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Reolon LA, Martello CL, Schrank IS, Ferreira HB. Survey of surface proteins from the pathogenic Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae strain 7448 using a biotin cell surface labeling approach. PLoS One 2014; 9:e112596. [PMID: 25386928 PMCID: PMC4227723 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0112596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2014] [Accepted: 10/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The characterization of the repertoire of proteins exposed on the cell surface by Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae (M. hyopneumoniae), the etiological agent of enzootic pneumonia in pigs, is critical to understand physiological processes associated with bacterial infection capacity, survival and pathogenesis. Previous in silico studies predicted that about a third of the genes in the M. hyopneumoniae genome code for surface proteins, but so far, just a few of them have experimental confirmation of their expression and surface localization. In this work, M. hyopneumoniae surface proteins were labeled in intact cells with biotin, and affinity-captured biotin-labeled proteins were identified by a gel-based liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry approach. A total of 20 gel slices were separately analyzed by mass spectrometry, resulting in 165 protein identifications corresponding to 59 different protein species. The identified surface exposed proteins better defined the set of M. hyopneumoniae proteins exposed to the host and added confidence to in silico predictions. Several proteins potentially related to pathogenesis, were identified, including known adhesins and also hypothetical proteins with adhesin-like topologies, consisting of a transmembrane helix and a large tail exposed at the cell surface. The results provided a better picture of the M. hyopneumoniae cell surface that will help in the understanding of processes important for bacterial pathogenesis. Considering the experimental demonstration of surface exposure, adhesion-like topology predictions and absence of orthologs in the closely related, non-pathogenic species Mycoplasma flocculare, several proteins could be proposed as potential targets for the development of drugs, vaccines and/or immunodiagnostic tests for enzootic pneumonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciano Antonio Reolon
- Laboratório de microrganismos diazotróficos, Centro de Biotecnologia, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Carolina Lumertz Martello
- Laboratório de Genômica Estrutural e Funcional, Centro de Biotecnologia, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Irene Silveira Schrank
- Laboratório de microrganismos diazotróficos, Centro de Biotecnologia, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
- Departamento de Biologia Molecular e Biotecnologia, Instituto de Biociências, UFRGS, RS, Brazil
| | - Henrique Bunselmeyer Ferreira
- Laboratório de Genômica Estrutural e Funcional, Centro de Biotecnologia, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
- Departamento de Biologia Molecular e Biotecnologia, Instituto de Biociências, UFRGS, RS, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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Siqueira FM, Gerber AL, Guedes RLM, Almeida LG, Schrank IS, Vasconcelos ATR, Zaha A. Unravelling the transcriptome profile of the Swine respiratory tract mycoplasmas. PLoS One 2014; 9:e110327. [PMID: 25333523 PMCID: PMC4198240 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0110327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2014] [Accepted: 09/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The swine respiratory ciliary epithelium is mainly colonized by Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae, Mycoplasma flocculare and Mycoplasma hyorhinis. While colonization by M. flocculare is virtually asymptomatic, M. hyopneumoniae and M. hyorhinis infections may cause respiratory disease. Information regarding transcript structure and gene abundance provides valuable insight into gene function and regulation, which has not yet been analyzed on a genome-wide scale in these Mycoplasma species. In this study, we report the construction of transcriptome maps for M. hyopneumoniae, M. flocculare and M. hyorhinis, which represent data for conducting comparative studies on the transcriptional repertory. For each species, three cDNA libraries were generated, yielding averages of 415,265, 695,313 and 93,578 reads for M. hyopneumoniae, M. flocculare and M. hyorhinis, respectively, with an average read length of 274 bp. The reads mapping showed that 92%, 98% and 96% of the predicted genes were transcribed in the M. hyopneumoniae, M. flocculare and M. hyorhinis genomes, respectively. Moreover, we showed that the majority of the genes are co-expressed, confirming the previously predicted transcription units. Finally, our data defined the RNA populations in detail, with the map transcript boundaries and transcription unit structures on a genome-wide scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franciele Maboni Siqueira
- Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas – Bioquímica, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Alexandra Lehmkuhl Gerber
- Laboratório de Bioinformática, Laboratório Nacional de Computação Científica (LNCC), Petrópolis, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Rafael Lucas Muniz Guedes
- Laboratório de Bioinformática, Laboratório Nacional de Computação Científica (LNCC), Petrópolis, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Luiz Gonzaga Almeida
- Laboratório de Bioinformática, Laboratório Nacional de Computação Científica (LNCC), Petrópolis, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Irene Silveira Schrank
- Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Departamento de Biologia Molecular e Biotecnologia, Instituto de Biociências, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | | | - Arnaldo Zaha
- Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Departamento de Biologia Molecular e Biotecnologia, Instituto de Biociências, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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Evaluation of recombinant Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae P97/P102 paralogs formulated with selected adjuvants as vaccines against mycoplasmal pneumonia in pigs. Vaccine 2014; 32:4333-41. [PMID: 24930717 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2014] [Revised: 05/14/2014] [Accepted: 06/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Pig responses to recombinant subunit vaccines containing fragments of eight multifunctional adhesins of the Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae (Mhp) P97/P102 paralog family formulated with Alhydrogel(®) or Montanide™ Gel01 were compared with a commercial bacterin following experimental challenge. Pigs, vaccinated intramuscularly at 9, 12 and 15 weeks of age with either of the recombinant formulations (n=10 per group) or Suvaxyn(®) M. hyo (n=12), were challenged with Mhp strain Hillcrest at 17 weeks of age. Unvaccinated, challenged pigs (n=12) served as a control group. Coughing was assessed daily. Antigen-specific antibody responses were monitored by ELISA in serum and tracheobronchial lavage fluid (TBLF), while TBLF was also assayed for cytokine responses (ELISA) and bacterial load (qPCR). At slaughter, gross and histopathology of lungs were quantified and damage to epithelial cilia in the porcine trachea was evaluated by scanning electron microscopy. Suvaxyn(®) M. hyo administration induced significant serological responses against Mhp strain 232 whole cell lysates (wcl) and recombinant antigen F3P216, but not against the remaining vaccine subunit antigens. Alhydrogel(®) and Montanide™ Gel01-adjuvanted antigen induced significant antigen-specific IgG responses, with the latter adjuvant eliciting comparable Mhp strain 232 wcl specific IgG responses to Suvaxyn(®) M. hyo. No significant post-vaccination antigen-specific mucosal responses were detected with the recombinant vaccinates. Suvaxyn(®) M. hyo was superior in reducing clinical signs, lung lesion severity and bacterial load but the recombinant formulations offered comparable protection against cilial damage. Lower IL-1β, TNF-α and IL-6 responses after challenge were associated with reduced lung lesion severity in Suvaxyn(®) M. hyo vaccinates, while elevated pathology scores in recombinant vaccinates corresponded to cytokine levels that were similarly elevated as in unvaccinated pigs. This study highlights the need for continued research into protective antigens and vaccination strategies that will prevent Mhp colonisation and establishment of infection.
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Tacchi JL, Raymond BBA, Jarocki VM, Berry IJ, Padula MP, Djordjevic SP. Cilium Adhesin P216 (MHJ_0493) Is a Target of Ectodomain Shedding and Aminopeptidase Activity on the Surface of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae. J Proteome Res 2014; 13:2920-30. [DOI: 10.1021/pr500087c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jessica L. Tacchi
- The ithree institute and ‡Proteomics Core Facility, University of Technology Sydney, P.O.
Box 123, Broadway, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Benjamin B. A. Raymond
- The ithree institute and ‡Proteomics Core Facility, University of Technology Sydney, P.O.
Box 123, Broadway, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Veronica M. Jarocki
- The ithree institute and ‡Proteomics Core Facility, University of Technology Sydney, P.O.
Box 123, Broadway, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Iain J. Berry
- The ithree institute and ‡Proteomics Core Facility, University of Technology Sydney, P.O.
Box 123, Broadway, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Matthew P. Padula
- The ithree institute and ‡Proteomics Core Facility, University of Technology Sydney, P.O.
Box 123, Broadway, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Steven P. Djordjevic
- The ithree institute and ‡Proteomics Core Facility, University of Technology Sydney, P.O.
Box 123, Broadway, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia
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Raymond BBA, Tacchi JL, Jarocki VM, Minion FC, Padula MP, Djordjevic SP. P159 from Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae Binds Porcine Cilia and Heparin and Is Cleaved in a Manner Akin to Ectodomain Shedding. J Proteome Res 2013; 12:5891-903. [DOI: 10.1021/pr400903s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin B. A. Raymond
- The
ithree institute, University of Technology Sydney, PO Box 123, Broadway, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Jessica L. Tacchi
- The
ithree institute, University of Technology Sydney, PO Box 123, Broadway, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Veronica M. Jarocki
- The
ithree institute, University of Technology Sydney, PO Box 123, Broadway, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - F. Chris Minion
- Department
of Preventive and Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, 2180
Veterinary Medicine, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
| | - Matthew P. Padula
- The
ithree institute, University of Technology Sydney, PO Box 123, Broadway, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Steven P. Djordjevic
- The
ithree institute, University of Technology Sydney, PO Box 123, Broadway, NSW 2007, Australia
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Factors influencing the cell adhesion and invasion capacity of Mycoplasma gallisepticum. Acta Vet Scand 2013; 55:63. [PMID: 24011130 PMCID: PMC3847126 DOI: 10.1186/1751-0147-55-63] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2013] [Accepted: 08/31/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The cell invasiveness of Mycoplasma gallisepticum, the causative agent of respiratory disease in chickens and infectious sinusitis in turkeys, may be a substantial factor in the well-known chronicity of these diseases and in the systemic spread of infection. To date, not much is known about the host factors and mechanisms involved in promotion or obstruction of M. gallisepticum adherence and/or cell invasion. In the current study, the influence of extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins such as fibronectin, collagen type IV and heparin, as well as plasminogen/plasmin, on the adhesion and cell invasion levels of M. gallisepticum to chicken erythrocytes and HeLa cells was investigated in vitro. Two strains, Rhigh and Rlow, which differ in their adhesion and invasion capacity, were analyzed by applying a modified gentamicin invasion assay. Binding of selected ECM molecules to M. gallisepticum was proven by Western blot analysis. Results Collagen type IV, fibronectin, and plasminogen exerted positive effects on adhesion and cell invasion of M. gallisepticum, with varying degrees, depending on the strain used. Especially strain Rhigh, with its highly reduced cell adhesion and invasion capabilities seemed to profit from the addition of plasminogen. Western and dot blot analyses showed that Rhigh as well as Rlow are able to adsorb horse fibronectin and plasminogen present in the growth medium. Depletion of HeLa cell membranes from cholesterol resulted in increased adhesion, but decreased cell invasion. Conclusion ECM molecules seem to play a supportive role in the adhesion/cell invasion process of M. gallisepticum. Cholesterol depletion known to affect lipid rafts on the host cell surface had contrary effects on cell adherence and cell invasion of M. gallisepticum.
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Cain JA, Solis N, Cordwell SJ. Beyond gene expression: the impact of protein post-translational modifications in bacteria. J Proteomics 2013; 97:265-86. [PMID: 23994099 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2013.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2013] [Revised: 07/08/2013] [Accepted: 08/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The post-translational modification (PTM) of proteins plays a critical role in the regulation of a broad range of cellular processes in eukaryotes. Yet their role in governing similar systems in the conventionally presumed 'simpler' forms of life has been largely neglected and, until recently, was thought to occur only rarely, with some modifications assumed to be limited to higher organisms alone. Recent developments in mass spectrometry-based proteomics have provided an unparalleled power to enrich, identify and quantify peptides with PTMs. Additional modifications to biological molecules such as lipids and carbohydrates that are essential for bacterial pathophysiology have only recently been detected on proteins. Here we review bacterial protein PTMs, focusing on phosphorylation, acetylation, proteolytic degradation, methylation and lipidation and the roles they play in bacterial adaptation - thus highlighting the importance of proteomic techniques in a field that is only just in its infancy. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Trends in Microbial Proteomics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel A Cain
- School of Molecular Bioscience, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, 2006, Australia
| | - Nestor Solis
- School of Molecular Bioscience, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, 2006, Australia
| | - Stuart J Cordwell
- School of Molecular Bioscience, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, 2006, Australia; Discipline of Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, 2006, Australia.
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58
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Simionatto S, Marchioro SB, Maes D, Dellagostin OA. Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae: from disease to vaccine development. Vet Microbiol 2013; 165:234-42. [PMID: 23680109 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2013.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2013] [Revised: 04/15/2013] [Accepted: 04/16/2013] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae is the etiological agent of swine enzootic pneumonia (EP), a disease that affects swine production worldwide. Vaccination is the most cost-effective strategy for the control and prevention of the disease. Despite efforts to control M. hyopneumoniae infection, significant economic losses in pig production continue to occur. The results of genome-based research have the potential to help understand the biology and pathogenesis of M. hyopneumoniae, and contribute to the development of more effective vaccines and diagnostic tests. In this review, the characteristics of M. hyopneumoniae related to pathogenesis and control measures will be discussed. Special emphasis will be placed on vaccination strategies that have been proposed with the use of reverse vaccinology approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Simionatto
- Núcleo de Biotecnologia, Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, RS, Brazil.
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Robinson MW, Buchtmann KA, Jenkins C, Tacchi JL, Raymond BBA, To J, Roy Chowdhury P, Woolley LK, Labbate M, Turnbull L, Whitchurch CB, Padula MP, Djordjevic SP. MHJ_0125 is an M42 glutamyl aminopeptidase that moonlights as a multifunctional adhesin on the surface of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae. Open Biol 2013; 3:130017. [PMID: 23594879 PMCID: PMC3718333 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.130017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacterial aminopeptidases play important roles in pathogenesis by providing a source of amino acids from exogenous proteins, destroying host immunological effector peptides and executing posttranslational modification of bacterial and host proteins. We show that MHJ_0125 from the swine respiratory pathogen Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae represents a new member of the M42 class of bacterial aminopeptidases. Despite lacking a recognizable signal sequence, MHJ_0125 is detectable on the cell surface by fluorescence microscopy and LC-MS/MS of (i) biotinylated surface proteins captured by avidin chromatography and (ii) peptides released by mild trypsin shaving. Furthermore, surface-associated glutamyl aminopeptidase activity was detected by incubation of live M. hyopneumoniae cells with the diagnostic substrate H-Glu-AMC. MHJ_0125 moonlights as a multifunctional adhesin, binding to both heparin and plasminogen. Native proteomics and comparative modelling studies suggest MHJ_0125 forms a dodecameric, homopolymeric structure and provide insight into the positions of key residues that are predicted to interact with heparin and plasminogen. MHJ_0125 is the first aminopeptidase shown to both bind plasminogen and facilitate its activation by tissue plasminogen activator. Plasmin cleaves host extracellular matrix proteins and activates matrix metalloproteases, generating peptide substrates for MHJ_0125 and a source of amino acids for growth of M. hyopneumoniae. This unique interaction represents a new paradigm in microbial pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark W Robinson
- Ithree institute, University of Technology, Sydney PO Box 123, Broadway, New South Wales 2007, Australia
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Siqueira FM, Thompson CE, Virginio VG, Gonchoroski T, Reolon L, Almeida LG, da Fonsêca MM, de Souza R, Prosdocimi F, Schrank IS, Ferreira HB, de Vasconcelos ATR, Zaha A. New insights on the biology of swine respiratory tract mycoplasmas from a comparative genome analysis. BMC Genomics 2013; 14:175. [PMID: 23497205 PMCID: PMC3610235 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-14-175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2012] [Accepted: 03/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae, Mycoplasma flocculare and Mycoplasma hyorhinis live in swine respiratory tracts. M. flocculare, a commensal bacterium, is genetically closely related to M. hyopneumoniae, the causative agent of enzootic porcine pneumonia. M. hyorhinis is also pathogenic, causing polyserositis and arthritis. In this work, we present the genome sequences of M. flocculare and M. hyopneumoniae strain 7422, and we compare these genomes with the genomes of other M. hyoponeumoniae strain and to the a M. hyorhinis genome. These analyses were performed to identify possible characteristics that may help to explain the different behaviors of these species in swine respiratory tracts. RESULTS The overall genome organization of three species was analyzed, revealing that the ORF clusters (OCs) differ considerably and that inversions and rearrangements are common. Although M. flocculare and M. hyopneumoniae display a high degree of similarity with respect to the gene content, only some genomic regions display considerable synteny. Genes encoding proteins that may be involved in host-cell adhesion in M. hyopneumoniae and M. flocculare display differences in genomic structure and organization. Some genes encoding adhesins of the P97 family are absent in M. flocculare and some contain sequence differences or lack of domains that are considered to be important for adhesion to host cells. The phylogenetic relationship of the three species was confirmed by a phylogenomic approach. The set of genes involved in metabolism, especially in the uptake of precursors for nucleic acids synthesis and nucleotide metabolism, display some differences in copy number and the presence/absence in the three species. CONCLUSIONS The comparative analyses of three mycoplasma species that inhabit the swine respiratory tract facilitated the identification of some characteristics that may be related to their different behaviors. M. hyopneumoniae and M. flocculare display many differences that may help to explain why one species is pathogenic and the other is considered to be commensal. However, it was not possible to identify specific virulence determinant factors that could explain the differences in the pathogenicity of the analyzed species. The M. hyorhinis genome contains differences in some components involved in metabolism and evasion of the host's immune system that may contribute to its growth aggressiveness. Several horizontal gene transfer events were identified. The phylogenomic analysis places M. hyopneumoniae, M. flocculare and M. hyorhinis in the hyopneumoniae clade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franciele Maboni Siqueira
- Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas - Bioquímica. UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Claudia Elizabeth Thompson
- Laboratório de Bioinformática. Laboratório Nacional de Computação Científica. Petrópolis, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Veridiana Gomes Virginio
- Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular. Centro de Biotecnologia UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Taylor Gonchoroski
- Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Luciano Reolon
- Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular. Centro de Biotecnologia UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Luiz Gonzaga Almeida
- Laboratório de Bioinformática. Laboratório Nacional de Computação Científica. Petrópolis, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Marbella Maria da Fonsêca
- Laboratório de Bioinformática. Laboratório Nacional de Computação Científica. Petrópolis, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Rangel de Souza
- Laboratório de Bioinformática. Laboratório Nacional de Computação Científica. Petrópolis, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Francisco Prosdocimi
- Departamento de Bioquímica Médica. Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Irene Silveira Schrank
- Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular. Centro de Biotecnologia UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Departamento de Biologia Molecular e Biotecnologia, Instituto de Biociências. UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Henrique Bunselmeyer Ferreira
- Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular. Centro de Biotecnologia UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Departamento de Biologia Molecular e Biotecnologia, Instituto de Biociências. UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | | | - Arnaldo Zaha
- Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular. Centro de Biotecnologia UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas - Bioquímica. UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Departamento de Biologia Molecular e Biotecnologia, Instituto de Biociências. UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Brazil
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Woolley LK, Fell SA, Djordjevic SP, Eamens GJ, Jenkins C. Plasmin activity in the porcine airways is enhanced during experimental infection with Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae, is positively correlated with proinflammatory cytokine levels and is ameliorated by vaccination. Vet Microbiol 2013; 164:60-6. [PMID: 23490555 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2013.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2012] [Revised: 02/05/2013] [Accepted: 02/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae (Mhp) infection of swine, the host immune response is considered a major driver of lung pathology; however the underlying inflammatory mechanisms are not well understood. The serine protease plasmin is being increasingly recognised as a significant player in inflammatory processes. Here we compare plasmin activity in tracheobronchial lavage fluid (TBLF) from pigs experimentally challenged with Mhp that were either unvaccinated (n=10), or vaccinated with the commercial vaccine Suvaxyn(®) M.hyo (n=10). TBLF collected immediately prior to challenge and at 21 d and 35 d post-challenge was also assayed for levels of proinflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6), and for bacterial load (by qPCR). Clinical signs, pathology, cytokine analyses and qPCR all indicated that vaccinated pigs had significantly reduced disease relative to unvaccinated animals. Plasmin activity increased significantly in TBLF collected at 21 d post-challenge compared to pre-challenge TBLF in unvaccinated (P<0.01), but not vaccinated animals (P>0.05). A significant correlation was observed between bacterial load and plasmin activity in the 21 d (r=0.66; P<0.01) and the 35 d post-challenge samples, (r=0.62; P<0.01). Plasmin activity was also significantly correlated with levels of TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 at 21 d (r=0.78, P<0.0001; r=0.77, P<0.0001; r=0.64, P<0.005) and with TNF-α and IL-1β at 35 d post-challenge (r=0.77, P<0.0001; r=0.74, P<0.0005). Our results indicate that plasminogen is activated to plasmin in the respiratory tract of pigs as part of the host inflammatory response to Mhp infection and that this effect is ameliorated by vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren K Woolley
- NSW Department of Primary Industries, Elizabeth Macarthur Agricultural Institute, Woodbridge Road, Menangle, NSW 2568, Australia
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62
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Gauci VJ, Padula MP, Coorssen JR. Coomassie blue staining for high sensitivity gel-based proteomics. J Proteomics 2013; 90:96-106. [PMID: 23428344 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2013.01.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2012] [Accepted: 01/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Gel electrophoresis, particularly one- (1DE) and two-dimensional electrophoresis (2DE), remain among the most widely used top-down methods for resolving and analysing proteomes. Detection of the resulting protein maps relies on staining (i.e. colloidal coomassie blue (CCB) or SYPRO Ruby (SR), in addition to many others). Fluorescent in-gel protein stains are generally preferred for higher sensitivity, reduced background, and wider dynamic range. Although traditionally used for densitometry, CBB has fluorescent properties. Indeed, infrared detection of CCB stained protein was comparable to SR, with BioSafe (Bio-Rad) and the Neuhoff formulation (NCCB) identified as potentially superior to SR; a minor sensitivity issue encountered in gel-resolved proteomes; might have been due to the unified staining protocol used. Here the staining protocol for both CCB formulations was optimised, yielding improved selectivity without affecting sensitivity; the resulting linear dynamic range was similar for BioSafe and NCCB and somewhat better than SR. 2D gel-based analyses of mouse brain and Arabidopsis thaliana (leaf) proteomes indicated markedly superior spot detection using the NCCB formulation. Thus more sensitive, quantitative in-gel protein analyses can be achieved using NCCB, at a fraction of the cost.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria J Gauci
- Molecular Physiology, and the Molecular Medicine Research Group, School of Medicine, University of Western Sydney, Sydney, Australia
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63
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Thomas C, Jacobs E, Dumke R. Characterization of pyruvate dehydrogenase subunit B and enolase as plasminogen-binding proteins in Mycoplasma pneumoniae. Microbiology (Reading) 2013. [DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.061184-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Cindy Thomas
- Dresden University of Technology, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Fetscherstrasse 74, D-01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Enno Jacobs
- Dresden University of Technology, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Fetscherstrasse 74, D-01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Roger Dumke
- Dresden University of Technology, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Fetscherstrasse 74, D-01307 Dresden, Germany
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64
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Bacterial plasminogen receptors: mediators of a multifaceted relationship. J Biomed Biotechnol 2012; 2012:272148. [PMID: 23118502 PMCID: PMC3478875 DOI: 10.1155/2012/272148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2012] [Accepted: 06/07/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple species of bacteria are able to sequester the host zymogen plasminogen to the cell surface. Once localised to the bacterial surface, plasminogen can act as a cofactor in adhesion, or, following activation to plasmin, provide a source of potent proteolytic activity. Numerous bacterial plasminogen receptors have been identified, and the mechanisms by which they interact with plasminogen are diverse. Here we provide an overview of bacterial plasminogen receptors and discuss the diverse role bacterial plasminogen acquisition plays in the relationship between bacteria and the host.
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Characterization of cleavage events in the multifunctional cilium adhesin Mhp684 (P146) reveals a mechanism by which Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae regulates surface topography. mBio 2012; 3:mBio.00282-11. [PMID: 22493032 PMCID: PMC3322551 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00282-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae causes enormous economic losses to swine production worldwide by colonizing the ciliated epithelium in the porcine respiratory tract, resulting in widespread damage to the mucociliary escalator, prolonged inflammation, reduced weight gain, and secondary infections. Protein Mhp684 (P146) comprises 1,317 amino acids, and while the N-terminal 400 residues display significant sequence identity to the archetype cilium adhesin P97, the remainder of the molecule is novel and displays unusual motifs. Proteome analysis shows that P146 preprotein is endogenously cleaved into three major fragments identified here as P50P146, P40P146, and P85P146 that reside on the cell surface. Liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) identified a semitryptic peptide that delineated a major cleavage site in Mhp684. Cleavage occurred at the phenylalanine residue within sequence 672ATEF↓QQ677, consistent with a cleavage motif resembling S/T-X-F↓X-D/E recently identified in Mhp683 and other P97/P102 family members. Biotinylated surface proteins recovered by avidin chromatography and separated by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-D GE) showed that more-extensive endoproteolytic cleavage of P146 occurs. Recombinant fragments F1P146-F3P146 that mimic P50P146, P40P146, and P85P146 were constructed and shown to bind porcine epithelial cilia and biotinylated heparin with physiologically relevant affinity. Recombinant versions of F3P146 generated from M. hyopneumoniae strain J and 232 sequences strongly bind porcine plasminogen, and the removal of their respective C-terminal lysine and arginine residues significantly reduces this interaction. These data reveal that P146 is an extensively processed, multifunctional adhesin of M. hyopneumoniae. Extensive cleavage coupled with variable cleavage efficiency provides a mechanism by which M. hyopneumoniae regulates protein topography. Vaccines used to control Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae infection provide only partial protection. Proteins of the P97/P102 families are highly expressed, functionally redundant molecules that are substrates of endoproteases that generate multifunctional adhesin fragments on the cell surface. We show that P146 displays a chimeric structure consisting of an N terminus, which shares sequence identity with P97, and novel central and C-terminal regions. P146 is endoproteolytically processed at multiple sites, generating at least nine fragments on the surface of M. hyopneumoniae. Dominant cleavage events occurred at S/T-X-F↓X-D/E-like sites generating P50P146, P40P146, and P85P146. Recombinant proteins designed to mimic the major cleavage fragments bind porcine cilia, heparin, and plasminogen. P146 undergoes endoproteolytic processing events at multiple sites and with differential processing efficiency, generating combinatorial diversity on the surface of M. hyopneumoniae.
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66
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Deutscher AT, Tacchi JL, Minion FC, Padula MP, Crossett B, Bogema DR, Jenkins C, Kuit TA, Walker MJ, Djordjevic SP. Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae Surface Proteins Mhp385 and Mhp384 Bind Host Cilia and Glycosaminoglycans and Are Endoproteolytically Processed by Proteases That Recognize Different Cleavage Motifs. J Proteome Res 2012; 11:1924-36. [DOI: 10.1021/pr201115v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ania T. Deutscher
- NSW Department of Primary Industries, Elizabeth Macarthur Agricultural Institute, Camden
NSW 2567, Australia
- School
of Biological Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Jessica L. Tacchi
- The ithree Institute, University of Technology Sydney, Broadway NSW 2007,
Australia
| | - F. Chris Minion
- Department of
Veterinary Microbiology
and Preventive Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
| | - Matthew P. Padula
- The ithree Institute, University of Technology Sydney, Broadway NSW 2007,
Australia
| | - Ben Crossett
- School of Molecular Bioscience, University of Sydney, Sydney NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Daniel R. Bogema
- NSW Department of Primary Industries, Elizabeth Macarthur Agricultural Institute, Camden
NSW 2567, Australia
- School
of Biological Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Cheryl Jenkins
- NSW Department of Primary Industries, Elizabeth Macarthur Agricultural Institute, Camden
NSW 2567, Australia
| | - Tracey A. Kuit
- School
of Biological Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Mark J. Walker
- School
of Biological Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong NSW 2522, Australia
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences
and the Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, University of Queensland, Brisbane Qld 4072, Australia
| | - Steven P. Djordjevic
- NSW Department of Primary Industries, Elizabeth Macarthur Agricultural Institute, Camden
NSW 2567, Australia
- The ithree Institute, University of Technology Sydney, Broadway NSW 2007,
Australia
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67
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Seymour LM, Jenkins C, Deutscher AT, Raymond BBA, Padula MP, Tacchi JL, Bogema DR, Eamens GJ, Woolley LK, Dixon NE, Walker MJ, Djordjevic SP. Mhp182 (P102) binds fibronectin and contributes to the recruitment of plasmin(ogen) to the Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae cell surface. Cell Microbiol 2011; 14:81-94. [PMID: 21951786 DOI: 10.1111/j.1462-5822.2011.01702.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae is a major, economically damaging respiratory pathogen. Although M. hyopneumoniae cells bind plasminogen, the identification of plasminogen-binding surface proteins and the biological ramifications of acquiring plasminogen requires further investigation. mhp182 encodes a highly expressed 102 kDa protein (P102) that undergoes proteolytic processing to generate surface-located N-terminal 60 kDa (P60) and C-terminal 42 kDa (P42) proteins of unknown function. We show that recombinant P102 (rP102) binds plasminogen at physiologically relevant concentrations (K(D) ~ 76 nM) increasing the susceptibility of plasmin(ogen) to activation by tissue-specific plasminogen activator (tPA). Recombinant proteins constructed to mimic P60 (rP60) and P42 (rP42) also bound plasminogen at physiologically significant levels. M. hyopneumoniae surface-bound plasminogen was activated by tPA and is able to degrade fibrinogen, demonstrating the biological functionality of M. hyopneumoniae-bound plasmin(ogen) upon activation. Plasmin(ogen) was readily detected in porcine ciliated airways and plasmin levels were consistently higher in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid from M. hyopneumoniae-infected animals. Additionally, rP102 and rP42 bind fibronectin with K(D) s of 26 and 33 nM respectively and recombinant P102 proteins promote adherence to porcine kidney epithelial-like cells. The multifunctional binding ability of P102 and activation of M. hyopneumoniae-sequestered plasmin(ogen) by an exogenous activator suggests P102 plays an important role in virulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa M Seymour
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
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68
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Bogema DR, Scott NE, Padula MP, Tacchi JL, Raymond BBA, Jenkins C, Cordwell SJ, Minion FC, Walker MJ, Djordjevic SP. Sequence TTKF ↓ QE defines the site of proteolytic cleavage in Mhp683 protein, a novel glycosaminoglycan and cilium adhesin of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:41217-41229. [PMID: 21969369 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.226084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae colonizes the ciliated respiratory epithelium of swine, disrupting mucociliary function and inducing chronic inflammation. P97 and P102 family members are major surface proteins of M. hyopneumoniae and play key roles in colonizing cilia via interactions with glycosaminoglycans and mucin. The p102 paralog, mhp683, and homologs in strains from different geographic origins encode a 135-kDa pre-protein (P135) that is cleaved into three fragments identified here as P45(683), P48(683), and P50(683). A peptide sequence (TTKF↓QE) was identified surrounding both cleavage sites in Mhp683. N-terminal sequences of P48(683) and P50(683), determined by Edman degradation and mass spectrometry, confirmed cleavage after the phenylalanine residue. A similar proteolytic cleavage site was identified by mass spectrometry in another paralog of the P97/P102 family. Trypsin digestion and surface biotinylation studies showed that P45(683), P48(683), and P50(683) reside on the M. hyopneumoniae cell surface. Binding assays of recombinant proteins F1(683)-F5(683), spanning Mhp683, showed saturable and dose-dependent binding to biotinylated heparin that was inhibited by unlabeled heparin, fucoidan, and mucin. F1(683)-F5(683) also bound porcine epithelial cilia, and antisera to F2(683) and F5(683) significantly inhibited cilium binding by M. hyopneumoniae cells. These data suggest that P45(683), P48(683), and P50(683) each display cilium- and proteoglycan-binding sites. Mhp683 is the first characterized glycosaminoglycan-binding member of the P102 family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel R Bogema
- NSW Department of Primary Industries, Elizabeth Macarthur Agricultural Institute, Camden 2567, New South Wales, Australia; School of Biological Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong 2522, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Nichollas E Scott
- School of Molecular and Microbial Biosciences, University of Sydney, Sydney 2006, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Matthew P Padula
- The ithree Institute, University of Technology, Sydney 2007, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Jessica L Tacchi
- The ithree Institute, University of Technology, Sydney 2007, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Benjamin B A Raymond
- The ithree Institute, University of Technology, Sydney 2007, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Cheryl Jenkins
- NSW Department of Primary Industries, Elizabeth Macarthur Agricultural Institute, Camden 2567, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Stuart J Cordwell
- School of Molecular and Microbial Biosciences, University of Sydney, Sydney 2006, New South Wales, Australia
| | - F Chris Minion
- Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011
| | - Mark J Walker
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong 2522, New South Wales, Australia; School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences and the Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Queensland, Australia
| | - Steven P Djordjevic
- NSW Department of Primary Industries, Elizabeth Macarthur Agricultural Institute, Camden 2567, New South Wales, Australia; The ithree Institute, University of Technology, Sydney 2007, New South Wales, Australia.
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69
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Seymour LM, Falconer L, Deutscher AT, Minion FC, Padula MP, Dixon NE, Djordjevic SP, Walker MJ. Mhp107 is a member of the multifunctional adhesin family of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:10097-104. [PMID: 21245147 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.208140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae is the causative pathogen of porcine enzootic pneumonia, an economically significant disease that disrupts the mucociliary escalator in the swine respiratory tract. Expression of Mhp107, a P97 paralog encoded by the gene mhp107, was confirmed using ESI-MS/MS. To investigate the function of Mhp107, three recombinant proteins, F1(Mhp107), F2(Mhp107), and F3(Mhp107), spanning the N-terminal, central, and C-terminal regions of Mhp107 were constructed. Colonization of swine by M. hyopneumoniae requires adherence of the bacterium to ciliated cells of the respiratory tract. Recent studies have identified a number of M. hyopneumoniae adhesins that bind heparin, fibronectin, and plasminogen. F1(Mhp107) was found to bind porcine heparin (K(D) ∼90 nM) in a dose-dependent and saturable manner, whereas F3(Mhp107) bound fibronectin (K(D) ∼180 nM) at physiologically relevant concentrations. F1(Mhp107) also bound porcine plasminogen (K(D) = 24 nM) in a dose-dependent and physiologically relevant manner. Microspheres coated with F3(Mhp107) mediate adherence to porcine kidney epithelial-like (PK15) cells, and all three recombinant proteins (F1(Mhp107)-F3(Mhp107)) bound swine respiratory cilia. Together, these findings indicate that Mhp107 is a member of the multifunctional M. hyopneumoniae adhesin family of surface proteins and contributes to both adherence to the host and pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa M Seymour
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales 2522, Australia
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