below the physiological requirement were estimated using NRVs published by the World Health Organization (WHO), US Institute of Medicine (IOM), International Zinc Nutrition Consultative Group (IZiNCG), and European Food Safety Authority (EFSA). The prevalence of inadequate zinc intake ranged from 10% (IZiNCG—physiological requirement, 95% CI 7–13%) to 81% (EFSA—physiological requirement, 95% CI 78–84%) among children and 9% (WHO—physiological requirement, 95% CI 8–11.0%) to 94% (IOM—physiological requirement, 95% CI 92–95%) among women These differences in the prevalence of inadequate intake translated into sizeable differences in the predicted benefit and cost-effectiveness of zinc fortification programs. Depending on the NRVs applied, assessments differ regarding the need for and design of zinc fortification programs. Efforts are needed to harmonize NRVs for zinc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Demewoz Haile
- Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (K.H.B.); (C.M.M.); (H.L.); (R.E.-S.)
- Institute for Global Nutrition, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (M.J.); (S.A.V.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-530-601-3869
| | - Kenneth H. Brown
- Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (K.H.B.); (C.M.M.); (H.L.); (R.E.-S.)
- Institute for Global Nutrition, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (M.J.); (S.A.V.)
| | - Christine M. McDonald
- Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (K.H.B.); (C.M.M.); (H.L.); (R.E.-S.)
- Institute for Global Nutrition, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (M.J.); (S.A.V.)
- Departments of Pediatrics, and Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Hanqi Luo
- Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (K.H.B.); (C.M.M.); (H.L.); (R.E.-S.)
- Institute for Global Nutrition, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (M.J.); (S.A.V.)
- Hubert Department of Global Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Michael Jarvis
- Institute for Global Nutrition, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (M.J.); (S.A.V.)
| | - Ismael Teta
- Helen Keller International, Yaoundé 1771, Cameroon; (I.T.); (A.N.)
| | - Alex Ndjebayi
- Helen Keller International, Yaoundé 1771, Cameroon; (I.T.); (A.N.)
| | | | - Stephen A. Vosti
- Institute for Global Nutrition, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (M.J.); (S.A.V.)
- Department of Agricultural and Resource Economics, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Reina Engle-Stone
- Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (K.H.B.); (C.M.M.); (H.L.); (R.E.-S.)
- Institute for Global Nutrition, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (M.J.); (S.A.V.)
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McDonald CM, Manger MS, Krebs NF. Correspondence on article by Pullakhandam et al. Reference cut-offs to define low serum zinc concentrations in healthy 1-19-year-old Indian children and adolescents. Eur J Clin Nutr 2022; 76:1200-1201. [PMID: 35523867 PMCID: PMC9352582 DOI: 10.1038/s41430-022-01152-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christine M. McDonald
- grid.266102.10000 0001 2297 6811Departments of Pediatrics, and Epidemiology & Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA USA ,International Zinc Nutrition Consultative Group, San Francisco, CA USA
| | - Mari S. Manger
- International Zinc Nutrition Consultative Group, San Francisco, CA USA
| | - Nancy F. Krebs
- International Zinc Nutrition Consultative Group, San Francisco, CA USA ,grid.430503.10000 0001 0703 675XDepartment of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO USA
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Hayman T, Hickey P, Amann-Zalcenstein D, Bennett C, Ataide R, Sthity RA, Khandaker AM, Islam KM, Stracke K, Yassi N, Watson R, Long J, Westcott J, Krebs NF, King JC, Black RE, Islam MM, McDonald CM, Pasricha SR. Zinc Supplementation with or without Additional Micronutrients Does Not Affect Peripheral Blood Gene Expression or Serum Cytokine Level in Bangladeshi Children. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13103516. [PMID: 34684517 PMCID: PMC8541127 DOI: 10.3390/nu13103516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Preventive zinc supplementation provided as a stand-alone dispersible tablet, or via home fortification as multiple micronutrient powders (MNPs), has been considered a potential strategy to prevent zinc deficiency and improve health (including immune) outcomes among children in low- and middle-income countries. However, the impact of zinc supplementation on immune profiles has not been well characterized. We sought to define the effect of zinc supplementation on peripheral blood gene expression and cytokine levels among young children in Dhaka, Bangladesh. In a sub-study of a large randomized, controlled, community-based efficacy trial where children 9–11 months of age received one of the following interventions on a daily basis for 24 weeks: (1) MNPs containing 10 mg of zinc; (2) dispersible tablet containing 10 mg zinc; or (3) placebo powder, we used RNA sequencing to profile the peripheral blood gene expression, as well as highly sensitive multiplex assays to detect cytokine profiles. We profiled samples from 100 children enrolled in the parent trial (zinc MNPs 28, zinc tablets 39, placebo 33). We did not detect an effect from either zinc intervention on differential peripheral blood gene expression at the end of the intervention, or an effect from the intervention on changes in gene expression from baseline. We also did not detect an effect from either intervention on cytokine concentrations. Exploratory analysis did not identify an association between undernutrition (defined as stunting, underweight or wasting) and peripheral blood gene expression. Zinc interventions in children did not produce a gene expression or cytokine signature in the peripheral blood. However, this study demonstrates a proof of principle that sensitive multi-omic techniques can be applied to samples collected in field studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Hayman
- Population Health and Immunity Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; (T.H.); (C.B.); (R.A.); (K.S.); (N.Y.); (R.W.)
| | - Peter Hickey
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia; (P.H.); (D.A.-Z.)
- Advanced Technology and Biology Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Daniela Amann-Zalcenstein
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia; (P.H.); (D.A.-Z.)
- Advanced Technology and Biology Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Cavan Bennett
- Population Health and Immunity Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; (T.H.); (C.B.); (R.A.); (K.S.); (N.Y.); (R.W.)
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia; (P.H.); (D.A.-Z.)
| | - Ricardo Ataide
- Population Health and Immunity Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; (T.H.); (C.B.); (R.A.); (K.S.); (N.Y.); (R.W.)
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia; (P.H.); (D.A.-Z.)
| | - Rahvia Alam Sthity
- International Centre for Diarrheal Disease Research, Nutrition and Clinical Services Division, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh; (R.A.S.); (A.M.K.); (K.M.I.); (M.M.I.)
| | - Afsana Mim Khandaker
- International Centre for Diarrheal Disease Research, Nutrition and Clinical Services Division, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh; (R.A.S.); (A.M.K.); (K.M.I.); (M.M.I.)
| | - Kazi Munisul Islam
- International Centre for Diarrheal Disease Research, Nutrition and Clinical Services Division, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh; (R.A.S.); (A.M.K.); (K.M.I.); (M.M.I.)
| | - Katharina Stracke
- Population Health and Immunity Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; (T.H.); (C.B.); (R.A.); (K.S.); (N.Y.); (R.W.)
| | - Nawaf Yassi
- Population Health and Immunity Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; (T.H.); (C.B.); (R.A.); (K.S.); (N.Y.); (R.W.)
- Melbourne Brain Centre, Departments of Medicine and Neurology, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3050, Australia
| | - Rosie Watson
- Population Health and Immunity Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; (T.H.); (C.B.); (R.A.); (K.S.); (N.Y.); (R.W.)
- Department of Medicine, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3050, Australia
| | - Julie Long
- Department of Pediatrics, Anschutz Medical Campus, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; (J.L.); (J.W.); (N.F.K.)
| | - Jamie Westcott
- Department of Pediatrics, Anschutz Medical Campus, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; (J.L.); (J.W.); (N.F.K.)
| | - Nancy F. Krebs
- Department of Pediatrics, Anschutz Medical Campus, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; (J.L.); (J.W.); (N.F.K.)
- International Zinc Nutrition Consultative Group, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; (J.C.K.); (R.E.B.); (C.M.M.)
| | - Janet C. King
- International Zinc Nutrition Consultative Group, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; (J.C.K.); (R.E.B.); (C.M.M.)
- Department of Nutritional Sciences and Toxicology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Robert E. Black
- International Zinc Nutrition Consultative Group, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; (J.C.K.); (R.E.B.); (C.M.M.)
- Institute for International Programs, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Md. Munirul Islam
- International Centre for Diarrheal Disease Research, Nutrition and Clinical Services Division, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh; (R.A.S.); (A.M.K.); (K.M.I.); (M.M.I.)
| | - Christine M. McDonald
- International Zinc Nutrition Consultative Group, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; (J.C.K.); (R.E.B.); (C.M.M.)
- Departments of Pediatrics and Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Sant-Rayn Pasricha
- Population Health and Immunity Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; (T.H.); (C.B.); (R.A.); (K.S.); (N.Y.); (R.W.)
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia; (P.H.); (D.A.-Z.)
- Diagnostic Haematology, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, VIC 3050, Australia
- Clinical Haematology at the Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, VIC 3050, Australia
- Correspondence:
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Tsang BL, Holsted E, McDonald CM, Brown KH, Black R, Mbuya MNN, Grant F, Rowe LA, Manger MS. Effects of Foods Fortified with Zinc, Alone or Cofortified with Multiple Micronutrients, on Health and Functional Outcomes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Adv Nutr 2021; 12:1821-1837. [PMID: 34167148 PMCID: PMC8483949 DOI: 10.1093/advances/nmab065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Revised: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Seventeen per cent of the world's population is estimated to be at risk of inadequate zinc intake, which could in part be addressed by zinc fortification of widely consumed foods. We conducted a review of efficacy and effectiveness studies to ascertain the effect of zinc fortification [postharvest fortification of an industrially produced food or beverage; alone or with multiple micronutrients (MMN)] on a range of health outcomes. Previous reviews have required that the effect of zinc be isolated; because zinc is always cofortified with MMN in existing fortification programs, we did not impose this condition. Outcomes assessed were zinc-related biomarkers (plasma or serum, hair or urine zinc concentrations, comet assay, plasma fatty acid concentrations, and the proportion of and total zinc absorbed in the intestine from the diet), child anthropometry, morbidity, mortality, cognition, plasma or serum iron and copper concentrations, and for observational studies, a change in consumption of the food vehicle. Fifty-nine studies were included in the review; 54 in meta-analyses, totaling 73 comparisons. Zinc fortification with and without MMN increased plasma zinc concentrations (efficacy, n = 27: 4.68 μg/dL; 95% CI: 2.62-6.75; effectiveness, n = 13: 6.28 μg/dL; 95% CI: 5.03-7.77 μg/dL) and reduced the prevalence of zinc deficiency (efficacy, n = 11: OR: 0.76, 95% CI: 0.60-0.96; effectiveness, n = 10: OR: 0.45, 95% CI: 0.31-0.64). There were statistically significant increases in child weight (efficacy, n = 11: 0.43 kg, 95% CI: 0.11-0.75 kg), improvements in short-term auditory memory (efficacy, n = 3: 0.32 point, 95% CI: 0.13-0.50 point), and decreased incidence of diarrhea (efficacy, n = 3: RR: 0.79, 95% CI: 0.68-0.92) and fever (efficacy, n = 2: RR: 0.85, 95% CI: 0.74-0.97). However, these effects cannot be solely attributed to zinc. Our review found that zinc fortification with or without MMN reduced the prevalence of zinc deficiency and may provide health and functional benefits, including a reduced incidence of diarrhea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Becky L Tsang
- IZiNCG Fortification Task Force
- Food Fortification Initiative, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Erin Holsted
- IZiNCG Fortification Task Force
- Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Christine M McDonald
- IZiNCG Fortification Task Force
- International Zinc Nutrition Consultative Group, Oakland, CA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Francisco School of Medicine, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Kenneth H Brown
- IZiNCG Fortification Task Force
- Department of Nutrition and Institute for Global Nutrition, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Robert Black
- IZiNCG Fortification Task Force
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Mduduzi N N Mbuya
- IZiNCG Fortification Task Force
- Global Alliance for Improved Nutrition, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Frederick Grant
- IZiNCG Fortification Task Force
- Helen Keller International, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Laura A Rowe
- IZiNCG Fortification Task Force
- Food Fortification Initiative, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Mari S Manger
- IZiNCG Fortification Task Force
- International Zinc Nutrition Consultative Group, Oakland, CA, USA
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19
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Brown KH, Moore SE, Hess SY, McDonald CM, Jones KS, Meadows SR, Manger MS, Coates J, Alayon S, Osendarp SJM. Increasing the availability and utilization of reliable data on population micronutrient (MN) status globally: the MN Data Generation Initiative. Am J Clin Nutr 2021; 114:862-870. [PMID: 34036318 PMCID: PMC8408880 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/nqab173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Micronutrient (MN) deficiencies can produce a broad array of adverse health and functional outcomes. Young, preschool children and women of reproductive age in low- and middle-income countries are most affected by these deficiencies, but the true magnitude of the problems and their related disease burdens remain uncertain because of the dearth of reliable biomarker information on population MN status. The reasons for this lack of information include a limited understanding by policy makers of the importance of MNs for human health and the usefulness of information on MN status for program planning and management; insufficient professional capacity to advocate for this information and design and implement related MN status surveys; high costs and logistical constraints involved in specimen collection, transport, storage, and laboratory analyses; poor access to adequately equipped and staffed laboratories to complete the analyses reliably; and inadequate capacity to interpret and apply this information for public health program design and evaluation. This report describes the current situation with regard to data availability, the reasons for the lack of relevant information, and the steps needed to correct this situation, including implementation of a multi-component MN Data Generation Initiative to advocate for critical data collection and provide related technical assistance, laboratory services, professional training, and financial support.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth H Brown
- Department of Nutrition and Institute for Global Nutrition, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Sophie E Moore
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Kings College London, London, United Kingdom
- Medical Research Council Unit, The Gambia at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Fajara, The Gambia
| | - Sonja Y Hess
- Department of Nutrition and Institute for Global Nutrition, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Christine M McDonald
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Francisco School of Medicine, San Francisco, CA, USA
- International Zinc Nutrition Consultative Group, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Kerry S Jones
- National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre Nutritional Biomarker Laboratory, Medical Research Council Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah R Meadows
- National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre Nutritional Biomarker Laboratory, Medical Research Council Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Mari S Manger
- International Zinc Nutrition Consultative Group, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jennifer Coates
- Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Silvia Alayon
- United States Agency for International Development Advancing Nutrition, Arlington, VA, USA
- Save the Children, Washington, DC, USA
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20
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Brown KH, McDonald CM, Wessells KR, Hess SY. Testing metal, proving mettle-findings from the 2016-2018 India Comprehensive National Nutrition Survey regarding the prevalence of low serum zinc concentrations among children and adolescents, and their implications for public health. Am J Clin Nutr 2021; 114:407-409. [PMID: 33963741 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/nqab159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth H Brown
- Department of Nutrition, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA.,Institute for Global Nutrition, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Christine M McDonald
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Francisco School of Medicine, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - K Ryan Wessells
- Department of Nutrition, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA.,Institute for Global Nutrition, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Sonja Y Hess
- Department of Nutrition, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA.,Institute for Global Nutrition, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
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21
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Liong EM, McDonald CM, Suh J, Westcott JL, Wong CP, Signorell C, King JC. Zinc-Biofortified Wheat Intake and Zinc Status Biomarkers in Men: Randomized Controlled Trial. J Nutr 2021; 151:1817-1823. [PMID: 34036355 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxab092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Biofortification is a novel method for improving the nutritional value of grains. Wheat is widely consumed worldwide. Thus, wheat zinc biofortification may improve the zinc status of populations. OBJECTIVES We determined the effect of consuming zinc-biofortified wheat on plasma zinc concentrations and biomarkers of zinc-dependent functions in a controlled feeding study. METHODS Thirty-six healthy adult men, aged 18 to 51 y, participated in a 10-wk zinc-controlled feeding trial. After a 2-wk run-in period [metabolic period (MP) 1] (9.3 mg zinc/d and 2.1 g total phytate/d) to standardize zinc status, the participants consumed bread made from zinc-biofortified wheat (10.9 mg zinc/d) with no additional phytate (0.6 g/d total phytate) for 6 wk (MP2). During the final 2 wk (MP3), half of the men took a 25-mg zinc supplement daily to determine if the supplement further altered zinc status biomarkers. Repeated-measures linear regression methods were used to compare plasma zinc concentrations, fatty acid desaturase (FADS) activities, glutathione (GSH) concentrations, and DNA strand breaks assessed at enrollment and the end of each metabolic period. RESULTS Plasma zinc concentrations did not change throughout the study. From the end of MP1 to the end of MP2, the conversion of linoleic acid to γ-linolenic acid (FADS2 activity) increased from 0.020 to 0.025 (P = 0.02), and the conversion of dihomo-γ-linolenic acid to arachidonic acid (FADS1 activity) decreased from 6.37 to 5.53 (P = 0.01). GSH concentrations and DNA strand breaks did not change. Zinc supplementation (25 mg/d) in MP3 did not alter any of the endpoints. CONCLUSIONS In healthy adult men, a 1.6-mg/d increase in dietary zinc from biofortified wheat modified FADS2 and FADS1 activities without changing DNA damage, plasma zinc, or GSH concentrations, demonstrating that FADS activities are more sensitive to small changes in zinc consumed with a meal. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT03451214.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erinn M Liong
- Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, Oakland, CA, USA
| | - Christine M McDonald
- Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, Oakland, CA, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jung Suh
- Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, Oakland, CA, USA
| | | | - Carmen P Wong
- School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | | | - Janet C King
- Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, Oakland, CA, USA.,Department of Nutritional Sciences and Toxicology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
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22
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Greffeuille V, Fortin S, Gibson R, Rohner F, Williams A, Young MF, Houghton L, Ou J, Dijkhuizen MA, Wirth JP, Lander RL, McDonald CM, Suchdev PS, Berger J, Wieringa FT. Associations between Zinc and Hemoglobin Concentrations in Preschool Children and Women of Reproductive Age: An Analysis of Representative Survey Data from the Biomarkers Reflecting Inflammation and Nutritional Determinants of Anemia (BRINDA) Project. J Nutr 2021; 151:1277-1285. [PMID: 33693923 PMCID: PMC8454198 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxaa444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anemia is a worldwide concern. Nutritional deficiencies and inflammation are considered main contributors, but zinc deficiency has only recently been associated with anemia. OBJECTIVES In this study we assessed associations between zinc status and hemoglobin (Hb) concentrations and anemia in preschool children 6-59 mo old (PSC) and nonpregnant women of reproductive age 15-49 y old (WRA) in population-based nutrition surveys. METHODS Cross-sectional data from 13 (PSC) and 12 (WRA) countries within the Biomarkers Reflecting Inflammation and Nutritional Determinants of Anemia (BRINDA) project were used. Multivariable linear models were constructed that included zinc status (plasma/serum zinc concentrations), Hb concentrations and anemia, iron status, age, sex, and inflammation (C-reactive protein and α-1-acid glycoprotein). Zinc was adjusted for inflammation in PSC according to the BRINDA algorithm. RESULTS Data were available for 18,658 PSC and 22,633 WRA. Prevalence of anemia ranged from 7.5% to 73.7% and from 11.5% to 94.7% in PSC and WRA, respectively. Prevalence of zinc deficiency ranged from 9.2% to 78.4% in PSC and from 9.8% to 84.7% in WRA, with prevalence of zinc deficiency >20% in all countries except Azerbaijan (PSC), Ecuador (PSC), and the United Kingdom (WRA). Multivariable linear regression models showed that zinc concentrations were independently and positively associated with Hb concentrations in 7 of 13 countries for PSC and 5 of 12 countries for WRA. In the same models, ferritin concentration was also significantly associated with Hb among PSC and WRA in 9 and 10 countries, respectively. Zinc deficiency was significantly associated with anemia in PSC and WRA in 5 and 4 countries respectively. CONCLUSIONS Zinc deficiency was prevalent in most countries and associations between zinc and Hb in roughly half of the countries examined suggesting that strategies to combat zinc deficiency may help reduce anemia prevalence. More research on mechanisms by which zinc deficiency is associated with anemia and the reasons for the heterogeneity among countries is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerie Greffeuille
- Alimentation, Nutrition, Sante (E6), Qualisud, Université Montpellier, Université Avignon, CIRAD, Institut Agro, IRD, Université de la Reunion, Montpellier, France
| | - Sonia Fortin
- Alimentation, Nutrition, Sante (E6), Qualisud, Université Montpellier, Université Avignon, CIRAD, Institut Agro, IRD, Université de la Reunion, Montpellier, France
| | - Rosalind Gibson
- Department of Human Nutrition, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand,South Australian Health and Medical Institute, Adelaide, Australia
| | | | - Anne Williams
- Division of Nutrition, Physical Activity and Obesity, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA,McKing Consulting Corporation, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Melissa F Young
- Hubert Department of Global Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Lisa Houghton
- Department of Human Nutrition, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Jiangda Ou
- McKing Consulting Corporation, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | | | - Rebecca L Lander
- Department of Human Nutrition, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Christine M McDonald
- UCSF Benioff Children's Hospital Oakland, Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, Oakland, CA, USA
| | - Parminder S Suchdev
- Division of Nutrition, Physical Activity and Obesity, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA,Hubert Department of Global Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Jacques Berger
- Alimentation, Nutrition, Sante (E6), Qualisud, Université Montpellier, Université Avignon, CIRAD, Institut Agro, IRD, Université de la Reunion, Montpellier, France
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23
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McDonald CM, Suchdev PS, Krebs NF, Hess SY, Wessells KR, Ismaily S, Rahman S, Wieringa FT, Williams AM, Brown KH, King JC. Adjusting plasma or serum zinc concentrations for inflammation: Biomarkers Reflecting Inflammation and Nutritional Determinants of Anemia (BRINDA) project. Am J Clin Nutr 2020; 111:927-937. [PMID: 32266402 PMCID: PMC7138668 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/nqz304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The accurate estimation of zinc deficiency at the population level is important, as it guides the design, targeting, and evaluation of nutrition interventions. Plasma or serum zinc concentration (PZC) is recommended to estimate zinc nutritional status; however, concentrations may decrease in the presence of inflammation. OBJECTIVES We aimed to assess the relation between PZC and inflammation in preschool children (PSC; 6-59 mo) and nonpregnant women of reproductive age (WRA; 15-49 y), and to compare different inflammation adjustment approaches, if adjustment is warranted. METHODS Cross-sectional data from 13 nationally representative surveys (18,859 PSC, 22,695 WRA) from the Biomarkers Reflecting Inflammation and Nutritional Determinants of Anemia (BRINDA) project were analyzed. Correlation and decile analyses were conducted, and the following 3 adjustment methods were compared if a consistent negative association between PZC and C-reactive protein (CRP) or α-1-acid glycoprotein (AGP) was observed: 1) exclude individuals with CRP > 5 mg/L or AGP > 1 g/L; 2) apply arithmetic correction factors; and 3) use the BRINDA regression correction (RC) approach. RESULTS In 6 of 12 PSC surveys, the estimated prevalence of zinc deficiency increased with increasing CRP deciles, and to a lesser extent, with increasing AGP deciles. In WRA, the association of PZC with CRP and AGP was weak and inconsistent. In the 6 PSC surveys in which adjustment methods were compared, application of RC reduced the estimated prevalence of zinc deficiency by a median of 11 (range: 4-18) percentage points, compared with the unadjusted prevalence. CONCLUSIONS Relations between PZC and inflammatory markers were inconsistent, suggesting that correlation and decile analyses should be conducted before applying any inflammation adjustments. In populations of PSC that exhibit a significant negative association between PZC and CRP or AGP, application of the RC approach is supported. At this time, there is insufficient evidence to warrant inflammation adjustment in WRA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine M McDonald
- Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, Oakland, CA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Address correspondence to CMM (e-mail: )
| | - Parminder S Suchdev
- Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Nutrition Branch, CDC, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Nancy F Krebs
- Section of Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Sonja Y Hess
- Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - K Ryan Wessells
- Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Sanober Ismaily
- Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Sabuktagin Rahman
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
- School of Medicine, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | | | - Anne M Williams
- Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Nutrition Branch, CDC, Atlanta, GA, USA
- McKing Consulting Corporation, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Kenneth H Brown
- Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Janet C King
- Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, Oakland, CA, USA
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24
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McDonald CM, Ackatia-Armah RS, Doumbia S, Brown KH. Reply to C Fabiansen et al. J Nutr 2019; 149:2265-2266. [PMID: 31792544 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxz1962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Seydou Doumbia
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
| | - Kenneth H Brown
- Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
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25
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McDonald CM, Ackatia-Armah RS, Doumbia S, Brown KH. Reply to C Fabiansen et al. J Nutr 2019. [DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxz196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Seydou Doumbia
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
| | - Kenneth H Brown
- Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
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Gomes F, Bourassa MW, Adu-Afarwuah S, Ajello C, Bhutta ZA, Black R, Catarino E, Chowdhury R, Dalmiya N, Dwarkanath P, Engle-Stone R, Gernand AD, Goudet S, Hoddinott J, Kaestel P, Manger MS, McDonald CM, Mehta S, Moore SE, Neufeld LM, Osendarp S, Ramachandran P, Rasmussen KM, Stewart C, Sudfeld C, West K, Bergeron G. Setting research priorities on multiple micronutrient supplementation in pregnancy. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2019; 1465:76-88. [PMID: 31696532 PMCID: PMC7186835 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.14267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Revised: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Prenatal micronutrient deficiencies are associated with negative maternal and birth
outcomes. Multiple micronutrient supplementation (MMS) during pregnancy is a
cost-effective intervention to reduce these adverse outcomes. However, important knowledge
gaps remain in the implementation of MMS interventions. The Child Health and Nutrition
Research Initiative (CHNRI) methodology was applied to inform the direction of research
and investments needed to support the implementation of MMS interventions for pregnant
women in low- and middle-income countries (LMIC). Following CHNRI methodology guidelines,
a group of international experts in nutrition and maternal health provided and ranked the
research questions that most urgently need to be resolved for prenatal MMS interventions
to be successfully implemented. Seventy-three research questions were received, analyzed,
and reorganized, resulting in 35 consolidated research questions. These were scored
against four criteria, yielding a priority ranking where the top 10 research options
focused on strategies to increase antenatal care attendance and MMS adherence, methods
needed to identify populations more likely to benefit from MMS interventions and some
discovery issues (e.g., potential benefit of extending MMS through lactation). This
exercise prioritized 35 discrete research questions that merit serious consideration for
the potential of MMS during pregnancy to be optimized in LMIC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Zulfiqar A Bhutta
- Centre for Global Child Health, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Center of Excellence in Women and Child Health, the Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Robert Black
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | | | - Ranadip Chowdhury
- Centre for Health Research and Development, Society for Applied Studies, New Delhi, India
| | | | | | | | | | | | - John Hoddinott
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
| | - Pernille Kaestel
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mari S Manger
- IZiNCG, Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, Oakland, California
| | | | - Saurabh Mehta
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
| | - Sophie E Moore
- Department of Women & Children's Health, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Keith West
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
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Lauer JM, McDonald CM, Kisenge R, Aboud S, Fawzi WW, Liu E, Tran HQ, Gewirtz AT, Manji KP, Duggan CP. Markers of Systemic Inflammation and Environmental Enteric Dysfunction Are Not Reduced by Zinc or Multivitamins in Tanzanian Infants: A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Trial. J Pediatr 2019; 210:34-40.e1. [PMID: 30952509 PMCID: PMC6590867 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2019.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Revised: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine whether daily zinc and/or multivitamin supplementation reduce biomarkers of environmental enteric dysfunction (EED), systemic inflammation, or markers of growth in a sample of infants from Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. STUDY DESIGN Subgroup analysis of infants participating in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial received daily oral supplementation of zinc, multivitamins, zinc + multivitamins, or placebo for 18 months starting at 6 weeks of age. EED (anti-flagellin and anti-lipopolysaccharide immunoglobulins), systemic inflammation (C-reactive protein and alpha-1-acid glycoprotein), and growth biomarkers (insulin-like growth factor-1 and insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3) were measured via enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in a subsample of 590 infants at 6 weeks and 6 months of age. EED biomarkers also were measured in 162 infants at 12 months of age. RESULTS With the exception of anti-lipopolysaccharide IgG concentrations, which were significantly greater in infants who received multivitamins compared with those who did not (1.41 ± 0.61 vs 1.26 ± 0.65, P = .006), and insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3 concentrations, which were significantly lower in children who received zinc compared with those who did not (981.13 ± 297.59 vs 1019.10 ± 333.01, P = .03), at 6 months of age, we did not observe any significant treatment effects of zinc or multivitamins on EED, systemic inflammation, or growth biomarkers. CONCLUSIONS Neither zinc nor multivitamin supplementation ameliorated markers of EED or systemic inflammation during infancy. Other interventions should be prioritized for future trials. TRIAL REGISTRATION Clinicaltrials.gov: NCT00421668.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline M Lauer
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA.
| | | | - Rodrick Kisenge
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Said Aboud
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Wafaie W Fawzi
- Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA; Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA; Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | - Enju Liu
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA; Institutional Centers of Clinical and Translational Research, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Hao Q Tran
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA
| | - Andrew T Gewirtz
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA
| | - Karim P Manji
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Christopher P Duggan
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA; Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA; Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
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McDonald CM, Ackatia-Armah RS, Doumbia S, Kupka R, Duggan CP, Brown KH. Percent Fat Mass Increases with Recovery, But Does Not Vary According to Dietary Therapy in Young Malian Children Treated for Moderate Acute Malnutrition. J Nutr 2019; 149:1089-1096. [PMID: 30968123 PMCID: PMC6543204 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxz037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2018] [Revised: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Moderate acute malnutrition (MAM) affects 34.1 million children globally. Treatment effectiveness is generally determined by the amount and rate of weight gain. Body composition (BC) assessment provides more detailed information on nutritional stores and the type of tissue accrual than traditional weight measurements alone. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to compare the change in percentage fat mass (%FM) and other BC parameters among young Malian children with MAM according to receipt of 1 of 4 dietary supplements, and recovery status at the end of the 12-wk intervention period. METHODS BC was assessed using the deuterium oxide dilution method in a subgroup of 286 children aged 6-35 mo who participated in a 12-wk community-based, cluster-randomized effectiveness trial of 4 dietary supplements for the treatment of MAM: 1) lipid-based, ready-to-use supplementary food (RUSF); 2) special corn-soy blend "plus plus" (CSB++); 3) locally processed, fortified flour (MI); or 4) locally milled flours plus oil, sugar, and micronutrient powder (LMF). Multivariate linear regression modeling was used to evaluate change in BC parameters by treatment group and recovery status. RESULTS Mean ± SD %FM at baseline was 28.6% ± 5.32%. Change in %FM did not vary between groups. Children who received RUSF vs. MI gained more (mean; 95% CI) weight (1.43; 1.13, 1.74 kg compared with 0.84; 0.66, 1.03 kg; P = 0.02), FM (0.70; 0.45, 0.96 kg compared with 0.20; 0.05, 0.36 kg; P = 0.01), and weight-for-length z score (1.23; 0.79, 1.54 compared with 0.49; 0.34, 0.71; P = 0.03). Children who recovered from MAM exhibited greater increases in all BC parameters, including %FM, than children who did not recover. CONCLUSIONS In this study population, children had higher than expected %FM at baseline. There were no differences in %FM change between groups. International BC reference data are needed to assess the utility of BC assessment in community-based management of acute malnutrition programs. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT01015950.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine M McDonald
- Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, Oakland, CA,Address correspondence to CMM (e-mail: )
| | | | - Seydou Doumbia
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
| | | | - Christopher P Duggan
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA,Departments of Nutrition, and Global Health and Population, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
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McDonald CM, West S, Dushenski D, Lapinsky SE, Soong C, van den Broek K, Ashby M, Wilde-Friel G, Kan C, McIntyre M, Morris A. Sepsis now a priority: a quality improvement initiative for early sepsis recognition and care. Int J Qual Health Care 2019; 30:802-809. [PMID: 29931166 DOI: 10.1093/intqhc/mzy121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To develop a triage-based screening algorithm and treatment order-sets aimed at improving the quality of care of all patients with sepsis presenting to our emergency department (ED). Design Retrospective cohort study conducted during a pre-intervention period from 1 April 2010 to 31 March 2011 and a post-intervention period from 1 September 2014 to 30 April 2015. Setting A large teaching hospital located in Toronto, Ontario, Canada with a 35-bed ED. Participants All patients meeting pre-specified sepsis criteria during the ED encounter. Main Outcome Measures Process of care measures included time to assessment by emergency physician, lactate measurement, blood culture collection, fluid and antibiotic administration. Intensive care unit (ICU) outcomes including admissions, length of stay (LOS) and deaths were reviewed. Results There were 346 patients pre-intervention, and 270 patients post-intervention. We significantly improved all process measures including mean time to antibiotics by 60 min (P = 0.003) and proportion of patients receiving fluid resuscitation (64.7% vs. 94.4%, P < 0.001). There was no significant difference in the number of patients admitted to ICU (P = 0.14). The median ICU LOS was shorter in the post-intervention group [2.0 days (interquartile range (IQR) 1.0-4.5 days) vs. 5.0 days (IQR 1.5-10.8 days), P = 0.04], and there was no difference in in-hospital mortality between groups (P = 0.27). Conclusions We have demonstrated that a triage-based sepsis screening tool results in expedited and consistent delivery of care, with a significant improvement in initial resuscitation measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine M McDonald
- Division of Respirology, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Sarah West
- Sinai Health System-University Health Network Antimicrobial Stewardship Program, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - David Dushenski
- Departments of Emergency Medicine and Family Medicine, Sinai Health System, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Stephen E Lapinsky
- Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Sinai Health System and University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Christine Soong
- Department of Medicine, Sinai Health System, Centre for Quality Improvement and Patient Safety, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Institute for Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Kate van den Broek
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Sinai Health System and University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Melanie Ashby
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Sinai Health System, Lawrence S. Bloomberg Faculty of Nursing, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | | | - Carrie Kan
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Sinai Health System, Lawrence S. Bloomberg Faculty of Nursing, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Mark McIntyre
- Sinai Health System-University Health Network Antimicrobial Stewardship Program, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Andrew Morris
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Sinai Health System, University Health Network and University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Isanaka S, Barnhart DA, McDonald CM, Ackatia-Armah RS, Kupka R, Doumbia S, Brown KH, Menzies NA. Cost-effectiveness of community-based screening and treatment of moderate acute malnutrition in Mali. BMJ Glob Health 2019; 4:e001227. [PMID: 31139441 PMCID: PMC6509694 DOI: 10.1136/bmjgh-2018-001227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2018] [Revised: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 01/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Moderate acute malnutrition (MAM) causes substantial child morbidity and mortality, accounting for 4.4% of deaths and 6.0% of disability-adjusted life years (DALY) lost among children under 5 each year. There is growing consensus on the need to provide appropriate treatment of MAM, both to reduce associated morbidity and mortality and to halt its progression to severe acute malnutrition. We estimated health outcomes, costs and cost-effectiveness of four dietary supplements for MAM treatment in children 6–35 months of age in Mali. Methods We conducted a cluster-randomised MAM treatment trial to describe nutritional outcomes of four dietary supplements for the management of MAM: ready-to-use supplementary foods (RUSF; PlumpySup); a specially formulated corn–soy blend (CSB) containing dehulled soybean flour, maize flour, dried skimmed milk, soy oil and a micronutrient pre-mix (CSB++; Super Cereal Plus); Misola, a locally produced, micronutrient-fortified, cereal–legume blend (MI); and locally milled flour (LMF), a mixture of millet, beans, oil and sugar, with a separate micronutrient powder. We used a decision tree model to estimate long-term outcomes and calculated incremental cost-effectiveness ratios (ICERs) comparing the health and economic outcomes of each strategy. Results Compared to no MAM treatment, MAM treatment with RUSF, CSB++, MI and LMF reduced the risk of death by 15.4%, 12.7%, 11.9% and 10.3%, respectively. The ICER was US$9821 per death averted (2015 USD) and US$347 per DALY averted for RUSF compared with no MAM treatment. Conclusion MAM treatment with RUSF is cost-effective across a wide range of willingness-to-pay thresholds. Trial registration NCT01015950.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheila Isanaka
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Dale A Barnhart
- Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Robert S Ackatia-Armah
- Department of Nutrition and Program in International and Community Nutrition, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Roland Kupka
- United Nations Children's Fund, Nutrition Section, New York, NY, USA
| | - Seydou Doumbia
- Faculty of Medicine and Odontostomatology, University of Sciences, Techniques and Technology of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
| | - Kenneth H Brown
- Department of Nutrition and Program in International and Community Nutrition, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Nicolas A Menzies
- Global Health and Population, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Blakstad MM, Smith ER, Etheredge A, Locks LM, McDonald CM, Kupka R, Kisenge R, Aboud S, Bellinger D, Sudfeld CR, Fawzi WW, Manji K, Duggan CP. Nutritional, Socioeconomic, and Delivery Characteristics Are Associated with Neurodevelopment in Tanzanian Children. J Pediatr 2019; 207:71-79.e8. [PMID: 30559023 PMCID: PMC6440850 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2018.10.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2018] [Revised: 10/19/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate the hypothesis that various maternal, socioeconomic, delivery, and infant nutritional characteristics are associated with early childhood development in young Tanzanian children. STUDY DESIGN We performed a prospective cohort study among 206 HIV-exposed, uninfected and 247 HIV-unexposed Tanzanian infants who had been enrolled in 2 separate micronutrient trials (NCT00197730 and NCT00421668). Trained nurses administered culturally modified Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development, 3rd edition (BSID-III), to evaluate cognitive, motor, and language development at 15 months of age. This analysis explored predictors of BSID-III z-scores using multivariable linear regression. RESULTS Among maternal determinants, we found that low maternal height predicted all BSID-III domains in HIV-unexposed children; low maternal education predicted lower cognitive (standardized mean difference, -0.41; 95% CI, -0.74 to -0.08) and lower gross motor scores (standardized mean difference, -0.32; 95% CI, -0.61 to -0.04) in HIV-exposed children. Among delivery characteristics, facility delivery predicted higher cognitive scores (standardized mean difference, 1.36; 95% CI, 0.26-2.46); and oxytocin administration predicted lower fine motor scores (standardized mean difference, -0.48; 95% CI, -0.87 to -0.09) in HIV-exposed children. Higher length-for-age z-scores at 6 weeks of age predicted better cognitive (standardized mean difference, 0.15; 95% CI, 0.01-0.29) and expressive language scores (standardized mean difference, 0.16; 95% CI, 0.02-0.29) at 15 months in HIV-exposed infants. CONCLUSIONS This hypothesis-generating study found significant associations between nutritional status and health of the mother and child, and maternal educational attainment, with direct measures of early childhood development at 15 months of age. In addition, several aspects of delivery (facility birth and oxytocin administration) were associated with early childhood development. Future intervention trials should focus on modifiable maternal, infant, and obstetric factors to strengthen the evidence base concerning early childhood development. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT00197730 and NCT00421668.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mia M Blakstad
- Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | - Emily R Smith
- Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA; Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Analee Etheredge
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Lindsey M Locks
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | - Christine M McDonald
- UCSF Benioff Children's Hospital Oakland Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, Oakland, CA
| | | | - Rodrick Kisenge
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Said Aboud
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - David Bellinger
- Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Christopher R Sudfeld
- Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | - Wafaie W Fawzi
- Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA; Department of Nutrition, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA; Department of Epidemiology, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | - Karim Manji
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Christopher P Duggan
- Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA; Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA; Department of Nutrition, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA.
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32
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Smith ER, Manji K, McDonald CM, Gosselin K, Kisenge R, Fawzi W, Gewirtz AT, Duggan C. Early Breastfeeding Initiation, Prelacteal Feeding, and Infant Feeding Are Associated with Biomarkers of Environmental Enteric Dysfunction. FASEB J 2018. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.31.1_supplement.959.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Emily R. Smith
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and NutritionBoston Children's HospitalBostonMA
| | - Karim Manji
- Muhimbili University of Health and Allied SciencesDar es SalaamTanzania
| | - Christine M McDonald
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and NutritionBoston Children's HospitalBostonMA
| | - Kerri Gosselin
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and NutritionBoston Children's HospitalBostonMA
| | - Rodrick Kisenge
- Muhimbili University of Health and Allied SciencesDar es SalaamTanzania
| | - Wafaie Fawzi
- Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public HealthBostonMA
| | - Andrew T Gewirtz
- Center for Inflammation Immunity & InfectionGeorgia State UniversityAtlantaGA
| | - Christopher Duggan
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and NutritionBoston Children's HospitalBostonMA
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McDonald CM, Pierre C, de Perrot M, Darling G, Cypel M, Pierre A, Waddell T, Keshavjee S, Yasufuku K, Czarnecka-Kujawa K. Efficacy and Cost of Awake Thoracoscopy and Video-Assisted Thoracoscopic Surgery in the Undiagnosed Pleural Effusion. Ann Thorac Surg 2018; 106:361-367. [DOI: 10.1016/j.athoracsur.2018.02.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2017] [Revised: 02/12/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Wastney ME, McDonald CM, King JC. A dynamic model for predicting growth in zinc-deficient stunted infants given supplemental zinc. Am J Clin Nutr 2018; 107:808-816. [PMID: 29722842 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/nqy020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2017] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Zinc deficiency limits infant growth and increases susceptibility to infections, which further compromises growth. Zinc supplementation improves the growth of zinc-deficient stunted infants, but the amount, frequency, and duration of zinc supplementation required to restore growth in an individual child is unknown. A dynamic model of zinc metabolism that predicts changes in weight and length of zinc-deficient, stunted infants with dietary zinc would be useful to define effective zinc supplementation regimens. Objective The aims of this study were to develop a dynamic model for zinc metabolism in stunted, zinc-deficient infants and to use that model to predict the growth response when those infants are given zinc supplements. Design A model of zinc metabolism was developed using data on zinc kinetics, tissue zinc, and growth requirements for healthy 9-mo-old infants. The kinetic model was converted to a dynamic model by replacing the rate constants for zinc absorption and excretion with functions for these processes that change with zinc intake. Predictions of the dynamic model, parameterized for zinc-deficient, stunted infants, were compared with the results of 5 published zinc intervention trials. The model was then used to predict the results for zinc supplementation regimes that varied in the amount, frequency, and duration of zinc dosing. Results Model predictions agreed with published changes in plasma zinc after zinc supplementation. Predictions of weight and length agreed with 2 studies, but overpredicted values from a third study in which other nutrient deficiencies may have been growth limiting; the model predicted that zinc absorption was impaired in that study. Conclusions The model suggests that frequent, smaller doses (5-10 mg Zn/d) are more effective for increasing growth in stunted, zinc-deficient 9-mo-old infants than are larger, less-frequent doses. The dose amount affects the duration of dosing necessary to restore and maintain plasma zinc concentration and growth.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Janet C King
- Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, Oakland, CA
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Islam MM, McDonald CM, Krebs NF, Westcott J, Rahman AE, El Arifeen S, Ahmed T, King JC, Black RE. Study Protocol for a Randomized, Double-Blind, Community-Based Efficacy Trial of Various Doses of Zinc in Micronutrient Powders or Tablets in Young Bangladeshi Children. Nutrients 2018; 10:nu10020132. [PMID: 30720778 PMCID: PMC5852708 DOI: 10.3390/nu10020132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2017] [Revised: 01/14/2018] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Zinc is essential to supporting growth in young children especially for tissues undergoing rapid cellular differentiation and turnover, such as those in the immune system and gastrointestinal tract. Therapeutic zinc supplementation has been initiated in low-income countries as part of diarrhea treatment programs to support these needs for young children, but the effects of preventive supplemental zinc as a tablet or as a multiple micronutrient powder (MNP) on child growth and diarrheal disease are mixed and pose programmatic uncertainties. Thus, a randomized, double-blind community-based efficacy trial of five different doses, forms, and frequencies of preventive zinc supplementation vs. a placebo was designed for a study in children aged 9–11 months in an urban community in Dhaka, Bangladesh. The primary outcomes of this 24-week study are incidence of diarrheal disease and linear growth. Study workers will conduct in-home morbidity checks twice weekly; anthropometry will be measured at baseline, 12 weeks and 24 weeks. Serum zinc and other related biomarkers will be measured in a subsample along with an estimate of the exchangeable zinc pool size using stable isotope techniques in a subgroup. Therapeutic zinc will be provided as part of diarrhea treatment, in accordance with Bangladesh’s national policy. Therefore, the proposed study will determine the additional benefit of a preventive zinc supplementation intervention. The protocol has been approved by the Institutional Review Boards (IRBs) of icddr,b and Children’s Hospital Oakland Research Institute (CHORI). The IRB review process is underway at the University of Colorado Denver as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Munirul Islam
- Nutrition and Clinical Services Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh.
| | | | - Nancy F Krebs
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
| | - Jamie Westcott
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
| | - Ahmed Ehsanur Rahman
- Maternal and Child Health Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh.
| | - Shams El Arifeen
- Maternal and Child Health Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh.
| | - Tahmeed Ahmed
- Nutrition and Clinical Services Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh.
| | - Janet C King
- Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, Oakland, CA 94609, USA.
| | - Robert E Black
- Institute for International Programs, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
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Smith ER, Locks LM, Manji KP, McDonald CM, Kupka R, Kisenge R, Aboud S, Fawzi WW, Duggan CP. Delayed Breastfeeding Initiation Is Associated with Infant Morbidity. J Pediatr 2017; 191:57-62.e2. [PMID: 29173323 PMCID: PMC8011584 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2017.08.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2017] [Revised: 07/06/2017] [Accepted: 08/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the relationship between breastfeeding initiation time and postneonatal mortality, morbidity, and growth through 24 months in a cohort of Tanzanian infants. STUDY DESIGN We included 4203 infants from 2 trials of micronutrient supplementation. We used Cox proportional hazards models or general estimating equations to estimate relative risks. RESULTS A total of 13% of infants initiated breastfeeding >1 hour after birth (n = 536). There was no association between breastfeeding initiation time and risk of all-cause or cause-specific mortality, nor infant growth failure, from 6 weeks to 2 years of age. However, delayed breastfeeding was associated with an increased risk of several common infectious morbidities in early infancy, including upper respiratory infection symptoms and vomiting. Compared with those who initiated breastfeeding within the first hour of birth, delayed breastfeeding initiation was associated with an 11% increased risk of cough (relative risk 1.11, 95% CI 1.02-1.21) and a 48% increased risk of difficulty breathing (relative risk 1.48, 95% CI 1.09-2.01) during the first 6 months. Delayed initiation was associated with a greater risk of difficulty breathing from 6 to 12 months of age, but it was not associated with risk of any other morbidity during this time, nor any morbidity between 12 and 24 months. CONCLUSION Delayed breastfeeding initiation is associated with an increased risk of infant morbidity during the first 6 months of life. Early breastfeeding initiation, along with exclusive and prolonged breastfeeding, should be prioritized and promoted in efforts to improve child health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily R. Smith
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston MA,Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston MA
| | - Lindsey M. Locks
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston MA
| | - Karim P. Manji
- Department of Pediatrics, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | | | - Roland Kupka
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston MA,UNICEF Headquarters, New York, NY
| | - Rodrick Kisenge
- Department of Pediatrics, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Said Aboud
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Wafaie W. Fawzi
- Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston MA,Department of Nutrition, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston MA,Department of Epidemiology, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston MA
| | - Christopher P. Duggan
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston MA,Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston MA,Department of Nutrition, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston MA
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Menon P, McDonald CM, Chakrabarti S. Estimating the cost of delivering direct nutrition interventions at scale: national and subnational level insights from India. Matern Child Nutr 2017; 12 Suppl 1:169-85. [PMID: 27187914 PMCID: PMC6680110 DOI: 10.1111/mcn.12257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
India's national nutrition and health programmes are largely designed to provide evidence-based nutrition-specific interventions, but intervention coverage is low due to a combination of implementation challenges, capacity and financing gaps. Global cost estimates for nutrition are available but national and subnational costs are not. We estimated national and subnational costs of delivering recommended nutrition-specific interventions using the Scaling Up Nutrition (SUN) costing approach. We compared costs of delivering the SUN interventions at 100% scale with those of nationally recommended interventions. Target populations (TP) for interventions were estimated using national population and nutrition data. Unit costs (UC) were derived from programmatic data. The cost of delivering an intervention at 100% coverage was calculated as (UC*projected TP). Cost estimates varied; estimates for SUN interventions were lower than estimates for nationally recommended interventions because of differences in choice of intervention, target group or unit cost. US$5.9bn/year are required to deliver a set of nationally recommended nutrition interventions at scale in India, while US$4.2bn are required for the SUN interventions. Cash transfers (49%) and food supplements (40%) contribute most to costs of nationally recommended interventions, while food supplements to prevent and treat malnutrition contribute most to the SUN costs. We conclude that although such costing is useful to generate broad estimates, there is an urgent need for further costing studies on the true unit costs of the delivery of nutrition-specific interventions in different local contexts to be able to project accurate national and subnational budgets for nutrition in India.
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Affiliation(s)
- Purnima Menon
- International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI), New Delhi, India
| | - Christine M McDonald
- Famine Early Warning Systems Network (FEWS NET), Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Suman Chakrabarti
- International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI), New Delhi, India
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Carter RC, Kupka R, Manji K, McDonald CM, Aboud S, Erhardt JG, Gosselin K, Kisenge R, Liu E, Fawzi W, Duggan CP. Zinc and multivitamin supplementation have contrasting effects on infant iron status: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Eur J Clin Nutr 2017; 72:130-135. [PMID: 28876332 PMCID: PMC5762262 DOI: 10.1038/ejcn.2017.138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2016] [Revised: 06/09/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Zinc supplementation adversely affects iron status in animal and adult human studies but few, trials have included young infants. OBJECTIVE To determine the effects of zinc and multivitamin supplementation on infant hematologic and iron status. METHODS In a double-blind RCT, Tanzanian infants were randomized to daily, oral zinc (Zn), multivitamins (MV), Zn and MV, or placebo treatment arms at age 6 wk. Hemoglobin concentration (Hb) and red blood cell indices were measured at baseline and at 6, 12, and 18 mo of age. Plasma samples from 589 infants were examined for iron deficiency (ID) at 6 mo. RESULTS In logistic regression models, Zn treatment was associated with greater odds of ID (OR 1.8 [95% CI 1.0–3.3]), and MV treatment was associated with lower odds (OR 0.49 [95% CI 0.3–0.9]). In Cox models, MV were associated with a 28% reduction in risk of severe anemia (HR=0.72 [95% Cl 0.56–0.94]) and a 26% reduction in risk of severe microcytic anemia (HR=0.74 [0.56–0.96]) through 18 months. No effects of Zn on risk of anemia were seen. Infants treated with MV alone had higher mean Hb (9.9 g/dL [95% CI 9.7–10.1]) than those given placebo (9.6 g/dL [9.4–9.8]) or Zn alone (9.6 g/dL [9.4–9.7]). CONCLUSIONS MV treatment improved iron status in infancy, whereas Zn worsened iron status but without an associated increase in risk for anemia. Infants in long-term zinc supplementation programs at risk for ID may benefit from screening and/or the addition of a multivitamin supplement.
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Affiliation(s)
- R C Carter
- Division of Pediatric Emergency Medicine and the Institute for Human Nutrition, Columbia and the Institute for Human Nutrition, Columbia, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - R Kupka
- Department of Nutrition, UNICEF, New York, NY, USA
| | - K Manji
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - C M McDonald
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - S Aboud
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | | | - K Gosselin
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - R Kisenge
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - E Liu
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - W Fawzi
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - C P Duggan
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Nutrition, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
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Locks LM, Mwiru RS, Mtisi E, Manji KP, McDonald CM, Liu E, Kupka R, Kisenge R, Aboud S, Gosselin K, Gillman M, Gewirtz AT, Fawzi WW, Duggan CP. Infant Nutritional Status and Markers of Environmental Enteric Dysfunction are Associated with Midchildhood Anthropometry and Blood Pressure in Tanzania. J Pediatr 2017; 187:225-233.e1. [PMID: 28499715 PMCID: PMC5533170 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2017.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2016] [Revised: 02/09/2017] [Accepted: 04/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess whether growth and biomarkers of environmental enteric dysfunction in infancy are related to health outcomes in midchildhood in Tanzania. STUDY DESIGN Children who participated in 2 randomized trials of micronutrient supplements in infancy were followed up in midchildhood (4.6-9.8 years of age). Anthropometry was measured at age 6 and 52 weeks in both trials, and blood samples were available from children at 6 weeks and 6 months from 1 trial. Linear regression was used for height-for-age z-score, body mass index-for-age z-score, and weight for age z-score, and blood pressure analyses; log-binomial models were used to estimate risk of overweight, obesity, and stunting in midchildhood. RESULTS One hundred thirteen children were followed-up. Length-for-age z-score at 6 weeks and delta length-for-age z-score from 6 to 52 weeks were associated independently and positively with height-for-age z-score and inversely associated with stunting in midchildhood. Delta weight-for-length and weight-for-age z-score were also positively associated with midchildhood height-for-age z-score. The 6-week and delta weight-for-length z-scores were associated independently and positively with midchildhood body mass index-for-age z-score and overweight, as was the 6-week and delta weight-for-age z-score. Delta length-for-age z-score was also associated with an increased risk of overweight in midchildhood. Body mass index-for-age z-score in midchildhood was associated positively with systolic blood pressure. Serum anti-flagellin IgA concentration at 6 weeks was also associated with increased blood pressure in midchildhood. CONCLUSIONS Anthropometry at 6 weeks and growth in infancy independently predict size in midchildhood, while anti-flagellin IgA, a biomarker of environmental enteric dysfunction, in early infancy is associated with increased blood pressure in midchildhood. Interventions in early life should focus on optimizing linear growth while minimizing excess weight gain and environmental enteric dysfunction. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT00197730 and NCT00421668.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsey M. Locks
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | | | | | - Karim P. Manji
- Departments of Pediatrics and Child Health, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Christine M. McDonald
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Enju Liu
- Clinical Research Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Roland Kupka
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA,UNICEF Headquarters, New York, NY
| | - Rodrick Kisenge
- Departments of Pediatrics and Child Health, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Said Aboud
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Muhimbili University of Health Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Kerri Gosselin
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Matthew Gillman
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA,Department of Population Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Andrew T. Gewirtz
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA
| | - Wafaie W. Fawzi
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA,Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA,Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | - Christopher P. Duggan
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA,Departments of Pediatrics and Child Health, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania,Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA,Reprint requests: Christopher P. Duggan, MD, MPH, Center for Nutrition, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Boston Children's Hospital, 333 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA 02115.Center for NutritionDivision of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and NutritionBoston Children's Hospital333 Longwood AveBostonMA02115
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Liu E, Manji KP, McDonald CM, Gosselin K, Kisenge R, Fawzi WW, Gewirtz AT, Duggan CP. Preterm Birth and Biomarkers of Environmental Enteric Dysfunction among Infants in Tanzania. FASEB J 2017. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.31.1_supplement.649.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Enju Liu
- Boston Children's HospitalBostonMA
| | - Karim P Manji
- Pediatrics and Child HealthMuhimbili University of Health and Allied ScienceDar es SalaamTanzania
| | | | | | - Rodrick Kisenge
- Muhimbili University of Health and Allied ScienceDar es SalaamTanzania
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Locks LM, Mwiru RS, Mtisi E, Manji KP, McDonald CM, Liu E, Kupka R, Kisenge R, Aboud S, Gosselin K, Gillman MW, Gewirtz AT, Fawzi WW, Duggan CP. Infant nutritional status and markers of environmental enteric dysfunction are associated with mid‐childhood anthropometry and blood pressure in Tanzania. FASEB J 2017. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.31.1_supplement.639.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Karim P Manji
- Muhimbili University of Health and Allied SciencesDar es SalaamTanzania
| | | | - Enju Liu
- Boston Children's HospitalBostonMA
| | - Roland Kupka
- United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF)New YorkNY
- Harvard TH Chan School of Public HealthBostonMA
| | - Rodrick Kisenge
- Muhimbili University of Health and Allied SciencesDar es SalaamTanzania
| | - Said Aboud
- Muhimbili University of Health and Allied SciencesDar es SalaamTanzania
| | | | - Mathew W Gillman
- Harvard TH Chan School of Public HealthBostonMA
- Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMA
| | | | | | - Christopher P Duggan
- Harvard TH Chan School of Public HealthBostonMA
- Boston Children's HospitalBostonMA
- Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMA
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Gosselin KB, Aboud S, McDonald CM, Moyo S, Khavari N, Manji K, Kisenge R, Fawzi W, Kellogg M, Tran HQ, Kibiki G, Gratz J, Liu J, Gewirtz A, Houpt E, Duggan C. Etiology of Diarrhea, Nutritional Outcomes, and Novel Intestinal Biomarkers in Tanzanian Infants. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2017; 64:104-108. [PMID: 27347720 PMCID: PMC5183517 DOI: 10.1097/mpg.0000000000001323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Diarrheal diseases are a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, but the etiology of diarrhea and its relation to nutritional outcomes in resource-limited settings is poorly defined. We sought to determine the etiology of community-acquired diarrhea in Tanzanian infants and to assess the association with anthropometrics and novel intestinal biomarkers. METHODS A convenience sample of infants in a trial of zinc and/or multivitamin supplementation in Tanzania was selected. Subjects were enrolled at age 6 weeks and studied for 18 months. Stool samples were obtained from children with acute diarrhea. A novel, polymerase chain reaction-based TaqMan array was used to screen stool for 15 enteropathogens. A subset of subjects had serum gastrointestinal biomarkers measured. RESULTS One hundred twenty-three subjects with diarrhea were enrolled. The mean ± SD age at stool sample collection was 12.4 ± 3.9 months. Thirty-five enteropathogens were identified in 34 (27.6%) subjects: 11 rotavirus, 9 Cryptosporidium spp, 7 Shigella spp, 3 Campylobacter jejuni/coli, 3 heat stable-enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli, and 2 enteropathogenic E coli. Subjects with any identified enteropathogen had significantly lower weight-for-length z scores (-0.55 ± 1.10 vs 0.03 ± 1.30, P = 0.03) at the final clinic visit than those without an identified pathogen. Fifty of the 123 subjects (40.7%) had serum analyzed for antibodies to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and flagellin. Subjects with any identified enteropathogen had lower immunoglobulin (IgA) antibodies to LPS (0.75 ± 0.27 vs 1.13 ± 0.77, P = 0.01) and flagellin (0.52 ± 0.16 vs 0.73 ± 0.47, P = 0.02) than those without an identified pathogen. CONCLUSIONS This quantitative polymerase chain reaction method may allow identification of enteropathogens that place children at higher risk for suboptimal growth. IgA anti-LPS and flagellin antibodies hold promise as emerging intestinal biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerri B Gosselin
- *Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, UMass Memorial Children's Medical Center, Worcester †Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston MA ‡Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania §Lucile Packard Children's Hospital at Stanford, Palo Alto, CA ||Departments of Nutrition and Global Health and Population, Harvard School of Public Health ¶Department of Laboratory Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA #Department of Biology, Georgia State University, Atlanta **Kilimanjaro Clinical Research Institute, Moshi, Tanzania ††Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, University of Virginia, Charlottesville
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Mishra PE, Shastri L, Thomas T, Duggan C, Bosch R, McDonald CM, Kurpad AV, Kuriyan R. Waist-to-Height Ratio as an Indicator of High Blood Pressure in Urban Indian School Children. Indian Pediatr 2016; 52:773-8. [PMID: 26519712 DOI: 10.1007/s13312-015-0715-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the utility of waist-to-height ratio to identify risk of high blood pressure when compared to body mass index and waist circumference in South Indian urban school children. DESIGN Secondary data analysis from a cross-sectional study. SETTING Urban schools around Bangalore, India. PARTICIPANTS 1913 children (58.1% males) aged 6-16 years with no prior history of chronic illness (PEACH study). METHODS Height, weight, waist circumference and of blood pressure were measured. Children with blood pressure ?90th percentile of age-, sex-, and height-adjusted standards were labelled as having high blood pressure. RESULTS 13.9% had a high waist-to-height ratio, 15.1% were overweight /obese and 21.7% had high waist circumference. High obesity indicators were associated with an increased risk of high blood pressure. The adjusted risk ratios (95% CI) of high systolic blood pressure with waist-to-height ratio, body mass index and waist circumference were 2.48 (1.76, 3.47), 2.59 (1.66, 4.04) and 2.38 (1.74, 3.26), respectively. Similar results were seen with high diastolic blood pressure. CONCLUSION Obesity indicators, especially waist-to-height ratio due to its ease of measurement, can be useful initial screening tools for risk of high blood pressure in urban Indian school children.
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Affiliation(s)
- P E Mishra
- St. Johns Medical College, and; Divisions of #Epidemiology and Biostatistics, and Nutrition, St. Johns Research Institute; Bangalore, India; Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, and Boston Childrens Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Biostatistics, Harvard School of Public Health; Boston, MA, USA. Correspondence to: Dr Rebecca Kuriyan, Division of Nutrition, St. Johns Research Institute, Bangalore 560 034, India.
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McDonald CM, Manji KP, Gosselin K, Tran H, Liu E, Kisenge R, Aboud S, Fawzi WW, Gewirtz AT, Duggan CP. Elevations in serum anti-flagellin and anti-LPS Igs are related to growth faltering in young Tanzanian children. Am J Clin Nutr 2016; 103:1548-54. [PMID: 27121948 PMCID: PMC4881001 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.116.131409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Accepted: 03/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antibodies to LPS and flagellin have been described as indirect measures of increased gastrointestinal permeability and may be markers of environmental enteric dysfunction (EED), which is a condition associated with poor child growth. OBJECTIVE We assessed whether LPS- and flagellin-specific immunoglobulin (Ig) concentrations were associated with poor growth in young Tanzanian children at risk of EED. DESIGN Blood samples were obtained from 590 children at 6 wk, 6 mo, and 12 mo of age. Serum LPS- and flagellin-specific Ig concentrations (IgA and IgG) were measured with the use of an ELISA. Growth was measured on a monthly basis for 18 mo. RESULTS Anti-LPS and anti-flagellin IgA and IgG concentrations increased over the first year of life and were higher than concentrations (measured at 9 mo of age) in healthy controls. Children with anti-flagellin IgA, anti-LPS IgA, anti-flagellin IgG, and anti-LPS IgG concentrations in the highest quartile at 6 wk of age were 2.02 (95% CI: 1.11, 3.67), 1.84 (95% CI: 1.03, 3.27), 1.94 (95% CI: 1.04, 3.62), and 2.31 (95% CI: 1.25, 4.27) times, respectively, more likely to become underweight (weight-for-age z score <-2) after adjustment for covariates (P-trend < 0.05) than were children with Ig concentrations in the lowest quartile. Children with increased concentrations of anti-flagellin IgA were also more likely to become wasted; however, there was no association between any of the markers and subsequent stunting. CONCLUSION Serologic measures of increased intestinal permeability to bacterial components are associated with subsequent poor growth and could help identify children who may benefit most from preventive interventions. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT00421668.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine M McDonald
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA
| | | | - Kerri Gosselin
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Hao Tran
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA; and
| | - Enju Liu
- Departments of Global Health and Population
| | | | - Said Aboud
- Microbiology and Immunology, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Wafaie W Fawzi
- Departments of Global Health and Population, Epidemiology, and Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | - Andrew T Gewirtz
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA; and
| | - Christopher P Duggan
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA; Departments of Global Health and Population, Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
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Locks LM, Manji KP, McDonald CM, Kupka R, Kisenge R, Aboud S, Wang M, Bellinger DC, Fawzi WW, Duggan CP. The effect of daily zinc and/or multivitamin supplements on early childhood development in Tanzania: results from a randomized controlled trial. Matern Child Nutr 2016; 13. [PMID: 27189038 DOI: 10.1111/mcn.12306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2015] [Revised: 12/22/2015] [Accepted: 01/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Impaired childhood development has lifelong consequences for educational attainment and wage-earning potential. Micronutrient supplements have the potential to improve development. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of daily zinc and/or multivitamin (vitamins C, E and B-complex) supplements on development among Tanzanian infants. In this randomized, 2 × 2 factorial, double-blind trial, 2400 infants were randomized to zinc (Zn), multivitamins (MV), zinc and multivitamins (Zn + MV) or placebo at 6 weeks of age. At approximately 15 months, a sub-sample of 247 children underwent developmental assessment using the cognitive, language (receptive and expressive) and motor (fine and gross) scales of the Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development Third Edition (BSID-III). Mean BSID-III scores were compared using univariate and multivariate linear regression models adjusted for child's sex, post-conceptual age and test administrator. Logistic regressions were used to assess odds of low developmental scores. We did not detect a significant difference in mean BSID-III scores in any of the five domains in univariate or multivariate models comparing each of the four treatment groups. We also did not detect a significant difference in mean BSID-III scores when comparing children who received zinc supplements versus those who did not, or in comparisons of children who received multivitamin supplements versus those who did not. There was no significant difference in odds of a low BSID-III score in any of the five domains in treatment arms either. Because neither daily zinc nor multivitamin (vitamins B-complex, C and E) supplementation led to improvements in any of the developmental domains assessed using the BSID-III, we recommend pursuing alternative interventions to promote early childhood development in vulnerable populations. © 2016 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsey M Locks
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Karim P Manji
- Department of Pediatrics, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Christine M McDonald
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Roland Kupka
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.,UNICEF Headquarters, New York, NY, USA
| | - Rodrick Kisenge
- Department of Pediatrics, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Said Aboud
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Molin Wang
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - David C Bellinger
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Wafaie W Fawzi
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Christopher P Duggan
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.,Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
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McDonald CM, McLean J, Kroeun H, Talukder A, Lynd LD, Green TJ. Correlates of household food insecurity and low dietary diversity in rural Cambodia. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 2016; 24:720-30. [PMID: 26693758 DOI: 10.6133/apjcn.2015.24.4.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to identify correlates of household food insecurity and poor dietary diversity in rural Cambodia. Trained interviewers administered a survey to 900 households in four rural districts of Prey Veng Province, Cambodia. The Household Food Insecurity Access Scale (HFIAS) and Household Dietary Diversity Score (HDDS) were used to assess household food insecurity and dietary diversity. Multivariate logistic regression models were constructed to identify independent correlates of household food insecurity and poor dietary diversity (HDDS<or=3). The mean±SD HFIAS and HDDS scores were 5.3±3.9 and 4.7±1.6, respectively. The respective prevalence of mild, moderate, and severe food insecurity were 33%, 37%, and 12%; and 23% of households had an HDDS<or=3. In multivariate analyses, several indicators of socioeconomic status, and ownership of agricultural land were associated with household food security status, although the latter association lost its significance in models that adjusted for household income. Similarly, although ownership of agricultural and homestead land was initially associated with poorer dietary diversity, income mitigated these associations. The presence of electricity and vegetable production were the only other variables that were significantly associated with both outcomes. In this rural area of Cambodia, the prevalence of any degree of household food insecurity was very high and dietary diversity was generally low. Interventions to improve food security and dietary diversity should encompass income-generating activities and be targeted toward the poorest households.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine M McDonald
- Famine Early Warning Systems Network, 1747 Pennsylvania Ave NW, Washington DC, USA
| | - Judy McLean
- Faculty of Land and Food Systems, University of British Columbia, Vancouver BC, Canada
| | - Hou Kroeun
- Helen Keller International, Asia Pacific Regional Office, Phnom Penh, Kingdom of Cambodia
| | - Aminuzzaman Talukder
- Helen Keller International, Asia Pacific Regional Office, Phnom Penh, Kingdom of Cambodia
| | - Larry D Lynd
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver BC, Canada
| | - Timothy J Green
- Faculty of Land and Food Systems, University of British Columbia, Vancouver BC, Canada.
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Locks LM, Manji KP, McDonald CM, Kupka R, Kisenge R, Aboud S, Wang M, Fawzi WW, Duggan CP. Effect of zinc and multivitamin supplementation on the growth of Tanzanian children aged 6-84 wk: a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind trial. Am J Clin Nutr 2016; 103:910-8. [PMID: 26817503 PMCID: PMC4763494 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.115.120055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2015] [Accepted: 12/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Poor child growth increases risks of mortality and morbidity. Micronutrient supplements have the potential to improve child growth. OBJECTIVE We assessed the effect of daily zinc, multivitamin (vitamins C, E, and B-complex), and zinc and multivitamin (Zn+MV) supplementation on growth in infants in Tanzania. DESIGN In this randomized, 2 × 2 factorial, double-blind trial, 2400 infants were randomly assigned to receive zinc, multivitamins, Zn+MVs, or a placebo at 6 wk of age and were followed up for 18 mo with monthly growth measurements. Mixed-effects models with restricted cubic splines for the mean change in anthropometric z scores were fit for each group. Likelihood ratio tests were used to compare the effect of supplements on growth trajectories. Cox proportional hazards models were used to compare incidences of stunting, wasting, and underweight. RESULTS Children in all groups experienced growth faltering. At 19 mo of age, prevalences of stunting, wasting, and underweight were 19.8%, 6.0%, and 10.8%, respectively. Changes in weight-for-age z scores (WAZs) and weight-for-height z scores (WHZs) were significantly different across the 4 groups (P < 0.001 for both). The mean ± SE decline in the WAZ from baseline to the end of follow-up in the Zn+MV group was significantly less than in the placebo group (-0.36 ± 0.04 compared with -0.50 ± 0.04; P = 0.020), whereas the decline in the WHZ was significantly greater in the zinc-only group than in the placebo group (-0.57 ± 0.07 compared with -0.35 ± 0.07; P = 0.021). Supplements did not have a significant effect on mean change in the height-for-age z score or on rates of stunting, wasting, or underweight. CONCLUSIONS Although there were small but significant improvements in the WAZ in the Zn+MV group, daily zinc supplementation alone, multivitamin supplementation alone, and the combined Zn+MV did not reduce the incidences of underweight, stunting, or wasting in Tanzanian infants. Alternative approaches to prevent growth faltering should be pursued. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT00421668.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Christine M McDonald
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA; and
| | - Roland Kupka
- Departments of Nutrition, UNICEF Headquarters, New York, NY
| | | | - Said Aboud
- Microbiology and Immunology, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | | | - Wafaie W Fawzi
- Departments of Nutrition, Epidemiology, and Global Health and Population, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | - Christopher P Duggan
- Departments of Nutrition, Global Health and Population, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA; Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA; and
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McDonald CM, Manji KP, Kisenge R, Aboud S, Spiegelman D, Fawzi WW, Duggan CP. Daily Zinc but Not Multivitamin Supplementation Reduces Diarrhea and Upper Respiratory Infections in Tanzanian Infants: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial. J Nutr 2015; 145:2153-60. [PMID: 26203094 PMCID: PMC4548161 DOI: 10.3945/jn.115.212308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2015] [Accepted: 06/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although various micronutrient regimens have been shown to prevent and treat common infectious diseases in children, the effects of daily multivitamin (MV) and/or zinc supplementation have not been widely evaluated in young African infants. OBJECTIVE The objective was to determine whether daily supplementation of HIV-unexposed Tanzanian infants with MVs or zinc reduces the risk of infectious morbidity compared with placebo. METHODS In a 2 × 2 factorial, double-blind, randomized controlled trial, 2400 infants who were 6 wk of age and born to HIV-negative mothers in a low-malaria setting were randomly assigned to receive daily oral supplementation of MVs (vitamin B complex and vitamins C and E), zinc, zinc + MVs, or placebo for 18 mo. Morbidity was assessed by study nurses at monthly visits and by physicians every 3 mo and/or when the child was acutely ill. RESULTS No significant differences were found in the percentage of nurse visits during which diarrhea, cough, or any other symptom were reported throughout the previous month when receiving either zinc or MVs. However, physician diagnoses of all types of diarrhea (RR = 0.88; 95% CI: 0.81, 0.96; P = 0.003), dysentery (RR = 0.84; 95% CI: 0.74, 0.95; P = 0.006), and acute upper respiratory infection (RR = 0.92; 95% CI: 0.88, 0.97; P = 0.0005) were significantly lower for infants supplemented with zinc than for those who did not receive zinc. Among the 2360 infants for whom vital status was obtained, there was a nonsignificant increase in all-cause mortality among infants who received zinc (HR = 1.80; 95% CI: 0.98, 3.31; P = 0.06) compared with those who did not receive zinc. MVs did not alter the rates of any recorded physician diagnoses or mortality. Neither zinc nor MVs reduced hospitalizations or unscheduled outpatient visits. CONCLUSIONS Daily zinc supplementation of Tanzanian infants beginning at the age of 6 wk may lower the burden of diarrhea and acute upper respiratory infections, but provision of MVs using the regimen in this trial did not confer additional benefit. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT00421668.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine M McDonald
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA
| | | | | | - Said Aboud
- Microbiology and Immunology, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; and
| | | | - Wafaie W Fawzi
- Departments of Epidemiology,,Nutrition, and,Global Health and Population, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | - Christopher P Duggan
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA; Nutrition, and Global Health and Population, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Raphael
- Institute of Health Policy Management and Evaluation (Detsky), University of Toronto; Department of Medicine (Raphael, McDonald, Detsky), University of Toronto; Departments of Medicine (Raphael, McDonald, Detsky), Mount Sinai Hospital and University Health Network, Toronto, Ont
| | - Christine M McDonald
- Institute of Health Policy Management and Evaluation (Detsky), University of Toronto; Department of Medicine (Raphael, McDonald, Detsky), University of Toronto; Departments of Medicine (Raphael, McDonald, Detsky), Mount Sinai Hospital and University Health Network, Toronto, Ont
| | - Allan S Detsky
- Institute of Health Policy Management and Evaluation (Detsky), University of Toronto; Department of Medicine (Raphael, McDonald, Detsky), University of Toronto; Departments of Medicine (Raphael, McDonald, Detsky), Mount Sinai Hospital and University Health Network, Toronto, Ont.
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Ackatia-Armah RS, McDonald CM, Doumbia S, Erhardt JG, Hamer DH, Brown KH. Malian children with moderate acute malnutrition who are treated with lipid-based dietary supplements have greater weight gains and recovery rates than those treated with locally produced cereal-legume products: a community-based, cluster-randomized trial. Am J Clin Nutr 2015; 101:632-45. [PMID: 25733649 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.113.069807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Moderate acute malnutrition (MAM), defined as weight-for-length z score between -3 and -2 or midupper arm circumference between 11.5 and 12.5 cm, affects ∼33 million children aged <5 y worldwide. OBJECTIVE The objective was to compare the effects of 4 dietary supplements for the treatment of MAM. DESIGN Twelve community health centers in rural Mali were randomly assigned to provide to 1264 MAM children aged 6-35 mo one of 4 dietary supplements containing ∼500 kcal/d for 12 wk: 1) ready-to-use, lipid-based supplementary food (RUSF); 2) special corn-soy blend (CSB++); 3) locally processed, fortified flour (Misola); or 4) locally milled flours plus oil, sugar, and micronutrient powder (LMF). RESULTS In total, 1178 children (93.2%) completed the study. The adjusted mean (95% CI) change in weight (kg) from baseline was greater with RUSF than with the locally processed blends and was intermediate with CSB++ [1.16 (1.08, 1.24) for RUSF, 1.04 (0.96, 1.13) for CSB++, 0.91 (0.82, 0.99) for Misola, and 0.83 (0.74, 0.92) for LMF; P < 0.001]. For length change, RUSF and CSB++ differed significantly from LMF. Sustained recovery rates were higher with RUSF (73%) than with Misola (61%) and LMF (58%), P < 0.0001; CSB++ recovery rates (68%) did not differ from any of the other groups. CONCLUSIONS RUSF was more effective, but more costly, than other dietary supplements for the treatment of MAM; CSB++ yielded intermediate results. The benefits of treatment should be considered in relation to product costs and availability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert S Ackatia-Armah
- From the Program in Nutrition and Metabolism, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA (RSA-A and DHH); Helen Keller International, New York, NY (RSA-A and KHB); the Program in International and Community Nutrition, University of California, Davis, CA (RSA-A and KHB); the Division of GI/Nutrition, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA (CMM); the Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bamako, Bamako, Mali (SD); the University of Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia (JGE); the Center for Global Health and Development, Boston University, Boston, MA (DHH); and the Department of Global Health, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA (DHH)
| | - Christine M McDonald
- From the Program in Nutrition and Metabolism, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA (RSA-A and DHH); Helen Keller International, New York, NY (RSA-A and KHB); the Program in International and Community Nutrition, University of California, Davis, CA (RSA-A and KHB); the Division of GI/Nutrition, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA (CMM); the Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bamako, Bamako, Mali (SD); the University of Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia (JGE); the Center for Global Health and Development, Boston University, Boston, MA (DHH); and the Department of Global Health, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA (DHH)
| | - Seydou Doumbia
- From the Program in Nutrition and Metabolism, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA (RSA-A and DHH); Helen Keller International, New York, NY (RSA-A and KHB); the Program in International and Community Nutrition, University of California, Davis, CA (RSA-A and KHB); the Division of GI/Nutrition, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA (CMM); the Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bamako, Bamako, Mali (SD); the University of Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia (JGE); the Center for Global Health and Development, Boston University, Boston, MA (DHH); and the Department of Global Health, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA (DHH)
| | - Juergen G Erhardt
- From the Program in Nutrition and Metabolism, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA (RSA-A and DHH); Helen Keller International, New York, NY (RSA-A and KHB); the Program in International and Community Nutrition, University of California, Davis, CA (RSA-A and KHB); the Division of GI/Nutrition, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA (CMM); the Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bamako, Bamako, Mali (SD); the University of Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia (JGE); the Center for Global Health and Development, Boston University, Boston, MA (DHH); and the Department of Global Health, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA (DHH)
| | - Davidson H Hamer
- From the Program in Nutrition and Metabolism, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA (RSA-A and DHH); Helen Keller International, New York, NY (RSA-A and KHB); the Program in International and Community Nutrition, University of California, Davis, CA (RSA-A and KHB); the Division of GI/Nutrition, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA (CMM); the Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bamako, Bamako, Mali (SD); the University of Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia (JGE); the Center for Global Health and Development, Boston University, Boston, MA (DHH); and the Department of Global Health, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA (DHH)
| | - Kenneth H Brown
- From the Program in Nutrition and Metabolism, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA (RSA-A and DHH); Helen Keller International, New York, NY (RSA-A and KHB); the Program in International and Community Nutrition, University of California, Davis, CA (RSA-A and KHB); the Division of GI/Nutrition, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA (CMM); the Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bamako, Bamako, Mali (SD); the University of Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia (JGE); the Center for Global Health and Development, Boston University, Boston, MA (DHH); and the Department of Global Health, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA (DHH)
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