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Gaio D, DeMaere MZ, Anantanawat K, Eamens GJ, Falconer L, Chapman TA, Djordjevic S, Darling AE. Phylogenetic diversity analysis of shotgun metagenomic reads describes gut microbiome development and treatment effects in the post-weaned pig. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0270372. [PMID: 35749534 PMCID: PMC9232140 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0270372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Intensive farming practices can increase exposure of animals to infectious agents against which antibiotics are used. Orally administered antibiotics are well known to cause dysbiosis. To counteract dysbiotic effects, numerous studies in the past two decades sought to understand whether probiotics are a valid tool to help re-establish a healthy gut microbial community after antibiotic treatment. Although dysbiotic effects of antibiotics are well investigated, little is known about the effects of intramuscular antibiotic treatment on the gut microbiome and a few studies attempted to study treatment effects using phylogenetic diversity analysis techniques. In this study we sought to determine the effects of two probiotic- and one intramuscularly administered antibiotic treatment on the developing gut microbiome of post-weaning piglets between their 3rd and 9th week of life. Shotgun metagenomic sequences from over 800 faecal time-series samples derived from 126 post-weaning piglets and 42 sows were analysed in a phylogenetic framework. Differences between individual hosts such as breed, litter, and age, were found to be important contributors to variation in the community composition. Host age was the dominant factor in shaping the gut microbiota of piglets after weaning. The post-weaning pig gut microbiome appeared to follow a highly structured developmental program with characteristic post-weaning changes that can distinguish hosts that were born as little as two days apart in the second month of life. Treatment effects of the antibiotic and probiotic treatments were found but were subtle and included a higher representation of Mollicutes associated with intramuscular antibiotic treatment, and an increase of Lactobacillus associated with probiotic treatment. The discovery of correlations between experimental factors and microbial community composition is more commonly addressed with OTU-based methods and rarely analysed via phylogenetic diversity measures. The latter method, although less intuitive than the former, suffers less from library size normalization biases, and it proved to be instrumental in this study for the discovery of correlations between microbiome composition and host-, and treatment factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Gaio
- iThree Institute, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, Australia
- * E-mail:
| | | | - Kay Anantanawat
- iThree Institute, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, Australia
| | - Graeme J. Eamens
- NSW Department of Primary Industries, Elizabeth Macarthur Agricultural Institute, Menangle, Australia
| | - Linda Falconer
- NSW Department of Primary Industries, Elizabeth Macarthur Agricultural Institute, Menangle, Australia
| | - Toni A. Chapman
- NSW Department of Primary Industries, Elizabeth Macarthur Agricultural Institute, Menangle, Australia
| | - Steven Djordjevic
- iThree Institute, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, Australia
| | - Aaron E. Darling
- iThree Institute, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, Australia
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2
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Gaio D, DeMaere MZ, Anantanawat K, Eamens GJ, Liu M, Zingali T, Falconer L, Chapman TA, Djordjevic SP, Darling AE. A large-scale metagenomic survey dataset of the post-weaning piglet gut lumen. Gigascience 2021; 10:giab039. [PMID: 34080630 PMCID: PMC8173662 DOI: 10.1093/gigascience/giab039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Revised: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Early weaning and intensive farming practices predispose piglets to the development of infectious and often lethal diseases, against which antibiotics are used. Besides contributing to the build-up of antimicrobial resistance, antibiotics are known to modulate the gut microbial composition. As an alternative to antibiotic treatment, studies have previously investigated the potential of probiotics for the prevention of postweaning diarrhea. In order to describe the post-weaning gut microbiota, and to study the effects of two probiotics formulations and of intramuscular antibiotic treatment on the gut microbiota, we sampled and processed over 800 faecal time-series samples from 126 piglets and 42 sows. RESULTS Here we report on the largest shotgun metagenomic dataset of the pig gut lumen microbiome to date, consisting of >8 Tbp of shotgun metagenomic sequencing data. The animal trial, the workflow from sample collection to sample processing, and the preparation of libraries for sequencing, are described in detail. We provide a preliminary analysis of the dataset, centered on a taxonomic profiling of the samples, and a 16S-based beta diversity analysis of the mothers and the piglets in the first 5 weeks after weaning. CONCLUSIONS This study was conducted to generate a publicly available databank of the faecal metagenome of weaner piglets aged between 3 and 9 weeks old, treated with different probiotic formulations and intramuscular antibiotic treatment. Besides investigating the effects of the probiotic and intramuscular antibiotic treatment, the dataset can be explored to assess a wide range of ecological questions with regards to antimicrobial resistance, host-associated microbial and phage communities, and their dynamics during the aging of the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Gaio
- The iThree Institute, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Matthew Z DeMaere
- The iThree Institute, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Kay Anantanawat
- The iThree Institute, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Graeme J Eamens
- NSW Department of Primary Industries, Elizabeth Macarthur Agricultural Institute, Woodbridge Rd, Menangle NSW 2568, Australia
| | - Michael Liu
- The iThree Institute, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Tiziana Zingali
- The iThree Institute, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Linda Falconer
- NSW Department of Primary Industries, Elizabeth Macarthur Agricultural Institute, Woodbridge Rd, Menangle NSW 2568, Australia
| | - Toni A Chapman
- NSW Department of Primary Industries, Elizabeth Macarthur Agricultural Institute, Woodbridge Rd, Menangle NSW 2568, Australia
| | - Steven P Djordjevic
- The iThree Institute, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Aaron E Darling
- The iThree Institute, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia
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Omer AR, Henderson JE, Falconer L, Krӧger R, Allen PJ. Economic costs of using tailwater recovery systems for maintaining water quality and irrigation. J Environ Manage 2019; 235:186-193. [PMID: 30682671 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.01.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2018] [Revised: 01/05/2019] [Accepted: 01/13/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Best management practices (BMPs) are conservation efforts implemented to address environmental challenges associated with agricultural production. One such BMP, a tailwater recovery (TWR) system, has a dual purpose aimed at mitigating solids and nutrient losses from agricultural landscapes and creating an additional surface water source for irrigation. This study analyzes the costs of using five TWR systems to reduce solids, nutrients, and retain water. All systems were located in the Lower Mississippi Alluvial Valley and were used to irrigate crops including rice (Oryza sativa), corn (Zea mays), and soybeans (Glycine max). Costs to reduce solids and nutrients were calculated using annual payments and revenue losses due to lost tillable area from implementation of TWR systems. Similarly, cost to save and irrigate a mega-liter (ML) of water was determined as the annual payment for TWR systems, revenue losses and measured pumping cost. The range of mean total cost to reduce solids using TWR systems was $0 to $0.77 per kg; P was $0.61 to $3315.72 per kg; and N was $0.13 to $396.44 per kg. The range of mean total cost to retain water using TWR systems was $189.73 to $628.23 per ML, compared to a range of mean cost of groundwater of $13.99 to $36.17 per ML. Compared to other BMPs, TWR systems are one of the least expensive ways to reduce solid losses but remain an expensive way to reduce nutrient losses. The costs of using TWR systems to provide an additional irrigation water source range from less expensive than common conservation practices used to improve water use efficiency to more expensive and comparable to practices such as desalination. Therefore, TWR systems may be a prohibitively more expensive BMP to retain nutrients and water on some agricultural landscapes than other solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- A R Omer
- Department of Wildlife, Fisheries and Aquaculture, Mississippi State University, MS 39762, United States.
| | - J E Henderson
- Coastal Research and Extension Center, Mississippi State University, Biloxi, MS 39532, United States
| | - L Falconer
- Delta Research and Extension Center, Department of Agricultural Economics, Delta Research and Extension Center, Mississippi State University, Stoneville, MS 38776, United States
| | - R Krӧger
- Covington Civil and Environmental, LLC, 2510 14th Street, Suite 1212, Gulfport, MS 39501, United States
| | - P J Allen
- Department of Wildlife, Fisheries and Aquaculture, Mississippi State University, MS 39762, United States
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Wardle A, Osman A, Falconer L, Howes B. Teaching anaesthetists the skills of communication. Br J Anaesth 2015; 115:321. [DOI: 10.1093/bja/aev242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Scott NE, Parker BL, Connolly AM, Paulech J, Edwards AVG, Crossett B, Falconer L, Kolarich D, Djordjevic SP, Højrup P, Packer NH, Larsen MR, Cordwell SJ. Simultaneous glycan-peptide characterization using hydrophilic interaction chromatography and parallel fragmentation by CID, higher energy collisional dissociation, and electron transfer dissociation MS applied to the N-linked glycoproteome of Campylobacter jejuni. Mol Cell Proteomics 2011; 10:M000031-MCP201. [PMID: 20360033 PMCID: PMC3033663 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m000031-mcp201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 238] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2010] [Revised: 03/29/2010] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Campylobacter jejuni is a gastrointestinal pathogen that is able to modify membrane and periplasmic proteins by the N-linked addition of a 7-residue glycan at the strict attachment motif (D/E)XNX(S/T). Strategies for a comprehensive analysis of the targets of glycosylation, however, are hampered by the resistance of the glycan-peptide bond to enzymatic digestion or β-elimination and have previously concentrated on soluble glycoproteins compatible with lectin affinity and gel-based approaches. We developed strategies for enriching C. jejuni HB93-13 glycopeptides using zwitterionic hydrophilic interaction chromatography and examined novel fragmentation, including collision-induced dissociation (CID) and higher energy collisional (C-trap) dissociation (HCD) as well as CID/electron transfer dissociation (ETD) mass spectrometry. CID/HCD enabled the identification of glycan structure and peptide backbone, allowing glycopeptide identification, whereas CID/ETD enabled the elucidation of glycosylation sites by maintaining the glycan-peptide linkage. A total of 130 glycopeptides, representing 75 glycosylation sites, were identified from LC-MS/MS using zwitterionic hydrophilic interaction chromatography coupled to CID/HCD and CID/ETD. CID/HCD provided the majority of the identifications (73 sites) compared with ETD (26 sites). We also examined soluble glycoproteins by soybean agglutinin affinity and two-dimensional electrophoresis and identified a further six glycosylation sites. This study more than doubles the number of confirmed N-linked glycosylation sites in C. jejuni and is the first to utilize HCD fragmentation for glycopeptide identification with intact glycan. We also show that hydrophobic integral membrane proteins are significant targets of glycosylation in this organism. Our data demonstrate that peptide-centric approaches coupled to novel mass spectrometric fragmentation techniques may be suitable for application to eukaryotic glycoproteins for simultaneous elucidation of glycan structures and peptide sequence.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Benjamin L. Parker
- ¶Discipline of Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney 2006, Australia
| | | | - Jana Paulech
- From the ‡School of Molecular and Microbial Biosciences and
| | - Alistair V. G. Edwards
- ¶Discipline of Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney 2006, Australia
| | - Ben Crossett
- From the ‡School of Molecular and Microbial Biosciences and
| | - Linda Falconer
- **New South Wales Department of Primary Industries, Elizabeth Macarthur Agricultural Institute, Camden 2570, Australia
| | - Daniel Kolarich
- ‡‡Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, Macquarie University, 2109, Australia
| | - Steven P. Djordjevic
- **New South Wales Department of Primary Industries, Elizabeth Macarthur Agricultural Institute, Camden 2570, Australia
- §§Institute for the Biotechnology of Infectious Diseases, University of Technology, Sydney 2007, Australia, and
| | - Peter Højrup
- ¶¶Protein Research Group, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, 5000 Odense, Denmark
| | - Nicolle H. Packer
- ‡‡Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, Macquarie University, 2109, Australia
| | - Martin R. Larsen
- ¶¶Protein Research Group, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, 5000 Odense, Denmark
| | - Stuart J. Cordwell
- From the ‡School of Molecular and Microbial Biosciences and
- ¶Discipline of Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney 2006, Australia
- ¶¶Protein Research Group, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, 5000 Odense, Denmark
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Seymour LM, Falconer L, Deutscher AT, Minion FC, Padula MP, Dixon NE, Djordjevic SP, Walker MJ. Mhp107 is a member of the multifunctional adhesin family of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:10097-104. [PMID: 21245147 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.208140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae is the causative pathogen of porcine enzootic pneumonia, an economically significant disease that disrupts the mucociliary escalator in the swine respiratory tract. Expression of Mhp107, a P97 paralog encoded by the gene mhp107, was confirmed using ESI-MS/MS. To investigate the function of Mhp107, three recombinant proteins, F1(Mhp107), F2(Mhp107), and F3(Mhp107), spanning the N-terminal, central, and C-terminal regions of Mhp107 were constructed. Colonization of swine by M. hyopneumoniae requires adherence of the bacterium to ciliated cells of the respiratory tract. Recent studies have identified a number of M. hyopneumoniae adhesins that bind heparin, fibronectin, and plasminogen. F1(Mhp107) was found to bind porcine heparin (K(D) ∼90 nM) in a dose-dependent and saturable manner, whereas F3(Mhp107) bound fibronectin (K(D) ∼180 nM) at physiologically relevant concentrations. F1(Mhp107) also bound porcine plasminogen (K(D) = 24 nM) in a dose-dependent and physiologically relevant manner. Microspheres coated with F3(Mhp107) mediate adherence to porcine kidney epithelial-like (PK15) cells, and all three recombinant proteins (F1(Mhp107)-F3(Mhp107)) bound swine respiratory cilia. Together, these findings indicate that Mhp107 is a member of the multifunctional M. hyopneumoniae adhesin family of surface proteins and contributes to both adherence to the host and pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa M Seymour
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales 2522, Australia
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Seymour LM, Deutscher AT, Jenkins C, Kuit TA, Falconer L, Minion FC, Crossett B, Padula M, Dixon NE, Djordjevic SP, Walker MJ. A processed multidomain mycoplasma hyopneumoniae adhesin binds fibronectin, plasminogen, and swine respiratory cilia. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:33971-8. [PMID: 20813843 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.104463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine enzootic pneumonia is a chronic respiratory disease that affects swine. The etiological agent of the disease, Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae, is a bacterium that adheres to cilia of the swine respiratory tract, resulting in loss of cilia and epithelial cell damage. A M. hyopneumoniae protein P116, encoded by mhp108, was investigated as a potential adhesin. Examination of P116 expression using proteomic analyses observed P116 as a full-length protein and also as fragments, ranging from 17 to 70 kDa in size. A variety of pathogenic bacterial species have been shown to bind the extracellular matrix component fibronectin as an adherence mechanism. M. hyopneumoniae cells were found to bind fibronectin in a dose-dependent and saturable manner. Surface plasmon resonance was used to show that a recombinant C-terminal domain of P116 bound fibronectin at physiologically relevant concentrations (K(D) 24 ± 6 nm). Plasmin(ogen)-binding proteins are also expressed by many bacterial pathogens, facilitating extracellular matrix degradation. M. hyopneumoniae cells were found to also bind plasminogen in a dose-dependent and saturable manner; the C-terminal domain of P116 binds to plasminogen (K(D) 44 ± 5 nm). Plasminogen binding was abolished when the C-terminal lysine of P116 was deleted, implicating this residue as part of the plasminogen binding site. P116 fragments adhere to the PK15 porcine kidney epithelial-like cell line and swine respiratory cilia. Collectively these data suggest that P116 is an important adhesin and virulence factor of M. hyopneumoniae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa M Seymour
- Schools of Biological Sciences, University of Wollongong, New South Wales 2522, Australia
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8
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Scott NE, Marzook NB, Deutscher A, Falconer L, Crossett B, Djordjevic SP, Cordwell SJ. Mass spectrometric characterization of the Campylobacter jejuni
adherence factor CadF reveals post-translational processing that removes immunogenicity while retaining fibronectin binding. Proteomics 2009; 10:277-88. [DOI: 10.1002/pmic.200900440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Scott NE, Bogema DR, Connolly AM, Falconer L, Djordjevic SP, Cordwell SJ. Mass Spectrometric Characterization of the Surface-Associated 42 kDa Lipoprotein JlpA as a Glycosylated Antigen in Strains of Campylobacter jejuni. J Proteome Res 2009; 8:4654-64. [DOI: 10.1021/pr900544x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nichollas E. Scott
- School of Molecular and Microbial Biosciences, The University of Sydney, Australia 2006, NSW Department of Primary Industries, Elizabeth Macarthur Agricultural Institute, Camden, Australia 2570, School of Biological Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia 2522, and Discipline of Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Australia 2006
| | - Daniel R. Bogema
- School of Molecular and Microbial Biosciences, The University of Sydney, Australia 2006, NSW Department of Primary Industries, Elizabeth Macarthur Agricultural Institute, Camden, Australia 2570, School of Biological Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia 2522, and Discipline of Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Australia 2006
| | - Angela M. Connolly
- School of Molecular and Microbial Biosciences, The University of Sydney, Australia 2006, NSW Department of Primary Industries, Elizabeth Macarthur Agricultural Institute, Camden, Australia 2570, School of Biological Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia 2522, and Discipline of Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Australia 2006
| | - Linda Falconer
- School of Molecular and Microbial Biosciences, The University of Sydney, Australia 2006, NSW Department of Primary Industries, Elizabeth Macarthur Agricultural Institute, Camden, Australia 2570, School of Biological Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia 2522, and Discipline of Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Australia 2006
| | - Steven P. Djordjevic
- School of Molecular and Microbial Biosciences, The University of Sydney, Australia 2006, NSW Department of Primary Industries, Elizabeth Macarthur Agricultural Institute, Camden, Australia 2570, School of Biological Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia 2522, and Discipline of Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Australia 2006
| | - Stuart J. Cordwell
- School of Molecular and Microbial Biosciences, The University of Sydney, Australia 2006, NSW Department of Primary Industries, Elizabeth Macarthur Agricultural Institute, Camden, Australia 2570, School of Biological Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia 2522, and Discipline of Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Australia 2006
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Wilton J, Jenkins C, Cordwell SJ, Falconer L, Minion FC, Oneal DC, Djordjevic MA, Connolly A, Barchia I, Walker MJ, Djordjevic SP. Mhp493 (P216) is a proteolytically processed, cilium and heparin binding protein of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae. Mol Microbiol 2008; 71:566-82. [PMID: 19040640 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2958.2008.06546.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae induces respiratory disease in swine by colonizing cilia causing ciliostasis, cilial loss and epithelial cell death. Heparin binds to M. hyopneumoniae cells in a dose-dependent manner and blocks its ability to adhere to porcine cilia. We show here that Mhp493 (P216), a paralogue of the cilium adhesin P97 (Mhp183), is cleaved between amino acids 1040 and 1089 generating surface-accessible, heparin-binding proteins P120 and P85. Antiphosphoserine antibodies recognized P85 in 2-D immunoblotting studies and TiO(2) chromatography of trypsin digests of P85 isolated a single peptide with an m/z of 917.3. A phosphoserine residue in the tryptic peptide (90)VSELpSFR(96) (position 94 in P85) was identified by MALDI-MS/MS. Polyhistidine fusion proteins (F1(P216), F2(P216), F3(P216)) spanning Mhp493 bound heparin with biologically significant Kd values, and heparin, fucoidan and mucin inhibited this interaction. Latex beads coated with F1(P216), F2(P216) and F3(P216) adhered to and entered porcine kidney epithelial-like (PK15) cell monolayers. Microtitre plate-based assays showed that sequences within P120 and P85 bind to porcine cilia and are recognized by serum antibodies elicited during infection by M. hyopneumoniae. Mhp493 contributes significantly to the surface architecture of M. hyopneumoniae and is the first cilium adhesin to be described that lacks an R1 cilium-binding domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jody Wilton
- NSW Department of Primary Industries, Elizabeth Macarthur Agricultural Institute, Camden, NSW 2570, Australia
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Cordwell SJ, Len ACL, Touma RG, Scott NE, Falconer L, Jones D, Connolly A, Crossett B, Djordjevic SP. Identification of membrane-associated proteins fromCampylobacter jejuni strains using complementary proteomics technologies. Proteomics 2008; 8:122-39. [DOI: 10.1002/pmic.200700561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Abstract
Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae is the causative agent of porcine enzootic pneumonia, a chronic and economically significant respiratory disease that affects swine production worldwide. M. hyopneumoniae adheres to and adversely affects the function of ciliated epithelial cells of the respiratory tract, and the cilium adhesin (Mhp183, P97) is intricately but not exclusively involved in this process. Although binding of pathogenic bacteria to glycosaminoglycans is a recognized step in pathogenesis, knowledge of glycosaminoglycan-binding proteins in M. hyopneumoniae is lacking. However, heparin and other sulfated polysaccharides are known to block the binding of M. hyopneumoniae to purified swine respiratory cilia. In this study, four regions within the cilium adhesin were examined for the ability to bind heparin. Cilium adhesin fragments comprising 653 amino acids of the N terminus and 301 amino acids of the C terminus (containing two repeat regions, R1 and R2) were cloned and expressed. These fragments bound heparin in a dose-dependent and saturable manner with physiologically significant binding affinities of 0.27 +/- 0.02 microM and 1.89 +/- 0.33 microM, respectively. Heparin binding of both fragments was strongly inhibited by the sulfated polysaccharides fucoidan and mucin but not by chondroitin sulfate B. When the C-terminal repeat regions R1 and R2 were cloned separately and expressed, heparin-binding activity was lost, suggesting that both regions are required for heparin binding. The ability of the cilium adhesin to bind heparin indicates that this molecule plays a multifunctional role in the adherence of M. hyopneumoniae to host respiratory surfaces and therefore has important implications with respect to the pathogenesis of this organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheryl Jenkins
- Microbiology and Immunology, Elizabeth Macarthur Agricultural Institute, PMB 8, Camden, New South Wales 2570, Australia
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McLean C, Bettelheim KA, Kuzevski A, Falconer L, Djordjevic SP. Isolation of Escherichia coli O5 :H-, possessing genes for Shiga toxin 1, intimin-beta and enterohaemolysin, from an intestinal biopsy from an adult case of bloody diarrhoea: evidence for two distinct O5 :H- pathotypes. J Med Microbiol 2005; 54:605-607. [PMID: 15888471 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.45938-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Two typical coliforms from an intestinal biopsy from an adult case of bloody diarrhoea carried genes encoding intimin-beta, stx(1) and ehxA, and produced verocytotoxin 1 and enterohaemolysin in culture. Both were biochemically typical Escherichia coli O5 :H(-), apart from producing urease. Such O5 isolates represent a human pathogenic E. coli lineage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catriona McLean
- Department of Pathology, Alfred Hospital, Prahran, Victoria 3181, Australia 2National Escherichia coli Reference Laboratory, Microbiological Diagnostic Unit, Public Health Laboratory, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia 3NSW Agriculture, Elizabeth Macarthur Agricultural Institute, Microbiology and Immunology Section, New South Wales 2570, Australia
| | - Karl A Bettelheim
- Department of Pathology, Alfred Hospital, Prahran, Victoria 3181, Australia 2National Escherichia coli Reference Laboratory, Microbiological Diagnostic Unit, Public Health Laboratory, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia 3NSW Agriculture, Elizabeth Macarthur Agricultural Institute, Microbiology and Immunology Section, New South Wales 2570, Australia
| | - Alexander Kuzevski
- Department of Pathology, Alfred Hospital, Prahran, Victoria 3181, Australia 2National Escherichia coli Reference Laboratory, Microbiological Diagnostic Unit, Public Health Laboratory, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia 3NSW Agriculture, Elizabeth Macarthur Agricultural Institute, Microbiology and Immunology Section, New South Wales 2570, Australia
| | - Linda Falconer
- Department of Pathology, Alfred Hospital, Prahran, Victoria 3181, Australia 2National Escherichia coli Reference Laboratory, Microbiological Diagnostic Unit, Public Health Laboratory, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia 3NSW Agriculture, Elizabeth Macarthur Agricultural Institute, Microbiology and Immunology Section, New South Wales 2570, Australia
| | - Steven P Djordjevic
- Department of Pathology, Alfred Hospital, Prahran, Victoria 3181, Australia 2National Escherichia coli Reference Laboratory, Microbiological Diagnostic Unit, Public Health Laboratory, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia 3NSW Agriculture, Elizabeth Macarthur Agricultural Institute, Microbiology and Immunology Section, New South Wales 2570, Australia
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Abstract
This paper describes and discusses a method for collecting data relating to the potential for illness or injury to occur in an organization. The reason for using the term 'grey' is explained and the underpinning philosophy of fuzzy thinking is also discussed. The method used was an audit which attempted to measure the degree to which certain types of failure were present in one organization. The audit used a term approach in design and execution and was found to be a useful and useable tool for collecting information relating potential causes of injury or illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Falconer
- Research Centre for the Built and Human Environment (Department of Environmental Management), University of Salford, UK
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Abstract
Perceptions of line and senior managers in relation to their role in managing workplace injury and illness were investigated with a large UK manufacturing company. The significance of this research to occupational health practitioners lies in the fact that increased understanding of the perceptions of senior and line managers is fundamental to the success of occupational safety and health programmes. Documentary analysis and semi-structured interviews were used to assess perceptions. The findings showed that the managers had a much sounder understanding of their role in injury prevention than that related to illness prevention. The way in which information relating to injury and illness data is presented to managers to aid decision making was found likely to be a fruitful area for further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Falconer
- Department of Applied Sciences, University College Salford, UK
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Owens PC, Smith R, Green D, Falconer L. Effect of hypoglycemic stress on plasma and cerebrospinal fluid immunoreactive beta-endorphin in conscious sheep. Neurosci Lett 1984; 49:1-6. [PMID: 6093000 DOI: 10.1016/0304-3940(84)90126-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The effect of insulin-induced hypoglycemic stress on the concentrations of immunoreactive beta-endorphin (ir beta-EP) in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) was examined in conscious non-pregnant ewes in which the cisterna magna and a jugular vein had been previously catheterized. In control experiments, no significant changes were observed in plasma cortisol or ir beta-EP and CSF ir beta-EP concentrations. During hypoglycemia induced by intravenous injection of 20 units of insulin, plasma cortisol concentrations rose significantly, reaching a peak 1.5 h after injection. The changes in plasma ir beta-EP concentration were significantly different between hypoglycemic and normoglycemic sheep (analysis of variance, P = 0.0089). Following insulin injection, mean plasma ir beta-EP rose by 100% within 0.75 h, continued to rise six-fold over initial concentrations by 2.25 h, and remained elevated for 3.75 h. The CSF ir beta-EP concentrations following insulin injection were not significantly different from those observed in controls. These results suggest that if beta-endorphin mediated hypoglycemic stress-induced analgesia, its actions may be peripheral, not central.
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