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Ghosh S, González-Mariscal I, Egan JM, Moaddel R. Targeted proteomics of cannabinoid receptor CB1 and the CB1b isoform. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2016; 144:154-158. [PMID: 27914737 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2016.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2016] [Revised: 10/21/2016] [Accepted: 11/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Cannabinoid receptors (CBR), including CB1 and CB2 have been therapeutic targets for a number of conditions. Recently, splice variants of the CB1R have been identified in humans. The isoforms differ in their N-terminus sequence and pharmacological activity relative to the CB1R, as a result, the differentiation between the CB1 receptor and its isoform is required. As a result, a selected reaction monitoring mass spectrometry (SRM-MS) method was developed for the quantitation of CB1 and the CB1b isoform in CHO cells transduced with CB1 and CB1b. The SRM-MS protocol was assessed with isotopically labeled peptide standards and had high reproducibility of intra-day assay (CVs from 1.9 to 4.3% for CB1 and 0.5 to 5.9% for CB1b) and inter-day assay (CVs from 1.2 to 5.2% for CB1 and 1.2 to 6.1% for CB1b).
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Affiliation(s)
- Soumita Ghosh
- Biomedical Research Center, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, 251 Bayview Boulevard, Baltimore, MD 21224, United States
| | - Isabel González-Mariscal
- Biomedical Research Center, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, 251 Bayview Boulevard, Baltimore, MD 21224, United States
| | - Josephine M Egan
- Biomedical Research Center, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, 251 Bayview Boulevard, Baltimore, MD 21224, United States
| | - Ruin Moaddel
- Biomedical Research Center, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, 251 Bayview Boulevard, Baltimore, MD 21224, United States.
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52
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González-Mariscal I, Krzysik-Walker SM, Doyle ME, Liu QR, Cimbro R, Santa-Cruz Calvo S, Ghosh S, Cieśla Ł, Moaddel R, Carlson OD, Witek RP, O'Connell JF, Egan JM. Human CB1 Receptor Isoforms, present in Hepatocytes and β-cells, are Involved in Regulating Metabolism. Sci Rep 2016; 6:33302. [PMID: 27641999 PMCID: PMC5027555 DOI: 10.1038/srep33302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2016] [Accepted: 08/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Therapeutics aimed at blocking the cannabinoid 1 (CB1) receptor for treatment of obesity resulted in significant improvements in liver function, glucose uptake and pancreatic β-cell function independent of weight loss or CB1 receptor blockade in the brain, suggesting that peripherally-acting only CB1 receptor blockers may be useful therapeutic agents. Neuropsychiatric side effects and lack of tissue specificity precluded clinical use of first-generation, centrally acting CB1 receptor blockers. In this study we specifically analyzed the potential relevance to diabetes of human CB1 receptor isoforms in extraneural tissues involved in glucose metabolism. We identified an isoform of the human CB1 receptor (CB1b) that is highly expressed in β-cells and hepatocytes but not in the brain. Importantly, CB1b shows stronger affinity for the inverse agonist JD-5037 than for rimonabant compared to CB1 full length. Most relevant to the field, CB1b is a potent regulator of adenylyl cyclase activity in peripheral metabolic tissues. CB1b blockade by JD-5037 results in stronger adenylyl cyclase activation compared to rimonabant and it is a better enhancer of insulin secretion in β-cells. We propose this isoform as a principal pharmacological target for the treatment of metabolic disorders involving glucose metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel González-Mariscal
- Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Susan M Krzysik-Walker
- Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Máire E Doyle
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutes, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Qing-Rong Liu
- Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Raffaello Cimbro
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutes, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Sara Santa-Cruz Calvo
- Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Soumita Ghosh
- Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Łukasz Cieśla
- Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Ruin Moaddel
- Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Olga D Carlson
- Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Rafal P Witek
- Thermo Fisher Scientific, 7300 Governor's Way, Frederick, MD 21704 USA
| | - Jennifer F O'Connell
- Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Josephine M Egan
- Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
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53
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Zhou J, Burkovskiy I, Yang H, Sardinha J, Lehmann C. CB2 and GPR55 Receptors as Therapeutic Targets for Systemic Immune Dysregulation. Front Pharmacol 2016; 7:264. [PMID: 27597829 PMCID: PMC4992728 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2016.00264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2016] [Accepted: 08/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The endocannabinoid system (ECS) is involved in many physiological processes and has been suggested to play a critical role in the immune response and the central nervous system (CNS). Therefore, ECS modulation has potential therapeutic effects on immune dysfunctional disorders, such as sepsis and CNS injury-induced immunodeficiency syndrome (CIDS). In sepsis, excessive release of pro- and anti-inflammatory mediators results in multi-organ dysfunction, failure, and death. In CIDS, an acute CNS injury dysregulates a normally well-balanced interplay between CNS and the immune system, leading to increased patients' susceptibility to infections. In this review, we will discuss potential therapeutic modulation of the immune response in sepsis and CNS injury by manipulation of the ECS representing a novel target for immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Zhou
- Department of Anesthesia, Dalhousie UniversityHalifax, NS, Canada
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie UniversityHalifax, NS, Canada
| | - Ian Burkovskiy
- Department of Anesthesia, Dalhousie UniversityHalifax, NS, Canada
- Department of Pharmacology, Dalhousie UniversityHalifax, NS, Canada
| | - Hyewon Yang
- Department of Anesthesia, Dalhousie UniversityHalifax, NS, Canada
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie UniversityHalifax, NS, Canada
| | - Joel Sardinha
- Department of Anesthesia, Dalhousie UniversityHalifax, NS, Canada
| | - Christian Lehmann
- Department of Anesthesia, Dalhousie UniversityHalifax, NS, Canada
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie UniversityHalifax, NS, Canada
- Department of Pharmacology, Dalhousie UniversityHalifax, NS, Canada
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54
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Yang H, Zhou J, Lehmann C. GPR55 - a putative "type 3" cannabinoid receptor in inflammation. J Basic Clin Physiol Pharmacol 2016; 27:297-302. [PMID: 26669245 DOI: 10.1515/jbcpp-2015-0080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2015] [Accepted: 10/18/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptor 55 (GPR55) shares numerous cannabinoid ligands with CB1 and CB2 receptors despite low homology with those classical cannabinoid receptors. The pharmacology of GPR55 is not yet fully elucidated; however, GPR55 utilizes a different signaling system and downstream cascade associated with the receptor. Therefore, GPR55 has emerged as a putative "type 3" cannabinoid receptor, establishing a novel class of cannabinoid receptor. Furthermore, the recent evidence of GPR55-CB1 and GPR55-CB2 heteromerization along with its broad distribution from central nervous system to peripheries suggests the importance of GPR55 in various cellular processes and pathologies and as a potential therapeutic target in inflammation.
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55
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Ciaglia E, Torelli G, Pisanti S, Picardi P, D'Alessandro A, Laezza C, Malfitano AM, Fiore D, Pagano Zottola AC, Proto MC, Catapano G, Gazzerro P, Bifulco M. Cannabinoid receptor CB1 regulates STAT3 activity and its expression dictates the responsiveness to SR141716 treatment in human glioma patients' cells. Oncotarget 2016; 6:15464-81. [PMID: 26008966 PMCID: PMC4558164 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.3895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2015] [Accepted: 04/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Herein we show that a majority of human brain tumor samples and cell lines over-expressed cannabinoid receptor CB1 as compared to normal human astrocytes (NHA), while uniformly expressed low levels of CB2. This finding prompted us to investigate the therapeutic exploitation of CB1 inactivation by SR141716 treatment, with regard to its direct and indirect cell-mediated effects against gliomas. Functional studies, using U251MG glioma cells and primary tumor cell lines derived from glioma patients expressing different levels of CB1, highlighted SR141716 efficacy in inducing apoptosis via G1 phase stasis and block of TGF-β1 secretion through a mechanism that involves STAT3 inhibition. According to the multivariate role of STAT3 in the immune escape too, interestingly SR141716 lead also to the functional and selective expression of MICA/B on the surface of responsive malignant glioma cells, but not on NHA. This makes SR141716 treated-glioma cells potent targets for allogeneic NK cell-mediated recognition through a NKG2D restricted mechanism, thus priming them for NK cell antitumor reactivity. These results indicate that CB1 and STAT3 participate in a new oncogenic network in the complex biology of glioma and their expression levels in patients dictate the efficacy of the CB1 antagonist SR141716 in multimodal glioma destruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Ciaglia
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Salerno, Baronissi, Salerno, Italy.,Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Fisciano, Salerno, Italy
| | - Giovanni Torelli
- "G.Rummo" Medical Hospital, Department of Neurosurgery, Benevento, Italy.,Neurosurgery Unit A.O. San Giovanni di Dio e Ruggi d' Aragona - Salerno's School of Medicine, Largo Città di Ippocrate, Salerno, Italy
| | - Simona Pisanti
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Salerno, Baronissi, Salerno, Italy.,Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Fisciano, Salerno, Italy
| | - Paola Picardi
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Salerno, Baronissi, Salerno, Italy.,Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Fisciano, Salerno, Italy
| | - Alba D'Alessandro
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Fisciano, Salerno, Italy
| | - Chiara Laezza
- Institute of Endocrinology and Experimental Oncology, IEOS CNR, Naples, Italy.,Department of Biology and Cellular and Molecular Pathology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Malfitano
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Salerno, Baronissi, Salerno, Italy.,Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Fisciano, Salerno, Italy
| | - Donatella Fiore
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Fisciano, Salerno, Italy
| | | | | | - Giuseppe Catapano
- "G.Rummo" Medical Hospital, Department of Neurosurgery, Benevento, Italy
| | - Patrizia Gazzerro
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Fisciano, Salerno, Italy
| | - Maurizio Bifulco
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Salerno, Baronissi, Salerno, Italy.,Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Fisciano, Salerno, Italy
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56
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Iannotti FA, Di Marzo V, Petrosino S. Endocannabinoids and endocannabinoid-related mediators: Targets, metabolism and role in neurological disorders. Prog Lipid Res 2016; 62:107-28. [DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2016.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 235] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2015] [Revised: 01/25/2016] [Accepted: 02/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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57
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Abstract
AbstractThe endogenous cannabinoid system plays important roles in the retina of mice and monkeys via their classic CB1 and CB2 receptors. We have previously reported that the G protein-coupled receptor 55 (GPR55), a putative cannabinoid receptor, is exclusively expressed in rod photoreceptors in the monkey retina, suggesting its possible role in scotopic vision. To test this hypothesis, we recorded full-field electroretinograms (ERGs) after the intravitreal injection of the GPR55 agonist lysophosphatidylglucoside (LPG) or the selective GPR55 antagonist CID16020046 (CID), under light- and dark-adapted conditions. Thirteen vervet monkeys (Chlorocebus sabaeus) were used in this study: four controls (injected with the vehicle dimethyl sulfoxide, DMSO), four injected with LPG and five with CID. We analyzed amplitudes and latencies of the a-wave (photoreceptor responses) and the b-wave (rod and cone system responses) of the ERG. Our results showed that after injection of LPG, the amplitude of the scotopic b-wave was significantly higher, whereas after the injection of CID, it was significantly decreased, compared to the vehicle (DMSO). On the other hand, the a-wave amplitude, and the a-wave and b-wave latencies, of the scotopic ERG responses were not significantly affected by the injection of either compound. Furthermore, the photopic ERG waveforms were not affected by either drug. These results support the hypothesis that GPR55 plays an instrumental role in mediating scotopic vision.
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58
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Meadows A, Lee JH, Wu CS, Wei Q, Pradhan G, Yafi M, Lu HC, Sun Y. Deletion of G-protein-coupled receptor 55 promotes obesity by reducing physical activity. Int J Obes (Lond) 2016; 40:417-24. [PMID: 26447738 DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2015.209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2015] [Revised: 09/02/2015] [Accepted: 09/21/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES Cannabinoid receptor 1 (CB1) is the best-characterized cannabinoid receptor, and CB1 antagonists are used in clinical trials to treat obesity. Because of the wide range of CB1 functions, the side effects of CB1 antagonists pose serious concerns. G-protein-coupled receptor 55 (GPR55) is an atypical cannabinoid receptor, and its pharmacology and functions are distinct from CB1. GPR55 regulates neuropathic pain, gut, bone, immune functions and motor coordination. GPR55 is expressed in various brain regions and peripheral tissues. However, the roles of GPR55 in energy and glucose homeostasis are unknown. Here we have investigated the roles of GPR55 in energy balance and insulin sensitivity using GPR55-null mice (GPR55(-/-)). METHODS Body composition of the mice was measured by EchoMRI. Food intake, feeding behavior, energy expenditure and physical activity of GPR55(-/-) mice were determined by indirect calorimetry. Muscle function was assessed by forced treadmill running test. Insulin sensitivity was evaluated by glucose and insulin tolerance tests. Adipose inflammation was assessed by flow cytometry analysis of adipose tissue macrophages. The expression of inflammatory markers in adipose tissues and orexigenic/anorexigenic peptides in the hypothalamus was also analyzed by real-time PCR. RESULTS GPR55(-/-) mice had normal total energy intake and feeding pattern (i.e., no changes in meal size, meal number or feeding frequency). Intriguingly, whereas adult GPR55(-/-) mice only showed a modest increase in overall body weight, they exhibited significantly increased fat mass and insulin resistance. The spontaneous locomotor activity of GPR55(-/-) mice was dramatically decreased, whereas resting metabolic rate and non-shivering thermogenesis were unchanged. Moreover, GPR55(-/-) mice exhibited significantly decreased voluntary physical activity, showing reduced running distance on the running wheels, whereas muscle function appeared to be normal. CONCLUSIONS GPR55 has an important role in energy homeostasis. GPR55 ablation increases adiposity and insulin resistance by selectively decreasing physical activity, but not by altering feeding behavior as CB1.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Meadows
- USDA/ARS Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, The University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - J H Lee
- USDA/ARS Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - C-S Wu
- USDA/ARS Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Q Wei
- USDA/ARS Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Division of Endocrinology, Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - G Pradhan
- USDA/ARS Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - M Yafi
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, The University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - H-C Lu
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Y Sun
- USDA/ARS Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Huffington Center on Aging, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
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59
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Kargl J, Andersen L, Hasenöhrl C, Feuersinger D, Stančić A, Fauland A, Magnes C, El-Heliebi A, Lax S, Uranitsch S, Haybaeck J, Heinemann A, Schicho R. GPR55 promotes migration and adhesion of colon cancer cells indicating a role in metastasis. Br J Pharmacol 2015; 173:142-54. [PMID: 26436760 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2014] [Revised: 08/31/2015] [Accepted: 09/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Tumour cell migration and adhesion constitute essential features of metastasis. G-protein coupled receptor 55 (GPR55), a lysophospholipid receptor, has been shown to play an important role in carcinogenesis. Here, we investigated the involvement of GPR55 in migration and metastasis of colon cancer cells. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Adhesion and migration assays using the highly metastatic colon cancer cell line HCT116 and an in vivo assay of liver metastasis were performed. The GPR55 antagonist CID16020046, cannabidiol, a putative GPR55 antagonist and GPR55 siRNA were used to block GPR55 activity in HCT116 colon cancer cells. KEY RESULTS HCT116 cells showed a significant decrease in adhesion to endothelial cells and in migration after blockade with CID16020046 or cannabidiol. The inhibitory effects of CID16020046 or cannabidiol were averted by GPR55 siRNA knock down in cancer cells. The integrity of endothelial cell monolayers was increased after pretreatment of HCT116 cells with the antagonists or after GPR55 siRNA knockdown while pretreatment with lysophosphatidylinositol (LPI), the endogenous ligand of GPR55, decreased integrity of the monolayers. LPI also induced migration in GPR55 overexpressing HCT116 cells that was blocked by GPR55 antagonists. In a mouse model of metastasis, the arrest of HCT116 cancer cells in the liver was reduced after treatment with CID16020046 or cannabidiol. Increased levels of LPI (18:0) were found in colon cancer patients when compared with healthy individuals. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS GPR55 is involved in the migratory behaviour of colon carcinoma cells and may serve as a pharmacological target for the prevention of metastasis. © 2015 The British Pharmacological Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Kargl
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - L Andersen
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - C Hasenöhrl
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - D Feuersinger
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - A Stančić
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - A Fauland
- HEALTH - Institute for Biomedicine and Health Sciences, Joanneum Research Forschungsgesellschaft m.b.H., Graz, Austria
| | - C Magnes
- HEALTH - Institute for Biomedicine and Health Sciences, Joanneum Research Forschungsgesellschaft m.b.H., Graz, Austria
| | - A El-Heliebi
- Institute of Cell Biology, Histology and Embryology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria.,Biobank Graz, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - S Lax
- Department of Pathology, General Hospital Graz West, Graz, Austria
| | - S Uranitsch
- Department of Surgery, St John of God Hospital Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - J Haybaeck
- Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - A Heinemann
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - R Schicho
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
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60
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Jenkin KA, McAinch AJ, Zhang Y, Kelly DJ, Hryciw DH. Elevated cannabinoid receptor 1 and G protein-coupled receptor 55 expression in proximal tubule cells and whole kidney exposed to diabetic conditions. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2015; 42:256-62. [PMID: 25545857 DOI: 10.1111/1440-1681.12355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2014] [Revised: 11/12/2014] [Accepted: 11/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Hyperglycaemia increases the risk of developing diabetic nephropathy, with primary targets in the glomerulus and proximal tubule. Importantly, glomerular damage in the kidney leads to elevated albumin levels in the filtrate, which contributes to tubular structural modifications that lead to dysfunction. Diabetes alters the endocannabinoid system in a number of target organs, with previous research characterizing tissue-specific changes in the expression of the cannabinoid receptor 1 (CB1 ) and G protein-coupled receptor 55 (GPR55), a putative cannabinoid receptor, in diabetes. Although these receptors have a functional role in the cannabinoid system in the kidney, there has been little investigation into changes in the expression of CB1 and GPR55 in the proximal tubule under diabetic conditions. In this study, CB1 and GPR55 messenger RNA and protein levels were quantified in cultured human kidney cells and then treated with either elevated glucose, elevated albumin, or a combination of glucose and albumin for 4, 6, 18, or 24 h. In addition, CB1 and GPR55 protein expression was characterized in whole-kidney lysate from streptozotocin-induced diabetic Sprague-Dawley rats. In vitro exposure to elevated glucose and albumin increased CB1 and GPR55 messenger RNA and protein expression in proximal tubule cells in a time-dependant manner. In whole kidney of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats, CB1 protein was upregulated, whereas GPR55 protein concentration was not altered. Thus, expression of CB1 and GPR55 in proximal tubules is altered in response to elevated levels of glucose and albumin. Further investigations should determine if these receptors are effective physiological targets for the treatment and prevention of diabetic nephropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kayte A Jenkin
- Centre for Chronic Disease Prevention and Management, College of Health and Biomedicine Victoria University, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
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61
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Stančić A, Jandl K, Hasenöhrl C, Reichmann F, Marsche G, Schuligoi R, Heinemann A, Storr M, Schicho R. The GPR55 antagonist CID16020046 protects against intestinal inflammation. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2015; 27:1432-45. [PMID: 26227635 PMCID: PMC4587547 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.12639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2015] [Accepted: 06/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND G protein-coupled receptor 55 (GPR55) is a lysophospholipid receptor responsive to certain cannabinoids. The role of GPR55 in inflammatory processes of the gut is largely unknown. Using the recently characterized GPR55 inhibitor CID16020046, we determined the role of GPR55 in experimental intestinal inflammation and explored possible mechanisms of action. METHODS Colitis was induced by either 2.5% dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) supplemented in the drinking water of C57BL/6 mice or by a single intrarectal application of trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS). KEY RESULTS Daily application of CID16020046 (20 mg/kg) significantly reduced inflammation scores and myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity. In the DSS colitis model, levels of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β), and the expression of cyclooxygenase (Cox)-2 and signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT-3) were reduced in colon tissues while in TNBS-induced colitis, levels of Cox-2, IL-1β and IL-6 were significantly lowered. Evaluation of leukocyte recruitment by flow cytometry indicated reduced presence of lymphocytes and macrophages in the colon following GPR55 inhibition in DSS-induced colitis. In J774A.1 mouse macrophages, inhibition of GPR55 revealed reduced migration of macrophages and decreased CD11b expression, suggesting that direct effects of CID16020046 on macrophages may have contributed to the improvement of colitis. GPR55(-/-) knockout mice showed reduced inflammation scores as compared to wild type mice in the DSS model suggesting a pro-inflammatory role in intestinal inflammation. CONCLUSIONS & INFERENCES Pharmacological blockade of GPR55 reduces experimental intestinal inflammation by reducing leukocyte migration and activation, in particular that of macrophages. Therefore, CID16020046 represents a possible drug for the treatment of bowel inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Stančić
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz
| | - Katharina Jandl
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz
| | - Carina Hasenöhrl
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz
| | - Florian Reichmann
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz
| | - Gunther Marsche
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz
| | - Rufina Schuligoi
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz
| | - Akos Heinemann
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz
| | - Martin Storr
- Department of Medicine II, Klinikum Großhadern, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
,Co-corresponding author:Martin Storr, MD, PhD Department of Medicine II, Klinikum Großhadern Ludwig-Maximilians University Marchioninistr. 15 81377 Munich Germany Phone: 0049 89-7095-2281 (0) Fax: 0049 89-7095-5281
| | - Rudolf Schicho
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz
,Corresponding author:Rudolf Schicho, PhD Medical University of Graz Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology Universitätsplatz 4 8010 Graz Austria Phone: 0043 3163807851 Fax: 0043 3163809645
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62
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Walsh SK, Hepburn CY, Keown O, Åstrand A, Lindblom A, Ryberg E, Hjorth S, Leslie SJ, Greasley PJ, Wainwright CL. Pharmacological profiling of the hemodynamic effects of cannabinoid ligands: a combined in vitro and in vivo approach. Pharmacol Res Perspect 2015; 3:e00143. [PMID: 26236485 PMCID: PMC4492759 DOI: 10.1002/prp2.143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2015] [Accepted: 03/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The receptors mediating the hemodynamic responses to cannabinoids are not clearly defined due to the multifarious pharmacology of many commonly used cannabinoid ligands. While both CB1 and TRPV1 receptors are implicated, G protein-coupled receptor 55 (GPR55) may also mediate some of the hemodynamic effects of several atypical cannabinoid ligands. The present studies attempted to unravel the pharmacology underlying the in vivo hemodynamic responses to ACEA (CB1 agonist), O-1602 (GPR55 agonist), AM251 (CB1 antagonist), and cannabidiol (CBD; GPR55 antagonist). Agonist and antagonist profiles of each ligand were determined by ligand-induced GTPγS binding in membrane preparations expressing rat and mouse CB1 and GPR55 receptors. Blood pressure responses to ACEA and O-1602 were recorded in anesthetized and conscious mice (wild type, CB1−/− and GPR55−/−) and rats in the absence and presence of AM251 and CBD. ACEA demonstrated GTPγS activation at both receptors, while O-1602 only activated GPR55. AM251 exhibited antagonist activity at CB1 and agonist activity at GPR55, while CBD demonstrated selective antagonist activity at GPR55. The depressor response to ACEA was blocked by AM251 and attenuated by CBD, while O-1602 did not induce a depressor response. AM251 caused a depressor response that was absent in GPR55−/− mice but enhanced by CBD, while CBD caused a small vasodepressor response that persisted in GPR55−/− mice. Our findings show that assessment of the pharmacological profile of receptor activation by cannabinoid ligands in in vitro studies alongside in vivo functional studies is essential to understand the role of cannabinoids in hemodynamic control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah K Walsh
- Institute for Health & Wellbeing Research, Robert Gordon University Riverside East, Aberdeen, AB10 7GJ, United Kingdom
| | - Claire Y Hepburn
- Institute for Health & Wellbeing Research, Robert Gordon University Riverside East, Aberdeen, AB10 7GJ, United Kingdom
| | - Oliver Keown
- Institute for Health & Wellbeing Research, Robert Gordon University Riverside East, Aberdeen, AB10 7GJ, United Kingdom ; Cardiac Unit, Raigmore Hospital Old Perth Road, Inverness, IV2 3UJ, United Kingdom
| | - Annika Åstrand
- Cardiovascular & Metabolic Disease IMED, AstraZeneca R&D Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Anna Lindblom
- Cardiovascular & Metabolic Disease IMED, AstraZeneca R&D Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Erik Ryberg
- Cardiovascular & Metabolic Disease IMED, AstraZeneca R&D Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Stephan Hjorth
- Cardiovascular & Metabolic Disease IMED, AstraZeneca R&D Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Stephan J Leslie
- Cardiac Unit, Raigmore Hospital Old Perth Road, Inverness, IV2 3UJ, United Kingdom
| | - Peter J Greasley
- Cardiovascular & Metabolic Disease IMED, AstraZeneca R&D Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Cherry L Wainwright
- Institute for Health & Wellbeing Research, Robert Gordon University Riverside East, Aberdeen, AB10 7GJ, United Kingdom
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Nimczick M, Decker M. New Approaches in the Design and Development of Cannabinoid Receptor Ligands: Multifunctional and Bivalent Compounds. ChemMedChem 2015; 10:773-86. [DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201500041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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64
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Bondarenko AI. Endothelial atypical cannabinoid receptor: do we have enough evidence? Br J Pharmacol 2014; 171:5573-88. [PMID: 25073723 PMCID: PMC4290703 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2014] [Revised: 07/14/2014] [Accepted: 07/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cannabinoids and their synthetic analogues affect a broad range of physiological functions, including cardiovascular variables. Although direct evidence is still missing, the relaxation of a vast range of vascular beds induced by cannabinoids is believed to involve a still unidentified non-CB1 , non-CB2 Gi/o protein-coupled receptor located on endothelial cells, the so called endothelial cannabinoid receptor (eCB receptor). Evidence for the presence of an eCB receptor comes mainly from vascular relaxation studies, which commonly employ pertussis toxin as an indicator for GPCR-mediated signalling. In addition, a pharmacological approach is widely used to attribute the relaxation to eCB receptors. Recent findings have indicated a number of GPCR-independent targets for both agonists and antagonists of the presumed eCB receptor, warranting further investigations and cautious interpretation of the vascular relaxation studies. This review will provide a brief historical overview on the proposed novel eCB receptor, drawing attention to the discrepancies between the studies on the pharmacological profile of the eCB receptor and highlighting the Gi/o protein-independent actions of the eCB receptor inhibitors widely used as selective compounds. As the eCB receptor represents an attractive pharmacological target for a number of cardiovascular abnormalities, defining its molecular identity and the extent of its regulation of vascular function will have important implications for drug discovery. This review highlights the need to re-evaluate this subject in a thoughtful and rigorous fashion. More studies are needed to differentiate Gi/o protein-dependent endothelial cannabinoid signalling from that involving the classical CB1 and CB2 receptors as well as its relevance for pathophysiological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander I Bondarenko
- Circulatory Physiology Department, O.O.Bogomoletz Institute of PhysiologyKiev, Ukraine
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of GrazGraz, Austria
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Martínez-Pinilla E, Reyes-Resina I, Oñatibia-Astibia A, Zamarbide M, Ricobaraza A, Navarro G, Moreno E, Dopeso-Reyes I, Sierra S, Rico A, Roda E, Lanciego J, Franco R. CB1 and GPR55 receptors are co-expressed and form heteromers in rat and monkey striatum. Exp Neurol 2014; 261:44-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2014.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2014] [Revised: 06/13/2014] [Accepted: 06/17/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Walsh SK, Hector EE, Andréasson AC, Jönsson-Rylander AC, Wainwright CL. GPR55 deletion in mice leads to age-related ventricular dysfunction and impaired adrenoceptor-mediated inotropic responses. PLoS One 2014; 9:e108999. [PMID: 25275556 PMCID: PMC4183508 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0108999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2014] [Accepted: 09/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
G protein coupled receptor 55 (GPR55) is expressed throughout the body, and although its exact physiological function is unknown, studies have suggested a role in the cardiovascular system. In particular, GPR55 has been proposed as mediating the haemodynamic effects of a number of atypical cannabinoid ligands; however this data is conflicting. Thus, given the incongruous nature of our understanding of the GPR55 receptor and the relative paucity of literature regarding its role in cardiovascular physiology, this study was carried out to examine the influence of GPR55 on cardiac function. Cardiac function was assessed via pressure volume loop analysis, and cardiac morphology/composition assessed via histological staining, in both wild-type (WT) and GPR55 knockout (GPR55−/−) mice. Pressure volume loop analysis revealed that basal cardiac function was similar in young WT and GPR55−/− mice. In contrast, mature GPR55−/− mice were characterised by both significant ventricular remodelling (reduced left ventricular wall thickness and increased collagen deposition) and systolic dysfunction when compared to age-matched WT mice. In particular, the load-dependent parameter, ejection fraction, and the load-independent indices, end-systolic pressure-volume relationship (ESPVR) and Emax, were all significantly (P<0.05) attenuated in mature GPR55−/− mice. Furthermore, GPR55−/− mice at all ages were characterised by a reduced contractile reserve. Our findings demonstrate that mice deficient in GPR55 exhibit maladaptive adrenergic signalling, as evidenced by the reduced contractile reserve. Furthermore, with age these mice are characterised by both significant adverse ventricular remodelling and systolic dysfunction. Taken together, this may suggest a role for GPR55 in the control of adrenergic signalling in the heart and potentially a role for this receptor in the pathogenesis of heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah K. Walsh
- Institute for Health & Wellbeing Research, Robert Gordon University, Riverside East, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Emma E. Hector
- Institute for Health & Wellbeing Research, Robert Gordon University, Riverside East, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Cherry L. Wainwright
- Institute for Health & Wellbeing Research, Robert Gordon University, Riverside East, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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67
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Balenga NA, Martínez-Pinilla E, Kargl J, Schröder R, Peinhaupt M, Platzer W, Bálint Z, Zamarbide M, Dopeso-Reyes IG, Ricobaraza A, Pérez-Ortiz JM, Kostenis E, Waldhoer M, Heinemann A, Franco R. Heteromerization of GPR55 and cannabinoid CB2 receptors modulates signalling. Br J Pharmacol 2014; 171:5387-406. [PMID: 25048571 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2013] [Revised: 07/01/2014] [Accepted: 07/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Heteromerization of GPCRs is key to the integration of extracellular signals and the subsequent cell response via several mechanisms including heteromer-selective ligand binding, trafficking and/or downstream signalling. As the lysophosphatidylinositol GPCR 55 (GPR55) has been shown to affect the function of the cannabinoid receptor subtype 2 (CB2 receptor) in human neutrophils, we investigated the possible heteromerization of CB2 receptors with GPR55. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH The direct interaction of human GPR55 and CB2 receptors heterologously expressed in HEK293 cells was assessed by co-immunoprecipitation and bioluminescence resonance energy transfer assays. The effect of cross-talk on signalling was investigated at downstream levels by label-free real-time methods (Epic dynamic mass redistribution and CellKey impedance assays), ERK1/2-MAPK activation and gene reporter assays. KEY RESULTS GPR55 and CB2 receptors co-localized on the surface of HEK293 cells, co-precipitated in membrane extracts and formed heteromers in living HEK293 cells. Whereas heteromerization led to a reduction in GPR55-mediated activation of transcription factors (nuclear factor of activated T-cells, NF-κB and cAMP response element), ERK1/2-MAPK activation was potentiated in the presence of CB2 receptors. CB2 receptor-mediated signalling was also affected by co-expression with GPR55. Label-free assays confirmed cross-talk between the two receptors. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Heteromers, unique signalling units, form in HEK293 cells expressing GPR55 and CB2 receptors. The signalling by agonists of either receptor was governed (i) by the presence or absence of the partner receptors (with the consequent formation of heteromers) and (ii) by the activation state of the partner receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- N A Balenga
- Institute for Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
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68
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Moreno E, Andradas C, Medrano M, Caffarel MM, Pérez-Gómez E, Blasco-Benito S, Gómez-Cañas M, Pazos MR, Irving AJ, Lluís C, Canela EI, Fernández-Ruiz J, Guzmán M, McCormick PJ, Sánchez C. Targeting CB2-GPR55 receptor heteromers modulates cancer cell signaling. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:21960-72. [PMID: 24942731 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.561761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The G protein-coupled receptors CB2 (CB2R) and GPR55 are overexpressed in cancer cells and human tumors. Because a modulation of GPR55 activity by cannabinoids has been suggested, we analyzed whether this receptor participates in cannabinoid effects on cancer cells. Here we show that CB2R and GPR55 form heteromers in cancer cells, that these structures possess unique signaling properties, and that modulation of these heteromers can modify the antitumoral activity of cannabinoids in vivo. These findings unveil the existence of previously unknown signaling platforms that help explain the complex behavior of cannabinoids and may constitute new targets for therapeutic intervention in oncology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estefanía Moreno
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain, the Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), 28031 Madrid, Spain, the Institute of Biomedicine of the University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Clara Andradas
- the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology I, School of Biology and the Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre, 28041 Madrid, Spain
| | - Mireia Medrano
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain, the Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), 28031 Madrid, Spain, the Institute of Biomedicine of the University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - María M Caffarel
- the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology I, School of Biology and
| | - Eduardo Pérez-Gómez
- the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology I, School of Biology and the Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre, 28041 Madrid, Spain
| | - Sandra Blasco-Benito
- the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology I, School of Biology and the Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre, 28041 Madrid, Spain
| | - María Gómez-Cañas
- the Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), 28031 Madrid, Spain, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology III/Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Neuroquímica, School of Medicine, Complutense University, 28040 Madrid, Spain, the Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), Madrid 28034, Spain
| | - M Ruth Pazos
- the Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), 28031 Madrid, Spain, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology III/Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Neuroquímica, School of Medicine, Complutense University, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Andrew J Irving
- the Division of Neuroscience, Ninewells Hospital, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 9SY, United Kingdom, and
| | - Carme Lluís
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain, the Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), 28031 Madrid, Spain, the Institute of Biomedicine of the University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Enric I Canela
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain, the Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), 28031 Madrid, Spain, the Institute of Biomedicine of the University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Javier Fernández-Ruiz
- the Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), 28031 Madrid, Spain, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology III/Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Neuroquímica, School of Medicine, Complutense University, 28040 Madrid, Spain, the Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), Madrid 28034, Spain
| | - Manuel Guzmán
- the Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), 28031 Madrid, Spain, the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology I, School of Biology and the Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), Madrid 28034, Spain
| | - Peter J McCormick
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain, the Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), 28031 Madrid, Spain, the Institute of Biomedicine of the University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain, the School of Pharmacy, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7TJ, United Kingdom
| | - Cristina Sánchez
- the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology I, School of Biology and the Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre, 28041 Madrid, Spain,
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Simcocks AC, O'Keefe L, Jenkin KA, Mathai ML, Hryciw DH, McAinch AJ. A potential role for GPR55 in the regulation of energy homeostasis. Drug Discov Today 2013; 19:1145-51. [PMID: 24370891 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2013.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2013] [Revised: 10/31/2013] [Accepted: 12/11/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptor 55 (GPR55) is a putative cannabinoid receptor that is expressed in several tissues involved in regulating energy homeostasis, including the hypothalamus, gastrointestinal tract, pancreas, liver, white adipose and skeletal muscle. GPR55 has been shown to have a role in cancer and gastrointestinal inflammation, as well as in obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Despite this, the (patho)physiological role of GPR55 in cell dysfunction is still poorly understood, largely because of the limited identification of downstream signalling targets. Nonetheless, research has suggested that GPR55 modulation would be a useful pharmacological target in metabolically active tissues to improve treatment of diseases such as obesity and T2DM. Further research is essential to gain a better understanding of the role that this receptor might have in these and other pathophysiological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna C Simcocks
- Centre for Chronic Disease Prevention and Management, College of Health and Biomedicine, Victoria University, Melbourne 8001, VIC, Australia
| | - Lannie O'Keefe
- Centre for Chronic Disease Prevention and Management, College of Health and Biomedicine, Victoria University, Melbourne 8001, VIC, Australia
| | - Kayte A Jenkin
- Centre for Chronic Disease Prevention and Management, College of Health and Biomedicine, Victoria University, Melbourne 8001, VIC, Australia
| | - Michael L Mathai
- Centre for Chronic Disease Prevention and Management, College of Health and Biomedicine, Victoria University, Melbourne 8001, VIC, Australia; The Florey Institute for Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Deanne H Hryciw
- Department of Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne 3010, VIC, Australia
| | - Andrew J McAinch
- Centre for Chronic Disease Prevention and Management, College of Health and Biomedicine, Victoria University, Melbourne 8001, VIC, Australia.
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70
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Paul RK, Wnorowski A, Gonzalez-Mariscal I, Nayak SK, Pajak K, Moaddel R, Indig FE, Bernier M, Wainer IW. (R,R')-4'-methoxy-1-naphthylfenoterol targets GPR55-mediated ligand internalization and impairs cancer cell motility. Biochem Pharmacol 2013; 87:547-61. [PMID: 24355564 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2013.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2013] [Revised: 11/21/2013] [Accepted: 11/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
(R,R')-4'-Methoxy-1-naphthylfenoterol (MNF) promotes growth inhibition and apoptosis of human HepG2 hepatocarcinoma cells via cannabinoid receptor (CBR) activation. The synthetic CB1R inverse agonist, AM251, has been shown to block the anti-mitogenic effect of MNF in these cells; however, AM251 is also an agonist of the recently deorphanized, lipid-sensing receptor, GPR55, whose upregulation contributes to carcinogenesis. Here, we investigated the role of MNF in GPR55 signaling in human HepG2 and PANC-1 cancer cell lines in culture by focusing first on internalization of the fluorescent ligand Tocrifluor 1117 (T1117). Initial results indicated that cell pretreatment with GPR55 agonists, including the atypical cannabinoid O-1602 and l-α-lysophosphatidylinositol, dose-dependently reduced the rate of cellular T1117 uptake, a process that was sensitive to MNF inhibition. GPR55 internalization and signaling mediated by O-1602 was blocked by MNF in GPR55-expressing HEK293 cells. Pretreatment of HepG2 and PANC-1 cells with MNF significantly abrogated the induction of ERK1/2 phosphorylation in response to AM251 and O-1602. Moreover, MNF exerted a coordinated negative regulation of AM251 and O-1602 inducible processes, including changes in cellular morphology and cell migration using scratch wound healing assay. This study shows for the first time that MNF impairs GPR55-mediated signaling and, therefore, may have therapeutic potential in the management of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajib K Paul
- Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Baltimore, MD 21224, USA.
| | - Artur Wnorowski
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Neuroengineering, Department of Chemistry, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland.
| | - Isabel Gonzalez-Mariscal
- Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Baltimore, MD 21224, USA.
| | | | - Karolina Pajak
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Neuroengineering, Department of Chemistry, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland.
| | - Ruin Moaddel
- Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Baltimore, MD 21224, USA.
| | - Fred E Indig
- Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Baltimore, MD 21224, USA.
| | - Michel Bernier
- Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Baltimore, MD 21224, USA.
| | - Irving W Wainer
- Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Baltimore, MD 21224, USA.
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71
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Bouskila J, Javadi P, Casanova C, Ptito M, Bouchard JF. Rod photoreceptors express GPR55 in the adult vervet monkey retina. PLoS One 2013; 8:e81080. [PMID: 24244730 PMCID: PMC3828256 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0081080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2013] [Accepted: 10/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Cannabinoids exert their actions mainly through two receptors, the cannabinoid CB1 receptor (CB1R) and cannabinoid CB2 receptor (CB2R). In recent years, the G-protein coupled receptor 55 (GPR55) was suggested as a cannabinoid receptor based on its activation by anandamide and tetrahydrocannabinol. Yet, its formal classification is still a matter of debate. CB1R and CB2R expression patterns are well described for rodent and monkey retinas. In the monkey retina, CB1R has been localized in its neural (cone photoreceptor, horizontal, bipolar, amacrine and ganglion cells) and CB2R in glial components (Müller cells). The aim of this study was to determine the expression pattern of GPR55 in the monkey retina by using confocal microscopy. Our results show that GPR55 is strictly localized in the photoreceptor layer of the extrafoveal portion of the retina. Co-immunolabeling of GPR55 with rhodopsin, the photosensitive pigment in rods, revealed a clear overlap of expression throughout the rod structure with most prominent staining in the inner segments. Additionally, double-label of GPR55 with calbindin, a specific marker for cone photoreceptors in the primate retina, allowed us to exclude expression of GPR55 in cones. The labeling of GPR55 in rods was further assessed with a 3D visualization in the XZ and YZ planes thus confirming its exclusive expression in rods. These results provide data on the distribution of GPR55 in the monkey retina, different than CB1R and CB2R. The presence of GPR55 in rods suggests a function of this receptor in scotopic vision that needs to be demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Bouskila
- School of Optometry, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada ; Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
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72
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Rempel V, Volz N, Gläser F, Nieger M, Bräse S, Müller CE. Antagonists for the Orphan G-Protein-Coupled Receptor GPR55 Based on a Coumarin Scaffold. J Med Chem 2013; 56:4798-810. [DOI: 10.1021/jm4005175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Viktor Rempel
- PharmaCenter Bonn, Pharmaceutical Institute,
Pharmaceutical Chemistry I, University of Bonn, An der Immenburg 4, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Nicole Volz
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Fritz-Haber-Weg 6, D-76131
Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Franziska Gläser
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Fritz-Haber-Weg 6, D-76131
Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Martin Nieger
- Laboratory of Inorganic
Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 55, A.I.Virtasen Aukio 1, Helsinki FIN-00014, Finland
| | - Stefan Bräse
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Fritz-Haber-Weg 6, D-76131
Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institute
of Toxicology and Genetics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, D-76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen,
Germany
| | - Christa E. Müller
- PharmaCenter Bonn, Pharmaceutical Institute,
Pharmaceutical Chemistry I, University of Bonn, An der Immenburg 4, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
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73
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Yamashita A, Oka S, Tanikawa T, Hayashi Y, Nemoto-Sasaki Y, Sugiura T. The actions and metabolism of lysophosphatidylinositol, an endogenous agonist for GPR55. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 2013; 107:103-16. [PMID: 23714700 DOI: 10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2013.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2013] [Revised: 05/14/2013] [Accepted: 05/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Lysophosphatidylinositol (LPI) is a subspecies of lysophospholipid and is assumed to be not only a degradation product of phosphatidylinositol (PI), but also a bioactive lysophospholipid mediator. However, not much attention has been directed toward LPI compared to lysophosphatidic acid (LPA), since the receptor for LPI has not been identified. During screening for an agonist for the orphan G protein coupled receptor GPR55, we identified LPI, 2-arachidonoyl LPI in particular, as an agonist for GPR55. Our efforts to identify an LPI receptor facilitated research on LPI as a lipid messenger. In addition, we also found that DDHD1, previously identified as phosphatidic acid-preferring phospholipase A1, was one of the synthesizing enzymes of 2-arachidonoyl LPI. Here, we summarized the background for discovering the LPI receptor, and the actions/metabolism of LPI. We also referred to the biosynthesis of PI, a 1-stearoyl-2-arachidonoyl species, since the molecule is the precursor of 2-arachidonoyl LPI. Furthermore, we discussed physiological and/or pathophysiological processes involving LPI and GPR55, including the relevance of LPI-GPR55 and cannabinoids, since GPR55 was previously postulated to be another cannabinoid receptor. Although there is no doubt that GPR55 is the LPI receptor, we should re-consider whether or not GPR55 is in fact another cannabinoid receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Yamashita
- Faculty of Pharma-Sciences, Teikyo University, Kaga 2-11-1, Itabashi-Ku, Tokyo 173-8605, Japan.
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Kargl J, Brown AJ, Andersen L, Dorn G, Schicho R, Waldhoer M, Heinemann A. A selective antagonist reveals a potential role of G protein-coupled receptor 55 in platelet and endothelial cell function. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2013; 346:54-66. [PMID: 23639801 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.113.204180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The G protein-coupled receptor 55 (GPR55) is a lysophosphatidylinositol (LPI) receptor that is also responsive to certain cannabinoids. Although GPR55 has been implicated in several (patho)physiologic functions, its role remains enigmatic owing mainly to the lack of selective GPR55 antagonists. Here we show that the compound CID16020046 ((4-[4-(3-hydroxyphenyl)-3-(4-methylphenyl)-6-oxo-1H,4H,5H,6H-pyrrolo[3,4-c]pyrazol-5-yl] benzoic acid) is a selective GPR55 antagonist. In yeast cells expressing human GPR55, CID16020046 antagonized agonist-induced receptor activation. In human embryonic kidney (HEK293) cells stably expressing human GPR55, the compound behaved as an antagonist on LPI-mediated Ca²⁺ release and extracellular signal-regulated kinases activation, but not in HEK293 cells expressing cannabinoid receptor 1 or 2 (CB₁ or CB₂). CID16020046 concentration dependently inhibited LPI-induced activation of nuclear factor of activated T-cells (NFAT), nuclear factor κ of activated B cells (NF-κB) and serum response element, translocation of NFAT and NF-κB, and GPR55 internalization. It reduced LPI-induced wound healing in primary human lung microvascular endothelial cells and reversed LPI-inhibited platelet aggregation, suggesting a novel role for GPR55 in platelet and endothelial cell function. CID16020046 is therefore a valuable tool to study GPR55-mediated mechanisms in primary cells and tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Kargl
- Institute for Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria.
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