1
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Honce R, Vazquez-Pagan A, Livingston B, Mandarano AH, Wilander BA, Cherry S, Hargest V, Sharp B, Brigleb PH, Kirkpatrick Roubidoux E, Van de Velde LA, Skinner RC, McGargill MA, Thomas PG, Schultz-Cherry S. Diet switch pre-vaccination improves immune response and metabolic status in formerly obese mice. Nat Microbiol 2024:10.1038/s41564-024-01677-y. [PMID: 38637722 DOI: 10.1038/s41564-024-01677-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
Metabolic disease is epidemiologically linked to severe complications upon influenza virus infection, thus vaccination is a priority in this high-risk population. Yet, vaccine responses are less effective in these same hosts. Here we examined how the timing of diet switching from a high-fat diet to a control diet affected influenza vaccine efficacy in diet-induced obese mice. Our results demonstrate that the systemic meta-inflammation generated by high-fat diet exposure limited T cell maturation to the memory compartment at the time of vaccination, impacting the recall of effector memory T cells upon viral challenge. This was not improved with a diet switch post-vaccination. However, the metabolic dysfunction of T cells was reversed if weight loss occurred 4 weeks before vaccination, restoring a functional recall response. This corresponded with changes in the systemic obesity-related biomarkers leptin and adiponectin, highlighting the systemic and specific effects of diet on influenza vaccine immunogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebekah Honce
- Department of Host Microbe Interactions, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
- Vermont Lung Center, Division of Pulmonology and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Ana Vazquez-Pagan
- Department of Host Microbe Interactions, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
- Weill Cornell Medicine, New York City, NY, USA
- Noguchi Medical Research Institute (NMRI), Accra, Ghana
| | - Brandi Livingston
- Department of Host Microbe Interactions, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | | | - Benjamin A Wilander
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
- Department of Immunology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Sean Cherry
- Department of Host Microbe Interactions, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Virginia Hargest
- Department of Host Microbe Interactions, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Bridgett Sharp
- Department of Host Microbe Interactions, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Pamela H Brigleb
- Department of Host Microbe Interactions, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | | | - Lee-Ann Van de Velde
- Department of Host Microbe Interactions, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - R Chris Skinner
- Division of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, University of the Ozarks, Clarksville, AR, USA
- Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Maureen A McGargill
- Department of Immunology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Paul G Thomas
- Department of Host Microbe Interactions, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Stacey Schultz-Cherry
- Department of Host Microbe Interactions, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA.
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2
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Roubidoux EK, Brigleb PH, Vegesana K, Souquette A, Whitt K, Freiden P, Green A, Thomas PG, McGargill MA, Wolf J, Schultz-Cherry S. Utility of nasal swabs for assessing mucosal immune responses towards SARS-CoV-2. Sci Rep 2023; 13:17820. [PMID: 37857783 PMCID: PMC10587113 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-44989-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 has caused millions of infections worldwide since its emergence in 2019. Understanding how infection and vaccination induce mucosal immune responses and how they fluctuate over time is important, especially since they are key in preventing infection and reducing disease severity. We established a novel methodology for assessing SARS-CoV-2 cytokine and antibody responses at the nasal epithelium by using nasopharyngeal swabs collected longitudinally before and after either SARS-CoV-2 infection or vaccination. We then compared responses between mucosal and systemic compartments. We demonstrate that cytokine and antibody profiles differ between compartments. Nasal cytokines show a wound healing phenotype while plasma cytokines are consistent with pro-inflammatory pathways. We found that nasal IgA and IgG have different kinetics after infection, with IgA peaking first. Although vaccination results in low nasal IgA, IgG induction persists for up to 180 days post-vaccination. This research highlights the importance of studying mucosal responses in addition to systemic responses to respiratory infections. The methods described herein can be used to further mucosal vaccine development by giving us a better understanding of immunity at the nasal epithelium providing a simpler, alternative clinical practice to studying mucosal responses to infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pamela H Brigleb
- Department of Host-Microbe Interactions, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Kasi Vegesana
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Aisha Souquette
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Kendall Whitt
- Department of Host-Microbe Interactions, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Pamela Freiden
- Department of Host-Microbe Interactions, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Amanda Green
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Paul G Thomas
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Maureen A McGargill
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Joshua Wolf
- Department of Host-Microbe Interactions, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Stacey Schultz-Cherry
- Department of Host-Microbe Interactions, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA.
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3
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Azulay A, Cohen-Lavi L, Friedman LM, McGargill MA, Hertz T. Mapping antibody footprints using binding profiles. Cell Rep Methods 2023; 3:100566. [PMID: 37671022 PMCID: PMC10475849 DOI: 10.1016/j.crmeth.2023.100566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Revised: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/07/2023]
Abstract
The increasing use of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) in biology and medicine necessitates efficient methods for characterizing their binding epitopes. Here, we developed a high-throughput antibody footprinting method based on binding profiles. We used an antigen microarray to profile 23 human anti-influenza hemagglutinin (HA) mAbs using HA proteins of 43 human influenza strains isolated between 1918 and 2018. We showed that the mAb's binding profile can be used to characterize its influenza subtype specificity, binding region, and binding site. We present mAb-Patch-an epitope prediction method that is based on a mAb's binding profile and the 3D structure of its antigen. mAb-Patch was evaluated using four mAbs with known solved mAb-HA structures. mAb-Patch identifies over 67% of the true epitope when considering only 50-60 positions along the antigen. Our work provides proof of concept for utilizing antibody binding profiles to screen large panels of mAbs and to down-select antibodies for further functional studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asaf Azulay
- The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
- National Institute of Biotechnology in the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Liel Cohen-Lavi
- National Institute of Biotechnology in the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
- Department of Industrial Engineering and Management, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Lilach M. Friedman
- The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
- National Institute of Biotechnology in the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Maureen A. McGargill
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Tomer Hertz
- The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
- National Institute of Biotechnology in the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutch Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
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4
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Hertz T, Levy S, Ostrovsky D, Oppenheimer H, Zismanov S, Kuzmina A, Friedman LM, Trifkovic S, Brice D, Chun-Yang L, Cohen-Lavi L, Shemer-Avni Y, Cohen-Lahav M, Amichay D, Keren-Naus A, Voloshin O, Weber G, Najjar-Debbiny R, Chazan B, McGargill MA, Webby R, Chowers M, Novack L, Novack V, Taube R, Nesher L, Weinstein O. Correlates of protection for booster doses of the SARS-CoV-2 vaccine BNT162b2. Nat Commun 2023; 14:4575. [PMID: 37516771 PMCID: PMC10387073 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-39816-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Vaccination, especially with multiple doses, provides substantial population-level protection against COVID-19, but emerging variants of concern (VOC) and waning immunity represent significant risks at the individual level. Here we identify correlates of protection (COP) in a multicenter prospective study following 607 healthy individuals who received three doses of the Pfizer-BNT162b2 vaccine approximately six months prior to enrollment. We compared 242 individuals who received a fourth dose to 365 who did not. Within 90 days of enrollment, 239 individuals contracted COVID-19, 45% of the 3-dose group and 30% of the four-dose group. The fourth dose elicited a significant rise in antibody binding and neutralizing titers against multiple VOCs reducing the risk of symptomatic infection by 37% [95%CI, 15%-54%]. However, a group of individuals, characterized by low baseline titers of binding antibodies, remained susceptible to infection despite significantly increased neutralizing antibody titers upon boosting. A combination of reduced IgG levels to RBD mutants and reduced VOC-recognizing IgA antibodies represented the strongest COP in both the 3-dose group (HR = 6.34, p = 0.008) and four-dose group (HR = 8.14, p = 0.018). We validated our findings in an independent second cohort. In summary combination IgA and IgG baseline binding antibody levels may identify individuals most at risk from future infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomer Hertz
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel.
- National Institute of Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel.
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutch Cancer Research Center, Seattle, USA.
| | - Shlomia Levy
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
- National Institute of Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Daniel Ostrovsky
- Clinical Research Center, Soroka University Medical Center, and the faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Hanna Oppenheimer
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
- National Institute of Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Shosh Zismanov
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
- National Institute of Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Alona Kuzmina
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Lilach M Friedman
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
- National Institute of Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Sanja Trifkovic
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - David Brice
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Lin Chun-Yang
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Liel Cohen-Lavi
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
- National Institute of Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Yonat Shemer-Avni
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
- Laboratory of Virology, Soroka University Medical Center, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Merav Cohen-Lahav
- Laboratory of Management, Soroka University Medical Center, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Doron Amichay
- Central Laboratory, Clalit Health Services & Dept. of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheba, Israel
| | - Ayelet Keren-Naus
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
- Laboratory of Virology, Soroka University Medical Center, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Olga Voloshin
- Laboratory of Virology, Soroka University Medical Center, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Gabriel Weber
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Lady Davis Carmel Medical Center, Haifa, Israel
- Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Ronza Najjar-Debbiny
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Lady Davis Carmel Medical Center, Haifa, Israel
- Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Bibiana Chazan
- Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Emek Medical Center, Afula, Israel
| | - Maureen A McGargill
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Richard Webby
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Michal Chowers
- School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Meir Medical Center, Kfar Saba, Israel
| | - Lena Novack
- Clinical Research Center, Soroka University Medical Center, and the faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Victor Novack
- Clinical Research Center, Soroka University Medical Center, and the faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Ran Taube
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel.
| | - Lior Nesher
- Infectious Disease Institute, Soroka University Medical Center, and Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University, Beer Sheba, Israel.
| | - Orly Weinstein
- Dept. of Health systems management, faculty of health sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
- Hospital division, Clalit Health Services, Tel Aviv, Israel
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5
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Roubidoux EK, Brigleb PH, Vegesana K, Souquette A, Whitt K, Freiden P, Green A, Thomas PG, McGargill MA, Wolf J, Schultz-Cherry S. Utility of nasal swabs for assessing mucosal immune responses towards SARS-CoV-2. bioRxiv 2023:2023.07.12.548630. [PMID: 37503213 PMCID: PMC10370023 DOI: 10.1101/2023.07.12.548630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 has caused millions of infections worldwide since its emergence in 2019. Understanding how infection and vaccination induce mucosal immune responses and how they fluctuate over time is important, especially since they are key in preventing infection and reducing disease severity. We established a novel methodology for assessing SARS-CoV-2 cytokine and antibody responses at the nasal epithelium by using nasopharyngeal swabs collected longitudinally before and after either SARS-CoV-2 infection or vaccination. We then compared responses between mucosal and systemic compartments. We demonstrate that cytokine and antibody profiles differ markedly between compartments. Nasal cytokines show a wound healing phenotype while plasma cytokines are consistent with pro-inflammatory pathways. We found that nasal IgA and IgG have different kinetics after infection, with IgA peaking first. Although vaccination results in low nasal IgA, IgG induction persists for up to 180 days post-vaccination. This research highlights the importance of studying mucosal responses in addition to systemic responses to respiratory infections to understand the correlates of disease severity and immune memory. The methods described herein can be used to further mucosal vaccine development by giving us a better understanding of immunity at the nasal epithelium providing a simpler, alternative clinical practice to studying mucosal responses to infection. Teaser A nasopharyngeal swab can be used to study the intranasal immune response and yields much more information than a simple viral diagnosis.
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6
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Cable J, Balachandran S, Daley-Bauer LP, Rustagi A, Antony F, Frere JJ, Strampe J, Kedzierska K, Cannon JL, McGargill MA, Weiskopf D, Mettelman RC, Niessl J, Thomas PG, Briney B, Valkenburg SA, Bloom JD, Bjorkman PJ, Iketani S, Rappazzo CG, Crooks CM, Crofts KF, Pöhlmann S, Krammer F, Sant AJ, Nabel GJ, Schultz-Cherry S. Viral immunity: Basic mechanisms and therapeutic applications-a Keystone Symposia report. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2023; 1521:32-45. [PMID: 36718537 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.14960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Viruses infect millions of people each year. Both endemic viruses circulating throughout the population as well as novel epidemic and pandemic viruses pose ongoing threats to global public health. Developing more effective tools to address viruses requires not only in-depth knowledge of the virus itself but also of our immune system's response to infection. On June 29 to July 2, 2022, researchers met for the Keystone symposium "Viral Immunity: Basic Mechanisms and Therapeutic Applications." This report presents concise summaries from several of the symposium presenters.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Siddharth Balachandran
- Blood Cell Development and Function Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Lisa P Daley-Bauer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Arjun Rustagi
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Ferrin Antony
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, USA
| | - Justin J Frere
- East Harlem Health Outreach Partnership; Department of Medical Education; and Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Jamie Strampe
- Bioinformatics Program, Boston University and National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Katherine Kedzierska
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Judy L Cannon
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | - Maureen A McGargill
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Daniela Weiskopf
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI), La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Robert C Mettelman
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Julia Niessl
- Department of Medicine, Center for Infectious Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Paul G Thomas
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Biochemistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Bryan Briney
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Sophie A Valkenburg
- HKU-Pasteur Research Pole, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, PR China
| | - Jesse D Bloom
- Basic Sciences Division and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Pamela J Bjorkman
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA
| | - Sho Iketani
- Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York, USA
| | | | - Chelsea M Crooks
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Kali F Crofts
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - Stefan Pöhlmann
- Infection Biology Unit, German Primate Center and Faculty of Biology and Psychology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Florian Krammer
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Andrea J Sant
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Gary J Nabel
- Modex Therapeutics Inc., an OPKO Health Company, Natick, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Stacey Schultz-Cherry
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Department of Immunology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
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7
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Levy S, Abd Alhadi M, Azulay A, Kahana A, Bujanover N, Gazit R, McGargill MA, Friedman LM, Hertz T. FLU-LISA (fluorescence-linked immunosorbent assay): high-throughput antibody profiling using antigen microarrays. Immunol Cell Biol 2023; 101:231-248. [PMID: 36567516 DOI: 10.1111/imcb.12618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Vaccination and natural infection both elicit potent humoral responses that provide protection from subsequent infections. The immune history of an individual following such exposures is in part encoded by antibodies. While there are multiple immunoassays for measuring antibody responses, the majority of these methods measure responses to a single antigen. A commonly used method for measuring antibody responses is ELISA-a semiquantitative assay that is simple to perform in research and clinical settings. Here, we present FLU-LISA (fluorescence-linked immunosorbent assay)-a novel antigen microarray-based assay for rapid high-throughput antibody profiling. The assay can be used for profiling immunoglobulin (Ig) G, IgA and IgM responses to multiple antigens simultaneously, requiring minimal amounts of sample and antigens. Using several influenza and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) antigen microarrays, we demonstrated the specificity and sensitivity of our novel assay and compared it with the traditional ELISA, using samples from mice, chickens and humans. We also showed that our assay can be readily used with dried blood spots, which can be collected from humans and wild birds. FLU-LISA can be readily used to profile hundreds of samples against dozens of antigens in a single day, and therefore offers an attractive alternative to the traditional ELISA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shlomia Levy
- The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel.,National Institute of Biotechnology in the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Marwa Abd Alhadi
- The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel.,National Institute of Biotechnology in the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Asaf Azulay
- The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel.,National Institute of Biotechnology in the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Amit Kahana
- The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel.,National Institute of Biotechnology in the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Nir Bujanover
- The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel.,National Institute of Biotechnology in the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Roi Gazit
- The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel.,National Institute of Biotechnology in the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Maureen A McGargill
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Lilach M Friedman
- The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel.,National Institute of Biotechnology in the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Tomer Hertz
- The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel.,National Institute of Biotechnology in the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel.,Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutch Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
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8
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Mandarano AH, Harris TL, Creasy BM, Wehenkel M, Duggar M, Wilander BA, Mishra A, Crawford JC, Mullen SA, Williams KM, Pillai M, High AA, McGargill MA. DRAK2 contributes to type 1 diabetes by negatively regulating IL-2 sensitivity to alter regulatory T cell development. Cell Rep 2023; 42:112106. [PMID: 36773294 PMCID: PMC10412737 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Revised: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Drak2-deficient (Drak2-/-) mice are resistant to multiple models of autoimmunity yet effectively eliminate pathogens and tumors. Thus, DRAK2 represents a potential target to treat autoimmune diseases. However, the mechanisms by which DRAK2 contributes to autoimmunity, particularly type 1 diabetes (T1D), remain unresolved. Here, we demonstrate that resistance to T1D in non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice is due to the absence of Drak2 in T cells and requires the presence of regulatory T cells (Tregs). Contrary to previous hypotheses, we show that DRAK2 does not limit TCR signaling. Rather, DRAK2 regulates IL-2 signaling by inhibiting STAT5A phosphorylation. We further demonstrate that enhanced sensitivity to IL-2 in the absence of Drak2 augments thymic Treg development. Overall, our data indicate that DRAK2 contributes to autoimmunity in multiple ways by regulating thymic Treg development and by impacting the sensitivity of conventional T cells to Treg-mediated suppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra H Mandarano
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Tarsha L Harris
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Blaine M Creasy
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Marie Wehenkel
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Marygrace Duggar
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA; St. Jude Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Benjamin A Wilander
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA; St. Jude Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Ashutosh Mishra
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Jeremy Chase Crawford
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Sarah A Mullen
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Katherine M Williams
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Meenu Pillai
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Anthony A High
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Maureen A McGargill
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA.
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9
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Tang L, Cherry S, Tuomanen EI, Kirkpatrick Roubidoux E, Lin CY, Allison KJ, Gowen A, Freiden P, Allen EK, Su Y, Gaur AH, Estepp JH, McGargill MA, Krammer F, Thomas PG, Schultz-Cherry S, Wolf J. Host Predictors of Broadly Cross-Reactive Antibodies Against Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Variants of Concern Differ Between Infection and Vaccination. Clin Infect Dis 2022; 75:e705-e714. [PMID: 34891165 PMCID: PMC8689782 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciab996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Following severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection or vaccination there is significant variability between individuals in protective antibody levels against SARS-CoV-2, and within individuals against different virus variants. However, host demographic or clinical characteristics that predict variability in cross-reactive antibody levels are not well-described. These data could inform clinicians, researchers, and policymakers on the populations most likely to require vaccine booster shots. METHODS In an institutional review board-approved prospective observational cohort study of staff at St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, we identified participants with plasma samples collected after SARS-CoV-2 infection, after mRNA vaccination, and after vaccination following infection, and quantitated immunoglobulin G (IgG) levels by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to the spike receptor binding domain (RBD) from 5 important SARS-CoV-2 variants (Wuhan Hu-1, B.1.1.7, B.1.351, P.1, and B.1.617.2). We used regression models to identify factors that contributed to cross-reactive IgG against 1 or multiple viral variants. RESULTS Following infection, a minority of the cohort generated cross-reactive antibodies, IgG antibodies that bound all tested variants. Those who did had increased disease severity, poor metabolic health, and were of a particular ancestry. Vaccination increased the levels of cross-reactive IgG levels in all populations, including immunocompromised, elderly, and persons with poor metabolic health. Younger people with a healthy weight mounted the highest responses. CONCLUSIONS Our findings provide important new information on individual antibody responses to infection/vaccination that could inform clinicians on populations that may require follow-on immunization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Tang
- Department of Biostatistics, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Sean Cherry
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Elaine I Tuomanen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | | | - Chun Yang Lin
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Kim J Allison
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Ashleigh Gowen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Pamela Freiden
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - E Kaitlynn Allen
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Yin Su
- Department of Biostatistics, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Aditya H Gaur
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Jeremie H Estepp
- Department of Hematology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
- Department of Global Pediatric Medicine, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USAand
| | - Maureen A McGargill
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Florian Krammer
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Paul G Thomas
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Stacey Schultz-Cherry
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Joshua Wolf
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
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10
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Levy S, Abd Alhadi M, Azulay A, Kahana A, Bujanover N, Gazit R, Mcgargill MA, Friedman LM, Hertz T. ELISA–on-Chip: High throughput antibody profiling using antigen microarrays.. [DOI: 10.1101/2022.07.05.22277251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
AbstractVaccination and natural infection both elicit potent humoral responses that provide protection from subsequent infections. The immune-history of an individual following such exposures is in part encoded by antibodies. While there are multiple immunoassays for measuring antibody responses, the majority of these methods measure responses to a single antigen. A commonly used method for measuring antibody responses is the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) assay - a semi-quantitative assay that is simple to perform in research and clinical settings. Here we present the ELISA-on-Chip assay - a novel antigen microarray based assay for rapid high-throughput antibody profiling. The assay can be used for profiling IgG, IgA and IgM responses to multiple antigens simultaneously, requiring minimal amounts of sample and antigens. Using three different types of influenza antigen microarrays, we demonstrated the specificity and sensitivity of our novel assay and compared it to the traditional ELISA assay, using samples from mice, chickens and humans. We also showed that our assay can be readily used with dried blood spots, which can be collected from wild birds, as well as from newborns and children. The ELISA-on-Chip assay can be readily used to profile hundreds of samples against dozens of antigens in a single day, and therefore offers an attractive alternative to the traditional ELISA assay.
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11
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Brice D, Thomas PG, McGargill MA. T cell receptor revision as a novel mechanism of action of immune checkpoint blockade. The Journal of Immunology 2022. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.208.supp.122.21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) is a promising therapy prescribed to combat tumors. However, acquired resistance to ICB highlights the need for a better understanding of ICB mechanisms. Analysis of T cell receptor (TCR) sequences in individuals before and after ICB showed that a distinct TCR repertoire was observed following ICB, suggesting that T cells with novel specificities contribute to tumor clearance. While the source of these T cells with distinct TCRs is not clear, ICB has been found to lead T cells infiltrating both mouse and human tumors to express components of TCR revision. Therefore, one potential mechanism by which ICB leads to anti-tumor immunity is by inducing TCR revision.
Methods
Wildtype C57BL/6, as well as TCR revision-deficient TCRa+/−.Rag2fl/fl.CD4cre (TCRa+/−.Rag2CD4) mice received subcutaneous injections of either 4.5 × 105 B16F10 or MC38F10 cells. Mice then received either PBS or a combination of 250 μg each of anti-CTLA-4, anti-PD-1, and anti-PDL-1 three times per week starting Day 7 after tumor cell injection. Tumor size and mouse survival were monitored, and baseline splenic and thymic immune cell numbers were measured via flow cytometry.
Results
No differences in T or B cell subsets were detected at baseline between the mouse strains. ICB significantly reduced tumor growth and mortality in the wildtype, but not the TCRa+/−.Rag2CD4, mice for both tumor models tested.
Conclusions
TCR revision capabilities seem to be important in ICB efficacy. Further investigation using these mouse models will help explore the possibility of future targeting of TCR revision pathways to increase ICB efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Brice
- 1Immunology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital
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12
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Mandarano AH, McGargill MA. Copper homeostasis is critical for T cell activation. The Journal of Immunology 2022. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.208.supp.166.08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Elevated copper levels are associated with autoimmune disease, infection, and tumors in both humans and mice. Modulating copper availability is a promising potential intervention to treat these diseases. However, the mechanisms underlying the beneficial impact of copper modulation in disease are poorly understood. Moreover, the role of copper homeostasis in immune function, including in T cell responses, is not clear. Copper is a required cofactor for proteins involved in essential T cell processes, including extracellular matrix regulation, signaling pathways, mitochondrial metabolism, autophagy, and maintenance of reactive oxygen species. To investigate the impact of copper levels on T cell function, we examined T cell activation during altered copper availability. We found that copper chelation limited T cell proliferation and reduced expression of activation markers following stimulation. We also found that both activation and copper availability altered copper transporter expression in T cells. Additionally, copper modulation substantially impacted the transcriptional profiles of activated T cells, including expression of transcription factors, co-stimulatory markers, cytokines, and metabolic genes. Overall, our data demonstrate that altered copper levels impair T cell activation. Further, our results reveal new pathways impacted by copper homeostasis in T cells, which will be key to both understanding the role of copper in disease and leveraging this role for therapeutic development. Studies to evaluate the role of copper homeostasis in the immune response in vivo are ongoing.
Supported by funding from ALSAC.
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13
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Minervina AA, Pogorelyy MV, Kirk AM, Crawford JC, Allen EK, Chou CH, Mettelman RC, Allison KJ, Lin CY, Brice DC, Zhu X, Vegesana K, Wu G, Trivedi S, Kottapalli P, Darnell D, McNeely S, Olsen SR, Schultz-Cherry S, Estepp JH, McGargill MA, Wolf J, Thomas PG. SARS-CoV-2 antigen exposure history shapes phenotypes and specificity of memory CD8 + T cells. Nat Immunol 2022; 23:781-790. [PMID: 35383307 PMCID: PMC9106845 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-022-01184-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Although mRNA vaccine efficacy against severe coronavirus disease 2019 remains high, variant emergence has prompted booster immunizations. However, the effects of repeated exposures to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) antigens on memory T cells are poorly understood. Here, we utilize major histocompatibility complex multimers with single-cell RNA sequencing to profile SARS-CoV-2-responsive T cells ex vivo from humans with one, two or three antigen exposures, including vaccination, primary infection and breakthrough infection. Exposure order determined the distribution between spike-specific and non-spike-specific responses, with vaccination after infection leading to expansion of spike-specific T cells and differentiation to CCR7-CD45RA+ effectors. In contrast, individuals after breakthrough infection mount vigorous non-spike-specific responses. Analysis of over 4,000 epitope-specific T cell antigen receptor (TCR) sequences demonstrates that all exposures elicit diverse repertoires characterized by shared TCR motifs, confirmed by monoclonal TCR characterization, with no evidence for repertoire narrowing from repeated exposure. Our findings suggest that breakthrough infections diversify the T cell memory repertoire and current vaccination protocols continue to expand and differentiate spike-specific memory.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mikhail V Pogorelyy
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Allison M Kirk
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | | | - E Kaitlynn Allen
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Ching-Heng Chou
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Robert C Mettelman
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Kim J Allison
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Chun-Yang Lin
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - David C Brice
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Xun Zhu
- Center for Applied Bioinformatics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Kasi Vegesana
- Information Services, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Gang Wu
- Center for Applied Bioinformatics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Sanchit Trivedi
- Hartwell Center for Bioinformatics & Biotechnology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Pratibha Kottapalli
- Hartwell Center for Bioinformatics & Biotechnology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Daniel Darnell
- Hartwell Center for Bioinformatics & Biotechnology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Suzanne McNeely
- Hartwell Center for Bioinformatics & Biotechnology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Scott R Olsen
- Hartwell Center for Bioinformatics & Biotechnology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Stacey Schultz-Cherry
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Jeremie H Estepp
- Department of Global Pediatric Medicine, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Maureen A McGargill
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Joshua Wolf
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA.
| | - Paul G Thomas
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA.
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14
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Labombarde JG, Pillai MR, Wehenkel M, Lin CY, Keating R, Brown SA, Crawford JC, Brice DC, Castellaw AH, Mandarano AH, Guy CS, Mejia JR, Lewis CD, Chang TC, Oshansky CM, Wong SS, Webby RJ, Yan M, Li Q, Marion TN, Thomas PG, McGargill MA. Induction of broadly reactive influenza antibodies increases susceptibility to autoimmunity. Cell Rep 2022; 38:110482. [PMID: 35263574 PMCID: PMC9036619 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.110482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Infection and vaccination repeatedly expose individuals to antigens that are conserved between influenza virus subtypes. Nevertheless, antibodies recognizing variable influenza epitopes greatly outnumber antibodies reactive against conserved epitopes. Elucidating factors contributing to the paucity of broadly reactive influenza antibodies remains a major obstacle for developing a universal influenza vaccine. Here, we report that inducing broadly reactive influenza antibodies increases autoreactive antibodies in humans and mice and exacerbates disease in four distinct models of autoimmune disease. Importantly, transferring broadly reactive influenza antibodies augments disease in the presence of inflammation or autoimmune susceptibility. Further, broadly reactive influenza antibodies spontaneously arise in mice with defects in B cell tolerance. Together, these data suggest that self-tolerance mechanisms limit the prevalence of broadly reactive influenza antibodies, which can exacerbate disease in the context of additional risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jocelyn G. Labombarde
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA,These authors contributed equally
| | - Meenu R. Pillai
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA,These authors contributed equally
| | - Marie Wehenkel
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA,These authors contributed equally
| | - Chun-Yang Lin
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA,Integrated Biomedical Sciences Program, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - Rachael Keating
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Scott A. Brown
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Jeremy Chase Crawford
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - David C. Brice
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Ashley H. Castellaw
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | | | - Clifford S. Guy
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Juan R. Mejia
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Carlessia D. Lewis
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Ti-Cheng Chang
- Center for Applied Bioinformatics, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Christine M. Oshansky
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Sook-San Wong
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA,Present address: Guangzhou Medical University, Xinzao, Panyu District, Guangzhou, P.R. China,Present address: State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou, P.R. China,Present address: School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, P.R. China
| | - Richard J. Webby
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Mei Yan
- Department of Immunology and Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Quan–Zhen Li
- Department of Immunology and Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Tony N. Marion
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - Paul G. Thomas
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Maureen A. McGargill
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA,Lead contact,Correspondence:
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15
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Minervina AA, Pogorelyy MV, Kirk AM, Crawford JC, Allen EK, Chou CH, Mettelman RC, Allison KJ, Lin CY, Brice DC, Zhu X, Vegesana K, Wu G, Trivedi S, Kottapalli P, Darnell D, McNeely S, Olsen SR, Schultz-Cherry S, Estepp JH, McGargill MA, Wolf J, Thomas PG. SARS-CoV-2 antigen exposure history shapes phenotypes and specificity of memory CD8 T cells. medRxiv 2022:2021.07.12.21260227. [PMID: 34341799 PMCID: PMC8328067 DOI: 10.1101/2021.07.12.21260227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Although mRNA vaccine efficacy against severe COVID-19 remains high, variant emergence and breakthrough infections have changed vaccine policy to include booster immunizations. However, the effect of diverse and repeated antigen exposures on SARS-CoV-2 memory T cells is poorly understood. Here, we utilize DNA-barcoded MHC-multimers combined with scRNAseq and scTCRseq to capture the ex vivo profile of SARS-CoV-2-responsive T cells within a cohort of individuals with one, two, or three antigen exposures, including vaccination, primary infection, and breakthrough infection. We found that the order of exposure determined the relative distribution between spike- and non-spike-specific responses, with vaccination after infection leading to further expansion of spike-specific T cells and differentiation to a CCR7-CD45RA+ effector phenotype. In contrast, individuals experiencing a breakthrough infection mount vigorous non-spike-specific responses. In-depth analysis of over 4,000 epitope-specific T cell receptor sequences demonstrates that all types of exposures elicit diverse repertoires characterized by shared, dominant TCR motifs, with no evidence for repertoire narrowing from repeated exposure. Our findings suggest that breakthrough infections diversify the T cell memory repertoire and that current vaccination protocols continue to expand and differentiate spike-specific memory responses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mikhail V. Pogorelyy
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN USA
| | - Allison M. Kirk
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN USA
| | | | - E. Kaitlynn Allen
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN USA
| | - Ching-Heng Chou
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN USA
| | - Robert C. Mettelman
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN USA
| | - Kim J. Allison
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN USA
| | - Chun-Yang Lin
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN USA
| | - David C. Brice
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN USA
| | - Xun Zhu
- Center for Applied Bioinformatics, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN USA
| | - Kasi Vegesana
- Information Services, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN USA
| | - Gang Wu
- Center for Applied Bioinformatics, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN USA
| | - Sanchit Trivedi
- Hartwell Center for Bioinformatics & Biotechnology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN USA
| | - Pratibha Kottapalli
- Hartwell Center for Bioinformatics & Biotechnology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN USA
| | - Daniel Darnell
- Hartwell Center for Bioinformatics & Biotechnology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN USA
| | - Suzanne McNeely
- Hartwell Center for Bioinformatics & Biotechnology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN USA
| | - Scott R. Olsen
- Hartwell Center for Bioinformatics & Biotechnology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN USA
| | - Stacey Schultz-Cherry
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN USA
| | - Jeremie H. Estepp
- Department of Global Pediatric Medicine, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN USA
| | | | - Maureen A. McGargill
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN USA
| | - Joshua Wolf
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN USA
| | - Paul G. Thomas
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN USA
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16
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Lin CY, Wolf J, Brice DC, Sun Y, Locke M, Cherry S, Castellaw AH, Wehenkel M, Crawford JC, Zarnitsyna VI, Duque D, Allison KJ, Allen EK, Brown SA, Mandarano AH, Estepp JH, Taylor C, Molina-Paris C, Schultz-Cherry S, Tang L, Thomas PG, McGargill MA. Pre-existing humoral immunity to human common cold coronaviruses negatively impacts the protective SARS-CoV-2 antibody response. Cell Host Microbe 2022; 30:83-96.e4. [PMID: 34965382 PMCID: PMC8648673 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2021.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Revised: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 infection causes diverse outcomes ranging from asymptomatic infection to respiratory distress and death. A major unresolved question is whether prior immunity to endemic, human common cold coronaviruses (hCCCoVs) impacts susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 infection or immunity following infection and vaccination. Therefore, we analyzed samples from the same individuals before and after SARS-CoV-2 infection or vaccination. We found hCCCoV antibody levels increase after SARS-CoV-2 exposure, demonstrating cross-reactivity. However, a case-control study indicates that baseline hCCCoV antibody levels are not associated with protection against SARS-CoV-2 infection. Rather, higher magnitudes of pre-existing betacoronavirus antibodies correlate with more SARS-CoV-2 antibodies following infection, an indicator of greater disease severity. Additionally, immunization with hCCCoV spike proteins before SARS-CoV-2 immunization impedes the generation of SARS-CoV-2-neutralizing antibodies in mice. Together, these data suggest that pre-existing hCCCoV antibodies hinder SARS-CoV-2 antibody-based immunity following infection and provide insight on how pre-existing coronavirus immunity impacts SARS-CoV-2 infection, which is critical considering emerging variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Yang Lin
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA; Integrated Biomedical Sciences Program, University of Tennessee Health Science, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Joshua Wolf
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - David C Brice
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Yilun Sun
- Department of Biostatistics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | | | - Sean Cherry
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Ashley H Castellaw
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Marie Wehenkel
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | | | - Veronika I Zarnitsyna
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Daniel Duque
- School of Mathematics, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Kim J Allison
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - E Kaitlynn Allen
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Scott A Brown
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | | | - Jeremie H Estepp
- Department of Global Pediatric Medicine, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | | | - Carmen Molina-Paris
- School of Mathematics, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK; T-6, Theoretical Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA
| | - Stacey Schultz-Cherry
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Li Tang
- Department of Biostatistics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Paul G Thomas
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Maureen A McGargill
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA.
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17
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Zebley CC, Abdelsamed HA, Ghoneim HE, Alli S, Brown C, Haydar D, Mi T, Harris T, McGargill MA, Krenciute G, Youngblood B. Proinflammatory cytokines promote TET2-mediated DNA demethylation during CD8 T cell effector differentiation. Cell Rep 2021; 37:109796. [PMID: 34644568 PMCID: PMC8593824 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
To gain insight into the signaling determinants of effector-associated DNA methylation programming among CD8 T cells, we explore the role of interleukin (IL)-12 in the imprinting of IFNg expression during CD8 T cell priming. We observe that anti-CD3/CD28-mediated stimulation of human naive CD8 T cells is not sufficient to induce substantial demethylation of the IFNg promoter. However, anti-CD3/CD28 stimulation in the presence of the inflammatory cytokine, IL-12, results in stable demethylation of the IFNg locus that is commensurate with IFNg expression. IL-12-associated demethylation of the IFNg locus is coupled to cell division through TET2-dependent demethylation in an ex vivo human chimeric antigen receptor T cell model system and an in vivo immunologically competent murine system. Collectively, these data illustrate that IL-12 signaling promotes TET2-mediated effector DNA demethylation programming in CD8 T cells and serve as proof of concept that cytokines can guide induction of epigenetically regulated traits for T cell-based immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin C Zebley
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA; Department of Bone Marrow Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA; St. Jude Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Hossam A Abdelsamed
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Hazem E Ghoneim
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Shanta Alli
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Charmaine Brown
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Dalia Haydar
- Department of Bone Marrow Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Tian Mi
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Tarsha Harris
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Maureen A McGargill
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Giedre Krenciute
- Department of Bone Marrow Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Ben Youngblood
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA.
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18
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Schultz-Cherry S, McGargill MA, Thomas PG, Estepp JH, Gaur AH, Allen EK, Allison KJ, Tang L, Webby RJ, Cherry SD, Lin CY, Fabrizio T, Tuomanen EI, Wolf J. Cross-reactive Antibody Response to mRNA SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine After Recent COVID-19-Specific Monoclonal Antibody Therapy. Open Forum Infect Dis 2021; 8:ofab420. [PMID: 34557558 PMCID: PMC8454518 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofab420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The efficacy of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccines administered after COVID-19-specific monoclonal antibody is unknown, and “antibody interference” might hinder immune responses leading to vaccine failure. In an institutional review board–approved prospective study, we found that an individual who received mRNA COVID-19 vaccination <40 days after COVID-19-specific monoclonal antibody therapy for symptomatic COVID-19 had similar postvaccine antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 receptor binding domain (RBD) for 4 important SARS-CoV-2 variants (B.1, B.1.1.7, B.1.351, and P.1) as other participants who were also vaccinated following COVID-19. Vaccination against COVID-19 shortly after COVID-19-specific monoclonal antibody can boost and expand antibody protection, questioning the need to delay vaccination in this setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stacey Schultz-Cherry
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Maureen A McGargill
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Paul G Thomas
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Jeremie H Estepp
- Department of Global Pediatric Medicine, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Aditya H Gaur
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - E Kaitlynn Allen
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Kim J Allison
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Li Tang
- Department of Biostatistics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Richard J Webby
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Sean D Cherry
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Chun-Yang Lin
- Department of Global Pediatric Medicine, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Thomas Fabrizio
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Elaine I Tuomanen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Joshua Wolf
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
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19
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Rezinciuc S, Bezavada L, Bahadoran A, Duan S, Wang R, Lopez-Ferrer D, Finkelstein D, McGargill MA, Green DR, Pasa-Tolic L, Smallwood HS. Dynamic metabolic reprogramming in dendritic cells: An early response to influenza infection that is essential for effector function. PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1008957. [PMID: 33104753 PMCID: PMC7707590 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Revised: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Infection with the influenza virus triggers an innate immune response that initiates the adaptive response to halt viral replication and spread. However, the metabolic response fueling the molecular mechanisms underlying changes in innate immune cell homeostasis remain undefined. Although influenza increases parasitized cell metabolism, it does not productively replicate in dendritic cells. To dissect these mechanisms, we compared the metabolism of dendritic cells to that of those infected with active and inactive influenza A virus and those treated with toll-like receptor agonists. Using quantitative mass spectrometry, pulse chase substrate utilization assays and metabolic flux measurements, we found global metabolic changes in dendritic cells 17 hours post infection, including significant changes in carbon commitment via glycolysis and glutaminolysis, as well as mitochondrial respiration. Influenza infection of dendritic cells led to a metabolic phenotype distinct from that induced by TLR agonists, with significant resilience in terms of metabolic plasticity. We identified c-Myc as one transcription factor modulating this response. Restriction of c-Myc activity or mitochondrial substrates significantly changed the immune functions of dendritic cells, such as reducing motility and T cell activation. Transcriptome analysis of inflammatory dendritic cells isolated following influenza infection showed similar metabolic reprogramming occurs in vivo. Thus, early in the infection process, dendritic cells respond with global metabolic restructuring, that is present in inflammatory lung dendritic cells after infection, and this is important for effector function. These findings suggest metabolic switching in dendritic cells plays a vital role in initiating the immune response to influenza infection. Dendritic cells are critical in mounting an effective immune response to influenza infection by initiating the immune response to influenza and activating the adaptive response to mediate viral clearance and manifest immune memory for protection against subsequent infections. We found dendritic cells undergo a profound metabolic shift after infection. They alter the concentration and location of hundreds of proteins, including c-Myc, facilitating a shift to a highly glycolytic phenotype that is also flexible in terms of fueling respiration. Nonetheless, we found limiting access to specific metabolic pathways or substrates diminished key immune functions. We previously described an immediate, fixed hypermetabolic state in infected respiratory epithelial cells. Here we present data indicating the metabolic response of dendritic cells is increased yet flexible, distinct from what we previously showed for epithelial cells. Additionally, we demonstrate dendritic cells tailor their metabolic response to the pathogen or TLR stimulus. This metabolic reprogramming occurs rapidly in vitro and is sustained in inflammatory dendritic cells in vivo for at least 9 days following influenza infection. These studies introduce the possibility of modulating the immune response to viral infection using customized metabolic therapy to enhance or diminish the function of specific cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svetlana Rezinciuc
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Lavanya Bezavada
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Azadeh Bahadoran
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Susu Duan
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Ruoning Wang
- Center for Childhood Cancer and Blood Disease, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, The Ohio State University School of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Daniel Lopez-Ferrer
- Chromatography and Mass Spectrometry Division, Thermo Fisher Scientific, CA, United States of America
| | - David Finkelstein
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Maureen A. McGargill
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Douglas R. Green
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Ljiljana Pasa-Tolic
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington, United States of America
| | - Heather S. Smallwood
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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20
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Mandarano AH, Harris TL, Creasy BM, Wehenkel M, McGargill MA. Drak2 contributes to autoimmunity by negatively regulating IL-2 signaling and altering regulatory T cell development. The Journal of Immunology 2020. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.204.supp.228.20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Drak2, a serine/threonine kinase expressed highest in B and T cells, negatively regulates T cell activation. Previously, we showed that Drak2-deficient mice were resistant to disease in models of multiple sclerosis and type I diabetes. Interestingly, these mice were not more susceptible to infection compared to wildtype mice. While this makes Drak2 an ideal protein to target to treat autoimmune disorders without compromising immunity to infectious pathogens, it is still not clear how Drak2 functions to specifically inhibit autoreactive T cells. Here, we report a novel mechanism by which Drak2 impacts autoimmunity. We found that the resistance to type 1 diabetes was due to the absence of Drak2 in the T cells rather than the pancreatic beta cells or other immune cells. Moreover, resistance to disease was dependent on the presence of regulatory T cells (Tregs). Unexpectedly, we found that the development of thymic Tregs was increased in Drak2-deficient mice due to augmented IL-2 signaling, which led to increased proportions of peripheral Tregs compared to wildtype mice. Drak2 limits IL-2 signaling in developing T cells via interaction with Stat5. These data provide important insight into the etiology of autoimmunity by demonstrating that Drak2 not only regulates T cell activation, but also impacts the development of Tregs by regulating IL-2 signaling.
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21
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Abdelsamed HA, Zebley CC, Nguyen H, Rutishauser RL, Fan Y, Ghoneim HE, Crawford JC, Alfei F, Alli S, Ribeiro SP, Castellaw AH, McGargill MA, Jin H, Boi SK, Speake C, Serti E, Turka LA, Busch ME, Stone M, Deeks SG, Sekaly RP, Zehn D, James EA, Nepom GT, Youngblood B. Beta cell-specific CD8 + T cells maintain stem cell memory-associated epigenetic programs during type 1 diabetes. Nat Immunol 2020; 21:578-587. [PMID: 32231298 PMCID: PMC7183435 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-020-0633-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2019] [Accepted: 02/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The pool of beta cell-specific CD8+ T-cells in type 1 diabetes (T1D) sustains an autoreactive potential despite having access to a constant source of antigen. To investigate the long-lived nature of these cells, we established a DNA methylation-based T cell “multipotency index” and found that beta cell-specific CD8+ T-cells retained a stem-like epigenetic multipotency score. Single cell ATAC-seq analysis confirmed the co-existence of naive and effector-associated epigenetic programs in individual beta cell-specific CD8+ T-cells. Assessment of beta cell-specific CD8+ T-cell anatomical distribution and the establishment of stem-associated epigenetic programs revealed that self-reactive CD8+ T-cells isolated from murine lymphoid tissue retained developmentally plastic phenotypic and epigenetic profiles relative to the same cells isolated from the pancreas. Collectively, these data provide new insight into the longevity of beta cell-specific CD8+ T cell responses, and document the utility of this novel methylation-based multipotency index for investigating human and mouse CD8+ T-cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hossam A Abdelsamed
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA.,Department of Surgery, Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh, School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Caitlin C Zebley
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA.,Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Hai Nguyen
- Translational Research Program, Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Rachel L Rutishauser
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Yiping Fan
- Center for Applied Bioinformatics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Hazem E Ghoneim
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA.,Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | | | - Francesca Alfei
- Division of Animal Physiology and Immunology, School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Shanta Alli
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | | | - Ashley H Castellaw
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Maureen A McGargill
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Hongjian Jin
- Center for Applied Bioinformatics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Shannon K Boi
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Cate Speake
- Diabetes Research Program, Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Laurence A Turka
- Immune Tolerance Network, Bethesda, MD, USA.,Center for Translational Sciences, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Mars Stone
- Vitalant Research Institute, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Steven G Deeks
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Dietmar Zehn
- Division of Animal Physiology and Immunology, School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Eddie A James
- Translational Research Program, Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Gerald T Nepom
- Translational Research Program, Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA.,Immune Tolerance Network, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Ben Youngblood
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA. .,Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA.
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22
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Pillai MR, Mihi B, Ishiwata K, Nakamura K, Sakuragi N, Finkelstein DB, McGargill MA, Nakayama T, Ayabe T, Coleman ML, Bix M. Myc-induced nuclear antigen constrains a latent intestinal epithelial cell-intrinsic anthelmintic pathway. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0211244. [PMID: 30807587 PMCID: PMC6391002 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0211244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Expulsion of parasitic gastrointestinal nematodes requires diverse effector mechanisms coordinated by a Th2-type response. The evolutionarily conserved JmjC protein; Myc Induced Nuclear Antigen (Mina) has been shown to repress IL4, a key Th2 cytokine, suggesting Mina may negatively regulate nematode expulsion. Here we report that expulsion of the parasitic nematode Trichuris muris was indeed accelerated in Mina deficient mice. Unexpectedly, this was associated not with an elevated Th2- but rather an impaired Th1-type response. Further reciprocal bone marrow chimera and conditional KO experiments demonstrated that retarded parasite expulsion and a normal Th1-type response both required Mina in intestinal epithelial cells (IECs). Transcriptional profiling experiments in IECs revealed anti-microbial α-defensin peptides to be the major target of Mina-dependent retention of worms in infected mice. In vitro exposure to recombinant α-defensin peptides caused cytotoxic damage to whipworms. These results identify a latent IEC-intrinsic anthelmintic pathway actively constrained by Mina and point to α-defensins as important effectors that together with Mina may be attractive therapeutic targets for the control of nematode infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meenu R Pillai
- St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Belgacem Mihi
- Department of Innovative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine and Institute for Global Prominent Research, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Kenji Ishiwata
- Department of Tropical Medicine, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kiminori Nakamura
- Department of Cell Biological Science, Graduate School of Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Naoya Sakuragi
- Department of Cell Biological Science, Graduate School of Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - David B Finkelstein
- St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Maureen A McGargill
- St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Toshinori Nakayama
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Tokiyoshi Ayabe
- Department of Cell Biological Science, Graduate School of Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Mathew L Coleman
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Mark Bix
- Department of Innovative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine and Institute for Global Prominent Research, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
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23
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Keating R, Morris MY, Yue W, Reynolds CE, Harris TL, Brown SA, Doherty PC, Thomas PG, McGargill MA. Potential killers exposed: tracking endogenous influenza-specific CD8 + T cells. Immunol Cell Biol 2018; 96:1104-1119. [PMID: 29972699 PMCID: PMC6282960 DOI: 10.1111/imcb.12189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2018] [Revised: 07/01/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Current influenza A virus (IAV) vaccines stimulate antibody responses that are directed against variable regions of the virus, and are therefore ineffective against divergent strains. As CD8+ T cells target the highly conserved, internal IAV proteins, they have the potential to increase heterosubtypic immunity. Early T‐cell priming events influence lasting memory, which is required for long‐term protection. However, the early responding, IAV‐specific cells are difficult to monitor because of their low frequencies. Here, we tracked the dissemination of endogenous IAV‐specific CD8+ T cells during the initial phases of the immune response following IAV infection. We exposed a significant population of recently activated, CD25+CD43+ IAV‐specific T cells that were not detected by tetramer staining. By tracking this population, we found that initial T‐cell priming occurred in the mediastinal lymph nodes, which gave rise to the most expansive IAV‐specific CD8+ T‐cell population. Subsequently, IAV‐specific CD8+ T cells dispersed to the bronchoalveolar lavage and blood, followed by spleen and liver, and finally to the lung. These data provide important insight into the priming and tissue dispersion of an endogenous CD8+ T‐cell response. Importantly, the CD25+CD43+ phenotype identifies an inclusive population of early responding CD8+ T cells, which may provide insight into TCR repertoire selection and expansion. A better understanding of this response is critical for designing improved vaccines that target CD8+ T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachael Keating
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Melissa Y Morris
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Wen Yue
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Cory E Reynolds
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Tarsha L Harris
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Scott A Brown
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Peter C Doherty
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Paul G Thomas
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Maureen A McGargill
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
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24
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Johnson JL, Keating R, Thomas PG, McGargill MA. Reduced germinal center formation is not sufficient to promote cross-reactive protection against influenza. The Journal of Immunology 2018. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.200.supp.125.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Influenza infection continues to be a major health threat with over 9 million cases annually in the United States alone. Vaccination is the best method of preventing infection; however, current vaccines are only 10–60% effective due to a high mutation rate of the virus and difficulty predicting which strains will circulate. Furthermore, current vaccines will have little to no impact on a novel pandemic virus. A universal influenza vaccine would generate an immune response to conserved portions of the virus, allowing for protection against multiple influenza subtypes. We showed that a low dose of rapamycin, given during influenza vaccination, altered the antibody response such that mice were protected against secondary infection with multiple strains of influenza. Rapamycin reduced formation of germinal centers (GC) resulting in a decrease in antibodies specific for the variable region of the vaccine HA. Thus, we hypothesized that rapamycin enhances heterosubtypic protection by reducing generation of high affinity antibodies specific for the variable region of HA, which allows antibodies specific for the conserved regions to be more prevalent. To test this, we investigated whether the reduction in GCs was sufficient to induce cross-reactive antibodies. We depleted GCs during vaccination by removing follicular helper T cells or by transiently blocking CD40L. The reduction of GC reduced the amount of class-switched, influenza-specific antibody, similar to rapamycin-treated mice. However, this was not sufficient to enhance protection following challenge with a virus of a different subtype. These data suggest that while rapamycin reduces germinal center formation, this alone is not sufficient to promote cross-reactive antibodies.
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25
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Wehenkel M, Corr M, Guy CS, Edwards BA, Castellaw AH, Calabrese C, Pagès G, Pouysségur J, Vogel P, McGargill MA. Extracellular Signal-Regulated Kinase Signaling in CD4-Expressing Cells Inhibits Osteochondromas. Front Immunol 2017; 8:482. [PMID: 28507546 PMCID: PMC5410564 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2017] [Accepted: 04/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Defects in cartilage homeostasis can give rise to various skeletal disorders including osteochondromas. Osteochondromas are benign bone tumors caused by excess accumulation of chondrocytes, the main cell type of cartilage. The extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) pathway is a major signaling node that functions within chondrocytes to regulate their growth and differentiation. However, it is not known whether the ERK pathway in other cell types regulates cartilage homeostasis. We show here that mice with a germline deficiency of Erk1 and a conditional deletion of Erk2 in cells that express CD4, or expressed CD4 at one point in development, unexpectedly developed bone deformities. The bone lesions were due to neoplastic outgrowths of chondrocytes and disordered growth plates, similar to tumors observed in the human disease, osteochondromatosis. Chondrocyte accumulation was not due to deletion of Erk2 in the T cells. Rather, CD4cre was expressed in cell types other than T cells, including a small fraction of chondrocytes. Surprisingly, the removal of T cells accelerated osteochondroma formation and enhanced disease severity. These data show for the first time that T cells impact the growth of osteochondromas and describe a novel model to study cartilage homeostasis and osteochondroma formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Wehenkel
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Maripat Corr
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Immunology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Clifford S Guy
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Benjamin A Edwards
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Ashley H Castellaw
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Christopher Calabrese
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Gilles Pagès
- Institute for Research of Cancer and Aging (IRCAN), University of Nice Sophia-Antipolis, Nice, France
| | - Jacques Pouysségur
- Institute for Research of Cancer and Aging (IRCAN), University of Nice Sophia-Antipolis, Nice, France.,Centre Scientifique de Monaco (CSM), Monaco, France
| | - Peter Vogel
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Maureen A McGargill
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
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26
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Abstract
Drak2 is a serine/threonine kinase expressed highest in T cells and B cells. Drak2-/- mice are resistant to autoimmunity in mouse models of type 1 diabetes and multiple sclerosis. Resistance to these diseases occurs, in part, because Drak2 is required for the survival of autoreactive T cells that induce disease. However, the molecular mechanisms by which Drak2 affects T cell survival and autoimmunity are not known. A recent report demonstrated that Drak2 negatively regulated transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) signaling in tumor cell lines. Thus, increased TGF-β signaling in the absence of Drak2 may contribute to the resistance to autoimmunity in Drak2-/- mice. Therefore, we examined if Drak2 functioned as a negative regulator of TGF-β signaling in T cells, and whether the enhanced susceptibility to death of Drak2-/- T cells was due to augmented TGF-β signaling. Using several in vitro assays to test TGF-β signaling and T cell function, we found that activation of Smad2 and Smad3, which are downstream of the TGF-β receptor, was similar between wildtype and Drak2-/- T cells. Furthermore, TGF-β-mediated effects on naïve T cell proliferation, activated CD8+ T cell survival, and regulatory T cell induction was similar between wildtype and Drak2-/- T cells. Finally, the increased susceptibility to death in the absence of Drak2 was not due to enhanced TGF-β signaling. Together, these data suggest that Drak2 does not function as a negative regulator of TGF-β signaling in primary T cells stimulated in vitro. It is important to investigate and discern potential molecular mechanisms by which Drak2 functions in order to better understand the etiology of autoimmune diseases, as well as to validate the use of Drak2 as a target for therapeutic treatment of these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarsha L. Harris
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
- Integrated Biomedical Sciences Program, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Maureen A. McGargill
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
- Integrated Biomedical Sciences Program, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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27
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Edwards BA, Harris TL, Floersh H, Lukens JR, Zaki MH, Vogel P, Kanneganti TD, Bui JD, McGargill MA. Drak2 is not required for tumor surveillance and suppression. Int Immunol 2015; 27:161-6. [PMID: 25568303 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxu146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Drak2 is a promising therapeutic target to treat organ-specific autoimmune diseases such as type 1 diabetes and multiple sclerosis without causing generalized immune suppression. Inhibition of Drak2 may also prevent graft rejection following organ transplantation. However, Drak2 may function as a critical tumor suppressor, which would challenge the prospect of targeting Drak2 for therapeutic treatment. Thus, we examined the susceptibility of Drak2 (-/-) mice in several tumor models. We show that Drak2 is not required to prevent tumor formation in a variety of settings. Therefore, Drak2 does not function as an essential tumor suppressor in in vivo tumor models. These data further validate Drak2 as a viable therapeutic target to treat autoimmune disease and graft rejection. Importantly, these data also indicate that while Drak2 may induce apoptosis when overexpressed in cell lines, it is not an essential tumor suppressor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin A Edwards
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, MS 351, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Tarsha L Harris
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, MS 351, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Helen Floersh
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, MS 351, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - John R Lukens
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, MS 351, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Md Hasan Zaki
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, MS 351, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Peter Vogel
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Thirumala-Devi Kanneganti
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, MS 351, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Jack D Bui
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Maureen A McGargill
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, MS 351, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
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28
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Keating R, Hertz T, Wehenkel M, Harris TL, Edwards BA, McClaren JL, Brown SA, Surman S, Wilson ZS, Bradley P, Hurwitz J, Chi H, Doherty PC, Thomas PG, McGargill MA. The kinase mTOR modulates the antibody response to provide cross-protective immunity to lethal infection with influenza virus. Nat Immunol 2013; 14:1266-76. [PMID: 24141387 PMCID: PMC3883080 DOI: 10.1038/ni.2741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2013] [Accepted: 09/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses pose a continuing global threat. Current vaccines will not protect against newly evolved pandemic viruses. The creation of 'universal' vaccines has been unsuccessful because the immunological mechanisms that promote heterosubtypic immunity are incompletely defined. We found here that rapamycin, an immunosuppressive drug that inhibits the kinase mTOR, promoted cross-strain protection against lethal infection with influenza virus of various subtypes when administered during immunization with influenza virus subtype H3N2. Rapamycin reduced the formation of germinal centers and inhibited class switching in B cells, which yielded a unique repertoire of antibodies that mediated heterosubtypic protection. Our data established a requirement for the mTORC1 complex in B cell class switching and demonstrated that rapamycin skewed the antibody response away from high-affinity variant epitopes and targeted more conserved elements of hemagglutinin. Our findings have implications for the design of a vaccine against influenza virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachael Keating
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
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29
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Anand PK, Tait SWG, Lamkanfi M, Amer AO, Nunez G, Pagès G, Pouysségur J, McGargill MA, Green DR, Kanneganti TD. TLR2 and RIP2 pathways mediate autophagy of Listeria monocytogenes via extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) activation. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:42981-91. [PMID: 22033934 PMCID: PMC3234870 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.310599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2011] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Listeria monocytogenes is a facultative intracellular pathogen that invades both phagocytic and non-phagocytic cells. Recent studies have shown that L. monocytogenes infection activates the autophagy pathway. However, the innate immune receptors involved and the downstream signaling pathways remain unknown. Here, we show that macrophages deficient in the TLR2 and NOD/RIP2 pathway display defective autophagy induction in response to L. monocytogenes. Inefficient autophagy in Tlr2(-/-) and Nod2(-/-) macrophages led to a defect in bacteria colocalization with the autophagosomal marker GFP-LC3. Consequently, macrophages lacking TLR2 and NOD2 were found to be more susceptible to L. monocytogenes infection, as were the Rip2(-/-) mice. Tlr2(-/-) and Nod2(-/-) cells showed perturbed NF-κB and ERK signaling. However, autophagy against L. monocytogenes was dependent selectively on the ERK pathway. In agreement, wild-type cells treated with a pharmacological inhibitor of ERK or ERK-deficient cells displayed inefficient autophagy activation in response to L. monocytogenes. Accordingly, fewer bacteria were targeted to the autophagosomes and, consequently, higher bacterial growth was observed in cells deficient in the ERK signaling pathway. These findings thus demonstrate that TLR2 and NOD proteins, acting via the downstream ERK pathway, are crucial to autophagy activation and provide a mechanistic link between innate immune receptors and induction of autophagy against cytoplasm-invading microbes, such as L. monocytogenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paras K. Anand
- From the From the Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee 38105
| | - Stephen W. G. Tait
- From the From the Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee 38105
| | - Mohamed Lamkanfi
- the Department of Biochemistry, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
- the Department of Medical Protein Research, Flanders Institute of Biotechnology, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Amal O. Amer
- the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, and the Center for Microbial Interface Biology, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210
| | - Gabriel Nunez
- the Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, and
| | - Gilles Pagès
- the Institute of Developmental Biology and Cancer Research, CNRS UMR 6543 Centre A, Lacassagne, 06189 Nice, France
| | - Jacques Pouysségur
- the Institute of Developmental Biology and Cancer Research, CNRS UMR 6543 Centre A, Lacassagne, 06189 Nice, France
| | - Maureen A. McGargill
- From the From the Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee 38105
| | - Douglas R. Green
- From the From the Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee 38105
| | - Thirumala-Devi Kanneganti
- From the From the Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee 38105
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30
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Kerdiles YM, Stone EL, Beisner DR, Beisner DL, McGargill MA, Ch'en IL, Stockmann C, Katayama CD, Hedrick SM. Foxo transcription factors control regulatory T cell development and function. Immunity 2011; 33:890-904. [PMID: 21167754 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2010.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 326] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2010] [Revised: 09/03/2010] [Accepted: 10/26/2010] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Foxo transcription factors integrate extrinsic signals to regulate cell division, differentiation and survival, and specific functions of lymphoid and myeloid cells. Here, we showed the absence of Foxo1 severely curtailed the development of Foxp3(+) regulatory T (Treg) cells and those that developed were nonfunctional in vivo. The loss of function included diminished CTLA-4 receptor expression as the Ctla4 gene was a direct target of Foxo1. T cell-specific loss of Foxo1 resulted in exocrine pancreatitis, hind limb paralysis, multiorgan lymphocyte infiltration, anti-nuclear antibodies and expanded germinal centers. Foxo-mediated control over Treg cell specification was further revealed by the inability of TGF-β cytokine to suppress T-bet transcription factor in the absence of Foxo1, resulting in IFN-γ secretion. In addition, the absence of Foxo3 exacerbated the effects of the loss of Foxo1. Thus, Foxo transcription factors guide the contingencies of T cell differentiation and the specific functions of effector cell populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yann M Kerdiles
- Molecular Biology Section, Division of Biological Sciences and Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0377, USA
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31
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Shaw PJ, Barr MJ, Lukens JR, McGargill MA, Chi H, Mak TW, Kanneganti TD. Signaling via the RIP2 adaptor protein in central nervous system-infiltrating dendritic cells promotes inflammation and autoimmunity. Immunity 2011; 34:75-84. [PMID: 21236705 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2010.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2010] [Revised: 09/22/2010] [Accepted: 11/22/2010] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Peripheral peptidolgycan (PGN) is present within antigen-presenting cells in the central nervous system (CNS) of multiple sclerosis (MS) patients, possibly playing a role in neuroinflammation. Accordingly, PGN is linked with disease progression in the animal model of MS, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), but the role of specific PGN-sensing proteins is unknown. Here we report that the progression of EAE was dependent on the intracellular PGN sensors NOD1 and NOD2 and their common downstream adaptor molecule, receptor interacting protein 2 (RIP2; also known as RIPK2 and RICK). We found that RIP2, but not toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2), played a critical role in the activation of CNS-infiltrating dendritic cells. Our results suggest that PGN in the CNS is involved in the pathogenesis of EAE through the activation of infiltrating dendritic cells via NOD1-, NOD2-, and RIP2-mediated pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick J Shaw
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38104, USA
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32
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Shaw PJ, Lukens JR, Burns S, Chi H, McGargill MA, Kanneganti TD. Cutting edge: critical role for PYCARD/ASC in the development of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. J Immunol 2010; 184:4610-4. [PMID: 20368281 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1000217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis is an autoimmune disease in which self-reactive T cells attack oligodendrocytes that myelinate axons in the CNS. Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), an animal model of multiple sclerosis, is dependent on caspase-1; however, the role of Nod-like receptors upstream of caspase-1 is unknown. Danger- and pathogen-associated molecular patterns activate Nod-like receptor 3, which activates caspase-1 through the adaptor protein, apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing CARD (ASC). We report that the progression of EAE is dependent on ASC and caspase-1 but not Nod-like receptor 3. ASC(-/-) mice were even more protected from the progression of EAE than were caspase-1(-/-) mice, suggesting that an inflammasome-independent function of ASC contributes to the progression of EAE. We found that CD4(+) T cells deficient in ASC exhibited impaired survival; accordingly, ASC(-/-) mice had fewer myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein-specific T cells in the draining lymph nodes and CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick J Shaw
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38104, USA
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33
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McGargill MA, Ch'en IL, Katayama CD, Pagès G, Pouysségur J, Hedrick SM. Cutting edge: Extracellular signal-related kinase is not required for negative selection of developing T cells. J Immunol 2009; 183:4838-42. [PMID: 19801509 PMCID: PMC2847885 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0902208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Signals initiated through the TCR during development can result in either survival and differentiation or cell death. High affinity signals that induce death elicit a robust yet transient activation of signaling pathways, including Erk, whereas low affinity ligands, which promote survival, generate a gradual and weaker activation of the same pathways. It was recently demonstrated that Erk localizes to distinct cellular locations in response to high and low affinity ligands. Although a requirement for Erk in positive selection is well established, its role in negative selection is controversial and, thus, the importance of Erk relocalization during development is not understood. In this study, we examined the role of Erk in negative selection using mice that are genetically deficient in both Erk1 and Erk2 in T cells. Results from three different models reveal that thymocyte deletion remains intact in the absence of Erk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maureen A. McGargill
- Molecular Biology Section, Division of Biological Sciences, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Irene L. Ch'en
- Molecular Biology Section, Division of Biological Sciences, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Carol D. Katayama
- Molecular Biology Section, Division of Biological Sciences, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Gilles Pagès
- University of Nice-Sophia Antipolis, Institute of Developmental Biology and Cancer Research, UMR Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique 6543, Centre Antoine Lacassagne, Nice, France
| | - Jacques Pouysségur
- University of Nice-Sophia Antipolis, Institute of Developmental Biology and Cancer Research, UMR Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique 6543, Centre Antoine Lacassagne, Nice, France
| | - Stephen M. Hedrick
- Molecular Biology Section, Division of Biological Sciences, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
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34
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McGargill MA, Choy C, Wen BG, Hedrick SM. Drak2 regulates the survival of activated T cells and is required for organ-specific autoimmune disease. J Immunol 2008; 181:7593-605. [PMID: 19017948 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.181.11.7593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Drak2 is a serine/threonine kinase expressed in T and B cells. The absence of Drak2 renders T cells hypersensitive to suboptimal stimulation, yet Drak2(-/-) mice are enigmatically resistant to experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, an animal model of multiple sclerosis. We show in this study that Drak2(-/-) mice were also completely resistant to type 1 diabetes when bred to the NOD strain of mice that spontaneously develop autoimmune diabetes. However, there was not a generalized suppression of the immune system, because Drak2(-/-) mice remained susceptible to other models of autoimmunity. Adoptive transfer experiments revealed that resistance to disease was intrinsic to the T cells and was due to a loss of T cell survival under conditions of chronic autoimmune stimulation. Importantly, the absence of Drak2 did not alter the survival of naive T cells, memory T cells, or T cells responding to an acute viral infection. These experiments reveal a distinction between the immune response to persistent self-encoded molecules and transiently present infectious agents. We present a model whereby T cell survival depends on a balance of TCR and costimulatory signals to explain how the absence of Drak2 affects autoimmune disease without generalized suppression of the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maureen A McGargill
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Division of Biological Sciences, Molecular Biology Section, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
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35
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McGargill MA, Choy C, Wen BG, Hedrick SM. Drak2 is critical for the survival of autoreactive T cells. FASEB J 2008. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.22.1_supplement.667.22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Carmen Choy
- Cellular and Molecular MedicineUniversity of CaliforniaSan DiegoLa JollaCA
| | - Ben G. Wen
- Department of PharmacologyGenomics Institute of the Novartis Research FoundationSan DiegoCA
| | - Stephen M. Hedrick
- Cellular and Molecular MedicineUniversity of CaliforniaSan DiegoLa JollaCA
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36
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McGargill MA, Sharp LL, Bui JD, Hedrick SM, Calbo S. Active Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II gamma B impairs positive selection of T cells by modulating TCR signaling. J Immunol 2005; 175:656-64. [PMID: 16002660 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.175.2.656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
T cell development is regulated at two critical checkpoints that involve signaling events through the TCR. These signals are propagated by kinases of the Src and Syk families, which activate several adaptor molecules to trigger Ca(2+) release and, in turn, Ca(2+)/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) activation. In this study, we show that a constitutively active form of CaMKII antagonizes TCR signaling and impairs positive selection of thymocytes in mice. Following TCR engagement, active CaMKII decreases TCR-mediated CD3zeta chain phosphorylation and ZAP70 recruitment, preventing further downstream events. Therefore, we propose that CaMKII belongs to a negative-feedback loop that modulates the strength of the TCR signal through the tyrosine phosphatase Src homology 2 domain-containing phosphatase 2 (SHP-2).
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- CD3 Complex/metabolism
- Calcium/metabolism
- Calcium/physiology
- Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinase Type 2
- Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinases/biosynthesis
- Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinases/genetics
- Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinases/physiology
- Cell Differentiation/genetics
- Cell Differentiation/immunology
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Female
- Humans
- Intracellular Fluid/enzymology
- Intracellular Fluid/metabolism
- Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins/metabolism
- Isoenzymes/biosynthesis
- Isoenzymes/genetics
- Lymphocyte Specific Protein Tyrosine Kinase p56(lck)/genetics
- Lymphocyte Specific Protein Tyrosine Kinase p56(lck)/metabolism
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, Transgenic
- Phosphorylation
- Protein Phosphatase 2
- Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase, Non-Receptor Type 11
- Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases/metabolism
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/metabolism
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/physiology
- SH2 Domain-Containing Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases
- Signal Transduction/genetics
- Signal Transduction/immunology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/cytology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/enzymology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/metabolism
- Tyrosine/antagonists & inhibitors
- Tyrosine/metabolism
- src Homology Domains/genetics
- src Homology Domains/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Maureen A McGargill
- Department of Biology and Cancer Center, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
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37
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McGargill MA, Wen BG, Walsh CM, Hedrick SM. A deficiency in Drak2 results in a T cell hypersensitivity and an unexpected resistance to autoimmunity. Immunity 2005; 21:781-91. [PMID: 15589167 PMCID: PMC2792702 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2004.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2004] [Revised: 08/31/2004] [Accepted: 10/27/2004] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
DRAK2 is a member of the death-associated protein (DAP)-like family of serine/threonine kinases. Members of this family induce apoptosis in various cell types. DRAK2, in particular, is specifically expressed in T cells and B cells, and it is differentially regulated during T cell development. To determine whether DRAK2 regulates lymphocyte apoptosis, we produced Drak2(-/-) mice. Contrary to our expectations, Drak2(-/-) T cells did not demonstrate any defects in apoptosis or negative selection; however, T cells from Drak2(-/-) mice exhibited enhanced sensitivity to T cell receptor-mediated stimulation with a reduced requirement for costimulation. These results provide evidence that DRAK2 raises the threshold for T cell activation by negatively regulating signals through the TCR. In contrast to other models of T cell hypersensitivity, Drak2(-/-) mice were remarkably resistant to experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). These results expose a new pathway regulating T cell activation and highlight the intricacies of induced autoimmune disease.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Apoptosis
- Autoimmunity/genetics
- Autoimmunity/immunology
- Cell Proliferation
- Cytokines/biosynthesis
- Cytokines/immunology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/genetics
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/immunology
- Gene Expression
- Immunologic Memory/immunology
- Lymph Nodes/immunology
- Lymph Nodes/metabolism
- Lymphocyte Activation/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Knockout
- Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases/deficiency
- Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases/genetics
- Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases/metabolism
- Protein Transport
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes/pathology
- Up-Regulation
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38
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McGargill MA, Mayerova D, Stefanski HE, Koehn B, Parke EA, Jameson SC, Panoskaltsis-Mortari A, Hogquist KA. A spontaneous CD8 T cell-dependent autoimmune disease to an antigen expressed under the human keratin 14 promoter. J Immunol 2002; 169:2141-7. [PMID: 12165543 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.169.4.2141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Using a previously described human keratin 14 (K14) promoter, we created mice expressing a peptide Ag (OVAp) in epithelial cells of the skin, tongue, esophagus, and thymus. Double transgenic mice that also express a TCR specific for this Ag (OT-I) showed evidence for Ag-driven receptor editing in the thymus. Surprisingly, such mice exhibited a severe autoimmune disease. In this work we describe the features of this disease and demonstrate that it is dependent on CD8 T cells. Consistent with the Ag expression pattern dictated by the human K14 promoter, an inflammatory infiltrate was observed in skin and esophagus and around bile ducts of the liver. We also observed a high level of TNF-alpha in the serum. Given that Ag expression in the thymus induced development of T cells with dual TCR reactivity, and that dual-reactive cells have been suggested to have autoimmune potential, we tested whether they were a causal factor in the disease observed here. We found that OT-I/K14-OVAp animals on a recombinase-activating gene-deficient background still suffered from disease. In addition, OT-I animals expressing OVA broadly in all tissues under a different promoter did not experience disease, despite having a similar number of dual-specific T cells. Thus, in this model it would appear that dual-reactive T cells do not underlie autoimmune pathology. Finally, we extended these observations to a second transgenic system involving 2C TCR-transgenic animals expressing the SIY peptide Ag with the hK14 promoter. We discuss the potential relationship between autoimmunity and self-Ags that are expressed in stratified epithelium.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens/genetics
- Autoimmune Diseases/genetics
- Autoimmune Diseases/immunology
- Autoimmune Diseases/pathology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Egg Proteins/genetics
- Egg Proteins/immunology
- Epithelial Cells/immunology
- Epithelial Cells/pathology
- Gene Expression
- Genes, T-Cell Receptor
- Humans
- Keratin-14
- Keratins/genetics
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, Transgenic
- Ovalbumin/genetics
- Ovalbumin/immunology
- Peptide Fragments
- Promoter Regions, Genetic
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Maureen A McGargill
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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39
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Affiliation(s)
- M A McGargill
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis 55455, USA
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40
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Abstract
A central tenet of T cell development postulates that if a developing thymocyte encounters self-antigen, it is induced to die via apoptosis, thereby protecting the organism from autoreactive T cells. We created transgenic mice that expressed a peptide antigen in the cortical epithelial cells of the thymus. This did not, however, result in deletion of specific T cells. Instead, antigen presentation by epithelial cells caused T cell receptor (TCR) internalization and increased gene rearrangement at the endogenous TCR alpha locus, or receptor editing. This editing mechanism in immature T cells parallels that which occurs in immature B cells, and has important implications for understanding positive and negative selection signaling in the thymus, and the limits of self-tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A McGargill
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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41
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McGargill MA, Hogquist KA. Antigen-Induced Coreceptor Down-Regulation on Thymocytes Is Not a Result of Apoptosis. The Journal of Immunology 1999. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.162.3.1237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
The various stages of T cell development are typically characterized by the expression level of the two coreceptors, CD4 and CD8. During the CD4+CD8+ (double-positive, DP) stage of development, thymocytes that perceive a low avidity signal through the TCR go on to differentiate (positive selection), and ultimately down-regulate one coreceptor to express either CD4 or CD8. Alternatively, thymocytes that perceive a high avidity signal down-regulate both coreceptors and are induced to die via apoptosis (negative selection). However, it has recently been suggested that positively selected thymocytes may also partially down-regulate both coreceptors before up-regulating the one coreceptor that is ultimately expressed. This would imply that coreceptor down-regulation (dulling) is not a consequence of commitment to the death pathway. To explore this possibility, we have utilized an in vitro assay to demonstrate that dulling occurred in response to both positive and negative selecting ligands in vitro, was not a result of nonspecific membrane perturbation, was not dependent on the type of APC, and occurred before death in vitro. Furthermore, when thymocyte apoptosis was blocked, CD4 and CD8 were down-regulated in response to TCR stimulation. These data suggest that dulling in response to TCR ligation is distinct from death, and support a model in which DP dulling occurs during both positive and negative selection. The biological implications of this phenomenon are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maureen A. McGargill
- Department of Lab Medicine and Pathology and the Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Kristin A. Hogquist
- Department of Lab Medicine and Pathology and the Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455
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42
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McGargill MA, Hogquist KA. Antigen-induced coreceptor down-regulation on thymocytes is not a result of apoptosis. J Immunol 1999; 162:1237-45. [PMID: 9973375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
The various stages of T cell development are typically characterized by the expression level of the two coreceptors, CD4 and CD8. During the CD4+CD8+ (double-positive, DP) stage of development, thymocytes that perceive a low avidity signal through the TCR go on to differentiate (positive selection), and ultimately down-regulate one coreceptor to express either CD4 or CD8. Alternatively, thymocytes that perceive a high avidity signal down-regulate both coreceptors and are induced to die via apoptosis (negative selection). However, it has recently been suggested that positively selected thymocytes may also partially down-regulate both coreceptors before up-regulating the one coreceptor that is ultimately expressed. This would imply that coreceptor down-regulation (dulling) is not a consequence of commitment to the death pathway. To explore this possibility, we have utilized an in vitro assay to demonstrate that dulling occurred in response to both positive and negative selecting ligands in vitro, was not a result of nonspecific membrane perturbation, was not dependent on the type of APC, and occurred before death in vitro. Furthermore, when thymocyte apoptosis was blocked, CD4 and CD8 were down-regulated in response to TCR stimulation. These data suggest that dulling in response to TCR ligation is distinct from death, and support a model in which DP dulling occurs during both positive and negative selection. The biological implications of this phenomenon are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A McGargill
- Department of Lab Medicine and Pathology and the Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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43
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Abstract
In the thymus, positive and negative selection shape the T cell repertoire. It has previously been shown that positive selection, like negative selection, is the result of the interaction of the TCR with self-peptides bound to MHC. However, little is known about the number or nature of the self-peptide ligands that mediate positive selection in vivo. We devised a novel assay with enhanced sensitivity for low affinity TCR ligands to identify self-peptides that may be biologically relevant. At least eight K(b)-bound self-peptides were detected by this assay using thymocytes bearing the OT-I TCR (specific for OVAp/K(b)). The sequence of one of these peptides was determined using the recently developed technique of membrane preconcentration-capillary electrophoresis-tandem mass spectrometry. This peptide, CP alpha1, has limited sequence similarity to OVAp, yet was found to induce positive selection of OT-I thymocytes in fetal thymic organ culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- K A Hogquist
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis 55455, USA
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