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Miyatake K, Tsuji K, Yamaga M, Yamada J, Matsukura Y, Abula K, Sekiya I, Muneta T. Human YKL39 (chitinase 3-like protein 2), an osteoarthritis-associated gene, enhances proliferation and type II collagen expression in ATDC5 cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2013; 431:52-7. [PMID: 23291184 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2012.12.094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2012] [Accepted: 12/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Human YKL39 (chitinase 3-like protein 2/CHI3L2) is a secreted 39kDa protein produced by articular chondrocytes and synoviocytes. Recent studies showed that hYKL-39 expression is increased in osteoarthritic articular chondrocytes suggesting the involvement of hYKL-39 in the progression of osteoarthritis (OA). However little is known regarding the molecular function of hYKL-39 in joint homeostasis. Sequence analyses indicated that hYKL-39 has significant identity with the human chitotorisidase family molecules, although it is considered that hYKL-39 has no enzymatic activity since it lacks putative chitinase catalytic motif. In this study, to examine the molecular function of hYKL-39 in chondrocytes, we overexpressed hYKL-39 in ATDC5 cells. Here we report that hYKL-39 enhances colony forming activity, cell proliferation, and type II collagen expression in these cells. These data suggest that hYKL-39 is a novel growth and differentiation factor involved in cartilage homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazumasa Miyatake
- Department of Joint Surgery and Sports Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
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Xu Q, Chai SJ, Qian YY, Zhang M, Wang K. Breast regression protein-39 (BRP-39) promotes dendritic cell maturation in vitro and enhances Th2 inflammation in murine model of asthma. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2012. [PMID: 23178461 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2012.154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To determine the roles of breast regression protein-39 (BRP-39) in regulating dendritic cell maturation and in pathology of acute asthma. METHODS Mouse bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDCs) were prepared, and infected with adenovirus over-expressing BRP-39. Ovalbumin (OVA)-induced murine model of acute asthma was made in female BALB/c mice by sensitizing and challenging with chicken OVA and Imject Alum. The transfected BMDCs were adoptively transferred into OVA-treated mice via intravenous injection. Airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR), inflammation and pulmonary histopathology were characterized. RESULTS The expression of BRP-39 mRNA and protein was significantly increased in lung tissues of OVA-treated mice. The BMDCs infected with adenovirus BRP-39 exhibited greater maturation and higher activity in vitro. Adoptive transfer of the cells into OVA-treated mice significantly augmented OVA-induced AHR and eosinophilic inflammation. Meanwhile, BRP-39 further enhanced the production of OVA-induced Th2 cytokines IL-4, IL-5 and IL-13, but significantly attenuated OVA-induced IFN-γ production in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. CONCLUSION In OVA-induced murine model of acute asthma, BRP-39 is over-expressed in lung tissue and augments Th2 inflammatory response and AHR. BRP-39 promotes dendritic cell maturation in vitro. Therefore, BRP-39 may be a potential therapeutic target of asthma.
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Tang H, Sun Y, Shi Z, Huang H, Fang Z, Chen J, Xiu Q, Li B. YKL-40 induces IL-8 expression from bronchial epithelium via MAPK (JNK and ERK) and NF-κB pathways, causing bronchial smooth muscle proliferation and migration. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2012. [PMID: 23197259 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1201827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Recently, the serum levels of YKL-40, a chitinase-like glycoprotein, have been shown to be significantly elevated in asthmatics and are associated with asthma severity. Although these studies raise the possibility that YKL-40 may influence asthma, the mechanisms remain unknown. This study firstly investigated the mechanisms involved in YKL-40-mediated inflammation in human bronchial epithelial cells (HBECs) and analyzed the soluble factors secreted by bronchial epithelial cells exposed to YKL-40 that were responsible for increasing proliferation and migration of primary normal human bronchial smooth muscle cells (BSMCs). YKL-40-induced inflammation was assayed in two HBECs (BEAS-2B cell line and primary HBECs). In addition, we treated BEAS-2B cells and HBECs with YKL-40 and added the conditioned culture media to BSMCs. The proliferation and migration of BSMCs were determined by premixed WST-1 cell proliferation reagent (Clontech Laboratories) and QCM chemotaxis migration assay (Millipore), respectively. Bronchial epithelial cells treated with YKL-40 resulted in a significant increase of IL-8 production, which was dependent on MAPK (JNK and ERK) and NF-κB pathways activation. YKL-40-induced IL-8 was found to further stimulate proliferation and migration of BSMCs, and the effects were inhibited after neutralizing IL-8. Through investigating the interaction of airway epithelium and smooth muscle, our findings implicate that YKL-40 may be involved in the inflammation of asthma by induction of IL-8 from epithelium, subsequently contributing to BSMC proliferation and migration. Moreover, inhibition of IL-8 signaling is a potential therapeutic target for YKL-40-induced inflammation and remodeling of asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Tang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200003, People's Republic of China
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Ramakrishna L, de Vries VC, Curotto de Lafaille MA. Cross-roads in the lung: immune cells and tissue interactions as determinants of allergic asthma. Immunol Res 2012; 53:213-28. [PMID: 22447350 DOI: 10.1007/s12026-012-8296-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Allergic asthma is a chronic disease of the lung characterized by underlying Th2- and IgE-mediated inflammation, structural alterations of the bronchial wall, and airway hyperresponsiveness. Initial allergic sensitization and later development of chronic disease are determined by close interactions between lung structural cells and the resident and migratory immune cells in the lung. Epithelial cells play a crucial role in allergic sensitization by directly influencing dendritic cells induction of tolerant or effector T cells and production of type 2 cytokines by innate immune cells. During chronic disease, the bronchial epithelium, stroma, and smooth muscle become structurally and functionally altered, contributing to the perpetuation of tissue remodeling. Thus, targeting tissue-driven pathology in addition to inflammation may increase the effectiveness of asthma treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lakshmi Ramakrishna
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, 8A Biomedical Grove, #4-06 Immunos, Singapore
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Park JA, Sharif AS, Tschumperlin DJ, Lau L, Limbrey R, Howarth P, Drazen JM. Tissue factor-bearing exosome secretion from human mechanically stimulated bronchial epithelial cells in vitro and in vivo. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2012; 130:1375-83. [PMID: 22828416 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2012.05.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2012] [Revised: 05/10/2012] [Accepted: 05/16/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tissue factor (TF), a primary initiator of blood coagulation, also plays a pivotal role in angiogenesis. TF expression in the airways is associated with asthma, a disease characterized in part by subepithelial angiogenesis. OBJECTIVES To determine potential sources of TF and the mechanisms of its availability in the lung microenvironment. METHODS Normal human bronchial epithelial cells grown in air-liquid interface culture were subjected to a compressive stress of 30 cm H(2)O; this is comparable to that generated in the airway epithelium during bronchoconstriction in asthma. Conditioned media and cells were harvested to measure TF mRNA and TF protein. We also tested bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and airway biopsies from asthmatic patients and healthy controls for TF. RESULTS TF mRNA was upregulated 2.2-fold after 3 hours of stress compared with unstressed cells. Intracellular and secreted TF proteins were enhanced 1.6-fold and more than 50-fold, respectively, compared with those of control cells after the onset of compression. The amount of TF in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid from patients with asthma was found at mean concentrations that were 5 times greater than those of healthy controls. Immunohistochemical staining of endobronchial biopsies identified epithelial localization of TF with increased expression in asthma. Exosomes isolated from the conditioned media of normal human bronchial epithelial cells and the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of asthmatic subjects by ultracentrifugation contained TF. CONCLUSIONS Our in vitro and in vivo studies show that mechanically stressed bronchial epithelial cells are a source of secreted TF and that exosomes are potentially a key carrier of the TF signal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Ah Park
- Molecular and Integrative Physiological Sciences Program, Department of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Kim MN, Lee KE, Hong JY, Heo WI, Kim KW, Kim KE, Sohn MH. Involvement of the MAPK and PI3K pathways in chitinase 3-like 1-regulated hyperoxia-induced airway epithelial cell death. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2012; 421:790-6. [PMID: 22554524 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2012.04.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2012] [Accepted: 04/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exposure to 100% oxygen causes hyperoxic acute lung injury characterized by cell death and injury of alveolar epithelial cells. Recently, the role of chitinase 3-like 1 (CHI3L1), a member of the glycosyl hydrolase 18 family that lacks chitinase activity, in oxidative stress was demonstrated in murine models. High levels of serum CHI3L1 have been associated with various diseases of the lung, such as asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and cancer. However, the role of CHI3L1 in human airway epithelial cells undergoing oxidative stress remains unknown. In addition, the signaling pathways associated with CHI3L1 in this process are poorly understood. PURPOSE In this study, we demonstrate the role of CHI3L1, along with the MAPK and PI3K signaling pathways, in hyperoxia-exposed airway epithelial cells. METHOD The human airway epithelial cell line, BEAS-2B, was exposed to >95% oxygen (hyperoxia) for up to 72h. Hyperoxia-induced cell death was determined by assessing cell viability, Annexin-V FITC staining, caspase-3 and -7 expression, and electron microscopy. CHI3L1 knockdown and overexpression studies were conducted in BEAS-2B cells to examine the role of CHI3L1 in hyperoxia-induced apoptosis. Activation of the MAPK and PI3K pathways was also investigated to determine the role of these signaling cascades in this process. RESULTS Hyperoxia exposure increased CHI3L1 expression and apoptosis in a time-dependent manner. CHI3L1 knockdown protected cells from hyperoxia-induced apoptosis. In contrast, CHI3L1 overexpression promoted cell death after hyperoxia exposure. Finally, phosphorylation of ERK1/2, p38, and Akt were affected by CHI3L1 knockdown. CONCLUSION This study indicates that CHI3L1 is involved in hyperoxia-induced cell death, suggesting that CHI3L1 may be one of several cell death regulators influencing the MAPK and PI3K pathways during oxidative stress in human airway epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi Na Kim
- Department of Pediatrics and Institute of Allergy, Severance Medical Research Institute, Brain Korea 21 Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Levels of YKL-40 in pleural effusions and blood from patients with pulmonary or pleural disease. Cytokine 2012; 58:336-43. [PMID: 22480951 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2012.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2011] [Revised: 01/05/2012] [Accepted: 03/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND YKL-40 (a chitinase-like protein) is an inflammatory biomarker that is associated with lung injury pathogenesis. We aimed to identify the diagnostic values of YKL-40 in pleural effusions and to evaluate circulating YKL-40 levels during multiple etiological pulmonary/pleural diseases and the role of YKL-40 as a monitoring marker of inflammatory pulmonary disease. METHODS Pleural YKL-40 (n=197), YKL-39 (the most homologous chitinase-like protein to human YKL-40), and conventional pleural marker levels were measured in patients with pulmonary/pleural disease. Additionally, serum YKL-40 and YKL-39 levels were analyzed in both patients and controls (n=432) and serially monitored in patients with asthma (n=27) or pneumonia (n=22). RESULTS Pleural YKL-40 levels were higher than those in the serum and highest in tuberculous pleural effusions (TPEs; 1181 ng/mL), followed by parapneumonic, malignant, and cardiogenic effusions (560 ng/mL). The diagnostic accuracy of pleural YKL-40 (0.78) for discriminating between tuberculous and malignant effusion was comparable to or greater than those of YKL-39, total protein, C-reactive protein and CYFRA 21-1, and lower than those of adenosine deaminase (p<0.05) and carcinoembriogenic antigen (p=0.05). Serum YKL-40 levels were higher in the pneumonia group than in the cancer, asthma, or control groups. Following treatment, serum YKL-40 levels were more greatly reduced in pneumonia patients than in asthma patients. Serum YKL-39 levels did not differ between patients and controls. CONCLUSIONS Pleural YKL-40 levels are elevated in TPEs and have fairly good diagnostic efficacy for detecting TPEs. However, adenosine deaminase is more efficient for detecting TPEs than pleural YKL-40. Serum YKL-40 levels are highest during pneumonia compared to common pulmonary/pleural diseases and are more useful for monitoring pneumonia than asthma.
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Waters CM, Roan E, Navajas D. Mechanobiology in lung epithelial cells: measurements, perturbations, and responses. Compr Physiol 2012; 2:1-29. [PMID: 23728969 PMCID: PMC4457445 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c100090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Epithelial cells of the lung are located at the interface between the environment and the organism and serve many important functions including barrier protection, fluid balance, clearance of particulate, initiation of immune responses, mucus and surfactant production, and repair following injury. Because of the complex structure of the lung and its cyclic deformation during the respiratory cycle, epithelial cells are exposed to continuously varying levels of mechanical stresses. While normal lung function is maintained under these conditions, changes in mechanical stresses can have profound effects on the function of epithelial cells and therefore the function of the organ. In this review, we will describe the types of stresses and strains in the lungs, how these are transmitted, and how these may vary in human disease or animal models. Many approaches have been developed to better understand how cells sense and respond to mechanical stresses, and we will discuss these approaches and how they have been used to study lung epithelial cells in culture. Understanding how cells sense and respond to changes in mechanical stresses will contribute to our understanding of the role of lung epithelial cells during normal function and development and how their function may change in diseases such as acute lung injury, asthma, emphysema, and fibrosis.
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Grainge CL, Lau LCK, Ward JA, Dulay V, Lahiff G, Wilson S, Holgate S, Davies DE, Howarth PH. Effect of bronchoconstriction on airway remodeling in asthma. N Engl J Med 2011; 364:2006-15. [PMID: 21612469 DOI: 10.1056/nejmoa1014350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 408] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Asthma is characterized pathologically by structural changes in the airway, termed airway remodeling. These changes are associated with worse long-term clinical outcomes and have been attributed to eosinophilic inflammation. In vitro studies indicate, however, that the compressive mechanical forces that arise during bronchoconstriction may induce remodeling independently of inflammation. We evaluated the influence of repeated experimentally induced bronchoconstriction on airway structural changes in patients with asthma. METHODS We randomly assigned 48 subjects with asthma to one of four inhalation challenge protocols involving a series of three challenges with one type of inhaled agent presented at 48-hour intervals. The two active challenges were with either a dust-mite allergen (which causes bronchoconstriction and eosinophilic inflammation) or methacholine (which causes bronchoconstriction without eosinophilic inflammation); the two control challenges (neither of which causes bronchoconstriction) were either saline alone or albuterol followed by methacholine (to control for nonbronchoconstrictor effects of methacholine). Bronchial-biopsy specimens were obtained before and 4 days after completion of the challenges. RESULTS Allergen and methacholine immediately induced similar levels of bronchoconstriction. Eosinophilic inflammation of the airways increased only in the allergen group, whereas both the allergen and the methacholine groups had significant airway remodeling not seen in the two control groups. Subepithelial collagen-band thickness increased by a median of 2.17 μm in the allergen group (interquartile range [IQR], 0.70 to 3.67) and 1.94 μm in the methacholine group (IQR, 0.37 to 3.24) (P<0.001 for the comparison of the two challenge groups with the two control groups); periodic acid-Schiff staining of epithelium (mucus glands) also increased, by a median of 2.17 percentage points in the allergen group (IQR, 1.03 to 4.77) and 2.13 percentage points in the methacholine group (IQR, 1.14 to 7.96) (P=0.003 for the comparison with controls). There were no significant differences between the allergen and methacholine groups. CONCLUSIONS Bronchoconstriction without additional inflammation induces airway remodeling in patients with asthma. These findings have potential implications for management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher L Grainge
- Division of Infection, Inflammation and Immunity, University of Southampton School of Medicine, Southampton, United Kingdom
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Kanneganti M, Mino-Kenudson M, Mizoguchi E. Animal models of colitis-associated carcinogenesis. J Biomed Biotechnol 2011; 2011:342637. [PMID: 21274454 PMCID: PMC3025384 DOI: 10.1155/2011/342637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2010] [Revised: 12/08/2010] [Accepted: 12/10/2010] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a group of chronic inflammatory disorders that affect individuals throughout life. Although the etiology and pathogenesis of IBD are largely unknown, studies with animal models of colitis indicate that dysregulation of host/microbial interactions are requisite for the development of IBD. Patients with long-standing IBD have an increased risk for developing colitis-associated cancer (CAC), especially 10 years after the initial diagnosis of colitis, although the absolute number of CAC cases is relatively small. The cancer risk seems to be not directly related to disease activity, but is related to disease duration/extent, complication of primary sclerosing cholangitis, and family history of colon cancer. In particular, high levels and continuous production of inflammatory mediators, including cytokines and chemokines, by colonic epithelial cells (CECs) and immune cells in lamina propria may be strongly associated with the pathogenesis of CAC. In this article, we have summarized animal models of CAC and have reviewed the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlining the development of carcinogenic changes in CECs secondary to the chronic inflammatory conditions in the intestine. It may provide us some clues in developing a new class of therapeutic agents for the treatment of IBD and CAC in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manasa Kanneganti
- Gastrointestinal Unit, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, GRJ 702, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Mari Mino-Kenudson
- Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, GRJ 702, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Emiko Mizoguchi
- Gastrointestinal Unit, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, GRJ 702, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Center for the Study of Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, GRJ 702, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
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