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Guo X, Dhodapkar KM. Central and overlapping role of Cathepsin B and inflammasome adaptor ASC in antigen presenting function of human dendritic cells. Hum Immunol 2012; 73:871-8. [PMID: 22732093 DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2012.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2012] [Revised: 06/06/2012] [Accepted: 06/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Inflammasomes are increasingly implicated in regulating immunity, but how their activation relates to function of human dendritic cells (DCs) is unknown. Here we show that DC maturation stimuli lead to rapid activation of caspase-1 in human monocyte-derived DCs. RNAi mediated inhibition of the inflammasome component ASC leads to marked inhibition of the capacity of lipopolysachharide (LPS)-matured DCs to stimulate antigen-specific T cells. RNAi mediated inhibition of Cathepsin B (CatB) also similarly inhibits the capacity of human DCs to stimulate immunity. The defective ability of ASC or CatB deficient DCs to stimulate T cells is independent of inflammasome-mediated processing of inflammatory cytokines and also includes DCs loaded with pre-processed peptide. Gene expression profiles of ASC or CatB deficient human DCs show marked overlap with downregulation of genes implicated in DC function. These data demonstrate an important role for ASC and CatB in regulating function of human DCs with overlapping effects on gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuyang Guo
- Department of Pediatrics, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
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Addendum: Defective Dock2 expression in a subset of ASC-deficient mouse lines. Nat Immunol 2012; 13:701-2. [DOI: 10.1038/ni.2389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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53
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Chen TC, Wu JJS, Chang WP, Hsu PN, Hsieh ST, Shyu BC. Spontaneous inflammatory pain model from a mouse line with N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea mutagenesis. J Biomed Sci 2012; 19:55. [PMID: 22646813 PMCID: PMC3414809 DOI: 10.1186/1423-0127-19-55] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2012] [Accepted: 05/30/2012] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea mutagenesis was used to induce a point mutation in C57BL/6 J mice. Pain-related phenotype screening was performed in 915 G3 mice. We report the detection of a heritable recessive mutant in meiotic recombinant N1F1 mice that caused an abnormal pain sensitivity phenotype with spontaneous skin inflammation in the paws and ears. METHODS We investigated abnormal sensory processing, neuronal peptides, and behavioral responses after the induction of autoinflammatory disease. Single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers and polymerase chain reaction product sequencing were used to identify the mutation site. RESULTS All affected mice developed paw inflammation at 4-8 weeks. Histological examinations revealed hyperplasia of the epidermis in the inflamed paws and increased macrophage expression in the spleen and paw tissues. Mechanical and thermal nociceptive response thresholds were reduced in the affected mice. Locomotor activity was decreased in affected mice with inflamed hindpaws, and this reduction was attributable to the avoidance of contact of the affected paw with the floor. Motor strength and daily activity in the home cage in the affected mice did not show any significant changes. Although Fos immunoreactivity was normal in the dorsal horn of affected mice, calcitonin gene-related peptide immunoreactivity significantly increased in the deep layer of the dorsal horn. The number of microglia increased in the spinal cord, hippocampus, and cerebral cortex in affected mice, and the proliferation of microglia was maintained for a couple of months. Two hundred eighty-five SNP markers were used to reveal the affected gene locus, which was found on the distal part of chromosome 18. A point mutation was detected at A to G in exon 8 of the pstpip2 gene, resulting in a conserved tyrosine residue at amino acid 180 replaced by cysteine (Y180 C). CONCLUSIONS The data provide definitive evidence that a mutation in pstpip2 causes autoinflammatory disease in an N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea mutagenesis mouse model. Thus, our pstpip2 mutant mice provide a new model for investigating the potential mechanisms of inflammatory pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsung-Chieh Chen
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan, Republic of China
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Hanamsagar R, Hanke ML, Kielian T. Toll-like receptor (TLR) and inflammasome actions in the central nervous system. Trends Immunol 2012; 33:333-42. [PMID: 22521509 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2012.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2011] [Revised: 03/19/2012] [Accepted: 03/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
During the past 10 years, much attention has been focused towards elucidating the impact of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) in central nervous system (CNS) innate immunity. TLR signaling triggers the transcriptional activation of pro-interleukin-1β (pro-IL-1β) and pro-IL-18 that are processed into their active forms by the inflammasome. Recent studies have demonstrated inflammasome involvement during CNS infection, autoimmune disease, and injury. This review will address inflammasome actions within the CNS and how cooperation between TLR and inflammasome signaling may influence disease outcome. In addition, the concept of alternative inflammasome functions independent of IL-1 and IL-18 processing are considered in the context of CNS disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richa Hanamsagar
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
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55
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Nagarajan UM, Sikes JD, Yeruva L, Prantner D. Significant role of IL-1 signaling, but limited role of inflammasome activation, in oviduct pathology during Chlamydia muridarum genital infection. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 188:2866-75. [PMID: 22331066 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1103461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
IL-1β has been implicated in the development of oviduct pathology during Chlamydia muridarum genital infection in the mouse model. The goal of this study was to characterize the role of IL-1 signaling and the inflammasome-activation pathways during genital chlamydial infection. Compared with control mice, IL-1R-deficient mice displayed delayed clearance and increased chlamydial colonization. Consistent with the role for IL-1 signaling in infection clearance, mice deficient for the IL-1R antagonist cleared infection at a faster rate. Despite increased infection, IL-1R-deficient mice had significantly reduced oviduct pathology, which was associated with decreased numbers of neutrophils, but more macrophages, in the genital tract. IL-1β secretion is dependent on caspase-1 and apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing caspase recruitment domain (ASC) inflammasome during in vitro infection of primed macrophages with C. muridarum. To investigate the role of inflammasome components during in vivo genital infection, mice lacking NLRP3, NLRC4, and ASC were tested and found to display no reduction in oviduct pathology compared with control mice. Mice deficient for ASC displayed a prolonged course of infection, which was associated with reduced T cell recruitment and proliferation. Further, ASC-deficient mice displayed normal levels of IL-1β in genital secretions. However, a significant decrease in caspase-1-dependent IL-18 was observed in both ASC- and NLRP3-deficient mice. These data demonstrate a major role for IL-1 signaling, but a limited role for the inflammasome pathway, in IL-1β secretion and development of oviduct pathology during genital chlamydial infection. The data also suggest an IL-1-independent role for ASC in adaptive immunity during genital chlamydial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uma M Nagarajan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72202, USA.
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Coll RC, Robertson A, Butler M, Cooper M, O'Neill LAJ. The cytokine release inhibitory drug CRID3 targets ASC oligomerisation in the NLRP3 and AIM2 inflammasomes. PLoS One 2011; 6:e29539. [PMID: 22216309 PMCID: PMC3245271 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0029539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2011] [Accepted: 11/30/2011] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The Inflammasomes are multi-protein complexes that regulate caspase-1 activation and the production of the pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-1β. Previous studies identified a class of diarylsulfonylurea containing compounds called Cytokine Release Inhibitory Drugs (CRIDs) that inhibited the post-translational processing of IL-1β. Further work identified Glutathione S-Transferase Omega 1 (GSTO1) as a possible target of these CRIDs. This study aimed to investigate the mechanism of the inhibitory activity of the CRID CP-456,773 (termed CRID3) in light of recent advances in the area of inflammasome activation, and to clarify the potential role of GSTO1 in the regulation of IL-1β production. Methodology and Results In murine bone marrow derived macrophages, CRID3 inhibited IL-1β secretion and caspase 1 processing in response to stimulation of NLRP3 and AIM2 but not NLRC4. CRID3 also prevented AIM2 dependent pyroptosis in contrast to the NLRP3 inhibitors glyburide and parthenolide, which do not inhibit AIM2 activation. Confocal microscopy and Western blotting assays indicated that CRID3 inhibited the formation of ASC complexes or ‘specks’ in response to NLRP3 and AIM2 stimulation. Co-immunoprecipitation assays show that GSTO1 interacted with ASC. Significance These results identify CRID3 as a novel inhibitor of the NLRP3 and AIM2 inflammasomes and provide an insight into the mechanism of action of this small molecule. In addition GSTO1 may be a component of the inflammasome that is required for ASC complex formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca C Coll
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
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Conforti-Andreoni C, Spreafico R, Qian HL, Riteau N, Ryffel B, Ricciardi-Castagnoli P, Mortellaro A. Uric acid-driven Th17 differentiation requires inflammasome-derived IL-1 and IL-18. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 187:5842-50. [PMID: 22058415 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1101408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Uric acid is released from damaged cells and serves as a danger signal that alerts the immune system to potential threats, even in the absence of microbial infection. Uric acid modulation of innate immune responses has been extensively studied, but the impact of this damage-associated molecular pattern on adaptive responses remains largely unknown. In this study, we report that, in the presence of NF-κB signaling, uric acid crystals were capable of stimulating dendritic cells to promote the release of cytokines associated with Th17 polarization. Accordingly, naive CD4(+) T cells cocultured with uric acid-treated dendritic cells differentiated toward the Th17 lineage. Th17 differentiation required the inflammasome-dependent cytokines IL-1α/β and IL-18 in both in vitro and in vivo models, and the inflammasome adaptor protein ASC and caspase-1 were essential for Th17 responses. Collectively, our findings indicate a novel role for the danger signal uric acid, in cooperation with NF-κB activation, in driving proinflammatory Th17 differentiation. Our data indicate that sterile inflammation shapes adaptive immunity, in addition to influencing early innate responses.
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NOD-like receptors and the innate immune system: Coping with danger, damage and death. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2011; 22:257-76. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2011.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2011] [Accepted: 09/07/2011] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Ippagunta SK, Malireddi RKS, Shaw PJ, Neale GA, Vande Walle L, Green DR, Fukui Y, Lamkanfi M, Kanneganti TD. The inflammasome adaptor ASC regulates the function of adaptive immune cells by controlling Dock2-mediated Rac activation and actin polymerization. Nat Immunol 2011; 12:1010-6. [PMID: 21892172 PMCID: PMC3178750 DOI: 10.1038/ni.2095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2011] [Accepted: 07/27/2011] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The adaptor protein ASC contributes to innate immunity through the assembly of caspase-1-activating inflammasome complexes. We demonstrate that ASC plays an inflammasome-independent cell-intrinsic role in adaptive immune cells. Asc−/− mice displayed defective antigen presentation by dendritic cells and lymphocyte migration due to impaired Rac-mediated actin polymerization. Genome-wide analysis showed that ASC, but not Nlrp3 or caspase-1, controls mRNA stability and expression of DOCK2, a guanine nucleotide exchange factor that mediates Rac-dependent signaling in immune cells. DOCK2-deficient dendritic cells showed similar defective antigen uptake as Asc−/− cells. Ectopic expression of DOCK2 in ASC-deficient cells restored Rac-mediated actin polymerization, antigen uptake and chemotaxis. Thus, ASC shapes adaptive immunity independently of inflammasomes by modulating DOCK2-dependent Rac activation and F-actin polymerization in dendritic cells and lymphocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sirish K Ippagunta
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
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60
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Inflammasome is a central player in the induction of obesity and insulin resistance. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2011; 108:15324-9. [PMID: 21876127 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1100255108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 546] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammation plays a key role in the pathogenesis of obesity. Chronic overfeeding leads to macrophage infiltration in the adipose tissue, resulting in proinflammatory cytokine production. Both microbial and endogenous danger signals trigger assembly of the intracellular innate immune sensor Nlrp3, resulting in caspase-1 activation and production of proinflammatory cytokines IL-1β and IL-18. Here, we showed that mice deficient in Nlrp3, apoptosis-associated speck-like protein, and caspase-1 were resistant to the development of high-fat diet-induced obesity, which correlated with protection from obesity-induced insulin resistance. Furthermore, hepatic triglyceride content, adipocyte size, and macrophage infiltration in adipose tissue were all reduced in mice deficient in inflammasome components. Monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1 is a key molecule that mediates macrophage infiltration. Indeed, defective inflammasome activation was associated with reduced MCP-1 production in adipose tissue. Furthermore, plasma leptin and resistin that affect energy use and insulin sensitivity were also changed by inflammasome-deficiency. Detailed metabolic and molecular phenotyping demonstrated that the inflammasome controls energy expenditure and adipogenic gene expression during chronic overfeeding. These findings reveal a critical function of the inflammasome in obesity and insulin resistance, and suggest inhibition of the inflammasome as a potential therapeutic strategy.
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61
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Barker BR, Taxman DJ, Ting JPY. Cross-regulation between the IL-1β/IL-18 processing inflammasome and other inflammatory cytokines. Curr Opin Immunol 2011; 23:591-7. [PMID: 21839623 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2011.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2011] [Accepted: 07/14/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The inflammasome-forming NLRs are well characterized members of a protein complex mediating the activation of caspase-1 and the cleavage of pro-IL-1β and pro-IL-18 into their active, secreted forms. New data suggest that components of the inflammasome cascade may have roles in influencing inflammasome-independent pathways of cytokine production. These influences on other immune cytokine pathways are complemented by data suggesting that non-inflammasome cytokines can influence the activation of the inflammasome, either directly or by influencing transcription of inflammasome components. The crosstalk between these cytokine cascades may lead to increased abilities for the cell to respond to diverse pathogen threats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brianne R Barker
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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Pan G, Zheng R, Yang P, Li Y, Clancy JP, Liu J, Feng X, Garber DA, Spearman P, McDonald JM. Nucleosides accelerate inflammatory osteolysis, acting as distinct innate immune activators. J Bone Miner Res 2011; 26:1913-25. [PMID: 21472777 PMCID: PMC4636195 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The innate immune system and its components play an important role in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bone destruction. Blockade of inflammatory cytokines does not completely arrest bone erosion, suggesting that other mediators also may be involved in osteolysis. Previously we showed that nucleosides promote osteoclastogenesis and bone-resorption activity in the presence of receptor activator for nuclear factor κB ligand (RANKL) in vitro. The studies described here further demonstrate that selected nucleosides and nucleoside analogues accelerate bone destruction in mice immunized with collagen II alone (CII) but also further enhance bone erosion in mice immunized by collagen II plus complete Freund's adjuvant (CII + CFA). Abundant osteoclasts are accumulated in destructive joints. These data indicate that nucleosides act as innate immune activators distinct from CFA, synergistically accelerating osteoclast formation and inflammatory osteolysis. The potential roles of the surface triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells (TREM) and the intracellular inflammasome in nucleoside-enhanced osteoclastogenesis have been studied. These observations provide new insight into the pathogenesis and underlying mechanism of bone destruction in inflammatory autoimmune osteoarthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Pan
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
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63
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van de Veerdonk FL, Joosten LAB, Shaw PJ, Smeekens SP, Malireddi RKS, van der Meer JWM, Kullberg BJ, Netea MG, Kanneganti TD. The inflammasome drives protective Th1 and Th17 cellular responses in disseminated candidiasis. Eur J Immunol 2011; 41:2260-8. [PMID: 21681738 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201041226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2010] [Revised: 04/13/2011] [Accepted: 05/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The Nlrp3 inflammasome has been proposed to play an important role in antifungal host defense. However, studies exploring the role of the inflammasome in antifungal host defense have been limited to the direct effects on IL-1β processing. Although IL-1β has important direct effects on the innate immune response, important effects of the caspase-1-dependent cytokines IL-1β and IL-18 are exerted on the initiation of the adaptive Th1 and Th17 cellular responses. No studies have been employed to assess the impact of the inflammasome on the Th1/Th17 defense mechanisms in vivo during candidiasis. In the present study, we demonstrate an essential role for caspase-1 and ASC (apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a caspase recruitment domain) in disseminated candidiasis through regulating antifungal Th1 and Th17 responses. Caspase-1(-/-) and ASC(-/-) mice display diminished Th1/Th17 responses, followed by increased fungal outgrowth and lower survival. These observations identify a critical role for the inflammasome in controlling protective adaptive immune responses during invasive fungal infection.
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64
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Narayan S, Kolly L, So A, Busso N. Increased interleukin-10 production by ASC-deficient CD4+ T cells impairs bystander T-cell proliferation. Immunology 2011; 134:33-40. [PMID: 21718313 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2011.03462.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a caspase recruitment domain (ASC) is an important component of the inflammasome, functioning as an adaptor protein that facilitates the recruitment and activation of procaspases that in turn promote the maturation of interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and IL-18. Despite initial focus on the inflammatory properties of ASC there is emerging evidence that highlights the importance of ASC in facilitating adaptive immune responses. However, the cellular and molecular basis for the involvement of ASC in adaptive immunity remains largely unexplored. We have previously demonstrated that activated ASC-deficient T cells have dampened proliferative responses. We have therefore explored the underlying cellular mechanism(s) by which ASC regulates T-cell proliferation. We show that under activating conditions (anti-CD3/CD28 stimulation) in bulk T-cell cultures the presence of ASC(-/-) CD4(+) T cells is sufficient to suppress the proliferative responses of neighbouring T cells. Furthermore, ASC(-/-) CD4(+) T cells upon activation exhibit a suppressive cytokine profile, with elevated production of IL-10 and reduced secretion of T helper type 1 cytokines, interferon-γ and IL-2. This increase in IL-10 secretion within the activated ASC(-/-) CD4(+) T-cell compartment was not associated with a proportional increase in conventional Foxp3(+) regulatory T (Treg) cells. Interestingly, when equal numbers of fluorescence-activated cell sorted ASC(+/+) and ASC(-/-) Treg cells (CD4(+) CD44(intermediate/high) CD25(+)) were activated in vitro, the ASC(-/-) fraction produced significantly more IL-10 than their wild-type counterparts, suggesting that ASC(-/-) Treg cells have greater suppressive capacity. Collectively, these results imply that the ASC may influence the development and functioning of Treg cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharmal Narayan
- Service of Rheumatology, Department of l'Appareil Locomoteur, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.
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65
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Chen M, Wang H, Chen W, Meng G. Regulation of adaptive immunity by the NLRP3 inflammasome. Int Immunopharmacol 2011; 11:549-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2010.11.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2010] [Revised: 11/09/2010] [Accepted: 11/15/2010] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Taxman DJ, Holley-Guthrie EA, Huang MTH, Moore CB, Bergstralh DT, Allen IC, Lei Y, Gris D, Ting JPY. The NLR adaptor ASC/PYCARD regulates DUSP10, mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), and chemokine induction independent of the inflammasome. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:19605-16. [PMID: 21487011 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.221077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
ASC/PYCARD is a common adaptor for a diverse set of inflammasomes that activate caspase-1, most prominently the NLR-based inflammasome. Mounting evidence indicates that ASC and these NLRs also elicit non-overlapping functions, but the molecular basis for this difference is unclear. To address this, we performed microarray and network analysis of ASC shRNA knockdown cells. In pathogen-infected cells, an ASC-dependent interactome is centered on the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) ERK and on multiple chemokines. ASC did not affect the expression of MAPK but affected its phosphorylation by pathogens and Toll-like receptor agonists via suppression of the dual-specificity phosphatase, DUSP10/MKP5. Chemokine induction, DUSP function, and MAPK phosphorylation were independent of caspase-1 and IL-1β. MAPK activation by pathogen was abrogated in Asc(-/-) but not Nlrp3(-/-), Nlrc4(-/-), or Casp1(-/-) macrophages. These results demonstrate a function for ASC that is distinct from the inflammasome in modulating MAPK activity and chemokine expression and further identify DUSP10 as a novel ASC target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debra J Taxman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
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67
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Williams CD, Antoine DJ, Shaw PJ, Benson C, Farhood A, Williams DP, Kanneganti TD, Park BK, Jaeschke H. Role of the Nalp3 inflammasome in acetaminophen-induced sterile inflammation and liver injury. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2011; 252:289-97. [PMID: 21396389 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2011.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2011] [Revised: 02/18/2011] [Accepted: 03/01/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Acetaminophen (APAP) overdose is the leading cause of acute liver failure in the US and UK. Recent studies implied that APAP-induced injury is partially mediated by interleukin-1β (IL-1β), which can activate and recruit neutrophils, exacerbating injury. Mature IL-1β is formed by caspase-1, dependent on inflammasome activation. The objective of this invetstigation was to evaluate the role of the Nalp3 inflammasome on release of damage associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), hepatic neutrophil accumulation and liver injury (ALT, necrosis) after APAP overdose. Mice deficient for each component of the Nalp3 inflammasome (caspase-1, ASC and Nalp3) were treated with 300mg/kg APAP for 24h; these mice had similar neutrophil recruitment and liver injury as APAP-treated C57Bl/6 wildtype animals. In addition, plasma levels of DAMPs (DNA fragments, keratin-18, hypo- and hyper-acetylated forms of high mobility group box-1 protein) were similarly elevated with no significant difference between wildtype and gene knockout mice. In addition, aspirin treatment, which has been postulated to attenuate cytokine formation and the activation of the Nalp3 inflammasome after APAP, had no effect on release of DAMPs, hepatic neutrophil accumulation or liver injury. Together, these data confirm the release of DAMPs and a sterile inflammatory response after APAP overdose. However, as previously reported minor endogenous formation of IL-1β and the activation of the Nalp3 inflammasome have little impact on APAP hepatotoxicity. It appears that the Nalp3 inflammasome is not a promising therapeutic target to treat APAP overdose.
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Affiliation(s)
- C David Williams
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
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68
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Narayan S, Pazar B, Pazar B, Ea HK, Kolly L, Bagnoud N, Chobaz V, Lioté F, Vogl T, Holzinger D, Kai-Lik So A, Busso N. Octacalcium phosphate crystals induce inflammation in vivo through interleukin-1 but independent of the NLRP3 inflammasome in mice. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 63:422-33. [PMID: 21279999 DOI: 10.1002/art.30147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the mechanisms involved in inflammatory responses to octacalcium phosphate (OCP) crystals in vivo. METHODS OCP crystal-induced inflammation was monitored using a peritoneal model of inflammation in mice with different deficiencies affecting interleukin-1 (IL-1) secretion (IL-1α(-/-) , IL-1β(-/-) , ASC(-/-) , and NLRP3(-/-) mice) or in mice pretreated with IL-1 inhibitors (anakinra [recombinant IL-1 receptor antagonist] and anti-IL-1β). The production of IL-1α, IL-1β, and myeloid-related protein 8 (MRP-8)-MRP-14 complex was determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Peritoneal neutrophil recruitment and cell viability were determined by flow cytometry. Depletion of mast cells or resident macrophages was performed by pretreatment with compound 48/80 or clodronate liposomes, respectively. RESULTS OCP crystals induced peritoneal inflammation, as demonstrated by neutrophil recruitment and up-modulation of IL-1α, IL-1β, and MRP-8-MRP-14 complex, to levels comparable with those induced by monosodium urate monohydrate crystals. This OCP crystal-induced inflammation was both IL-1α- and IL-1β-dependent, as shown by the inhibitory effects of anakinra and anti-IL-1β antibody treatment. Accordingly, OCP crystal stimulation resulted in milder inflammation in IL-1α(-/-) and IL-1β(-/-) mice. Interestingly, ASC(-/-) and NLRP3(-/-) mice did not show any alteration in their inflammation status in response to OCP crystals. Depletion of the resident macrophage population resulted in a significant decrease in crystal-induced neutrophil infiltration and proinflammatory cytokine production in vivo, whereas mast cell depletion had no effect. Finally, OCP crystals induced apoptosis/necrosis of peritoneal cells in vivo. CONCLUSION These data indicate that macrophages, rather than mast cells, are important for initiating and driving OCP crystal-induced inflammation. Additionally, OCP crystals induce IL-1-dependent peritoneal inflammation without requiring the NLRP3 inflammasome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharmal Narayan
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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Joosten LA, Ea HK, Netea MG, Busso N. Interleukin-1β activation during acute joint inflammation: A limited role for the NLRP3 inflammasome in vivo. Joint Bone Spine 2011; 78:107-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbspin.2010.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2010] [Accepted: 11/05/2010] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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70
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ASC plays a role in the priming phase of the immune response to type II collagen in collagen-induced arthritis. Rheumatol Int 2011; 32:1625-32. [PMID: 21331573 DOI: 10.1007/s00296-011-1825-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2010] [Accepted: 01/30/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Although rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune disease of unknown etiology, the role of IL-1β and IL-18 in the pathophysiology of RA has been well established. IL-1β and IL-18 are generated via cleavage of their pro-forms in the presence of the apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a caspase recruit domain (ASC), a known adaptor protein that activates procaspase-1. As such, we investigated the involvement of ASC in the progression of murine collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) and collagen antibody-induced arthritis (CAIA) using ASC-deficient (ASC(-/-)) and wild-type (ASC(+/+)) mice. Analyses were performed by immunohistochemistry for tissues and ELISA for sera. We observed an increase in the expression of ASC, as well as IL-1β and IL-18, in the joints of CIA DBA mice, which indicated that ASC is involved in disease development. Next, we demonstrated that the infiltration of inflammatory cells and cartilage/bone destruction in CIA knee joints were significantly increased in ASC(+/+) mice compared with ASC(-/-) mice. No such differences were noted in ASC(+/+) and ASC(-/-) CAIA mice. In terms of cytokine expression in knee joints, IL-1β and IL-18 were depressed in ASC-deficient CIA mice compared with wild-type mice, but were similarly expressed in CAIA joints in both mice groups. Taken together, we can conclude that ASC is involved in the development of CIA and plays a role in the priming phase of the immune response to type II collagen.
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71
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Inflammasome activation and IL-1β and IL-18 processing during infection. Trends Immunol 2011; 32:110-6. [PMID: 21333600 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2011.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 507] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2010] [Revised: 12/15/2010] [Accepted: 01/11/2011] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and IL-18 contribute to host defense against infection by augmenting antimicrobial properties of phagocytes and initiating Th1 and Th17 adaptive immune responses. Protein complexes called inflammasomes activate intracellular caspase-1 autocatalytically, which cleaves the inactive precursors of IL-1β and IL-18 into bioactive cytokines. In this review, we discuss the controversies regarding inflammasome activation and the role of the inflammasome during infection. We highlight alternative mechanisms for processing IL-1β and IL-18 during infection, which involve extracellular cleavage of the inactive cytokines by neutrophil-derived serine proteases or proteases released from cytotoxic T cells.
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Shaw PJ, McDermott MF, Kanneganti TD. Inflammasomes and autoimmunity. Trends Mol Med 2011; 17:57-64. [PMID: 21163704 PMCID: PMC3057120 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2010.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2010] [Revised: 11/03/2010] [Accepted: 11/04/2010] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The NOD-like receptor (NLR) family members are cytosolic sensors of microbial components and danger signals. A subset of NLRs control inflammasome assembly that results in caspase-1 activation and, in turn, IL-1β and IL-18 production. Excessive inflammasome activation can cause autoinflammatory disorders, including the hereditary periodic fevers. Autoinflammatory and autoimmune diseases form a disease spectrum of aberrant, immune-mediated inflammation against self, through innate and adaptive immunity. However, the role of inflammasomes in autoimmune disease is less clear than in autoinflammation, despite the numerous effects IL-1β and IL-18 can have on shaping adaptive immunity. We summarize the role of inflammasomes in autoimmune disorders, highlight the need for a better understanding of inflammasomes in these conditions and offer suggestions for future research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick J. Shaw
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, MS #351, Suite E7004, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, Tennessee 38105, USA
| | - Michael F. McDermott
- NIHR-Leeds Musculoskeletal Biomedical Research Unit (NIHR-LMBRU), Leeds Institute of Molecular Medicine, Wellcome Trust Brenner Building, St. James’s University Hospital, Leeds, LS9 7TF, UK
| | - Thirumala-Devi Kanneganti
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, MS #351, Suite E7004, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, Tennessee 38105, USA
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73
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Inflammasome-independent role of the apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing CARD (ASC) in the adjuvant effect of MF59. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2011; 108:2927-32. [PMID: 21270336 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1012455108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Clinical studies have indicated that subvirion inactivated vaccines against avian influenza viruses, particularly H5N1, are poorly immunogenic in humans. As a consequence, the use of adjuvants has been championed for the efficient vaccination of a naïve population against avian influenza. Aluminum salts (alum) and the oil-in-water emulsion MF59 are safe and effective adjuvants that are being used with influenza vaccines, but the mechanism underlying their stimulation of the immune system remains poorly understood. It was shown recently that activation of a cytosolic innate immune-sensing complex known as "NLR-Pyrin domain containing 3" (NLRP3) inflammasome, also known as "cryopyrin," "cold-induced autoinflammatory syndrome 1" (CIAS1), or nacht domain-, leucine-rich repeat-, and PYD-containing protein 3 (Nalp3), is essential for the adjuvant effect of alum. Here we show that the inflammasome component apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a caspase recruitment domain (ASC), an adapter protein within the NLRP3 inflammasome, is a crucial element in the adjuvant effect of MF59 when combined with H5N1 subunit vaccines. In the absence of ASC, H5-specific IgG antibody responses are significantly reduced, whereas the responses are intact in NLRP3(-/-) and caspase-1(-/-) mice. This defect is caused mainly by the failure of antigen-specific B cells to switch from IgM to IgG production. We conclude that ASC plays an inflammasome-independent role in the induction of antigen-specific humoral immunity after vaccination with MF59-adjuvanted influenza vaccines. These findings have important implications for the rational design of next-generation adjuvants.
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Abstract
Inflammasome activation leads to caspase-1 activation, which causes the maturation and secretion of pro-IL-1β and pro-IL-18 among other substrates. A subgroup of the NLR (nucleotide-binding domain, leucine-rich repeat containing) proteins are key mediators of the inflammasome. Studies of gene-deficient mice and cells have implicated NLR inflammasomes in a host of responses to a wide range of microbial pathogens, inflammatory diseases, cancer, and metabolic and autoimmune disorders. Determining exactly how the inflammasome is activated in these diseases and disease models remains a challenge. This review presents and integrates recent progress in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beckley K Davis
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, 27599, USA.
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Abdelaziz DH, Gavrilin MA, Akhter A, Caution K, Kotrange S, Khweek AA, Abdulrahman BA, Grandhi J, Hassan ZA, Marsh C, Wewers MD, Amer AO. Apoptosis-associated speck-like protein (ASC) controls Legionella pneumophila infection in human monocytes. J Biol Chem 2010; 286:3203-8. [PMID: 21097506 PMCID: PMC3030324 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.197681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability of Legionella pneumophila to cause pneumonia is determined by its capability to evade the immune system and grow within human monocytes and their derived macrophages. Human monocytes efficiently activate caspase-1 in response to Salmonella but not to L. pneumophila. The molecular mechanism for the lack of inflammasome activation during L. pneumophila infection is unknown. Evaluation of the expression of several inflammasome components in human monocytes during L. pneumophila infection revealed that the expression of the apoptosis-associated speck-like protein (ASC) and the NOD-like receptor NLRC4 are significantly down-regulated in human monocytes. Exogenous expression of ASC maintained the protein level constant during L. pneumophila infection and conveyed caspase-1 activation and restricted the growth of the pathogen. Further depletion of ASC with siRNA was accompanied with improved NF-κB activation and enhanced L. pneumophila growth. Therefore, our data demonstrate that L. pneumophila manipulates ASC levels to evade inflammasome activation and grow in human monocytes. By targeting ASC, L. pneumophila modulates the inflammasome, the apoptosome, and NF-κB pathway simultaneously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dalia H Abdelaziz
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Center for Microbial Interface Biology and the Department of Internal Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
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Zaki MH, Vogel P, Body-Malapel M, Lamkanfi M, Kanneganti TD. IL-18 production downstream of the Nlrp3 inflammasome confers protection against colorectal tumor formation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 185:4912-20. [PMID: 20855874 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1002046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 311] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer is a leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. Chronic inflammation is recognized as a predisposing factor for the development of colon cancer, but the molecular mechanisms linking inflammation and tumorigenesis have remained elusive. Recent studies revealed a crucial role for the NOD-like receptor protein Nlrp3 in regulating inflammation through the assembly of proinflammatory protein complexes termed inflammasomes. However, its role in colorectal tumor formation remains unclear. In this study, we showed that mice deficient for Nlrp3 or the inflammasome effector caspase-1 were highly susceptible to azoxymethane/dextran sodium sulfate-induced inflammation and suffered from dramatically increased tumor burdens in the colon. This was a consequence of markedly reduced IL-18 levels in mice lacking components of the Nlrp3 inflammasome, which led to impaired production and activation of the tumor suppressors IFN-γ and STAT1, respectively. Thus, IL-18 production downstream of the Nlrp3 inflammasome is critically involved in protection against colorectal tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Hasan Zaki
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
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Shaw PJ, Lukens JR, Burns S, Chi H, McGargill MA, Kanneganti TD. Cutting edge: critical role for PYCARD/ASC in the development of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 184:4610-4. [PMID: 20368281 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1000217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis is an autoimmune disease in which self-reactive T cells attack oligodendrocytes that myelinate axons in the CNS. Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), an animal model of multiple sclerosis, is dependent on caspase-1; however, the role of Nod-like receptors upstream of caspase-1 is unknown. Danger- and pathogen-associated molecular patterns activate Nod-like receptor 3, which activates caspase-1 through the adaptor protein, apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing CARD (ASC). We report that the progression of EAE is dependent on ASC and caspase-1 but not Nod-like receptor 3. ASC(-/-) mice were even more protected from the progression of EAE than were caspase-1(-/-) mice, suggesting that an inflammasome-independent function of ASC contributes to the progression of EAE. We found that CD4(+) T cells deficient in ASC exhibited impaired survival; accordingly, ASC(-/-) mice had fewer myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein-specific T cells in the draining lymph nodes and CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick J Shaw
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38104, USA
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