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Aberrant ganglioside composition in glioblastoma multiforme and peritumoral tissue: A mass spectrometry characterization. Biochimie 2017; 137:56-68. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2017.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2016] [Revised: 02/28/2017] [Accepted: 03/06/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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52
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Miyakoshi LM, Marques-Coelho D, De Souza LER, Lima FRS, Martins VR, Zanata SM, Hedin-Pereira C. Evidence of a Cell Surface Role for Hsp90 Complex Proteins Mediating Neuroblast Migration in the Subventricular Zone. Front Cell Neurosci 2017; 11:138. [PMID: 28567003 PMCID: PMC5434112 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2017.00138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2016] [Accepted: 04/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In most mammalian brains, the subventricular zone (SVZ) is a germinative layer that maintains neurogenic activity throughout adulthood. Neuronal precursors arising from this region migrate through the rostral migratory stream (RMS) and reach the olfactory bulbs where they differentiate and integrate into the local circuitry. Recently, studies have shown that heat shock proteins have an important role in cancer cell migration and blocking Hsp90 function was shown to hinder cell migration in the developing cerebellum. In this work, we hypothesize that chaperone complexes may have an important function regulating migration of neuronal precursors from the subventricular zone. Proteins from the Hsp90 complex are present in the postnatal SVZ as well as in the RMS. Using an in vitro SVZ explant model, we have demonstrated the expression of Hsp90 and Hop/STI1 by migrating neuroblasts. Treatment with antibodies against Hsp90 and co-chaperone Hop/STI1, as well as Hsp90 and Hsp70 inhibitors hinder neuroblast chain migration. Time-lapse videomicroscopy analysis revealed that cell motility and average migratory speed was decreased after exposure to both antibodies and inhibitors. Antibodies recognizing Hsp90, Hsp70, and Hop/STI1 were found bound to the membranes of cells from primary SVZ cultures and biotinylation assays demonstrated that Hsp70 and Hop/STI1 could be found on the external leaflet of neuroblast membranes. The latter could also be detected in conditioned medium samples obtained from cultivated SVZ cells. Our results suggest that chaperones Hsp90, Hsp70, and co-chaperone Hop/STI1, components of the Hsp90 complex, regulate SVZ neuroblast migration in a concerted manner through an extracellular mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leo M Miyakoshi
- Biophysics Institute Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de JaneiroRio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Laboratory of Cellular NeuroAnatomy, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de JaneiroRio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Diego Marques-Coelho
- Biophysics Institute Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de JaneiroRio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Laboratory of Cellular NeuroAnatomy, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de JaneiroRio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Luiz E R De Souza
- Department of Basic Pathology, Federal University of ParanáParaná, Brazil
| | - Flavia R S Lima
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de JaneiroRio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Vilma R Martins
- International Research Center, A.C. Camargo Cancer CenterSão Paulo, Brazil
| | - Silvio M Zanata
- Department of Basic Pathology, Federal University of ParanáParaná, Brazil
| | - Cecilia Hedin-Pereira
- Biophysics Institute Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de JaneiroRio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Laboratory of Cellular NeuroAnatomy, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de JaneiroRio de Janeiro, Brazil.,VPPLR-Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz)Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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53
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Zamfir AD. Microfluidics-Mass Spectrometry of Protein-Carbohydrate Interactions: Applications to the Development of Therapeutics and Biomarker Discovery. Methods Mol Biol 2017; 1647:109-128. [PMID: 28808998 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-7201-2_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The functional interactions of carbohydrates and their protein receptors are the basis of biological events critical to the evolution of pathological states. Hence, for the past years, such interactions have become the focus of research for the development of therapeutics and discovery of novel glycan biomarkers based on their binding affinity. Due to the high sensitivity, throughput, reproducibility, and capability to ionize minor species in heterogeneous mixtures, microfluidics-mass spectrometry (MS) has recently emerged as a method of choice in protein-glycan interactomics. In this chapter, a straightforward microfluidics-based MS methodology for the assessment of protein-glycan interactions is presented. The general protocol encompasses: (1) submission of the interacting partners to a binding assay under conditions mimicking the in vivo environment; and (2) screening of the reaction products and their structural characterization by fully automated chip-nanoelectrospray (nanoESI) MS and multistage MS. The first section of the chapter is devoted to describing a method that enables the study of protein-oligosaccharide interactions by chip-nanoESI quadrupole time-of-flight (QTOF) MS and top-down complex analysis by collision-induced dissociation (CID). This section provides the protocol for the determination of the complex formed by standard β-lactoglobulin (BLG) with maltohexaose (Glc6) and recommends as a concrete application the study of the interaction between BLG extracted from human milk with Glc6, considered a ligand able to reduce the allergenicity of this protein. The second part is dedicated to presenting the protocols for the binding assay followed by chip-nanoESI ion trap (ITMS) and electron transfer dissociation (ETD) in combination with CID for protein-ganglioside interactions, using as an example the B subunit of cholera toxin (Ctb5) in interaction with comercially available GM1 species. The methodology described may be successfully applied to native ganglioside mixtures from human brain, in particular for discovery of biomarkers on the basis of their binding affinity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alina D Zamfir
- Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, National Institute for Research and Development in Electrochemistry and Condensed Matter, Plautius Andronescu Str.1, 300224, Timisoara, Romania.
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54
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Johannes L, Wunder C, Shafaq-Zadah M. Glycolipids and Lectins in Endocytic Uptake Processes. J Mol Biol 2016; 428:S0022-2836(16)30453-3. [PMID: 27984039 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2016.10.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2016] [Revised: 10/24/2016] [Accepted: 10/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
A host of endocytic processes has been described at the plasma membrane of eukaryotic cells. Their categorization has most commonly referenced cytosolic machinery, of which the clathrin coat has occupied a preponderant position. In what concerns intra-membrane constituents, the focus of interest has been on phosphatidylinositol lipids and their capacity to orchestrate endocytic events on the cytosolic leaflet of the membrane. The contribution of extracellular determinants to the construction of endocytic pits has received much less attention, depite the fact that (glyco)sphingolipids are exoplasmic leaflet fabric of membrane domains, termed rafts, whose contributions to predominantly clathrin-independent internalization processes is well recognized. Furthermore, sugar modifications on extracellular domains of proteins, and sugar-binding proteins, termed lectins, have also been linked to the uptake of endocytic cargoes at the plasma membrane. In this review, we first summarize these contributions by extracellular determinants to the endocytic process. We thus propose a molecular hypothesis - termed the GL-Lect hypothesis - on how GlycoLipids and Lectins drive the formation of compositional nanoenvrionments from which the endocytic uptake of glycosylated cargo proteins is operated via clathrin-independent carriers. Finally, we position this hypothesis within the global context of endocytic pathway proposals that have emerged in recent years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludger Johannes
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, Chemical Biology of Membranes and Therapeutic Delivery unit, INSERM, U 1143, CNRS, UMR 3666, 26 rue d'Ulm, 75248 Paris Cedex 05, France.
| | - Christian Wunder
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, Chemical Biology of Membranes and Therapeutic Delivery unit, INSERM, U 1143, CNRS, UMR 3666, 26 rue d'Ulm, 75248 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Massiullah Shafaq-Zadah
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, Chemical Biology of Membranes and Therapeutic Delivery unit, INSERM, U 1143, CNRS, UMR 3666, 26 rue d'Ulm, 75248 Paris Cedex 05, France
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55
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Lama G, Mangiola A, Proietti G, Colabianchi A, Angelucci C, D' Alessio A, De Bonis P, Geloso MC, Lauriola L, Binda E, Biamonte F, Giuffrida MG, Vescovi A, Sica G. Progenitor/Stem Cell Markers in Brain Adjacent to Glioblastoma: GD3 Ganglioside and NG2 Proteoglycan Expression. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2016; 75:134-47. [PMID: 26792897 DOI: 10.1093/jnen/nlv012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Characterization of tissue surrounding glioblastoma (GBM) is a focus for translational research because tumor recurrence invariably occurs in this area. We investigated the expression of the progenitor/stem cell markers GD3 ganglioside and NG2 proteoglycan in GBM, peritumor tissue (brain adjacent to tumor, BAT) and cancer stem-like cells (CSCs) isolated from GBM (GCSCs) and BAT (PCSCs). GD3 and NG2 immunohistochemistry was performed in paired GBM and BAT specimens from 40 patients. Double-immunofluorescence was carried out to characterize NG2-positive cells of vessel walls. GD3 and NG2 expression was investigated in GCSCs and PCSCs whose tumorigenicity was also evaluated in Scid/bg mice. GD3 and NG2 expression was higher in tumor tissue than in BAT. NG2 decreased as the distance from tumor margin increased, regardless of the tumor cell presence, whereas GD3 correlated with neoplastic infiltration. In BAT, NG2 was coexpressed with a-smooth muscle actin (a-SMA) in pericytes and with nestin in the endothelium. Higher levels of NG2 mRNA and protein were found in GCSCs while GD3 synthase was expressed at similar levels in the 2 CSC populations. PCSCs had lower tumorigenicity than GCSCs. These data suggest the possible involvement of GD3 and NG2 in pre/pro-tumorigenic events occurring in the complex microenvironment of the tissue surrounding GBM.
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Kaneko K, Ohkawa Y, Hashimoto N, Ohmi Y, Kotani N, Honke K, Ogawa M, Okajima T, Furukawa K, Furukawa K. Neogenin, Defined as a GD3-associated Molecule by Enzyme-mediated Activation of Radical Sources, Confers Malignant Properties via Intracytoplasmic Domain in Melanoma Cells. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:16630-43. [PMID: 27288875 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.708834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
To investigate mechanisms for increased malignant properties in malignant melanomas by ganglioside GD3, enzyme-mediated activation of radical sources and subsequent mass spectrometry were performed using an anti-GD3 antibody and GD3-positive (GD3+) and GD3-negative (GD3-) melanoma cell lines. Neogenin, defined as a GD3-neighbored molecule, was largely localized in lipid/rafts in GD3+ cells. Silencing of neogenin resulted in the reduction of cell growth and invasion activity. Physical association between GD3 and neogenin was demonstrated by immunoblotting of the immunoprecipitates with anti-neogenin antibody from GD3+ cell lysates. The intracytoplasmic domain of neogenin (Ne-ICD) was detected in GD3+ cells at higher levels than in GD3- cells when cells were treated by a proteasome inhibitor but not when simultaneously treated with a γ-secretase inhibitor. Exogenous GD3 also induced increased Ne-ICD in GD3- cells. Overexpression of Ne-ICD in GD3- cells resulted in the increased cell growth and invasion activity, suggesting that Ne-ICD plays a role as a transcriptional factor to drive malignant properties of melanomas after cleavage with γ-secretase. γ-Secretase was found in lipid/rafts in GD3+ cells. Accordingly, immunocyto-staining revealed that GD3, neogenin, and γ-secretase were co-localized at the leading edge of GD3+ cells. All these results suggested that GD3 recruits γ-secretase to lipid/rafts, allowing efficient cleavage of neogenin. ChIP-sequencing was performed to identify candidates of target genes of Ne-ICD. Some of them actually showed increased expression after expression of Ne-ICD, probably exerting malignant phenotypes of melanomas under GD3 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kei Kaneko
- From the Department of Biochemistry II, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-0065
| | - Yuki Ohkawa
- Department of Life Biomedical Sciences, Chubu University College of Life and Health Sciences, Kasuigai, Aichi 487-8501
| | - Noboru Hashimoto
- From the Department of Biochemistry II, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-0065
| | - Yuhsuke Ohmi
- From the Department of Biochemistry II, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-0065
| | - Norihiro Kotani
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Saitama Medical University, Moroyama-machi, Iruma-gun, Saitama 350-0495, and
| | - Koichi Honke
- Department of Biochemistry, Kochi University School of Medicine, Kochi 783-8505, Japan
| | - Mitsutaka Ogawa
- From the Department of Biochemistry II, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-0065
| | - Tetsuya Okajima
- From the Department of Biochemistry II, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-0065
| | - Keiko Furukawa
- Department of Life Biomedical Sciences, Chubu University College of Life and Health Sciences, Kasuigai, Aichi 487-8501
| | - Koichi Furukawa
- From the Department of Biochemistry II, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-0065, Department of Life Biomedical Sciences, Chubu University College of Life and Health Sciences, Kasuigai, Aichi 487-8501,
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57
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Glycolipid GD3 and GD3 synthase are key drivers for glioblastoma stem cells and tumorigenicity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:5592-7. [PMID: 27143722 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1604721113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The cancer stem cells (CSCs) of glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), a grade IV astrocytoma, have been enriched by the expressed marker CD133. However, recent studies have shown that CD133(-) cells also possess tumor-initiating potential. By analysis of gangliosides on various cells, we show that ganglioside D3 (GD3) is overexpressed on eight neurospheres and tumor cells; in combination with CD133, the sorted cells exhibit a higher expression of stemness genes and self-renewal potential; and as few as six cells will form neurospheres and 20-30 cells will grow tumor in mice. Furthermore, GD3 synthase (GD3S) is increased in neurospheres and human GBM tissues, but not in normal brain tissues, and suppression of GD3S results in decreased GBM stem cell (GSC)-associated properties. In addition, a GD3 antibody is shown to induce complement-dependent cytotoxicity against cells expressing GD3 and inhibition of GBM tumor growth in vivo. Our results demonstrate that GD3 and GD3S are highly expressed in GSCs, play a key role in glioblastoma tumorigenicity, and are potential therapeutic targets against GBM.
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58
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Kundu M, Mahata B, Banerjee A, Chakraborty S, Debnath S, Ray SS, Ghosh Z, Biswas K. Ganglioside GM2 mediates migration of tumor cells by interacting with integrin and modulating the downstream signaling pathway. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2016; 1863:1472-89. [PMID: 27066976 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2016.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2015] [Revised: 04/01/2016] [Accepted: 04/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The definitive role of ganglioside GM2 in mediating tumor-induced growth and progression is still unknown. Here we report a novel role of ganglioside GM2 in mediating tumor cell migration and uncovered its mechanism. Data shows differential expression levels of GM2-synthase as well as GM2 in different human cancer cells. siRNA mediated knockdown of GM2-synthase in CCF52, A549 and SK-RC-26B cells resulted in significant inhibition of tumor cell migration as well as invasion in vitro without affecting cellular proliferation. Over-expression of GM2-synthase in low-GM2 expressing SK-RC-45 cells resulted in a consequent increase in migration thus confirming the potential role GM2 and its downstream partners play in tumor cell migration and motility. Further, treatment of SK-RC-45 cells with exogenous GM2 resulted in a dramatic increase in migratory and invasive capacity with no change in proliferative capacity, thereby confirming the role of GM2 in tumorigenesis specifically by mediating tumor migration and invasion. Gene expression profiling of GM2-synthase silenced cells revealed altered expression of several genes involved in cell migration primarily those controlling the integrin mediated signaling. GM2-synthase knockdown resulted in decreased phosphorylation of FAK, Src as well as Erk, while over-expression and/or exogenous GM2 treatment caused increased FAK and Erk phosphorylation respectively. Again, GM2 mediated invasion and Erk phosphorylation is blocked in integrin knockdown SK-RC-45 cells, thus confirming that GM2 mediated migration and phosphorylation of Erk is integrin dependent. Finally, confocal microscopy suggested co-localization while co-immunoprecipitation and surface plasmon resonance (SPR) confirmed direct interaction of membrane bound ganglioside, GM2 with the integrin receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manjari Kundu
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Bose Institute, Kolkata, West Bengal 700054, India
| | - Barun Mahata
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Bose Institute, Kolkata, West Bengal 700054, India
| | - Avisek Banerjee
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Bose Institute, Kolkata, West Bengal 700054, India
| | - Sohini Chakraborty
- The Bioinformatics Center, Bose Institute, Kolkata, West Bengal 700054, India
| | - Shibjyoti Debnath
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Bose Institute, Kolkata, West Bengal 700054, India
| | | | - Zhumur Ghosh
- The Bioinformatics Center, Bose Institute, Kolkata, West Bengal 700054, India
| | - Kaushik Biswas
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Bose Institute, Kolkata, West Bengal 700054, India.
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59
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Vieira DB, Thur K, Sultana S, Priestman D, van der Spoel AC. Verification and refinement of cellular glycosphingolipid profiles using HPLC. Biochem Cell Biol 2015; 93:581-6. [PMID: 26393781 DOI: 10.1139/bcb-2015-0074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycosphingolipids (GSLs) are hybrid molecules consisting of the sphingolipid ceramide linked to a mono- or oligo-saccharide. In comparison to other membrane lipids, the family of GSLs stands out because of the extensive variation in the carbohydrate headgroup. GSLs are cell surface binding partners, in cis with growth factor receptors, and in trans with bacterial toxins and viruses, and are among the host-derived membrane components of viral particles, including those of HIV. In spite of their biological relevance, GSL profiles of commonly used cell lines have been analyzed to different degrees. Here, we directly compare the GSL complements from CHO-K1, COS-7, HeLa, HEK-293, HEPG2, Jurkat, and SH-SY5Y cells using an HPLC-based method requiring modest amounts of material. Compared to previous studies, the HPLC-based analyses provided more detailed information on the complexity of the cellular GSL complement, qualitatively as well as quantitatively. In particular for cells expressing multiple GSLs, we found higher numbers of GSL species, and different levels of abundance. Our study thus extends our knowledge of biologically relevant lipids in widely used cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas B Vieira
- a Atlantic Research Centre, Departments of Pediatrics and Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Karen Thur
- a Atlantic Research Centre, Departments of Pediatrics and Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Saki Sultana
- a Atlantic Research Centre, Departments of Pediatrics and Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - David Priestman
- b Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QT, UK
| | - Aarnoud C van der Spoel
- a Atlantic Research Centre, Departments of Pediatrics and Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
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60
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Zhen L, Yun-Hui L, Hong-Yu D, Jun M, Yi-Long Y. Long noncoding RNA NEAT1 promotes glioma pathogenesis by regulating miR-449b-5p/c-Met axis. Tumour Biol 2015; 37:673-83. [PMID: 26242266 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-015-3843-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2015] [Accepted: 07/24/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Growing evidence demonstrates that long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are involved in the progression of various cancers including glioma. Nuclear enriched abundant transcript 1 (NEAT1), an essential lncRNA for the formation of nuclear body paraspeckles, was not fully explored in glioma. We aimed to determine the expression, roles, and functional mechanisms of NEAT1 in the progression of glioma. By real-time PCR, we suggested that NEAT1 was upregulated in glioma tissues than noncancerous brain tissues. Knockdown of NEAT1 reduced glioma cell proliferation, invasion, and migration. RNA immunoprecipitation assay combined with luciferase reporter assay confirmed miR-449b-5p-specific binding to NEAT1. Furthermore, we verified that c-Met was a directly target of miR-449b-5p. Rescue assays demonstrated NEAT1 functions a molecular sponge for miR-449b-5p and leads to the upregulation of c-Met. This regulation menchaism promotes glioma pathogenesis and may provide a potential target for the prognosis and treatment of glioma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shengjing Hospital, China Medical University, Sanhao Street, Shenyang, Liaoning province, 110004, People's Republic of China.
| | - Liu Yun-Hui
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shengjing Hospital, China Medical University, Sanhao Street, Shenyang, Liaoning province, 110004, People's Republic of China
| | - Diao Hong-Yu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shengjing Hospital, China Medical University, Sanhao Street, Shenyang, Liaoning province, 110004, People's Republic of China
| | - Ma Jun
- Department of Neurobiology, College of Basic Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning province, 110001, People's Republic of China
| | - Yao Yi-Long
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shengjing Hospital, China Medical University, Sanhao Street, Shenyang, Liaoning province, 110004, People's Republic of China
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