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Abstract
Innate immunity employs germline-encoded pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) to sense microbial pattern molecules. Recognition of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) by various PPRs located on the cell membrane or in the cytosol leads to the activation of cell signaling pathways and production of inflammatory mediators. Nucleic acids including DNA, RNA, and their derivatives are potent PAMPs which can be recognized by multiple PRRs to induce inflammatory responses. While nucleic acid sensors can also sense endogenous nucleic acids, they are capable of discriminating self from non-self. However, defects in nucleic acid sensing PRRs or dysregulation of nucleic acid sensing signaling pathways may cause excessive activation of the immune system resulting in the development of inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. This review will discuss the major pathways for sensing intracellular nucleic acids and how defects in these nucleic acid sensing are associated with different kinds of autoimmune and inflammatory disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahanshah Khan
- Department of Pathology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Victoria Godfrey
- Department of Pathology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Md Hasan Zaki
- Department of Pathology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States.
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2
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Udden SMN, Peng L, Gan JL, Shelton JM, Malter JS, Hooper LV, Zaki MH. NOD2 Suppresses Colorectal Tumorigenesis via Downregulation of the TLR Pathways. Cell Rep 2018; 19:2756-2770. [PMID: 28658623 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2017.05.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2016] [Revised: 04/26/2017] [Accepted: 05/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Although NOD2 is the major inflammatory bowel disease susceptibility gene, its role in colorectal tumorigenesis is poorly defined. Here, we show that Nod2-deficient mice are highly susceptible to experimental colorectal tumorigenesis independent of gut microbial dysbiosis. Interestingly, the expression of inflammatory genes and the activation of inflammatory pathways, including NF-κB, ERK, and STAT3 are significantly higher in Nod2-/- mouse colons during colitis and colorectal tumorigenesis, but not at homeostasis. Consistent with higher inflammation, there is greater proliferation of epithelial cells in hyperplastic regions of Nod2-/- colons. In vitro studies demonstrate that, while NOD2 activates the NF-κB and MAPK pathways in response to MDP, it inhibits TLR-mediated activation of NF-κB and MAPK. Notably, NOD2-mediated downregulation of NF-κB and MAPK is associated with the induction of IRF4. Taken together, NOD2 plays a critical role in the suppression of inflammation and tumorigenesis in the colon via downregulation of the TLR signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Nashir Udden
- Department of Pathology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Lan Peng
- Department of Pathology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Jia-Liang Gan
- Department of Pathology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - John M Shelton
- Molecular Pathology Core, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - James S Malter
- Department of Pathology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Lora V Hooper
- Department of Immunology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; The Howard Hughes Medical Institute, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Md Hasan Zaki
- Department of Pathology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
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3
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Sabuncu AC, Shen J, Zaki MH, Beskok A. Changes in the dielectric spectra of murine colon during neoplastic progression. Biomed Phys Eng Express 2018. [DOI: 10.1088/2057-1976/aaad81] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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4
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Richardson PG, Hofmeister CC, Raje NS, Siegel DS, Lonial S, Laubach J, Efebera YA, Vesole DH, Nooka AK, Rosenblatt J, Doss D, Zaki MH, Bensmaine A, Herring J, Li Y, Watkins L, Chen MS, Anderson KC. Pomalidomide, bortezomib and low-dose dexamethasone in lenalidomide-refractory and proteasome inhibitor-exposed myeloma. Leukemia 2017; 31:2695-2701. [PMID: 28642620 PMCID: PMC5729338 DOI: 10.1038/leu.2017.173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Accepted: 05/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
This phase 1 dose-escalation study evaluated pomalidomide, bortezomib (subcutaneous (SC) or intravenous (IV)) and low-dose dexamethasone (LoDEX) in lenalidomide-refractory and proteasome inhibitor-exposed relapsed or relapsed and refractory multiple myeloma (RRMM). In 21-day cycles, patients received pomalidomide (1-4 mg days 1-14), bortezomib (1-1.3 mg/m2 days 1, 4, 8 and 11 for cycles 1-8; days 1 and 8 for cycle ⩾9) and LoDEX. Primary endpoint was to determine the maximum tolerated dose (MTD). Thirty-four patients enrolled: 12 during escalation, 10 in the MTD IV bortezomib cohort and 12 in the MTD SC bortezomib cohort. Patients received a median of 2 prior lines of therapy; 97% bortezomib exposed. With no dose-limiting toxicities, MTD was defined as the maximum planned dose: pomalidomide 4 mg, bortezomib 1.3 mg/m2 and LoDEX. All patients discontinued treatment by data cutoff (2 April 2015). The most common grade 3/4 treatment-emergent adverse events were neutropenia (44%) and thrombocytopenia (26%), which occurred more frequently with IV than SC bortezomib. No grade 3/4 peripheral neuropathy or deep vein thrombosis was reported. Overall response rate was 65%. Median duration of response was 7.4 months. Pomalidomide, bortezomib and LoDEX was well tolerated and effective in lenalidomide-refractory and bortezomib-exposed patients with RRMM.
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Affiliation(s)
- P G Richardson
- Jerome Lipper Multiple Myeloma Center, Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - C C Hofmeister
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - N S Raje
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - D S Siegel
- John Theurer Cancer Center, Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack, NJ, USA
| | - S Lonial
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - J Laubach
- Jerome Lipper Multiple Myeloma Center, Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Y A Efebera
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - D H Vesole
- John Theurer Cancer Center, Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack, NJ, USA
| | - A K Nooka
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - J Rosenblatt
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - D Doss
- Jerome Lipper Multiple Myeloma Center, Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - M H Zaki
- Celgene Corporation, Summit, NJ, USA
| | | | - J Herring
- Celgene Corporation, Summit, NJ, USA
| | - Y Li
- Celgene Corporation, Summit, NJ, USA
| | - L Watkins
- Celgene Corporation, Summit, NJ, USA
| | - M S Chen
- Celgene Corporation, Summit, NJ, USA
| | - K C Anderson
- Jerome Lipper Multiple Myeloma Center, Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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5
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Hu S, Peng L, Kwak YT, Tekippe EM, Pasare C, Malter JS, Hooper LV, Zaki MH. The DNA Sensor AIM2 Maintains Intestinal Homeostasis via Regulation of Epithelial Antimicrobial Host Defense. Cell Rep 2015; 13:1922-36. [PMID: 26655906 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2015.10.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2015] [Revised: 06/29/2015] [Accepted: 10/14/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Microbial pattern molecules in the intestine play immunoregulatory roles via diverse pattern recognition receptors. However, the role of the cytosolic DNA sensor AIM2 in the maintenance of intestinal homeostasis is unknown. Here, we show that Aim2(-/-) mice are highly susceptible to dextran sodium sulfate-induced colitis that is associated with microbial dysbiosis as represented by higher colonic burden of commensal Escherichia coli. Colonization of germ-free mice with Aim2(-/-) mouse microbiota leads to higher colitis susceptibility. In-depth investigation of AIM2-mediated host defense responses reveals that caspase-1 activation and IL-1β and IL-18 production are compromised in Aim2(-/-) mouse colons, consistent with defective inflammasome function. Moreover, IL-18 infusion reduces E. coli burden as well as colitis susceptibility in Aim2(-/-) mice. Altered microbiota in inflammasome-defective mice correlate with reduced expression of several antimicrobial peptides in intestinal epithelial cells. Together, these findings implicate DNA sensing by AIM2 as a regulatory mechanism for maintaining intestinal homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuiqing Hu
- Department of Pathology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Lan Peng
- Department of Pathology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Youn-Tae Kwak
- Department of Pathology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Erin McElvania Tekippe
- Department of Pathology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Children's Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | | | - James S Malter
- Department of Pathology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Lora V Hooper
- Department of Immunology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; The Howard Hughes Medical Institute, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Md Hasan Zaki
- Department of Pathology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
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6
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Lukens JR, Gurung P, Shaw PJ, Barr MJ, Zaki MH, Brown SA, Vogel P, Chi H, Kanneganti TD. The NLRP12 Sensor Negatively Regulates Autoinflammatory Disease by Modulating Interleukin-4 Production in T Cells. Immunity 2015; 42:654-64. [PMID: 25888258 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2015.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2014] [Revised: 01/09/2015] [Accepted: 03/18/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Missense mutations in the nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (NOD)-like receptor pyrin domain containing family of gene 12 (Nlrp12) are associated with periodic fever syndromes and atopic dermatitis in humans. Here, we have demonstrated a crucial role for NLRP12 in negatively regulating pathogenic T cell responses. Nlrp12(-/-) mice responded to antigen immunization with hyperinflammatory T cell responses. Furthermore, transfer of CD4(+)CD45RB(hi)Nlrp12(-/-) T cells into immunodeficient mice led to more severe colitis and atopic dermatitis. NLRP12 deficiency did not, however, cause exacerbated ascending paralysis during experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE); instead, Nlrp12(-/-) mice developed atypical neuroinflammatory symptoms that were characterized by ataxia and loss of balance. Enhanced T-cell-mediated interleukin-4 (IL-4) production promotes the development of atypical EAE disease in Nlrp12(-/-) mice. These results define an unexpected role for NLRP12 as an intrinsic negative regulator of T-cell-mediated immunity and identify altered NF-κB regulation and IL-4 production as key mediators of NLRP12-associated disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- John R Lukens
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA; Center for Brain Immunology and Glia (BIG), Department of Neuroscience, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Prajwal Gurung
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Patrick J Shaw
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Maggie J Barr
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Md Hasan Zaki
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Scott A Brown
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Peter Vogel
- Animal Resources Center and the Veterinary Pathology Core, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Hongbo Chi
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
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7
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Edwards BA, Harris TL, Floersh H, Lukens JR, Zaki MH, Vogel P, Kanneganti TD, Bui JD, McGargill MA. Drak2 is not required for tumor surveillance and suppression. Int Immunol 2015; 27:161-6. [PMID: 25568303 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxu146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Drak2 is a promising therapeutic target to treat organ-specific autoimmune diseases such as type 1 diabetes and multiple sclerosis without causing generalized immune suppression. Inhibition of Drak2 may also prevent graft rejection following organ transplantation. However, Drak2 may function as a critical tumor suppressor, which would challenge the prospect of targeting Drak2 for therapeutic treatment. Thus, we examined the susceptibility of Drak2 (-/-) mice in several tumor models. We show that Drak2 is not required to prevent tumor formation in a variety of settings. Therefore, Drak2 does not function as an essential tumor suppressor in in vivo tumor models. These data further validate Drak2 as a viable therapeutic target to treat autoimmune disease and graft rejection. Importantly, these data also indicate that while Drak2 may induce apoptosis when overexpressed in cell lines, it is not an essential tumor suppressor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin A Edwards
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, MS 351, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Tarsha L Harris
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, MS 351, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Helen Floersh
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, MS 351, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - John R Lukens
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, MS 351, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Md Hasan Zaki
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, MS 351, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Peter Vogel
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Thirumala-Devi Kanneganti
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, MS 351, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Jack D Bui
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Maureen A McGargill
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, MS 351, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
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8
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Liu Z, Zaki MH, Vogel P, Gurung P, Finlay BB, Deng W, Lamkanfi M, Kanneganti TD. Role of inflammasomes in host defense against Citrobacter rodentium infection. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:16955-64. [PMID: 22461621 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.358705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Citrobacter rodentium is an enteric bacterial pathogen of the mouse intestinal tract that triggers inflammatory responses resembling those of humans infected with enteropathogenic and enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli. Inflammasome signaling is emerging as a central regulator of inflammatory and host responses to several pathogens, but the in vivo role of inflammasome signaling in host defense against C. rodentium has not been characterized. Here, we show that mice lacking the inflammasome components Nlrp3, Nlrc4, and caspase-1 were hypersusceptible to C. rodentium-induced gastrointestinal inflammation. This was due to defective interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-18 production given that il-1β(-/-) and il-18(-/-) mice also suffered from increased bacterial burdens and exacerbated histopathology. C. rodentium specifically activated the Nlrp3 inflammasome in in vitro-infected macrophages independently of a functional bacterial type III secretion system. Thus, production of IL-1β and IL-18 downstream of the Nlrp3 and Nlrc4 inflammasomes plays a critical role in host defense against enteric infections caused by C. rodentium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiping Liu
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee 38105, USA
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9
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Abstract
Colorectal cancer is a major health problem in developed countries. Chronic intestinal inflammation predisposes individuals to the development of colorectal cancer. The intracellular NOD-like receptors (NLRs) have emerged as crucial regulators of intestinal inflammation and colorectal tumorigenesis. Activation of several NLRs leads to the formation of a protein complex called the inflammasome, which then triggers the activation of the cysteine protease caspase-1 and the downstream maturation and secretion of the inflammatory cytokines interleukin-1β and -18. Defective inflammasome signaling in the gut contributes to colitis and colorectal tumorigenesis by increasing the permeability of the epithelial barrier, dysregulating the proliferation of epithelial cells, and inducing oncogenic mediators. In this review, we discuss our current knowledge on how the inflammasome protects against colorectal tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Hasan Zaki
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
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10
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Zaki MH, Lamkanfi M, Kanneganti TD. The Nlrp3 inflammasome: contributions to intestinal homeostasis. Trends Immunol 2011; 32:171-9. [PMID: 21388882 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2011.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 212] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2010] [Revised: 01/31/2011] [Accepted: 02/01/2011] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) such as Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis constitute a major health problem in developed countries. Moreover, IBD predisposes to the development of colorectal cancer. The intracellular NOD-like receptor Nlrp3 is rapidly emerging as a crucial regulator of intestinal homeostasis. This innate immune receptor mediates assembly of the inflammasome complex in the presence of microbial ligands, triggering caspase-1 activation and secretion of IL-1β and IL-18. Recent studies suggest that defective Nlrp3 inflammasome signaling in the gut contributes to IBD through increased permeability across the epithelial barrier and the induction of detrimental immune responses against invading commensals. Here, we review and discuss recent advances of the role of the Nlrp3 inflammasome in colitis and colon tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Hasan Zaki
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
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11
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Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) produced by inducible NO synthase (iNOS) during infection plays a crucial role in host defense mechanisms, via its antimicrobial and cytoprotective activities. Infection of Salmonella typhimurium in mice induces excessive production of NO, as a host defense response. We found much greater bacterial growth and apoptotic changes in iNOS-deficient (iNOS-/-) mice than in wild-type mice. However, the mechanism of NO-mediated cytoprotection during Salmonella infection remained unclear. An important signaling mechanism induced by NO is heme oxygenase (HO)-1, a significant cytoprotective molecule produced by oxidative stress. Thus, we sought to clarify NO-dependent cytoprotective and antimicrobial host defense, with a particular focus on the signaling mechanism of HO-1 induction. We recently discovered a nitrated cyclic nucleotide, 8-nitroguanosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (8-nitro-cGMP), which is formed via NO possibly with reactive oxygen species. We observed strong immunoreactivity for 8-nitro-cGMP in Salmonella-infected wild-type mouse liver and peritoneal macrophages in culture but not in iNOS-/- mouse liver and macrophages. Moreover, a higher apoptosis was observed in iNOS-/- macrophages compared with wild-type macrophages after Salmonella infection, but the difference was nullified when iNOS-/- cells were treated with 8-nitro-cGMP. Finally, authentic 8-nitro-cGMP induced HO-1 in cultured macrophages infected with Salmonella. The signaling function of 8-nitro-cGMP appears to be mediated by its unique reaction with the sulfhydryl group of cysteine, thus forming a proteinS-cGMP adduct, which is an important mechanism of post-translational modification of proteins called protein S-guanylation. More importantly, we found 8-nitro-cGMP-dependent S-guanylation of Keap1, a regulatory protein of transcription factor Nrf2, which regulates the transcription of HO-1. In this review, we focus on a unique mechanism of NO-mediated host defense via formation of a novel signaling molecule, 8-nitro-cGMP in microbial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takaaki Akaike
- Department of Microbiology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan.
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12
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Cavarretta IT, Neuwirt H, Untergasser G, Moser PL, Zaki MH, Steiner H, Rumpold H, Fuchs D, Hobisch A, Nemeth JA, Culig Z. The antiapoptotic effect of IL-6 autocrine loop in a cellular model of advanced prostate cancer is mediated by Mcl-1. Oncogene 2006; 26:2822-32. [PMID: 17072336 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1210097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Levels of the proinflammatory cytokine interleukin-6 (IL-6) are increased in therapy-resistant prostate cancer. IL-6 has been considered a positive growth factor in late-stage prostate cancer cells and a potential target for therapeutic interference. Effects of inhibition of IL-6 on cell survival were studied in LNCaP-IL6+ cells, a model system for advanced prostate cancer, which produce IL-6. We show that the autocrine IL-6 loop is responsible for resistance to apoptosis and increased cellular levels of myeloid cell leukemia-1 (Mcl-1) protein, an antiapoptotic member of the Bcl-2 family. Treatment of cells with a chimeric anti-IL-6 antibody (CNTO 328) led to the induction of apoptosis and downregulation of Mcl-1 protein levels. Specific knockdown of Mcl-1 gene expression by small interfering RNA also yielded an increase in apoptosis of LNCaP-IL-6+ cells. Vice versa, inactivation of IL-6 autocrine loop had no influence on apoptosis levels in the absence of Mcl-1, thus suggesting this molecule as a mediator of the survival action of IL-6. Mcl-1 protein regulation by the endogenous cytokine directly involved the extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway. Our data support the concept of anti-IL-6 targeted therapy in therapy-resistant prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- I T Cavarretta
- Department of Urology, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
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13
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Moore JS, Zaki MH. Clinical cytokine network cytometry. Clin Lab Med 2001; 21:795-809. [PMID: 11770288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
Abstract
Cytokines play an important role in human health and disease. Monitoring their effects and detecting alterations in the complex balance of cytokines within a patient will undoubtedly become increasingly common in the clinical laboratory. Because of the complexity of the network interactions, multiple assays measuring soluble cytokines ("what"), cytokine-producing cells ("who"), surface receptors ("where"), and function (how) simultaneously are necessary to provide clinically useful information. The explosion of reagents and applications for use in the clinical flow cytometry laboratory makes this the perfect setting to perform the multidimensional studies required. Clinical cytokine network cytometry exemplifies the power of multiparameter, high throughput technologies that will change the face of clinical laboratories in the twenty-first century.
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Affiliation(s)
- J S Moore
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, University of Pennsylvania Cancer Center, USA.
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14
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Rook AH, Zaki MH, Wysocka M, Wood GS, Duvic M, Showe LC, Foss F, Shapiro M, Kuzel TM, Olsen EA, Vonderheid EC, Laliberte R, Sherman ML. The role for interleukin-12 therapy of cutaneous T cell lymphoma. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2001; 941:177-84. [PMID: 11594571 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2001.tb03721.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Recent phase I and phase II trials using recombinant human interleukin-12 (rhIL-12) for cutaneous T cell lymphoma (CTCL) have been completed. Observations on 32 evaluable patients revealed an overall response rate approaching 50 percent. Biopsy of regressing lesions revealed an increase in numbers of CD8+ and/or TIA-1+ T cells. These results suggest that rhIL-12 may induce lesion regression by augmenting antitumor cytotoxic T cell responses. Future trials will be focused on strategies for further immune enhancement by the concomitant use of additional immune augmenting cytokines with rhIL-12.
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MESH Headings
- Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte/analysis
- Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte/immunology
- Antineoplastic Agents/adverse effects
- Antineoplastic Agents/therapeutic use
- Humans
- Immunohistochemistry
- Interleukin-12/adverse effects
- Interleukin-12/therapeutic use
- Lymphocytes, Tumor-Infiltrating/immunology
- Lymphoma, T-Cell, Cutaneous/drug therapy
- Lymphoma, T-Cell, Cutaneous/immunology
- Recombinant Proteins/therapeutic use
- Skin Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Skin Neoplasms/immunology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/classification
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/immunology
- Treatment Outcome
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Affiliation(s)
- A H Rook
- Department of Dermatology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia 19104, USA.
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15
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Zaki MH, Shane RB, Geng Y, Showe LC, Everetts SE, Presky DH, Wysocka M, Moore JS, Rook AH. Dysregulation of lymphocyte interleukin-12 receptor expression in Sézary syndrome. J Invest Dermatol 2001; 117:119-27. [PMID: 11442758 DOI: 10.1046/j.0022-202x.2001.01354.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Initial phase I and II clinical trials with recombinant human interleukin-12 have demonstrated the therapeutic efficacy of this cytokine in early stage cutaneous T cell lymphoma as compared with more advanced stages such as the leukemic Sézary syndrome. In an effort to optimize the use of recombinant human interleukin-12, using flow cytometry we studied the regulation of the interleukin-12 receptor beta1 (high affinity chain) and beta2 (chain necessary for interleukin-12 signal transduction) on normal volunteer CD4+ and CD8+ T cells and CD4+ and CD8+ cells from eight patients with different degrees of leukemic involvement with Sézary syndrome. The beta1 chain was not readily detectable on resting normal and T cells from Sézary patients, but expression was induced following T cell activation with phytohemagglutinin. Similarly, the beta2 chain was not detectable on resting normal volunteer T cells, but could be induced following phytohemagglutinin stimulation. Moreover, the beta2 chain on normal volunteer T cells was markedly upregulated following short-term culture with interferon-gamma or recombinant human interleukin-12. CD8+ T cells routinely exhibited a greater expression of beta2 than did CD4+ T cells. In marked contrast, both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells from patients with Sézary syndrome and a high tumor cell burden (> 50% circulating atypical Sézary T cells) failed to express the beta2 chain under any culture conditions. Although, culture with anti-interleukin-10 also markedly increased beta2 expression on normal volunteer T cells, this failed to induce expression on either CD4+ or CD8+ T cells from Sézary patients and a high tumor burden. Investigation of patients with Sézary syndrome and a low tumor cell burden (< 15% circulating Sézary T cells) revealed a pattern of beta2 expression that was intermediate between advanced Sézary syndrome and normal volunteers. Both CD4+ and CD8+ peripheral blood T cells from these earlier stage patients were induced to express the beta2 chain, although at a lower frequency of positivity than T cells from normals, following culture with phytohemagglutinin, interferon-gamma, recombinant human interleukin-12, or anti-interleukin-10. These results indicate that short-term culture with interferon-gamma and recombinant human interleukin-12 potently upregulates beta2 chain expression on T cells from normal volunteers, whereas a similar, but less marked effect occurs on T cells from Sézary syndrome patients and a low circulating tumor cell burden. In contrast, the beta2 chain appears to be suppressed on both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells from Sézary patients with a heavy circulating tumor cell burden and it is not induced by interferon-gamma or recombinant human interleukin-12. Therefore, recombinant human interleukin-12 is likely to be most effective for early stage cutaneous T cell lymphoma due to a greater display of beta2 receptors on responding CD8+ anti-tumor cytotoxic T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- M H Zaki
- Department of Dermatology, The University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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Geng Y, Shane RB, Berencsi K, Gonczol E, Zaki MH, Margolis DJ, Trinchieri G, Rook AH. Chlamydia pneumoniae inhibits apoptosis in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells through induction of IL-10. J Immunol 2000; 164:5522-9. [PMID: 10799921 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.164.10.5522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Chlamydia pneumoniae is a common cause of pulmonary infection, with serum positivity in at least 50% of the general population. In this study, we report that human PBMCs exposed to C. pneumoniae are resistant to apoptosis induced by the potent photoactivated chemotherapeutic agents 8-methoxypsoralen and hypericin. In contrast, PBMCs treated with a heat-inactivated inoculum exhibit normal susceptibility to apoptosis. We also observed that human PBMCs are responsive to C. pneumoniae infection by secretion of key immune regulatory cytokines, including IL-12 and IL-10. While IL-12 may play an important role in limiting C. pneumoniae proliferation within cells, IL-10 serves an anti-inflammatory function by down-regulating proinflammatory cytokines such as IL-12 and TNF-alpha. Depletion of endogenous IL-10, but not of IL-12, abolished the apoptosis resistance of C. pneumoniae-infected PBMCs. Furthermore, addition of exogenous IL-10, but not IL-12, significantly increased the resistance of control inoculum-treated PBMCs to photoactivated 8-methoxypsoralen- and hypericin-induced apoptosis. Therefore, we conclude that C. pneumoniae possesses an antiapoptotic mechanism. The resistance to apoptosis observed in PBMCs exposed to C. pneumoniae is due, at least partially, to the IL-10 induced during C. pneumoniae infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Geng
- Departments of Dermatology and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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Zaki MH. Selected tickborne infections. A review of Lyme disease, Rocky Mountain spotted fever, and babesiosis. N Y State J Med 1989; 89:320-35. [PMID: 2662061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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Zaki MH, Lyons HA, Leilop L, Huang CT. Corticosteroid therapy in sarcoidosis. A five-year, controlled follow-up study. N Y State J Med 1987; 87:496-9. [PMID: 3478618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Zaki MH. The epidemiology and control of Rocky Mountain spotted fever. N Y State J Med 1984; 84:62-3. [PMID: 6583557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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Zaki MH. Measles eradication. Can we succeed? N Y State J Med 1983; 83:952-4. [PMID: 6577322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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Abstract
Aldicarb, a carbamate pesticide, was detected for the first time in groundwater in Suffolk County, New York, in August 1979. Although all laboratory and field studies indicated that the pesticide could not reach groundwater, a combination of circumstances allowed its residues not only to reach groundwater but also to be ingested by humans. Inquiries in hospitals and poison control centers did not reveal any cases of carbamate poisoning. The extensive monitoring program, conducted by the County in cooperation with the federal and state agencies and the Union Carbide Corporation, showed that 1,121 (13.5 per cent) of the 8,404 wells examined exceeded the state recommended guidelines of 7 ppb. Of the contaminated wells 52 per cent contained adicarb between 8 and 30 ppb, 32 per cent between 31 and 75 ppb, and 16 per cent more that 75 ppb. Residents whose wells exceeded the guideline were advised not to use the water for drinking or cooking purposes and to obtain an alternate source of potable water. The Union Carbide Corporation provided those residents with activated carbon filtration units. The incident raises several serious issues, such as the testing of pesticides under field conditions prior to registration and during their use, the validity of the recommended actionable levels, and the paucity of long-term epidemiologic studies of the health effects resulting from consumption of pesticides in trace concentrations.
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Zaki MH. Arthropod-borne viral encephalitides: Illusion or reality in Suffolk county? N Y State J Med 1979; 79:902-3. [PMID: 286193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Zaki MH. Comments on restaurant inspections. Am J Public Health 1979; 69:390-1. [PMID: 426168 PMCID: PMC1619026 DOI: 10.2105/ajph.69.4.390-a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Zaki MH. Rocky Mountain spotted fever; epidemiologic and clinical features. N Y State J Med 1979; 79:64-5. [PMID: 282473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Zaki MH, Miller GS, Cortivo LA, McLaughlin MC. Dieldrin in milk: the experience of Suffolk County, New York. Am J Public Health 1978; 68:260-2. [PMID: 637171 PMCID: PMC1653910 DOI: 10.2105/ajph.68.3.260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Zaki MH, Lyons HA, Tizes R, Ali H. Tuberculosis patients; reactivation. N Y State J Med 1977; 77:1441-6. [PMID: 267838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Abstract
Qualitative and quantitative bacteriological examinations of 100 samples of perishable foods from 39 retail stores were performed to determine the presence of bacterial contaminants and to explore the feasibility of establishing and utilizing microbiological standards in enforcement. Forty-six per cent of the samples had standard plate counts in excess of 100,000 per gram, 17 per cent showed coliform organisms in excess of 100 per gram, 20 per cent revealed the presence of Staphylococcus aureus and 2 per cent Clostridium perfringens. None of the shell fish samples grew Vibrio parahaemolyticus. The bacteriological findings are discussed in relation to pertinent variables and the use of microbiological standards for potentially hazardous foods is explored. All 450 retail food establishments in a selected area of Western Suffolk County (New York) were subjected to comprehensive study, using a scoring system developed by the Food and Drug Administration. Initial inspections revealed 32 per cent as having one or more major violations. Follow-up inspections were performed to insure compliance and most violations were corrected within four weeks. Six months later all establishments were reinspected. The scoring system was found to have limited value. Half the establishments with major violations on initial inspection had major violations six months later as compared to less than a quarter of those with no initial major violation.
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Zaki MH, Lyons HA, Robins AB, Brown EP. Tuberculin sensitivity. Contacts of tuberculosis patients. N Y State J Med 1976; 76:2138-43. [PMID: 1069203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Zaki MH. Medical programs in foreign technical assistance. N Y State J Med 1975; 75:1315-6. [PMID: 1055911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Zaki MH. Health programming for the Peace Corps in Afghanistan: family planning. Am J Public Health 1974; 64:1098-9. [PMID: 4413639 PMCID: PMC1775669 DOI: 10.2105/ajph.64.11.1098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Kleinfeld M, Messite J, Zaki MH. Mortality experiences among talc workers: a follow-up study. J Occup Med 1974; 16:345-9. [PMID: 4826349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Zaki MH. On the epidemiology of tuberculosis in some selected countries. Highlights and prospects for control and eradication. II. Am J Public Health 1971; 61:843-54. [PMID: 4334479 PMCID: PMC1529793 DOI: 10.2105/ajph.61.4.843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Zaki MH, Addrizzo JR, Patton JM, Murphy JJ. Further exploratory studies in sarcoidosis. An epidemiologic investigation to compare the prevalence of tuberculosis infection and-or disease among contacts of matched sarcoidosis and asthmatic patients. Am Rev Respir Dis 1971; 103:539-45. [PMID: 4994460 DOI: 10.1164/arrd.1971.103.4.539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Tizes R, Zaki MH, Katz S. Primary drug resistance in tuberculosis. JAMA 1970; 214:1887-8. [PMID: 4994250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Richter RM, Zaki MH. Selective conservative management of penetrating abdominal injuries. Surg Gynecol Obstet 1970; 130:677-81. [PMID: 5436608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Zaki MH, Lyons HA, Tizes R, Godinez F. The trend of infection with drug-resistant strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis among untreated patients. I. Isoniazid. Am J Public Health Nations Health 1969; 59:2056-66. [PMID: 4981880 PMCID: PMC1226770 DOI: 10.2105/ajph.59.11.2056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Zaki MH. On the epidemiology of tuberculosis in some selected countries: highlights and prospects for control and eradication. I. Am J Public Health Nations Health 1968; 58:1692-712. [PMID: 5692058 PMCID: PMC1228878 DOI: 10.2105/ajph.58.9.1692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Tizes R, Zaki MH, Minkowitz S. Pulmonary schistosomiasis. Report of a case found with a solitary lesion. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1967; 16:595-8. [PMID: 6053527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
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Zaki MH, De Ramos S, Shookhoff HB, Sterman M. Further trials with Astiban in schistosomiasis mansoni: the effect of increased dosage. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1966; 15:725-9. [PMID: 5917630 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.1966.15.725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
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