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Spermatogonial cells: mouse, monkey and man comparison. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2016; 59:79-88. [PMID: 26957475 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2016.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Revised: 02/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
In all mammals, spermatogonia are defined as constituting the mitotic compartment of spermatogenesis including stem, undifferentiated and differentiating cell types, possessing distinct morphological and molecular characteristics. Even though the real nature of the spermatogonial stem cell and its regulation is still debated the general consensus holds that in steady-state spermatogenesis the stem cell compartment needs to balance differentiation versus self-renewal. This review highlights current understanding of spermatogonial biology, the kinetics of amplification and the signals directing spermatogonial differentiation in mammals. The focus will be on relevant similarities and differences between rodents and non human and human primates.
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Abstract
Nearly half of all pregnancies worldwide are unplanned, despite numerous contraceptive options available. No new contraceptive method has been developed for men since the invention of condom. Nevertheless, more than 25% of contraception worldwide relies on male methods. Therefore, novel effective methods of male contraception are of interest. Herein we review the physiologic basis for both male hormonal and nonhormonal methods of contraception. We review the history of male hormonal contraception development, current hormonal agents in development, as well as the potential risks and benefits of male hormonal contraception options for men. Nonhormonal methods reviewed will include both pharmacological and mechanical approaches in development, with specific focus on methods which inhibit the testicular retinoic acid synthesis and action. Multiple hormonal and nonhormonal methods of male contraception are in the drug development pathway, with the hope that a reversible, reliable, safe method of male contraception will be available to couples in the not too distant future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mara Y Roth
- Department of Medicine, Center for Research in Reproduction and Contraception, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - John K Amory
- Department of Medicine, Center for Research in Reproduction and Contraception, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
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53
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Tripathy S, Chapman JD, Han CY, Hogarth CA, Arnold SLM, Onken J, Kent T, Goodlett DR, Isoherranen N. All-Trans-Retinoic Acid Enhances Mitochondrial Function in Models of Human Liver. Mol Pharmacol 2016; 89:560-74. [PMID: 26921399 DOI: 10.1124/mol.116.103697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2016] [Accepted: 02/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
All-trans-retinoic acid (atRA) is the active metabolite of vitamin A. The liver is the main storage organ of vitamin A, but activation of the retinoic acid receptors (RARs) in mouse liver and in human liver cell lines has also been shown. AlthoughatRA treatment improves mitochondrial function in skeletal muscle in rodents, its role in modulating mitochondrial function in the liver is controversial, and little data are available regarding the human liver. The aim of this study was to determine whetheratRA regulates hepatic mitochondrial activity.atRA treatment increased the mRNA and protein expression of multiple components of mitochondrialβ-oxidation, tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, and respiratory chain. Additionally,atRA increased mitochondrial biogenesis in human hepatocytes and in HepG2 cells with and without lipid loading based on peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma coactivator 1αand 1βand nuclear respiratory factor 1 mRNA and mitochondrial DNA quantification.atRA also increasedβ-oxidation and ATP production in HepG2 cells and in human hepatocytes. Knockdown studies of RARα, RARβ, and PPARδrevealed that the enhancement of mitochondrial biogenesis andβ-oxidation byatRA requires peroxisome proliferator activated receptor delta. In vivo in mice,atRA treatment increased mitochondrial biogenesis markers after an overnight fast. Inhibition ofatRA metabolism by talarozole, a cytochrome P450 (CYP) 26 specific inhibitor, increased the effects ofatRA on mitochondrial biogenesis markers in HepG2 cells and in vivo in mice. These studies show thatatRA regulates mitochondrial function and lipid metabolism and that increasingatRA concentrations in human liver via CYP26 inhibition may increase mitochondrial biogenesis and fatty acidβ-oxidation and provide therapeutic benefit in diseases associated with mitochondrial dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sasmita Tripathy
- Departments of Pharmaceutics (S.T., S.L.M.A., N.I.), Medicinal Chemistry (J.D.C., D.R.G.), and Diabetes Obesity Center for Excellence and the Department of Medicine, Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Nutrition (C.Y.H.), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; School of Molecular Biosciences and The Center for Reproductive Biology, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington (C.A.H., J.O., T.K.); and School of Pharmacy, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland (D.R.G.)
| | - John D Chapman
- Departments of Pharmaceutics (S.T., S.L.M.A., N.I.), Medicinal Chemistry (J.D.C., D.R.G.), and Diabetes Obesity Center for Excellence and the Department of Medicine, Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Nutrition (C.Y.H.), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; School of Molecular Biosciences and The Center for Reproductive Biology, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington (C.A.H., J.O., T.K.); and School of Pharmacy, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland (D.R.G.)
| | - Chang Y Han
- Departments of Pharmaceutics (S.T., S.L.M.A., N.I.), Medicinal Chemistry (J.D.C., D.R.G.), and Diabetes Obesity Center for Excellence and the Department of Medicine, Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Nutrition (C.Y.H.), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; School of Molecular Biosciences and The Center for Reproductive Biology, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington (C.A.H., J.O., T.K.); and School of Pharmacy, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland (D.R.G.)
| | - Cathryn A Hogarth
- Departments of Pharmaceutics (S.T., S.L.M.A., N.I.), Medicinal Chemistry (J.D.C., D.R.G.), and Diabetes Obesity Center for Excellence and the Department of Medicine, Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Nutrition (C.Y.H.), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; School of Molecular Biosciences and The Center for Reproductive Biology, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington (C.A.H., J.O., T.K.); and School of Pharmacy, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland (D.R.G.)
| | - Samuel L M Arnold
- Departments of Pharmaceutics (S.T., S.L.M.A., N.I.), Medicinal Chemistry (J.D.C., D.R.G.), and Diabetes Obesity Center for Excellence and the Department of Medicine, Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Nutrition (C.Y.H.), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; School of Molecular Biosciences and The Center for Reproductive Biology, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington (C.A.H., J.O., T.K.); and School of Pharmacy, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland (D.R.G.)
| | - Jennifer Onken
- Departments of Pharmaceutics (S.T., S.L.M.A., N.I.), Medicinal Chemistry (J.D.C., D.R.G.), and Diabetes Obesity Center for Excellence and the Department of Medicine, Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Nutrition (C.Y.H.), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; School of Molecular Biosciences and The Center for Reproductive Biology, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington (C.A.H., J.O., T.K.); and School of Pharmacy, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland (D.R.G.)
| | - Travis Kent
- Departments of Pharmaceutics (S.T., S.L.M.A., N.I.), Medicinal Chemistry (J.D.C., D.R.G.), and Diabetes Obesity Center for Excellence and the Department of Medicine, Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Nutrition (C.Y.H.), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; School of Molecular Biosciences and The Center for Reproductive Biology, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington (C.A.H., J.O., T.K.); and School of Pharmacy, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland (D.R.G.)
| | - David R Goodlett
- Departments of Pharmaceutics (S.T., S.L.M.A., N.I.), Medicinal Chemistry (J.D.C., D.R.G.), and Diabetes Obesity Center for Excellence and the Department of Medicine, Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Nutrition (C.Y.H.), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; School of Molecular Biosciences and The Center for Reproductive Biology, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington (C.A.H., J.O., T.K.); and School of Pharmacy, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland (D.R.G.)
| | - Nina Isoherranen
- Departments of Pharmaceutics (S.T., S.L.M.A., N.I.), Medicinal Chemistry (J.D.C., D.R.G.), and Diabetes Obesity Center for Excellence and the Department of Medicine, Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Nutrition (C.Y.H.), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; School of Molecular Biosciences and The Center for Reproductive Biology, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington (C.A.H., J.O., T.K.); and School of Pharmacy, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland (D.R.G.)
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Abstract
Mammalian spermatogenesis requires a stem cell pool, a period of amplification of cell numbers, the completion of reduction division to haploid cells (meiosis), and the morphological transformation of the haploid cells into spermatozoa (spermiogenesis). The net result of these processes is the production of massive numbers of spermatozoa over the reproductive lifetime of the animal. One study that utilized homogenization-resistant spermatids as the standard determined that human daily sperm production (dsp) was at 45 million per day per testis (60). For each human that means ∼1,000 sperm are produced per second. A key to this level of gamete production is the organization and architecture of the mammalian testes that results in continuous sperm production. The seemingly complex repetitious relationship of cells termed the "cycle of the seminiferous epithelium" is driven by the continuous commitment of undifferentiated spermatogonia to meiosis and the period of time required to form spermatozoa. This commitment termed the A to A1 transition requires the action of retinoic acid (RA) on the undifferentiated spermatogonia or prospermatogonia. In stages VII to IX of the cycle of the seminiferous epithelium, Sertoli cells and germ cells are influenced by pulses of RA. These pulses of RA move along the seminiferous tubules coincident with the spermatogenic wave, presumably undergoing constant synthesis and degradation. The RA pulse then serves as a trigger to commit undifferentiated progenitor cells to the rigidly timed pathway into meiosis and spermatid differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael D Griswold
- School of Molecular Biosciences, Center for Reproductive Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington
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Çinar L, Kartal D, Ergin C, Aksoy H, Karadag MA, Aydin T, Cinar E, Borlu M. The effect of systemic isotretinoin on male fertility. Cutan Ocul Toxicol 2015; 35:296-9. [PMID: 26653640 DOI: 10.3109/15569527.2015.1119839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVE Acne vulgaris is one of the most common diseases of the youth. Systemic isotretinoin is the only drug which acts on all of the etiopathogenic mechanisms of acne. Isotretinoin has some well-known side effects. Besides these, there is a suspicion whether it causes infertility or not. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the effects of systemic isotretinoin on male fertility. METHODS Eighty one male patients, who were older than 18 years of age, and had severe or refractory acne vulgaris were included in the study. They were given a total dose of 120 mg/kg of systemic isotretinoin over a period of six months. Before and after the study, the spermiogram parameters of the patients were evaluated to show any possible effect on male fertility. The patients' total testosterone, follicle stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone levels were also evaluated. RESULTS All of the spermiogram parameters changed positively (p < 0.05). There was no significant change in the hormone levels. CONCLUSION Systemic isotretinoin has a positive effect on male fertility. Since the hormone levels did not change significantly, this positive effect of isotretinoin is not via the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis but can be due to its regenerative and proliferative effects on the testes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Levent Çinar
- a Faculty of Medicine , Dermatology and Venereology Department, Erciyes University , Kayseri , Turkey
| | - Demet Kartal
- a Faculty of Medicine , Dermatology and Venereology Department, Erciyes University , Kayseri , Turkey
| | - Can Ergin
- b Dermatology and Venereology Department, Diskapi Yildirim Beyazit Education and Research Hospital , Ankara , Turkey
| | - Huseyin Aksoy
- c Obstetrics and Gynecology Department, Kayseri Military Hospital , Kayseri , Turkey
| | - Mert Ali Karadag
- d Urology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Kafkas University , Kayseri , Turkey , and
| | - Turgut Aydin
- e Obstetrics and Gynecology Department, Kayseri Acibadem Hospital , Kayseri , Turkey
| | - Elif Cinar
- e Obstetrics and Gynecology Department, Kayseri Acibadem Hospital , Kayseri , Turkey
| | - Murat Borlu
- a Faculty of Medicine , Dermatology and Venereology Department, Erciyes University , Kayseri , Turkey
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56
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O'Rand MG, Silva EJR, Hamil KG. Non-hormonal male contraception: A review and development of an Eppin based contraceptive. Pharmacol Ther 2015; 157:105-11. [PMID: 26593445 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2015.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Developing a non-hormonal male contraceptive requires identifying and characterizing an appropriate target and demonstrating its essential role in reproduction. Here we review the development of male contraceptive targets and the current therapeutic agents under consideration. In addition, the development of EPPIN as a target for contraception is reviewed. EPPIN is a well characterized surface protein on human spermatozoa that has an essential function in primate reproduction. EPPIN is discussed as an example of target development, testing in non-human primates, and the search for small organic compounds that mimic contraceptive antibodies; binding EPPIN and blocking sperm motility. Although many hurdles remain before the success of a non-hormonal male contraceptive, continued persistence should yield a marketable product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael G O'Rand
- Department of Cell Biology & Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States; Eppin Pharma Inc., Chapel Hill, NC, 27514, United States.
| | - Erick J R Silva
- Department of Pharmacology, Instituto de Biociências de Botucatu, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, SP 18618-970, Brazil
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Gely-Pernot A, Raverdeau M, Teletin M, Vernet N, Féret B, Klopfenstein M, Dennefeld C, Davidson I, Benoit G, Mark M, Ghyselinck NB. Retinoic Acid Receptors Control Spermatogonia Cell-Fate and Induce Expression of the SALL4A Transcription Factor. PLoS Genet 2015; 11:e1005501. [PMID: 26427057 PMCID: PMC4591280 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1005501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2015] [Accepted: 08/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
All-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) is instrumental to male germ cell differentiation, but its mechanism of action remains elusive. To address this question, we have analyzed the phenotypes of mice lacking, in spermatogonia, all rexinoid receptors (RXRA, RXRB and RXRG) or all ATRA receptors (RARA, RARB and RARG). We demonstrate that the combined ablation of RXRA and RXRB in spermatogonia recapitulates the set of defects observed both upon ablation of RAR in spermatogonia. We also show that ATRA activates RAR and RXR bound to a conserved regulatory region to increase expression of the SALL4A transcription factor in spermatogonia. Our results reveal that this major pluripotency gene is a target of ATRA signaling and that RAR/RXR heterodimers are the functional units driving its expression in spermatogonia. They add to the mechanisms through which ATRA promote expression of the KIT tyrosine kinase receptor to trigger a critical step in spermatogonia differentiation. Importantly, they indicate also that meiosis eventually occurs in the absence of a RAR/RXR pathway within germ cells and suggest that instructing this process is either ATRA-independent or requires an ATRA signal originating from Sertoli cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurore Gely-Pernot
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), Département de Génétique Fonctionnelle et Cancer, Illkirch, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR7104, Illkirch, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U964, Illkirch, France
- Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA), Illkirch Cedex, France
| | - Mathilde Raverdeau
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), Département de Génétique Fonctionnelle et Cancer, Illkirch, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR7104, Illkirch, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U964, Illkirch, France
- Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA), Illkirch Cedex, France
| | - Marius Teletin
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), Département de Génétique Fonctionnelle et Cancer, Illkirch, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR7104, Illkirch, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U964, Illkirch, France
- Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA), Illkirch Cedex, France
- Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg (HUS), Strasbourg, France
| | - Nadège Vernet
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), Département de Génétique Fonctionnelle et Cancer, Illkirch, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR7104, Illkirch, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U964, Illkirch, France
- Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA), Illkirch Cedex, France
| | - Betty Féret
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), Département de Génétique Fonctionnelle et Cancer, Illkirch, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR7104, Illkirch, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U964, Illkirch, France
- Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA), Illkirch Cedex, France
| | - Muriel Klopfenstein
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), Département de Génétique Fonctionnelle et Cancer, Illkirch, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR7104, Illkirch, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U964, Illkirch, France
- Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA), Illkirch Cedex, France
| | - Christine Dennefeld
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), Département de Génétique Fonctionnelle et Cancer, Illkirch, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR7104, Illkirch, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U964, Illkirch, France
- Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA), Illkirch Cedex, France
| | - Irwin Davidson
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), Département de Génétique Fonctionnelle et Cancer, Illkirch, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR7104, Illkirch, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U964, Illkirch, France
- Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA), Illkirch Cedex, France
| | - Gérard Benoit
- Centre de Génétique et de Physiologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (GCPhiMC), UMR5534 CNRS, Université de Lyon 1, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Manuel Mark
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), Département de Génétique Fonctionnelle et Cancer, Illkirch, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR7104, Illkirch, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U964, Illkirch, France
- Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA), Illkirch Cedex, France
- Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg (HUS), Strasbourg, France
| | - Norbert B. Ghyselinck
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), Département de Génétique Fonctionnelle et Cancer, Illkirch, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR7104, Illkirch, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U964, Illkirch, France
- Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA), Illkirch Cedex, France
- * E-mail:
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58
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Arnold SLM, Kent T, Hogarth CA, Griswold MD, Amory JK, Isoherranen N. Pharmacological inhibition of ALDH1A in mice decreases all-trans retinoic acid concentrations in a tissue specific manner. Biochem Pharmacol 2015; 95:177-92. [PMID: 25764981 PMCID: PMC4420653 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2015.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2015] [Accepted: 03/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
all-trans retinoic acid (atRA), the active metabolite of vitamin A, is an essential signaling molecule. Specifically the concentrations of atRA are spatiotemporally controlled in target tissues such as the liver and the testes. While the enzymes of the aldehyde dehydrogenase 1A family (ALDH1A) are believed to control the synthesis of atRA, a direct relationship between altered ALDH1A activity and tissue atRA concentrations has never been shown. To test whether inhibition of ALDH1A enzymes decreases atRA concentrations in a tissue specific manner, the potent ALDH1A inhibitor WIN 18,446 was used to inhibit ALDH1A activity in mice. The ALDH1A expression, atRA formation kinetics, ALDH1A inhibition by WIN 18,446 and WIN 18,446 disposition were used to predict the time course and extent of inhibition of atRA formation in the testis and liver. The effect of WIN 18,446 on atRA concentrations in testis, liver and serum were measured following single and multiple doses of WIN 18,446. ALDH1A1 and ALDH1A2 were responsible for the majority of atRA formation in the testis while ALDH1A1 and aldehyde oxidase contributed to atRA formation in the liver. Due to the different complement of enzymes contributing to atRA formation in different tissues and different inhibition of ALDH1A1 and ALDH1A2 by WIN 18,446, WIN 18,446 caused only a 50% decrease in liver atRA but testicular atRA decreased over 90%. Serum atRA concentrations were also reduced. These data demonstrate that inhibition of ALDH1A enzymes will decrease atRA concentrations in a tissue specific manner and selective ALDH1A inhibition could be used to alter atRA concentrations in select target tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel L M Arnold
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Travis Kent
- School of Molecular Biosciences and The Center for Reproductive Biology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
| | - Cathryn A Hogarth
- School of Molecular Biosciences and The Center for Reproductive Biology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
| | - Michael D Griswold
- School of Molecular Biosciences and The Center for Reproductive Biology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
| | - John K Amory
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Nina Isoherranen
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
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59
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Hogarth CA, Arnold S, Kent T, Mitchell D, Isoherranen N, Griswold MD. Processive pulses of retinoic acid propel asynchronous and continuous murine sperm production. Biol Reprod 2014; 92:37. [PMID: 25519186 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.114.126326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The asynchronous cyclic nature of spermatogenesis is essential for continual sperm production and is one of the hallmarks of mammalian male fertility. While various mRNA and protein localization studies have indirectly implicated changing retinoid levels along testis tubules, no quantitative evidence for these changes across the cycle of the seminiferous epithelium currently exists. This study utilized a unique mouse model of induced synchronous spermatogenesis, localization of the retinoid-signaling marker STRA8, and sensitive quantification of retinoic acid concentrations to determine whether there are fluctuations in retinoid levels at each of the individual stages of germ cell differentiation and maturation to sperm. These data show that processive pulses of retinoic acid are generated during spermatogonial differentiation and are the likely trigger for cyclic spermatogenesis and allow us, for the first time, to understand how the cycle of the seminiferous epithelium is generated and maintained. In addition, this study represents the first direct quantification of a retinoid gradient controlling cellular differentiation in a postnatal tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cathryn A Hogarth
- School of Molecular Biosciences and the Center for Reproductive Biology, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington
| | - Samuel Arnold
- University of Washington Medical Center, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Travis Kent
- School of Molecular Biosciences and the Center for Reproductive Biology, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington
| | - Debra Mitchell
- School of Molecular Biosciences and the Center for Reproductive Biology, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington
| | - Nina Isoherranen
- University of Washington Medical Center, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Michael D Griswold
- School of Molecular Biosciences and the Center for Reproductive Biology, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington
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60
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Nakano M, Lockhart CM, Kelly EJ, Rettie AE. Ocular cytochrome P450s and transporters: roles in disease and endobiotic and xenobiotic disposition. Drug Metab Rev 2014; 46:247-60. [PMID: 24856391 PMCID: PMC4676416 DOI: 10.3109/03602532.2014.921190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Drug metabolism and transport processes in the liver, intestine and kidney that affect the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of therapeutic agents have been studied extensively. In contrast, comparatively little research has been conducted on these topics as they pertain to the eye. Recently, however, catalytic functions of ocular cytochrome P450 enzymes have gained increasing attention, in large part due to the roles of CYP1B1 and CYP4V2 variants in primary congenital glaucoma and Bietti's corneoretinal crystalline dystrophy, respectively. In this review, we discuss challenges to ophthalmic drug delivery, including Phase I drug metabolism and transport in the eye, and the role of three specific P450s, CYP4B1, CYP1B1 and CYP4V2 in ocular inflammation and genetically determined ocular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariko Nakano
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Catherine M. Lockhart
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Edward J. Kelly
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Allan E. Rettie
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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