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Miller AT, Dahlberg C, Sandberg ML, Wen BG, Beisner DR, Hoerter JAH, Parker A, Schmedt C, Stinson M, Avis J, Cienfuegos C, McPate M, Tranter P, Gosling M, Groot-Kormelink PJ, Dawson J, Pan S, Tian SS, Seidel HM, Cooke MP. Inhibition of the Inositol Kinase Itpkb Augments Calcium Signaling in Lymphocytes and Reveals a Novel Strategy to Treat Autoimmune Disease. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0131071. [PMID: 26121493 PMCID: PMC4488288 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0131071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2015] [Accepted: 05/28/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Emerging approaches to treat immune disorders target positive regulatory kinases downstream of antigen receptors with small molecule inhibitors. Here we provide evidence for an alternative approach in which inhibition of the negative regulatory inositol kinase Itpkb in mature T lymphocytes results in enhanced intracellular calcium levels following antigen receptor activation leading to T cell death. Using Itpkb conditional knockout mice and LMW Itpkb inhibitors these studies reveal that Itpkb through its product IP4 inhibits the Orai1/Stim1 calcium channel on lymphocytes. Pharmacological inhibition or genetic deletion of Itpkb results in elevated intracellular Ca2+ and induction of FasL and Bim resulting in T cell apoptosis. Deletion of Itpkb or treatment with Itpkb inhibitors blocks T-cell dependent antibody responses in vivo and prevents T cell driven arthritis in rats. These data identify Itpkb as an essential mediator of T cell activation and suggest Itpkb inhibition as a novel approach to treat autoimmune disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew T. Miller
- The Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation (GNF), San Diego, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Carol Dahlberg
- The Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation (GNF), San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Mark L. Sandberg
- The Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation (GNF), San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Ben G. Wen
- The Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation (GNF), San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Daniel R. Beisner
- The Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation (GNF), San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - John A. H. Hoerter
- The Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation (GNF), San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Albert Parker
- The Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation (GNF), San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Christian Schmedt
- The Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation (GNF), San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Monique Stinson
- The Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation (GNF), San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Jacqueline Avis
- The Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation (GNF), San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Cynthia Cienfuegos
- The Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation (GNF), San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Mark McPate
- Novartis Pharmaceuticals UK Limited, Respiratory Disease Area, Horsham, West Sussex, United Kingdom
| | - Pamela Tranter
- Novartis Pharmaceuticals UK Limited, Respiratory Disease Area, Horsham, West Sussex, United Kingdom
| | - Martin Gosling
- Novartis Pharmaceuticals UK Limited, Respiratory Disease Area, Horsham, West Sussex, United Kingdom
| | - Paul J. Groot-Kormelink
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Musculoskeletal Disease Area, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Janet Dawson
- Novartis Pharma AG, Novartis Institutes for Biomed. Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Shifeng Pan
- The Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation (GNF), San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Shin-Shay Tian
- The Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation (GNF), San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - H. Martin Seidel
- The Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation (GNF), San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Michael P. Cooke
- The Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation (GNF), San Diego, California, United States of America
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McGargill MA, Choy C, Wen BG, Hedrick SM. Drak2 regulates the survival of activated T cells and is required for organ-specific autoimmune disease. J Immunol 2008; 181:7593-605. [PMID: 19017948 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.181.11.7593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Drak2 is a serine/threonine kinase expressed in T and B cells. The absence of Drak2 renders T cells hypersensitive to suboptimal stimulation, yet Drak2(-/-) mice are enigmatically resistant to experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, an animal model of multiple sclerosis. We show in this study that Drak2(-/-) mice were also completely resistant to type 1 diabetes when bred to the NOD strain of mice that spontaneously develop autoimmune diabetes. However, there was not a generalized suppression of the immune system, because Drak2(-/-) mice remained susceptible to other models of autoimmunity. Adoptive transfer experiments revealed that resistance to disease was intrinsic to the T cells and was due to a loss of T cell survival under conditions of chronic autoimmune stimulation. Importantly, the absence of Drak2 did not alter the survival of naive T cells, memory T cells, or T cells responding to an acute viral infection. These experiments reveal a distinction between the immune response to persistent self-encoded molecules and transiently present infectious agents. We present a model whereby T cell survival depends on a balance of TCR and costimulatory signals to explain how the absence of Drak2 affects autoimmune disease without generalized suppression of the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maureen A McGargill
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Division of Biological Sciences, Molecular Biology Section, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
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Grünewald J, Tsao ML, Perera R, Dong L, Niessen F, Wen BG, Kubitz DM, Smider VV, Ruf W, Nasoff M, Lerner RA, Schultz PG. Immunochemical termination of self-tolerance. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2008; 105:11276-80. [PMID: 18685087 PMCID: PMC2516224 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0804157105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability to selectively induce a strong immune response against self-proteins, or increase the immunogenicity of specific epitopes in foreign antigens, would have a significant impact on the production of vaccines for cancer, protein-misfolding diseases, and infectious diseases. Here, we show that site-specific incorporation of an immunogenic unnatural amino acid into a protein of interest produces high-titer antibodies that cross-react with WT protein. Specifically, mutation of a single tyrosine residue (Tyr(86)) of murine tumor necrosis factor-alpha (mTNF-alpha) to p-nitrophenylalanine (pNO(2)Phe) induced a high-titer antibody response in mice, whereas no significant antibody response was observed for a Tyr(86) --> Phe mutant. The antibodies generated against the pNO(2)Phe are highly cross-reactive with native mTNF-alpha and protect mice against lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced death. This approach may provide a general method for inducing an antibody response to specific epitopes of self- and foreign antigens that lead to a neutralizing immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Liqun Dong
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, CA 92121
| | | | - Ben G. Wen
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, CA 92121
| | | | - Vaughn V. Smider
- Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037; and
| | | | - Marc Nasoff
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, CA 92121
| | | | - Peter G. Schultz
- Departments of *Chemistry
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, CA 92121
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McGargill MA, Choy C, Wen BG, Hedrick SM. Drak2 is critical for the survival of autoreactive T cells. FASEB J 2008. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.22.1_supplement.667.22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Carmen Choy
- Cellular and Molecular MedicineUniversity of CaliforniaSan DiegoLa JollaCA
| | - Ben G. Wen
- Department of PharmacologyGenomics Institute of the Novartis Research FoundationSan DiegoCA
| | - Stephen M. Hedrick
- Cellular and Molecular MedicineUniversity of CaliforniaSan DiegoLa JollaCA
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Du CW, Wen BG, Li DR, Peng X, Hong CQ, Chen JY, Lin ZZ, Hong X, Lin YC, Xie LX, Wu MY, Zhang H. Arsenic trioxide reduces the invasive and metastatic properties of nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells in vitro. Braz J Med Biol Res 2006; 39:677-85. [PMID: 16648906 DOI: 10.1590/s0100-879x2006000500015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is notorious for the metastases, which are in close association with Epstein-Barr virus-encoded latent membrane protein 1 (LMP1). Arsenic trioxide (As2O3) has been shown to induce apoptosis and differentiation in NPC xenografts. Then, can it repress the cancer cells' metastasis potential? To elucidate this issue, the present study was performed. LMP1-negative cell line HNE1 and LMP1-positive cell line HNE1-LMP1 were used as in vitro model. Cells (1 x 10(5)/mL) were cultured with or without 3 microM As2O3 for 48 h. Then the survival cells were collected to investigate their potential of colony formation, attachment, invasion, and migration. Both confocal immunofluorescence staining and Western blot were used to detect the changes of LMP1 expression. The changes of MMP-9 were examined by RT-PCR assay and Western blot. The results were as follow: i) the colony formation inhibition rate (75.41 +/- 3.9% in HNE1-LMP1 cells vs 37.89 +/- 4.9% in HNE1 cells), the rate of attachment (HNE1-LMP1 vs HNE1: 56.40 +/- 3.5 vs 65.87 +/- 5.9%), the invasion inhibitory rate (HNE1-LMP1 vs HNE1: 56.50 +/- 3.7 and 27.91 +/- 2.1%), and the migration inhibitory rate (HNE1-LMP1 vs HNE1: 48.70 +/- 3.9 vs 29.19 +/- 6.27%) were all significantly different between the two cell lines (P < 0.01). ii) LMP1 was down-regulated in As2O3-treated HNE1-LMP1 cells. iii) The reduction of MMP-9 was found in As2O3-treated groups, more evident in HNE1-LMP1 cells. Thus, we conclude that As2O3 can reduce metastasis potential of NPC cells, involving inhibition of MMP-9 expression. LMP1 were also reduced in this process and seemed to enhance anti-metastasis activity of As2O3.
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Affiliation(s)
- C W Du
- Laboratory of Cancer Research, Cancer Hospital, Shantou University Medical College, Guang Dong, PR, China
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Du CW, Wen BG, Li DR, Lin YC, Zheng YW, Chen L, Chen JY, Lin W, Wu MY. Latent membrane protein-1 of Epstein - Barr virus increases sensitivity to arsenic trioxide-induced apoptosis in nasopharyngeal carcinoma cell. Exp Oncol 2005; 27:267-72. [PMID: 16404345 DOI: pmid/16404345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Epstein - Barr virus (EBV)-encoded LMP1 is suggested to have an important role in the pathogenesis and development of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). Our previous study showed that As2O3 exhibited growth inhibition of NPC in animal model. Here, we further explore whether LMP1 is involved in As2O3 anticancer effects in NPC cell line. METHODS Both the stable expressing LMP1 cell line HNE1-LMP1 and its parental cell line HNE1 without LMP1 expression were used as in vitro models to assess arsenic trioxide effect. Both cell lines were treated with As2O3 for 72 h. The median inhibition concentration (IC50) was assessed by the MTT assay. Apoptosis was observed by phase-contrast microscopy and TUNEL staining. The alteration of telomere lengths was detected by Southern blotting. RESULTS IC50 for As2O3 in HNE1-LMP1 cells and HNE1 cells was 2.22 and 5.09 micromol/L, respectively. After exposure to 2 and 4 micromol/L As2O3 for 72 h, the apoptotic index in HNE1-LMP1 was 26.27 -/+ 1.3 and 49.13 -/+ 1.4%, respectively. On the contrary, in HNE1 cells the apoptotic index was 12.6 -/+ 0.9 and 33.20 -/+ 1.3%, respectively. As compared with parental cell line HNE1, HNE1-LMP1 cells were more sensitive to growth inhibition and apoptosis (p < 0.001). The elongation of telomere length was also found in HNE1-LMP1 cells. Meanwhile, longer telomeres in HNE1-LMP1 cells failed to maintain telomere stabilization, instead, it prone to be shortened when exposure to As2O3, as comparing with HNE1 cells. CONCLUSION LMP1 plays important role in enhancing NPC cell response to As2O3. The elongation of telomere length induced by LMP1 may contribute to the mechanisms of As2O3 sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- C W Du
- Laboratory of Cancer Research, Cancer Hospital, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515031, P.R. China
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Friedrich ML, Wen BG, Bain G, Kee BL, Katayama C, Murre C, Hedrick SM, Walsh CM. DRAK2, a lymphoid-enriched DAP kinase, regulates the TCR activation threshold during thymocyte selection. Int Immunol 2005; 17:1379-90. [PMID: 16172133 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxh315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
DAP kinases are a family of serine/threonine kinases known to regulate intrinsic apoptotic processes. DAP-related apoptotic kinase-2 (DRAK2) is highly expressed in lymphoid organs, with differential expression during thymocyte development. Low levels of transcript were observed in CD4/CD8 double-positive (DP) and double-negative populations, whereas single-positive thymocytes possessed elevated levels. Ex vivo stimulation of DP thymocytes with phorbol myristate acetate or antibodies that activate the TCR complex led to the accumulation of DRAK2 in a protein kinase C- and MAP Kinase-dependent fashion. Although DAP kinase family members are thought to potentiate apoptosis, ectopic expression of DRAK2 using retroviral transduction of primary T cells and NIH3T3 fibroblasts failed to decrease rates of survival, suggesting that DRAK2 expression is not sufficient to promote apoptosis. Rather, our results demonstrate that DRAK2 is a primary response gene activated by TCR stimulation in DP thymocytes. Further, we observed that DRAK2 controlled the threshold for calcium signaling in the thymus since positively selected Drak2-deficient thymocytes displayed a reduced requirement for TCR cross-linking. These findings are consistent with a role for DRAK2 in thymocyte selection and lymphoid maturation, and demonstrate that DRAK2 transduces non-apoptotic signals during thymocyte differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica L Friedrich
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Center for Immunology, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697-3900, USA
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Willingham AT, Orth AP, Batalov S, Peters EC, Wen BG, Aza-Blanc P, Hogenesch JB, Schultz PG. A strategy for probing the function of noncoding RNAs finds a repressor of NFAT. Science 2005; 309:1570-3. [PMID: 16141075 DOI: 10.1126/science.1115901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 584] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Noncoding RNA molecules (ncRNAs) have been implicated in numerous biological processes including transcriptional regulation and the modulation of protein function. Yet, in spite of the apparent abundance of ncRNA, little is known about the biological role of the projected thousands of ncRNA genes present in the human genome. To facilitate functional analysis of these RNAs, we have created an arrayed library of short hairpin RNAs (shRNAs) directed against 512 evolutionarily conserved putative ncRNAs and, via cell-based assays, we have begun to determine their roles in cellular pathways. Using this system, we have identified an ncRNA repressor of the nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT), which interacts with multiple proteins including members of the importin-beta superfamily and likely functions as a specific regulator of NFAT nuclear trafficking.
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Affiliation(s)
- A T Willingham
- Department of Chemistry, Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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9
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McGargill MA, Wen BG, Walsh CM, Hedrick SM. A deficiency in Drak2 results in a T cell hypersensitivity and an unexpected resistance to autoimmunity. Immunity 2005; 21:781-91. [PMID: 15589167 PMCID: PMC2792702 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2004.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2004] [Revised: 08/31/2004] [Accepted: 10/27/2004] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
DRAK2 is a member of the death-associated protein (DAP)-like family of serine/threonine kinases. Members of this family induce apoptosis in various cell types. DRAK2, in particular, is specifically expressed in T cells and B cells, and it is differentially regulated during T cell development. To determine whether DRAK2 regulates lymphocyte apoptosis, we produced Drak2(-/-) mice. Contrary to our expectations, Drak2(-/-) T cells did not demonstrate any defects in apoptosis or negative selection; however, T cells from Drak2(-/-) mice exhibited enhanced sensitivity to T cell receptor-mediated stimulation with a reduced requirement for costimulation. These results provide evidence that DRAK2 raises the threshold for T cell activation by negatively regulating signals through the TCR. In contrast to other models of T cell hypersensitivity, Drak2(-/-) mice were remarkably resistant to experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). These results expose a new pathway regulating T cell activation and highlight the intricacies of induced autoimmune disease.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Apoptosis
- Autoimmunity/genetics
- Autoimmunity/immunology
- Cell Proliferation
- Cytokines/biosynthesis
- Cytokines/immunology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/genetics
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/immunology
- Gene Expression
- Immunologic Memory/immunology
- Lymph Nodes/immunology
- Lymph Nodes/metabolism
- Lymphocyte Activation/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Knockout
- Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases/deficiency
- Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases/genetics
- Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases/metabolism
- Protein Transport
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes/pathology
- Up-Regulation
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Wen BG, Pletcher MT, Warashina M, Choe SH, Ziaee N, Wiltshire T, Sauer K, Cooke MP. Inositol (1,4,5) trisphosphate 3 kinase B controls positive selection of T cells and modulates Erk activity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2004; 101:5604-9. [PMID: 15064401 PMCID: PMC397439 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0306907101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms governing positive selection of T cells in the thymus are still incompletely understood. Here, we describe a N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea induced recessive mouse mutant, Ms. T-less, which lacks T cells in the peripheral blood because of a complete block of thymocyte development at the CD4(+)CD8(+) stage. Single nucleotide polymorphism mapping and candidate gene sequencing revealed a nonsense mutation in the inositol (1,4,5) trisphosphate 3 kinase B (Itpkb) gene in Ms. T-less mice. Accordingly, Ms. T-less thymocytes do not show detectable expression of Itpkb protein and have drastically reduced basal inositol (1,4,5) trisphosphate kinase activity. Itpkb converts inositol (1,4,5) trisphosphate to inositol (1,3,4,5) tetrakisphosphate, soluble second messengers that have been implicated in Ca(2+) signaling. Surprisingly, Ca(2+) responses show no significant differences between wild type (WT) and mutant thymocytes. However, extracellular signal-regulated kinase (Erk) activation in response to suboptimal antigen receptor stimulation is attenuated in Ms. T-less thymocytes, suggesting a role for Itpkb in linking T cell receptor signaling to efficient and sustained Erk activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben G Wen
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
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11
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Xiong SD, Wen BG, Li GW. [Research progress in gene engineered antibodies]. Sheng Li Ke Xue Jin Zhan 2001; 32:23-6. [PMID: 12545772 DOI: pmid/12545772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Gene engineered antibodies(GEAs) have been applied in a lot of aspects with the great development of the technique of GEAs. The technique of GEAs such as ribosome display and phage surface display and their application progress were summarized in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- S D Xiong
- Department of Molecular Biology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515031
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12
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Rumpf RW, Griffen AL, Wen BG, Leys EJ. Sequencing of the ribosomal intergenic spacer region for strain identification of Porphyromonas gingivalis. J Clin Microbiol 1999; 37:2723-5. [PMID: 10405432 PMCID: PMC85328 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.37.8.2723-2725.1999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/1999] [Accepted: 04/20/1999] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The ribosomal intergenic spacer regions (ISRs) of 19 laboratory strains and 30 clinical samples of Porphyromonas gingivalis were amplified by PCR and sequenced to provide a strain identifier. The ISR is a variable region of DNA located between the conserved 16S and 23S rRNA genes. This makes it an ideal locus for differentiation of strains within a species: primers specific for the conserved flanking genes were used to amplify the ISR, which was then sequenced to identify the strain. We have constructed a P. gingivalis ISR sequence database to facilitate strain identification. ISR sequence analysis provides a strain identifier that can be easily reproduced among laboratories and catalogued for unambiguous comparison.
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Affiliation(s)
- R W Rumpf
- Department of Oral Biology, College of Dentistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
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13
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Li GW, Wen BG. [Nuclear matrix and regulation of gene expression]. Sheng Li Ke Xue Jin Zhan 1998; 29:257-9. [PMID: 12501648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/28/2023]
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Abstract
FADD is a cytoplasmic adapter molecule that links the family of death receptors to the activation of caspases during apoptosis. We have produced transgenic mice expressing a dominantly interfering mutant of FADD, lacking the caspase-dimerizing death effector domain, as well as mice overexpressing the poxvirus serpin, CrmA, an inhibitor of caspases downstream of FADD. While thymocytes from either line of mice were completely protected from CD95-dependent cytotoxicity, neither transgene afforded protection from apoptosis induced during thymocyte selection and neither led to the lymphoproliferative disorders associated with deficiencies in CD95. However, in FADD dominant negative (FADDdd) mice, early thymocyte development was retarded and peripheral lymphocyte pools were devoid of normal populations of T cells. We show that thymocytes and peripheral T cells from FADDdd display signaling anomalies, implying that FADD plays a previously uncharacterized role in T cell development and activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Walsh
- Department of Biology and the Cancer Center, The University of California, San Diego, La Jolla 92093-0687, USA
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15
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Wen BG. [Protein blotting]. Sheng Li Ke Xue Jin Zhan 1987; 18:328-31. [PMID: 3330869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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16
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Wen BG, Burkhard AL, Cote GJ, Huang DP, Chiu JF. Hepatoma-associated nonhistone chromosomal proteins are present in active chromatin. Mol Cell Biochem 1987; 76:75-84. [PMID: 2442595 DOI: 10.1007/bf00219400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Recently a group of nonhistone proteins with molecular weights ranging from 180-200 K were discovered which are associated with rat hepatoma chromatin specifically (Burkhardt et al., Biochim. Biophys. Acta 781, 165-172, 1984). These hepatoma-associated nonhistone proteins appeared and increased in rats treated with a hepatocarcinogen. Two approaches were used in this study to investigate whether the hepatoma-associated nonhistone chromosomal proteins are present in actively transcribed regions. We found that the limited DNase I digestion of Morris hepatoma 7777 chromatin released antigenic proteins not detected in normal liver chromatin digests. The association of antigenic nonhistone proteins with nuclear matrices was also studied. Using immunoblot analysis of nuclear matrices and total chromatin, the antigenic nonhistone chromosomal proteins were determined. Hepatoma-associated nonhistone protein antigens were extensively concentrated in the nuclear matrices. In the present study, the transcriptionally-active alpha-fetoprotein gene and the nontranscribed beta-globin gene were used as gene markers to determine the transcriptionally active chromatin region. Data presented in this paper indicate that hepatoma-associated NHPs are localized in active chromatin.
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Abstract
Hybridoma technology was applied in an effort to create highly specific probes for nonhistone proteins associated with human colon cancer nuclear matrix. Three stable monoclonal antibodies producing cloned cells No. 39, 54 and 58 are described here. All these antibodies showed high reactivity with human colon tumor nuclear matrix. Both antibodies No. 39 and 58 showed an extensive cross reactivity at high concentration of normal colon nuclear matrix. The antigens were determined to be a heterogeneous group of proteins with a major antigen of molecular weight of 140,000 for antibody No. 54 subclone 54-c-5-6 and two major antigens of molecular weight for 105,000 and 116,000 for antibody No. 39 subclone 39-d-11-12. Immunohistochemical localization of the antigens by the horseradish peroxidase bridge method demonstrated their presence in the nuclei.
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Abstract
Colon adenocarcinoma-associated chromosomal nonhistone proteins were determined in rat colon adenocarcinoma chromatin and in colon chromatin of Sprague-Dawley rats treated with 1,2-dimethylhydrazine (DMH) by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay method. The specific nuclear proteins are tissue-specific oncofetal antigens. They were also detected in fetal rat colon chromatin but not in adult rat colon chromatin. The specific tumor-associated nonhistone proteins were identified by immunoblot. The molecular weight ranges of these proteins were 79,000-89,000 and 40,000-56,000 daltons. Administration of DMH to Sprague-Dawley rats induced colon tumor and colon tumor-associated nonhistone proteins in the chromatin. However, DMH failed to induce colon tumor and tumor-associated nonhistone proteins in Lobund-Wistar rats.
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Wen BG. [Nerve growth factor: its distribution, chemistry and function (author's transl)]. Sheng Li Ke Xue Jin Zhan 1981; 12:132-8. [PMID: 6274012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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