51
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Huang W, Zuo T, Luo X, Jin H, Liu Z, Yang Z, Yu X, Zhang L, Zhang L. Indolizine derivatives as HIV-1 VIF-ElonginC interaction inhibitors. Chem Biol Drug Des 2014; 81:730-41. [PMID: 23405965 DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.12119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2012] [Revised: 12/19/2012] [Accepted: 02/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Compound 1 (VEC-5) was identified as a potent small-molecular HIV-1 viron infectivity factor inhibitor that targets the viron infectivity factor-ElonginC interaction. A structure-activity relationship study was carried out to develop compounds with improved efficacy against HIV-1 and 49 indolizine derivatives of three categories were designed and synthesized. We found that five compounds exhibited promising anti-HIV-1 activity, and the most active compound 2g had an IC50 value of 11.0 μm. These results provide new information to develop highly potent small-molecule HIV-1 viron infectivity factor inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenlin Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
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52
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Thangavelu PU, Gupta V, Dixit NM. Estimating the fraction of progeny virions that must incorporate APOBEC3G for suppression of productive HIV-1 infection. Virology 2014; 449:224-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2013.11.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2013] [Revised: 10/17/2013] [Accepted: 11/19/2013] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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53
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Dürr R, Keppler O, Christ F, Crespan E, Garbelli A, Maga G, Dietrich U. Targeting Cellular Cofactors in HIV Therapy. TOPICS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/7355_2014_45] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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54
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Santa-Marta M, de Brito PM, Godinho-Santos A, Goncalves J. Host Factors and HIV-1 Replication: Clinical Evidence and Potential Therapeutic Approaches. Front Immunol 2013; 4:343. [PMID: 24167505 PMCID: PMC3807056 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2013.00343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2013] [Accepted: 10/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV and human defense mechanisms have co-evolved to counteract each other. In the process of infection, HIV takes advantage of cellular machinery and blocks the action of the host restriction factors (RF). A small subset of HIV+ individuals control HIV infection and progression to AIDS in the absence of treatment. These individuals known as long-term non-progressors (LNTPs) exhibit genetic and immunological characteristics that confer upon them an efficient resistance to infection and/or disease progression. The identification of some of these host factors led to the development of therapeutic approaches that attempted to mimic the natural control of HIV infection. Some of these approaches are currently being tested in clinical trials. While there are many genes which carry mutations and polymorphisms associated with non-progression, this review will be specifically focused on HIV host RF including both the main chemokine receptors and chemokines as well as intracellular RF including, APOBEC, TRIM, tetherin, and SAMHD1. The understanding of molecular profiles and mechanisms present in LTNPs should provide new insights to control HIV infection and contribute to the development of novel therapies against AIDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Santa-Marta
- URIA-Centro de Patogénese Molecular, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa , Lisboa , Portugal ; Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa , Lisboa , Portugal
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55
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De Pasquale M, Kourteva Y, Allos T, D'Aquila RT. Lower HIV provirus levels are associated with more APOBEC3G protein in blood resting memory CD4+ T lymphocytes of controllers in vivo. PLoS One 2013; 8:e76002. [PMID: 24146808 PMCID: PMC3797809 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0076002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2013] [Accepted: 08/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunodeficiency does not progress for prolonged periods in some HLA B57- and/or B27-positive subjects with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV) infection, even in the absence of antiretroviral therapy (ART). These "controllers" have fewer HIV provirus-containing peripheral blood mononuclear cells than "non-controller" subjects, but lymphocytes that harbor latent proviruses were not specifically examined in studies to date. Provirus levels in resting memory cells that can serve as latent reservoirs of HIV in blood were compared here between controllers and ART-suppressed non-controllers. APOBEC3G (A3G), a cellular factor that blocks provirus formation at multiple steps if not antagonized by HIV virion infectivity factor (Vif), was also studied. HLA-linked HIV control was associated with less provirus and more A3G protein in resting CD4+ T central memory (Tcm) and effector memory (Tem) lymphocytes (provirus: p = 0.01 for Tcm and p = 0.02 for Tem; A3G: p = 0.02 for Tcm and p = 0.02 for Tem). Resting memory T cells with the highest A3G protein levels (>0.5 RLU per unit of actin) had the lowest levels of provirus (<1,000 copies of DNA per million cells) in vivo (p = 0.03, Fisher's exact test). Using two different experimental approaches, Vif-positive viruses with more A3G were found to have decreased virion infectivity ex vivo. These results raise the hypothesis that HIV control is associated with increased cellular A3G that may be packaged into Vif-positive virions to add that mode of inhibition of provirus formation to previously described adaptive immune mechanisms for HIV control.
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Affiliation(s)
- MariaPia De Pasquale
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Yordanka Kourteva
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Tara Allos
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Richard T. D'Aquila
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Northwestern HIV Translational Research Center, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
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56
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Ballana E, Esté JA. Insights from host genomics into HIV infection and disease: Identification of host targets for drug development. Antiviral Res 2013; 100:473-86. [PMID: 24084487 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2013.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2013] [Revised: 09/17/2013] [Accepted: 09/20/2013] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
HIV susceptibility and disease progression show a substantial degree of individual heterogeneity, ranging from fast progressors to long-term non progressors or elite controllers, that is, subjects that control infection in the absence of therapy. Recent years have seen a significant increase in understanding of the host genetic determinants of susceptibility to HIV infection and disease progression, driven in large part by candidate gene studies, genome-wide association studies, genome-wide transcriptome analyses, and large-scale functional screens. These studies have identified common variants in host loci that clearly influence disease progression, characterized the scale and dynamics of gene and protein expression changes in response to infection, and provided the first comprehensive catalogue of genes and pathways involved in viral replication. This review highlights the potential of host genomic influences in antiviral therapy by pointing to promising novel drug targets but also providing the basis of the identification and validation of host mechanisms that might be susceptible targets for novel antiviral therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ester Ballana
- IrsiCaixa, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Badalona, Spain.
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57
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Abstract
Zoonotic transmission of Ebola virus (EBOV) to humans causes a severe haemorrhagic fever in afflicted individuals with high case-fatality rates. Neither vaccines nor therapeutics are at present available to combat EBOV infection, making the virus a potential threat to public health. To devise antiviral strategies, it is important to understand which components of the immune system could be effective against EBOV infection. The interferon (IFN) system constitutes a key innate defence against viral infections and prevents development of lethal disease in mice infected with EBOV strains not adapted to this host. Recent research revealed that expression of the host cell IFN-inducible transmembrane proteins 1-3 (IFITM1-3) and tetherin is induced by IFN and restricts EBOV infection, at least in cell culture model systems. IFITMs, tetherin and other effector molecules of the IFN system could thus pose a potent barrier against EBOV spread in humans. However, EBOV interferes with signalling events required for human cells to express these proteins. Here, we will review the strategies employed by EBOV to fight the IFN system, and we will discuss how IFITM proteins and tetherin inhibit EBOV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Kühl
- Institute of Virology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.
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58
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Synthesis of novel substituted N-aryl benzamides as hA3G stabilizers and their inhibitory activities against hepatitis C virus replication. Acta Pharm Sin B 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2013.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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59
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Bonnac LF, Mansky LM, Patterson SE. Structure–Activity Relationships and Design of Viral Mutagens and Application to Lethal Mutagenesis. J Med Chem 2013; 56:9403-14. [DOI: 10.1021/jm400653j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Laurent F. Bonnac
- Center for Drug Design, Academic
Health Center, University of Minnesota,
Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Louis M. Mansky
- Institute for Molecular Virology,
Academic Health Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Steven E. Patterson
- Center for Drug Design, Academic
Health Center, University of Minnesota,
Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
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60
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Zhang Z, Zhai C, Mi Z, Ding J, Zhang Y, Shi X, Li X, Yu L, Li Z, Jiang J, Zhou J, Cen S. Molecular modeling of human APOBEC3G to predict the binding modes of the inhibitor compounds IMB26 and IMB35. Acta Pharm Sin B 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2013.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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61
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Vieira VC, Soares MA. The role of cytidine deaminases on innate immune responses against human viral infections. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 2013:683095. [PMID: 23865062 PMCID: PMC3707226 DOI: 10.1155/2013/683095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2013] [Revised: 05/29/2013] [Accepted: 05/31/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The APOBEC family of proteins comprises deaminase enzymes that edit DNA and/or RNA sequences. The APOBEC3 subgroup plays an important role on the innate immune system, acting on host defense against exogenous viruses and endogenous retroelements. The role of APOBEC3 proteins in the inhibition of viral infection was firstly described for HIV-1. However, in the past few years many studies have also shown evidence of APOBEC3 action on other viruses associated with human diseases, including HTLV, HCV, HBV, HPV, HSV-1, and EBV. APOBEC3 inhibits these viruses through a series of editing-dependent and independent mechanisms. Many viruses have evolved mechanisms to counteract APOBEC effects, and strategies that enhance APOBEC3 activity constitute a new approach for antiviral drug development. On the other hand, novel evidence that editing by APOBEC3 constitutes a source for viral genetic diversification and evolution has emerged. Furthermore, a possible role in cancer development has been shown for these host enzymes. Therefore, understanding the role of deaminases on the immune response against infectious agents, as well as their role in human disease, has become pivotal. This review summarizes the state-of-the-art knowledge of the impact of APOBEC enzymes on human viruses of distinct families and harboring disparate replication strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valdimara C. Vieira
- Programa de Oncovirologia, Instituto Nacional de Câncer, Rua André Cavalcanti, No. 37–4 Andar, Bairro de Fátima, 20231-050 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Marcelo A. Soares
- Programa de Oncovirologia, Instituto Nacional de Câncer, Rua André Cavalcanti, No. 37–4 Andar, Bairro de Fátima, 20231-050 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
- Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, 21949-570 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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62
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Reingewertz TH, Britan-Rosich E, Rotem-Bamberger S, Viard M, Jacobs A, Miller A, Lee JY, Hwang J, Blumenthal R, Kotler M, Friedler A. Mapping the Vif-A3G interaction using peptide arrays: a basis for anti-HIV lead peptides. Bioorg Med Chem 2013; 21:3523-32. [PMID: 23545135 PMCID: PMC7039049 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2013.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2013] [Revised: 02/28/2013] [Accepted: 03/04/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Human apolipoprotein-B mRNA-editing catalytic polypeptide-like 3G (A3G) is a cytidine deaminase that restricts retroviruses, endogenous retro-elements and DNA viruses. A3G plays a key role in the anti-HIV-1 innate cellular immunity. The HIV-1 Vif protein counteracts A3G mainly by leading A3G towards the proteosomal machinery and by direct inhibition of its enzymatic activity. Both activities involve direct interaction between Vif and A3G. Disrupting the interaction between A3G and Vif may rescue A3G antiviral activity and inhibit HIV-1 propagation. Here, mapping the interaction sites between A3G and Vif by peptide array screening revealed distinct regions in Vif important for A3G binding, including the N-terminal domain (NTD), C-terminal domain (CTD) and residues 83-99. The Vif-binding sites in A3G included 12 different peptides that showed strong binding to either full-length Vif, Vif CTD or both. Sequence similarity was found between Vif-binding peptides from the A3G CTD and NTD. A3G peptides were synthesized and tested for their ability to counteract Vif action. A3G 211-225 inhibited HIV-1 replication in cell culture and impaired Vif dependent A3G degradation. In vivo co-localization of full-length Vif with A3G 211-225 was demonstrated by use of FRET. This peptide has the potential to serve as an anti-HIV-1 lead compound. Our results suggest a complex interaction between Vif and A3G that is mediated by discontinuous binding regions with different affinities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tali H. Reingewertz
- Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Safra Campus, Givat Ram, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
- Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Elena Britan-Rosich
- Department of Pathology and the Lautenberg Center for General and Tumor Immunology, The Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
| | - Shahar Rotem-Bamberger
- Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Safra Campus, Givat Ram, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - Mathias Viard
- Center for Cancer Research, Nanobiology Program, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
- Basic Research Program, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Amy Jacobs
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, USA
| | - Abigail Miller
- Physical Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA
- Department of Chemistry, American University, Washington, DC 20016, USA
| | - Ji Youn Lee
- Physical Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA
- Center for Bioanalysis, Division of Metrology for Quality of Life, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science, Daejeon 305-340, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeeseong Hwang
- Physical Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA
| | - Robert Blumenthal
- Center for Cancer Research, Nanobiology Program, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Moshe Kotler
- Department of Pathology and the Lautenberg Center for General and Tumor Immunology, The Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
| | - Assaf Friedler
- Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Safra Campus, Givat Ram, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
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63
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Zych C, Domling A, Ayyavoo V. Development of a robust cell-based high-throughput screening assay to identify targets of HIV-1 viral protein R dimerization. Drug Des Devel Ther 2013; 7:403-12. [PMID: 23737660 PMCID: PMC3668091 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s44139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Targeting protein-protein interactions (PPI) is an emerging field in drug discovery. Dimerization and PPI are essential properties of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 proteins, their mediated functions, and virus biology. Additionally, dimerization is required for the functional interaction of HIV-1 proteins with many host cellular components. In this study, a bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC)-based screening assay was developed that can quantify changes in dimerization, using HIV-1 viral protein R (Vpr) dimerization as a "proof of concept." Results demonstrated that Venus Vpr (generated by BiFC Vpr constructs) could be competed off in a dose-dependent manner using untagged, full-length Vpr as a competitor molecule. The change in signal intensity was measured quantitatively through flow cytometry and fluorescence microscopy in a high content screening assay. High content imaging was used to screen a library of small molecules for an effect on Vpr dimerization. Among the tested molecules, a few of the small molecules demonstrate an effect on Vpr dimerization in a dose-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Courtney Zych
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
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64
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Krisko JF, Martinez-Torres F, Foster JL, Garcia JV. HIV restriction by APOBEC3 in humanized mice. PLoS Pathog 2013; 9:e1003242. [PMID: 23555255 PMCID: PMC3610649 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1003242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2012] [Accepted: 01/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Innate immune restriction factors represent important specialized barriers to zoonotic transmission of viruses. Significant consideration has been given to their possible use for therapeutic benefit. The apolipoprotein B mRNA editing enzyme catalytic polypeptide 3 (APOBEC3) family of cytidine deaminases are potent immune defense molecules capable of efficiently restricting endogenous retroelements as well as a broad range of viruses including Human Immunodeficiency virus (HIV), Hepatitis B virus (HBV), Human Papilloma virus (HPV), and Human T Cell Leukemia virus (HTLV). The best characterized members of this family are APOBEC3G (A3G) and APOBEC3F (A3F) and their restriction of HIV. HIV has evolved to counteract these powerful restriction factors by encoding an accessory gene designated viral infectivity factor (vif). Here we demonstrate that APOBEC3 efficiently restricts CCR5-tropic HIV in the absence of Vif. However, our results also show that CXCR4-tropic HIV can escape from APOBEC3 restriction and replicate in vivo independent of Vif. Molecular analysis identified thymocytes as cells with reduced A3G and A3F expression. Direct injection of vif-defective HIV into the thymus resulted in viral replication and dissemination detected by plasma viral load analysis; however, vif-defective viruses remained sensitive to APOBEC3 restriction as extensive G to A mutation was observed in proviral DNA recovered from other organs. Remarkably, HIV replication persisted despite the inability of HIV to develop resistance to APOBEC3 in the absence of Vif. Our results provide novel insight into a highly specific subset of cells that potentially circumvent the action of APOBEC3; however our results also demonstrate the massive inactivation of CCR5-tropic HIV in the absence of Vif.
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Affiliation(s)
- John F. Krisko
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Center for AIDS Research, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Francisco Martinez-Torres
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Center for AIDS Research, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - John L. Foster
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Center for AIDS Research, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - J. Victor Garcia
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Center for AIDS Research, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
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65
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Is a pacific coexistence between virus and host the unexploited path that may lead to an HIV functional cure? Viruses 2013; 5:753-7. [PMID: 23430684 PMCID: PMC3640524 DOI: 10.3390/v5020753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2013] [Revised: 02/12/2013] [Accepted: 02/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The SupT1 cell line supports optimal HIV-1 replication, and prolonged in vitro replication in SupT1 cells renders the virus significantly less virulent. This raises the question of whether the infusion of SupT1 cells could be used as a cell-based therapy to induce a pacific coexistence between the HIV virus and its human host. In a recent study, I investigated this potential therapeutic strategy in vitro. The results suggested that this approach should be further explored in HIV-susceptible animal models. Such studies may lead to the development of a functional cure for HIV infection.
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66
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Huang W, Zuo T, Jin H, Liu Z, Yang Z, Yu X, Zhang L, Zhang L. Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of indolizine derivatives as HIV-1 VIF-ElonginC interaction inhibitors. Mol Divers 2013; 17:221-43. [PMID: 23378232 DOI: 10.1007/s11030-013-9424-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2012] [Accepted: 01/07/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The HIV-1 viral infectivity factor (VIF) protein is essential for viral replication. VIF recruits cellular ElonginB/C-Cullin5 E3 ubiquitin ligase to target the host antiviral protein APOBEC3G (A3G) for proteasomal degradation. Thus, the A3G-Vif-E3 complex represents an attractive target for the development of novel anti-HIV drugs. In this study, we describe the design and synthesis of indolizine derivatives as VIF inhibitors targeting the VIF-ElonginC interaction. Many of the synthesized compounds exhibited obvious inhibition activities of VIF-mediated A3G degradation, and 5 compounds showed improvement of activity compared to the known VIF inhibitor VEC-5 (1) with IC(50) values about 20 μM. The findings described here will be useful for the development of more potent VIF inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenlin Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
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67
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Zhou M, Luo H, Li R, Ding Z. Exploring the binding mode of HIV-1 Vif inhibitors by blind docking, molecular dynamics and MM/GBSA. RSC Adv 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ra42291g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
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68
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Lisovsky I, Schader SM, Sloan RD, Oliveira M, Coutsinos D, Bernard NF, Wainberg MA. HIV-1 Subtype Variability in Vif Derived from Molecular Clones Affects APOBEC3G-Mediated Host Restriction. Intervirology 2013; 56:258-64. [DOI: 10.1159/000348513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2012] [Accepted: 01/31/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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69
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Stanley DJ, Bartholomeeusen K, Crosby DC, Kim DY, Kwon E, Yen L, Cartozo NC, Li M, Jäger S, Mason-Herr J, Hayashi F, Yokoyama S, Krogan NJ, Harris RS, Peterlin BM, Gross JD. Inhibition of a NEDD8 Cascade Restores Restriction of HIV by APOBEC3G. PLoS Pathog 2012; 8:e1003085. [PMID: 23300442 PMCID: PMC3531493 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1003085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2012] [Accepted: 10/30/2012] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Cellular restriction factors help to defend humans against human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). HIV accessory proteins hijack at least three different Cullin-RING ubiquitin ligases, which must be activated by the small ubiquitin-like protein NEDD8, in order to counteract host cellular restriction factors. We found that conjugation of NEDD8 to Cullin-5 by the NEDD8-conjugating enzyme UBE2F is required for HIV Vif-mediated degradation of the host restriction factor APOBEC3G (A3G). Pharmacological inhibition of the NEDD8 E1 by MLN4924 or knockdown of either UBE2F or its RING-protein binding partner RBX2 bypasses the effect of Vif, restoring the restriction of HIV by A3G. NMR mapping and mutational analyses define specificity determinants of the UBE2F NEDD8 cascade. These studies demonstrate that disrupting host NEDD8 cascades presents a novel antiretroviral therapeutic approach enhancing the ability of the immune system to combat HIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J. Stanley
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Graduate Program in Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Koen Bartholomeeusen
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - David C. Crosby
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Dong Young Kim
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Eunju Kwon
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Linda Yen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Nathalie Caretta Cartozo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Ming Li
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, Institute for Molecular Virology, Center for Genome Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Stefanie Jäger
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Jeremy Mason-Herr
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Fumiaki Hayashi
- RIKEN Systems and Structural Biology Center, Tsurumi, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Shigeyuki Yokoyama
- RIKEN Systems and Structural Biology Center, Tsurumi, Yokohama, Japan
- Department of Biophysics and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nevan J. Krogan
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, QB3, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Reuben S. Harris
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, Institute for Molecular Virology, Center for Genome Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Boris Matija Peterlin
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - John D. Gross
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, QB3, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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70
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Blanco-Melo D, Venkatesh S, Bieniasz PD. Intrinsic cellular defenses against human immunodeficiency viruses. Immunity 2012; 37:399-411. [PMID: 22999946 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2012.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Viral infections are often detrimental to host survival and reproduction. Consequently, hosts have evolved a variety of mechanisms to defend themselves against viruses. A component of this arsenal is a set of proteins, termed restriction factors, which exhibit direct antiviral activity. Among these are several classes of proteins (APOBEC3, TRIM5, Tetherin, and SAMHD1) that inhibit the replication of human and simian immunodeficiency viruses. Here, we outline the features, mechanisms, and evolution of these defense mechanisms. We also speculate on how restriction factors arose, how they might interact with the conventional innate and adaptive immune systems, and how an understanding of these intrinsic cellular defenses might be usefully exploited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Blanco-Melo
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Laboratory of Retrovirology, Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, The Rockefeller University 455 First Avenue New York, NY, 10016
| | - Siddarth Venkatesh
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Laboratory of Retrovirology, Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, The Rockefeller University 455 First Avenue New York, NY, 10016
| | - Paul D Bieniasz
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Laboratory of Retrovirology, Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, The Rockefeller University 455 First Avenue New York, NY, 10016
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71
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Zheng YH, Jeang KT, Tokunaga K. Host restriction factors in retroviral infection: promises in virus-host interaction. Retrovirology 2012; 9:112. [PMID: 23254112 PMCID: PMC3549941 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4690-9-112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2012] [Accepted: 12/09/2012] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Retroviruses have an intricate life cycle. There is much to be learned from studying retrovirus-host interactions. Among retroviruses, the primate lentiviruses have one of the more complex genome structures with three categories of viral genes: structural, regulatory, and accessory genes. Over time, we have gained increasing understanding of the lentivirus life cycle from studying host factors that support virus replication. Similarly, studies on host restriction factors that inhibit viral replication have also made significant contributions to our knowledge. Here, we review recent progress on the rapidly growing field of restriction factors, focusing on the antiretroviral activities of APOBEC3G, TRIM5, tetherin, SAMHD1, MOV10, and cellular microRNAs (miRNAs), and the counter-activities of Vif, Vpu, Vpr, Vpx, and Nef.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Hui Zheng
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | | | - Kenzo Tokunaga
- Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
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72
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Overexpression of inactive tetherin delGPI mutant inhibits HIV-1 Vpu-mediated antagonism of endogenous tetherin. FEBS Lett 2012. [PMID: 23201263 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2012.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Tetherin/BST-2/CD317 inhibits HIV-1 release from infected cells, but the viral Vpu protein efficiently antagonizes this antiviral activity through direct interaction between the transmembrane (TM) domains of each protein. Here, we demonstrated that overexpression of an inactive tetherin delGPI mutant, the TM domain of which could competitively block Vpu targeting of endogenous tetherin, potently inhibited HIV-1 release from human tetherin-positive cells in both transient and stable expression conditions. These results also suggest that heterologous dimerization occurred between the delGPI mutant and endogenous tetherin. These findings suggest that blocking the Vpu/tetherin interface may be a novel therapeutic approach against HIV-1 release.
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73
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Olson ME, Li M, Harris RS, Harki DA. Small-molecule APOBEC3G DNA cytosine deaminase inhibitors based on a 4-amino-1,2,4-triazole-3-thiol scaffold. ChemMedChem 2012. [PMID: 23180603 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201200411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
APOBEC3G (A3G) is a single-stranded DNA cytosine deaminase that functions in innate immunity against retroviruses and retrotransposons. Although A3G can potently restrict Vif-deficient HIV-1 replication by catalyzing excessive levels of G→A hypermutation, sublethal levels of A3G-catalyzed mutation may contribute to the high level of HIV-1 fitness and its incurable prognosis. To chemically modulate A3G catalytic activity with the goal of decreasing the HIV-1 genomic mutation rate, we synthesized and biochemically evaluated a class of 4-amino-1,2,4-triazole-3-thiol small-molecule inhibitors identified by high-throughput screening. This class of compounds exhibits low-micromolar (3.9-8.2 μM) inhibitory potency and remarkable specificity for A3G versus the related cytosine deaminase, APOBEC3A. Chemical modification of inhibitors, A3G mutational screening, and thiol reactivity studies implicate C321, a residue proximal to the active site, as the critical A3G target for this class of molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret E Olson
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota - Twin Cities, 717 Delaware Street S.E., Minneapolis, MN 55414, USA
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74
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Münk C, Jensen BEO, Zielonka J, Häussinger D, Kamp C. Running loose or getting lost: how HIV-1 counters and capitalizes on APOBEC3-induced mutagenesis through its Vif protein. Viruses 2012; 4:3132-61. [PMID: 23202519 PMCID: PMC3509687 DOI: 10.3390/v4113132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2012] [Revised: 10/29/2012] [Accepted: 11/05/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) dynamics reflect an intricate balance within the viruses’ host. The virus relies on host replication factors, but must escape or counter its host’s antiviral restriction factors. The interaction between the HIV-1 protein Vif and many cellular restriction factors from the APOBEC3 protein family is a prominent example of this evolutionary arms race. The viral infectivity factor (Vif) protein largely neutralizes APOBEC3 proteins, which can induce in vivo hypermutations in HIV-1 to the extent of lethal mutagenesis, and ensures the production of viable virus particles. HIV-1 also uses the APOBEC3-Vif interaction to modulate its own mutation rate in harsh or variable environments, and it is a model of adaptation in a coevolutionary setting. Both experimental evidence and the substantiation of the underlying dynamics through coevolutionary models are presented as complementary views of a coevolutionary arms race.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carsten Münk
- Clinic for Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectiology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany; (C.M.); (B.-E.O.J.); (J.Z.); (D.H.)
| | - Björn-Erik O. Jensen
- Clinic for Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectiology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany; (C.M.); (B.-E.O.J.); (J.Z.); (D.H.)
| | - Jörg Zielonka
- Clinic for Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectiology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany; (C.M.); (B.-E.O.J.); (J.Z.); (D.H.)
- Roche Glycart AG, Schlieren 8952, Switzerland
| | - Dieter Häussinger
- Clinic for Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectiology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany; (C.M.); (B.-E.O.J.); (J.Z.); (D.H.)
| | - Christel Kamp
- Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Federal Institute for Vaccines and Biomedicines, Paul-Ehrlich-Straße 51-59, 63225 Langen, Germany
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75
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Abstract
Host restriction factors are potent, widely expressed intracellular blocks to viral replication that are an important component of the innate immune response to viral infection. However, viruses have evolved mechanisms that antagonize restriction factors. Through evolutionary pressure for both host survival and virus replication, an evolutionary 'arms race' has developed that drives continuous rounds of selection for beneficial mutations in the genes encoding restriction factors and their viral antagonists. Because viruses can evolve faster than their hosts, the innate immune system of modern-day vertebrates is for the most part optimized to defend against ancient viruses, rather than newer viral threats. Thus, the evolutionary history of restriction factors might, in part, explain why humans are susceptible or resistant to the viruses present in the modern world.
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76
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Ali A, Wang J, Nathans RS, Cao H, Sharova N, Stevenson M, Rana TM. Synthesis and structure-activity relationship studies of HIV-1 virion infectivity factor (Vif) inhibitors that block viral replication. ChemMedChem 2012; 7:1217-29. [PMID: 22555953 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201200079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1) virion infectivity factor (Vif) protein, essential for in vivo viral replication, protects the virus from innate antiviral cellular factor apolipoprotein B mRNA-editing, enzyme-catalytic, polypeptide-like 3G (APOBEC3G; A3G) and is an attractive target for the development of novel antiviral therapeutics. We have evaluated the structure-activity relationships of N-(2-methoxyphenyl)-2-((4-nitrophenyl)thio)benzamide (RN-18), a small molecule recently identified as an inhibitor of Vif function that blocks viral replication only in nonpermissive cells expressing A3G, by inhibiting Vif-A3G interactions. Microwave-assisted cross-coupling reactions were developed to prepare a series of RN18 analogues with diverse linkages and substitutions on the phenyl rings. A dual cell-based assay system was used to assess antiviral activity against wild-type HIV-1 in both nonpermissive (H9) and permissive (MT4) cells that also allowed evaluation of specificity. In general, variations of phenyl substitutions were detrimental to antiviral potency and specificity, but isosteric replacements of amide and ether linkages were relatively well tolerated. These structure-activity relationship data define structural requirements for Vif-specific activity, identify new compounds with improved antiviral potency and specificity, and provide leads for further exploration to develop new antiviral therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akbar Ali
- Chemical Biology Program, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 364 Plantation Street, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
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77
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Abstract
Retroviruses have long been a fertile model for discovering host-pathogen interactions and their associated biological principles and processes. These advances have not only informed fundamental concepts of viral replication and pathogenesis but have also provided novel insights into host cell biology. This is illustrated by the recent descriptions of host-encoded restriction factors that can serve as effective inhibitors of retroviral replication. Here, we review our understanding of the three restriction factors that have been widely shown to be potent inhibitors of HIV-1: namely, APOBEC3G, TRIM5α, and tetherin. In each case, we discuss how these unrelated proteins were identified, the mechanisms by which they inhibit replication, the means used by HIV-1 to evade their action, and their potential contributions to viral pathogenesis as well as inter- and intraspecies transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael H Malim
- Department of Infectious Diseases, King's College London School of Medicine, Guy's Hospital, London Bridge, London SE1 9RT, United Kingdom.
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78
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Monajemi M, Woodworth CF, Benkaroun J, Grant M, Larijani M. Emerging complexities of APOBEC3G action on immunity and viral fitness during HIV infection and treatment. Retrovirology 2012; 9:35. [PMID: 22546055 PMCID: PMC3416701 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4690-9-35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2012] [Accepted: 04/30/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The enzyme APOBEC3G (A3G) mutates the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) genome by converting deoxycytidine (dC) to deoxyuridine (dU) on minus strand viral DNA during reverse transcription. A3G restricts viral propagation by degrading or incapacitating the coding ability of the HIV genome. Thus, this enzyme has been perceived as an innate immune barrier to viral replication whilst adaptive immunity responses escalate to effective levels. The discovery of A3G less than a decade ago led to the promise of new anti-viral therapies based on manipulation of its cellular expression and/or activity. The rationale for therapeutic approaches has been solidified by demonstration of the effectiveness of A3G in diminishing viral replication in cell culture systems of HIV infection, reports of its mutational footprint in virions from patients, and recognition of its unusually robust enzymatic potential in biochemical studies in vitro. Despite its effectiveness in various experimental systems, numerous recent studies have shown that the ability of A3G to combat HIV in the physiological setting is severely limited. In fact, it has become apparent that its mutational activity may actually enhance viral fitness by accelerating HIV evolution towards the evasion of both anti-viral drugs and the immune system. This body of work suggests that the role of A3G in HIV infection is more complex than heretofore appreciated and supports the hypothesis that HIV has evolved to exploit the action of this host factor. Here we present an overview of recent data that bring to light historical overestimation of A3G's standing as a strictly anti-viral agent. We discuss the limitations of experimental systems used to assess its activities as well as caveats in data interpretation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahdis Monajemi
- Immunology and Infectious Diseases Program, Division of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, Newfoundland, Canada
| | - Claire F Woodworth
- Mani Larijani, Division of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Health Sciences Center, MUN, 300 Prince Phillip Dr., St. John’s, NL, A1B 3V6, Canada
| | - Jessica Benkaroun
- Mani Larijani, Division of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Health Sciences Center, MUN, 300 Prince Phillip Dr., St. John’s, NL, A1B 3V6, Canada
| | - Michael Grant
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Health Sciences Center, MUN, 300 Prince Phillip Dr., St. John’s, NL, A1B 3V6, Canada
| | - Mani Larijani
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Health Sciences Center, MUN, 300 Prince Phillip Dr., St. John’s, NL, A1B 3V6, Canada
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79
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Li M, Shandilya SMD, Carpenter MA, Rathore A, Brown WL, Perkins AL, Harki DA, Solberg J, Hook DJ, Pandey KK, Parniak MA, Johnson JR, Krogan NJ, Somasundaran M, Ali A, Schiffer CA, Harris RS. First-in-class small molecule inhibitors of the single-strand DNA cytosine deaminase APOBEC3G. ACS Chem Biol 2012; 7:506-17. [PMID: 22181350 DOI: 10.1021/cb200440y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
APOBEC3G is a single-stranded DNA cytosine deaminase that comprises part of the innate immune response to viruses and transposons. Although APOBEC3G is the prototype for understanding the larger mammalian polynucleotide deaminase family, no specific chemical inhibitors exist to modulate its activity. High-throughput screening identified 34 compounds that inhibit APOBEC3G catalytic activity. Twenty of 34 small molecules contained catechol moieties, which are known to be sulfhydryl reactive following oxidation to the orthoquinone. Located proximal to the active site, C321 was identified as the binding site for the inhibitors by a combination of mutational screening, structural analysis, and mass spectrometry. Bulkier substitutions C321-to-L, F, Y, or W mimicked chemical inhibition. A strong specificity for APOBEC3G was evident, as most compounds failed to inhibit the related APOBEC3A enzyme or the unrelated enzymes E. coli uracil DNA glycosylase, HIV-1 RNase H, or HIV-1 integrase. Partial, but not complete, sensitivity could be conferred to APOBEC3A by introducing the entire C321 loop from APOBEC3G. Thus, a structural model is presented in which the mechanism of inhibition is both specific and competitive, by binding a pocket adjacent to the APOBEC3G active site, reacting with C321, and blocking access to substrate DNA cytosines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Li
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology & Biophysics, Institute for Molecular Virology, Center for Genome Engineering, University of Minnesota, 321 Church Street S.E., Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | | | - Michael A. Carpenter
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology & Biophysics, Institute for Molecular Virology, Center for Genome Engineering, University of Minnesota, 321 Church Street S.E., Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Anurag Rathore
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology & Biophysics, Institute for Molecular Virology, Center for Genome Engineering, University of Minnesota, 321 Church Street S.E., Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - William L. Brown
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology & Biophysics, Institute for Molecular Virology, Center for Genome Engineering, University of Minnesota, 321 Church Street S.E., Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | | | | | | | | | - Krishan K. Pandey
- Institute for Molecular Virology, Saint Louis University Health Sciences Center, 1100
South Grand Boulevard, St. Louis, Missouri 63104, United States
| | - Michael A. Parniak
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular
Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 450 Technology Drive, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15219, United States
| | - Jeffrey R. Johnson
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Pharmacology, California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, University of California−San Francisco, 600 16th Street, San Francisco, California 94107, United States
| | - Nevan J. Krogan
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Pharmacology, California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, University of California−San Francisco, 600 16th Street, San Francisco, California 94107, United States
| | | | | | | | - Reuben S. Harris
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology & Biophysics, Institute for Molecular Virology, Center for Genome Engineering, University of Minnesota, 321 Church Street S.E., Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
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80
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Abstract
Three-dimensional molecular structures can provide detailed information on biological mechanisms and, for cases in which the molecular function affects human health, can significantly aid in the development of therapeutic interventions. For almost 25 years, key components of the lentivirus HIV-1, including the envelope glycoproteins, the capsid and the replication enzymes reverse transcriptase, integrase and protease, have been scrutinized to near atomic-scale resolution. Moreover, structural analyses of the interactions between viral and host cell components have yielded key insights into the mechanisms of viral entry, chromosomal integration, transcription and egress from cells. Here, we review recent advances in HIV-1 structural biology, focusing on the molecular mechanisms of viral replication and on the development of new therapeutics.
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81
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Small-molecule inhibition of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 replication by targeting the interaction between Vif and ElonginC. J Virol 2012; 86:5497-507. [PMID: 22379088 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.06957-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The HIV-1 viral infectivity factor (Vif) protein is essential for viral replication. Vif recruits cellular ElonginB/C-Cullin5 E3 ubiquitin ligase to target the host antiviral protein APOBEC3G (A3G) for proteasomal degradation. In the absence of Vif, A3G is packaged into budding HIV-1 virions and introduces multiple mutations in the newly synthesized minus-strand viral DNA to restrict virus replication. Thus, the A3G-Vif-E3 complex represents an attractive target for development of novel anti-HIV drugs. In this study, we identified a potent small molecular compound (VEC-5) by virtual screening and validated its anti-Vif activity through biochemical analysis. We show that VEC-5 inhibits virus replication only in A3G-positive cells. Treatment with VEC-5 increased cellular A3G levels when Vif was coexpressed and enhanced A3G incorporation into HIV-1 virions to reduce viral infectivity. Coimmunoprecipitation and computational analysis further attributed the anti-Vif activity of VEC-5 to the inhibition of Vif from direct binding to the ElonginC protein. These findings support the notion that suppressing Vif function can liberate A3G to carry out its antiviral activity and demonstrate that regulation of the Vif-ElonginC interaction is a novel target for small-molecule inhibitors of HIV-1.
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82
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Hosseini I, Mac Gabhann F. Multi-scale modeling of HIV infection in vitro and APOBEC3G-based anti-retroviral therapy. PLoS Comput Biol 2012; 8:e1002371. [PMID: 22346743 PMCID: PMC3276540 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1002371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2011] [Accepted: 12/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The human APOBEC3G is an innate restriction factor that, in the absence of Vif, restricts HIV-1 replication by inducing excessive deamination of cytidine residues in nascent reverse transcripts and inhibiting reverse transcription and integration. To shed light on impact of A3G-Vif interactions on HIV replication, we developed a multi-scale computational system consisting of intracellular (single-cell), cellular and extracellular (multicellular) events by using ordinary differential equations. The single-cell model describes molecular-level events within individual cells (such as production and degradation of host and viral proteins, and assembly and release of new virions), whereas the multicellular model describes the viral dynamics and multiple cycles of infection within a population of cells. We estimated the model parameters either directly from previously published experimental data or by running simulations to find the optimum values. We validated our integrated model by reproducing the results of in vitro T cell culture experiments. Crucially, both downstream effects of A3G (hypermutation and reduction of viral burst size) were necessary to replicate the experimental results in silico. We also used the model to study anti-HIV capability of several possible therapeutic strategies including: an antibody to Vif; upregulation of A3G; and mutated forms of A3G. According to our simulations, A3G with a mutated Vif binding site is predicted to be significantly more effective than other molecules at the same dose. Ultimately, we performed sensitivity analysis to identify important model parameters. The results showed that the timing of particle formation and virus release had the highest impacts on HIV replication. The model also predicted that the degradation of A3G by Vif is not a crucial step in HIV pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iraj Hosseini
- Institute for Computational Medicine and Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Feilim Mac Gabhann
- Institute for Computational Medicine and Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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83
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Lever RA, Lever AML. Intracellular defenses against HIV, viral evasion and novel therapeutic approaches. J Formos Med Assoc 2011; 110:350-62. [PMID: 21741003 DOI: 10.1016/s0929-6646(11)60053-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), the causative agent of AIDS, is a retrovirus. It is estimated that, while in the cell, it interacts with almost 10% of cellular proteins. Several of these have evolved to protect the cell from infection with retroviruses and are known as "restriction factors". Restriction factors tell us much about how the virus functions and open up new paradigms for exploring novel antiviral therapeutics. This article gives an update on the three best studied restriction factors, their putative mechanisms of action and how the virus has overcome their effects, together with an indication of novel therapeutic approaches based on this knowledge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert A Lever
- Department of Medicine, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
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84
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Peng ZG, Zhao ZY, Li YP, Wang YP, Hao LH, Fan B, Li YH, Wang YM, Shan YQ, Han YX, Zhu YP, Li JR, You XF, Li ZR, Jiang JD. Host apolipoprotein B messenger RNA-editing enzyme catalytic polypeptide-like 3G is an innate defensive factor and drug target against hepatitis C virus. Hepatology 2011; 53:1080-9. [PMID: 21480314 DOI: 10.1002/hep.24160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Host cellular factor apolipoprotein B messenger RNA (mRNA)-editing enzyme catalytic polypeptide-like 3G (hA3G) is a cytidine deaminase that inhibits a group of viruses including human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1). In the continuation of our research on hA3G, we found that hA3G stabilizing compounds significantly inhibited hepatitis C virus (HCV) replication. Therefore, this study investigated the role of hA3G in HCV replication. Introduction of external hA3G into HCV-infected Huh7.5 human hepatocytes inhibited HCV replication; knockdown of endogenous hA3G enhanced HCV replication. Exogenous HIV-1 virion infectivity factor (Vif) decreased intracellular hA3G and therefore enhanced HCV proliferation, suggesting that the presence of Vif might be an explanation for the HIV-1/HCV coinfection often observed in HIV-1(+) individuals. Treatment of the HCV-infected Huh7.5 cells with RN-5 or IMB-26, two known hA3G stabilizing compounds, increased intracellular hA3G and accordingly inhibited HCV replication. The compounds inhibit HCV through increasing the level of hA3G incorporated into HCV particles, but not through inhibiting HCV enzymes. However, G/A hypermutation in the HCV genome were not detected, suggesting a new antiviral mechanism of hA3G in HCV, different from that in HIV-1. Stabilization of hA3G by RN-5 was safe in vivo. CONCLUSION hA3G appears to be a cellular restrict factor against HCV and could be a potential target for drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zong-Gen Peng
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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85
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Smith HC. APOBEC3G: a double agent in defense. Trends Biochem Sci 2011; 36:239-44. [PMID: 21239176 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2010.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2010] [Revised: 12/10/2010] [Accepted: 12/13/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
APOBEC3G (A3G) is an effective cellular host defense factor under experimental conditions in which a functional form of the HIV-encoded protein Vif cannot be expressed. Wild-type Vif targets A3G for proteasomal degradation and when this happens, any host defense advantage A3G might provide is severely diminished or lost. Recent evidence cast doubt on the potency of A3G in host defense and suggested that it could, under some circumstances, promote the emergence of more virulent HIV strains. In this article, I suggest that it is time to recognize that A3G has the potential to act as a double agent. Future research should focus on understanding how cellular and viral regulatory mechanisms enable the antiviral function of A3G, and on the development of novel research reagents to explore these pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harold C Smith
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Rochester, School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY 14642, USA.
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86
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Kuhl BD, Cheng V, Wainberg MA, Liang C. Tetherin and its viral antagonists. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2011; 6:188-201. [PMID: 21222046 PMCID: PMC3087111 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-010-9256-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2010] [Accepted: 12/27/2010] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Restriction factors comprise an important layer of host defense to fight against viral infection. Some restriction factors are constitutively expressed whereas the majority is induced by interferon to elicit innate immunity. In addition to a number of well-characterized interferon-inducible antiviral factors such as RNaseL/OAS, ISG15, Mx, PKR, and ADAR, tetherin (BST-2/CD317/HM1.24) was recently discovered to block the release of enveloped viruses from the cell surface, which is regarded as a novel antiviral mechanism induced by interferon. Here, we briefly review the history of tetherin discovery, discuss how tetherin blocks virus production, and highlight the viral countermeasures to evade tetherin restriction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Björn D Kuhl
- McGill AIDS Centre, Lady Davis Institute-Jewish General Hospital, Montréal, Quebec, Canada H3T 1E2
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Wissing S, Galloway NLK, Greene WC. HIV-1 Vif versus the APOBEC3 cytidine deaminases: an intracellular duel between pathogen and host restriction factors. Mol Aspects Med 2010; 31:383-97. [PMID: 20538015 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2010.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2009] [Revised: 06/03/2010] [Accepted: 06/03/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The Vif protein of HIV is essential for the effective propagation of this pathogenic retrovirus in vivo. Vif acts by preventing virion encapsidation of two potent antiviral factors, the APOBEC3G and APOBEC3F cytidine deaminases. Decreased encapsidation in part involves Vif-mediated recruitment of a ubiquitin E3 ligase complex that promotes polyubiquitylation and proteasome-mediated degradation of APOBEC3G/F. The resultant decline in intracellular levels of these enzymes leads to decreased encapsidation of APOBECG/F into budding virions. This review discusses recent advances in our understanding of the dynamic interplay of Vif with the antiviral APOBEC3 enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silke Wissing
- Gladstone Institute of Virology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
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