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Zhang P, Shi L, Zhang T, Hong L, He W, Cao P, Shen X, Zheng P, Xia Y, Zou P. Piperlongumine potentiates the antitumor efficacy of oxaliplatin through ROS induction in gastric cancer cells. Cell Oncol (Dordr) 2019; 42:847-860. [PMID: 31493144 DOI: 10.1007/s13402-019-00471-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Oxaliplatin is one of the most commonly used chemotherapeutic agents in the treatment of various cancers, including gastric cancer. It has, however, a narrow therapeutic index due to its toxicity and the occurrence of drug resistance. Therefore, there is a pressing need to develop novel therapies to potentiate the efficacy and reduce the toxicity of oxaliplatin. Piperlongumine (PL), an alkaloid isolated from Piper longum L., has recently been identified as a potent agent against cancer cells in vitro and in vivo. In the present study, we investigated whether PL can potentiate the antitumor effect of oxaliplatin in gastric cancer cells. METHODS Cellular apoptosis and ROS levels were analyzed by flow cytometry. Thioredoxin reductase 1 (TrxR1) activity in gastric cancer cells or tumor tissues was determined using an endpoint insulin reduction assay. Western blotting was used to analyze the expression levels of the indicated proteins. Nude mice xenograft models were used to test the effects of PL and oxaliplatin combinations on gastric cancer cell growth in vivo. RESULTS We found that PL significantly enhanced oxaliplatin-induced growth inhibition in both gastric and colon cancer cells. Moreover, we found that PL potentiated the antitumor effect of oxaliplatin by inhibiting TrxR1 activity. PL combined with oxaliplatin markedly suppressed the activity of TrxR1, resulting in the accumulation of ROS and, thereby, DNA damage induction and p38 and JNK signaling pathway activation. Pretreatment with antioxidant N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC) significantly abrogated the combined treatment-induced ROS generation, DNA damage and apoptosis. Importantly, we found that activation of the p38 and JNK signaling pathways prompted by PL and oxaliplatin was also reversed by NAC pretreatment. In vivo, we found that PL combined with oxaliplatin significantly suppressed tumor growth in a gastric cancer xenograft model, and effectively reduced the activity of TrxR1 in tumor tissues. Remarkably, we found that PL attenuated body weight loss evoked by oxaliplatin treatment. CONCLUSIONS Our data support a synergistic effect of PL and oxaliplatin and suggest that application of its combination may be more effective for the treatment of gastric cancer than oxaliplatin alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peichen Zhang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035, China
| | - Lingyan Shi
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035, China
| | - Tingting Zhang
- Chemical Biology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035, China
| | - Lin Hong
- Chemical Biology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035, China
| | - Wei He
- Chemical Biology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035, China
| | - Peihai Cao
- Chemical Biology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035, China
| | - Xin Shen
- Chemical Biology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035, China
| | - Peisen Zheng
- Chemical Biology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035, China
| | - Yiqun Xia
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035, China.
| | - Peng Zou
- Chemical Biology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035, China.
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Targeting Reactive Oxygen Species in Cancer via Chinese Herbal Medicine. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2019; 2019:9240426. [PMID: 31583051 PMCID: PMC6754955 DOI: 10.1155/2019/9240426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Revised: 08/05/2019] [Accepted: 08/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Recently, reactive oxygen species (ROS), a class of highly bioactive molecules, have been extensively studied in cancers. Cancer cells typically exhibit higher levels of basal ROS than normal cells, primarily due to their increased metabolism, oncogene activation, and mitochondrial dysfunction. This moderate increase in ROS levels facilitates cancer initiation, development, and progression; however, excessive ROS concentrations can lead to various types of cell death. Therefore, therapeutic strategies that either increase intracellular ROS to toxic levels or, conversely, decrease the levels of ROS may be effective in treating cancers via ROS regulation. Chinese herbal medicine (CHM) is a major type of natural medicine and has greatly contributed to human health. CHMs have been increasingly used for adjuvant clinical treatment of tumors. Although their mechanism of action is unclear, CHMs can execute a variety of anticancer effects by regulating intracellular ROS. In this review, we summarize the dual roles of ROS in cancers, present a comprehensive analysis of and update the role of CHM—especially its active compounds and ingredients—in the prevention and treatment of cancers via ROS regulation and emphasize precautions and strategies for the use of CHM in future research and clinical trials.
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Zhang T, Zheng P, Shen X, Shao R, Wang B, Shen H, Zhang J, Xia Y, Zou P. Curcuminoid WZ26, a TrxR1 inhibitor, effectively inhibits colon cancer cell growth and enhances cisplatin-induced cell death through the induction of ROS. Free Radic Biol Med 2019; 141:93-102. [PMID: 31176737 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2019.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Revised: 06/02/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Colon cancer is one of the leading causes of cancer-related deaths. Chemotherapy has improved survival in patients with colon cancer, but has a narrow therapeutic window due to its toxicity. Therefore, novel therapies for colon cancer are urgently needed. We previously developed a curcumin analog WZ26 as an anti-cancer agent in pre-clinical evaluation. In the present study, we further explored the mechanism and target of WZ26 in colon cancer cells. Our results show that WZ26 targets thioredoxin reductase 1 (TrxR1) and increases cellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, which results in the activation of JNK signaling pathway in human colon cancer cells. Furthermore, we found that WZ26 significantly enhances cisplatin-induced cell growth inhibition in colon cancer cells. WZ26 combined with cisplatin markedly increases the accumulation of ROS, and thereby induces DNA damage and activation of JNK signaling pathway. Pretreatment with antioxidant N-acetyl-l-cysteine (NAC) significantly abrogates the combined treatment-induced ROS generation, DNA damage and cell death. In addition, the activation of JNK signaling pathway prompted by WZ26 and cisplatin was also reversed by NAC pretreatment. In vivo, WZ26 combined with cisplatin significantly inhibits tumor growth in a colon cancer xenograft model. Remarkably, WZ26 attenuates the body weight loss evoked by cisplatin treatment. This study discloses a previously unrecognized mechanism underlying the biological activity of WZ26, and reveals that WZ26 and cisplatin combinational treatment might potentially become a more effective regimen in colon cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Zhang
- Chemical Biology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035, China
| | - Peisen Zheng
- Chemical Biology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035, China
| | - Xin Shen
- Chemical Biology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035, China
| | - Rongrong Shao
- Chemical Biology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035, China
| | - Bin Wang
- Chemical Biology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035, China
| | - Huanpei Shen
- Chemical Biology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035, China
| | - Jingjing Zhang
- Chemical Biology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035, China
| | - Yiqun Xia
- Department of Digestive Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035, China.
| | - Peng Zou
- Chemical Biology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035, China.
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Yao J, Peng S, Xu J, Fang J. Reversing ROS-mediated neurotoxicity by chlorogenic acid involves its direct antioxidant activity and activation of Nrf2-ARE signaling pathway. Biofactors 2019; 45:616-626. [PMID: 30951611 DOI: 10.1002/biof.1507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2019] [Revised: 02/23/2019] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Chlorogenic acid (CA), the ester of caffeic acid and quinic acid, is one of the most abundant polyphenols in coffee, and has multiple pharmacological functions. The present study is designed to explore the protection provided by CA against hydrogen peroxide (H2 O2 )-induced oxidative damages in the rat pheochromocytoma cells, and the underlying mechanisms engaged in this process. CA displays robust free radical-scavenging activity in vitro. More importantly, CA strikingly rescues the cells from the H2 O2 -mediated oxidative insults. Mechanistic studies revealed that CA upregulates a panel of phase II cytoprotective species, such as heme oxygenase-1, NAD(P)H: quinone oxidoreductase 1, glutathione, thioredoxin reductase 1, and thioredoxin 1. This neuroprotection is dependent on the activation of the transcription factor Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), as knockdown of Nrf2 abolishes such effect. Our results demonstrate that CA provides dual neuroprotection via directly neutralizing free radicals and indirectly inducing expression of Nrf2-driven cytoprotective enzymes, and suggest a potential therapeutic usage of CA as a neuroprotective agent. Coffee is one of the most popular drinks in the world, and our discovery may also contribute to understanding the beneficial effects of regular coffee consumption. © 2019 BioFactors, 45 (4):616-626, 2019.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Shoujiao Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jianqiang Xu
- School of Life Science and Medicine, Panjin Industrial Technology Institute, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin, China
| | - Jianguo Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
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Structural basis of tubulin detyrosination by vasohibins. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2019; 26:583-591. [PMID: 31235910 PMCID: PMC6609488 DOI: 10.1038/s41594-019-0242-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2019] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Microtubules are regulated by posttranslational modifications (PTMs) of tubulin. The ligation and cleavage of the C-terminal tyrosine of α tubulin impact microtubule functions during mitosis, cardiomyocyte contraction, and neuronal processes. Tubulin tyrosination and detyrosination are mediated by tubulin tyrosine ligase (TTL) and the recently discovered tubulin detyrosinases, vasohibin 1 and 2 (VASH1 and VASH2) bound to the small vasohibin-binding protein (SVBP). Here, we report the crystal structures of human VASH1–SVBP alone, in complex with a tyrosine-derived covalent inhibitor, and bound to the natural product parthenolide. The structures and subsequent mutagenesis analyses explain the requirement for SVBP during tubulin detyrosination, and reveal the basis for the recognition of the C-terminal tyrosine and the acidic α tubulin tail by VASH1. The VASH1–SVBP–parthenolide structure provides a framework for designing more effective chemical inhibitors of vasohibins, which can be valuable for dissecting their biological functions and may have therapeutic potential.
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Li X, Zhang B, Yan C, Li J, Wang S, Wei X, Jiang X, Zhou P, Fang J. A fast and specific fluorescent probe for thioredoxin reductase that works via disulphide bond cleavage. Nat Commun 2019; 10:2745. [PMID: 31227705 PMCID: PMC6588570 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-10807-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Small molecule probes are indispensable tools to explore diverse cellular events. However, finding a specific probe of a target remains a high challenge. Here we report the discovery of Fast-TRFS, a specific and superfast fluorogenic probe of mammalian thioredoxin reductase, a ubiquitous enzyme involved in regulation of diverse cellular redox signaling pathways. By systematically examining the processes of fluorophore release and reduction of cyclic disulfides/diselenides by the enzyme, structural factors that determine the response rate and specificity of the probe are disclosed. Mechanistic studies reveal that the fluorescence signal is switched on by a simple reduction of the disulfide bond within the probe, which is in stark contrast to the sensing mechanism of published probes. The favorable properties of Fast-TRFS enable development of a high-throughput screening assay to discover inhibitors of thioredoxin reductase by using crude tissue extracts as a source of the enzyme. Thioredoxin reductase (TrxR) plays a crucial part in regulating cellular redox homeostasis. Here, the authors developed a fluorescent probe composed of a five-membered disulphide, a coumarin fluorophore and a urea linker that detects TrxR activity with fast response and high selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinming Li
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry & College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Baoxin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry & College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Chaoxian Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry & College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Jin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry & College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Song Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry & College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Xiangxu Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry & College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Xiaoyan Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry & College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Panpan Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry & College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Jianguo Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry & College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China.
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He W, Xia Y, Cao P, Hong L, Zhang T, Shen X, Zheng P, Shen H, Liang G, Zou P. Curcuminoid WZ35 synergize with cisplatin by inducing ROS production and inhibiting TrxR1 activity in gastric cancer cells. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2019; 38:207. [PMID: 31113439 PMCID: PMC6528260 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-019-1215-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Background Cisplatin is one of the most widely used chemotherapeutic agents, but its efficacy is limited by its side effects. Hence, it is of great significance to develop novel agents to synergize with cisplatin and decrease side effects. In our previous study, we demonstrated that WZ35, a novel curcumin analogue, exhibited potent anti-cancer effects in vitro and in vivo. Here, we investigated whether WZ35 synergize to potentiate cisplatin activity in gastric cancer cells. Methods Cell apoptosis and cellular ROS levels were analyzed by flow cytometry. TrxR1 activity in gastric cells or tumor tissues was determined by the endpoint insulin reduction assay. Western blot was used to analyze the levels of indicated molecules. Nude mice xenograft model was used to test the effects of WZ35 and cisplatin combination on gastric cancer cell growth in vivo. Results We found that WZ35 significantly enhanced cisplatin-induced cell growth inhibition and apoptosis in gastric cancer cells. Further mechanism study showed that WZ35 synergized the anti-tumor effects of cisplatin by inhibiting TrxR1 activity. By inhibiting TrxR1 activity, WZ35 combined with cisplatin markedly induced the production of ROS, activated p38 and JNK signaling pathways, and eventually induced apoptosis of gastric cancer cells. In vivo, WZ35 combined with cisplatin significantly suppressed tumor growth in a gastric cancer xenograft model, and effectively reduced the activity of TrxR1 in tumor tissues. Remarkably, WZ35 attenuated the body weight loss evoked by cisplatin treatment. Conclusion This study elucidated the underlying mechanisms of synergistic effect of WZ35 and cisplatin, and suggest that such a combinational treatment might potentially become a more effective regimen in gastric cancer therapy. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13046-019-1215-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei He
- Chemical Biology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yiqun Xia
- Department of Digestive Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, Zhejiang, China
| | - Peihai Cao
- Chemical Biology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, Zhejiang, China
| | - Lin Hong
- Chemical Biology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, Zhejiang, China
| | - Tingting Zhang
- Chemical Biology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xin Shen
- Chemical Biology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, Zhejiang, China
| | - Peisen Zheng
- Chemical Biology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, Zhejiang, China
| | - Huanpei Shen
- Chemical Biology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, Zhejiang, China
| | - Guang Liang
- Chemical Biology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Peng Zou
- Chemical Biology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, Zhejiang, China.
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Ralph SJ, Nozuhur S, ALHulais RA, Rodríguez‐Enríquez S, Moreno‐Sánchez R. Repurposing drugs as pro‐oxidant redox modifiers to eliminate cancer stem cells and improve the treatment of advanced stage cancers. Med Res Rev 2019; 39:2397-2426. [DOI: 10.1002/med.21589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2018] [Revised: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Stephen J. Ralph
- School of Medical ScienceGriffith University Southport Australia
| | - Sam Nozuhur
- School of Medical ScienceGriffith University Southport Australia
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Berdan CA, Ho R, Lehtola HS, To M, Hu X, Huffman TR, Petri Y, Altobelli CR, Demeulenaere SG, Olzmann JA, Maimone TJ, Nomura DK. Parthenolide Covalently Targets and Inhibits Focal Adhesion Kinase in Breast Cancer Cells. Cell Chem Biol 2019; 26:1027-1035.e22. [PMID: 31080076 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2019.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2018] [Revised: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Parthenolide, a natural product from the feverfew plant and member of the large family of sesquiterpene lactones, exerts multiple biological and therapeutic activities including anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer effects. Here, we further study the parthenolide mechanism of action using activity-based protein profiling-based chemoproteomic platforms to map additional covalent targets engaged by parthenolide in human breast cancer cells. We find that parthenolide, as well as other related exocyclic methylene lactone-containing sesquiterpenes, covalently modify cysteine 427 of focal adhesion kinase 1 (FAK1), leading to impairment of FAK1-dependent signaling pathways and breast cancer cell proliferation, survival, and motility. These studies reveal a functional target exploited by members of a large family of anti-cancer natural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles A Berdan
- Department of Nutritional Sciences and Toxicology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; Novartis-Berkeley Center for Proteomics and Chemistry Technologies, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Raymond Ho
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Haley S Lehtola
- Department of Nutritional Sciences and Toxicology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Milton To
- Department of Nutritional Sciences and Toxicology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Xirui Hu
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Tucker R Huffman
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Yana Petri
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; Novartis-Berkeley Center for Proteomics and Chemistry Technologies, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Chad R Altobelli
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Sasha G Demeulenaere
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - James A Olzmann
- Department of Nutritional Sciences and Toxicology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Thomas J Maimone
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; Novartis-Berkeley Center for Proteomics and Chemistry Technologies, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
| | - Daniel K Nomura
- Department of Nutritional Sciences and Toxicology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; Novartis-Berkeley Center for Proteomics and Chemistry Technologies, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
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Korman DB, Ostrovskaya LA, Kuz’min VA. Induction of Oxidative Stress in Tumor Cells: A New Strategy for Drug Therapy of Malignant Tumors. Biophysics (Nagoya-shi) 2019. [DOI: 10.1134/s0006350919030102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Peng S, Hou Y, Yao J, Fang J. Neuroprotection of mangiferin against oxidative damage via arousing Nrf2 signaling pathway in PC12 cells. Biofactors 2019; 45:381-392. [PMID: 30633833 DOI: 10.1002/biof.1488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Revised: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence demonstrates that oxidative stress is involved in the pathogenesis and progression of neurodegeneration. As NF-E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) plays a crucial role in maintaining cellular redox homeostasis, small molecules with the ability in activation of Nrf2 pathway are promising neuroprotective agents. Mangiferin (Mg) is a xanthone glucoside extracted from mangoes and papayas, and has been reported to possess multiple pharmacological activities. In this study, we investigated neuroprotective effects of Mg in the neuron-like rat pheochromocytoma cell line (PC12 cells). Mg scavenges different kinds of free radicals in vitro and attenuates hydrogen peroxide- or 6-hydroxydopamine-induced cell death. After treatment with Mg, a range of antioxidant genes governed by Nrf2 were upregulated, and the expressions and activities of these gene products were also elevated. Moreover, knockdown of Nrf2 antagonized the protective effect of Mg, indicating that Nrf2 is an essential factor in this cytoprotective process. In summary, our study demonstrates that Mg is a potent antioxidant that can provide neuroprotection against oxidative stress-mediated damage of PC12 cells. © 2019 BioFactors, 45(3):381-392, 2019.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoujiao Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL, USA
| | - Yanan Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Juan Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Jianguo Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
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Hsp90 Inhibitor SNX-2112 Enhances TRAIL-Induced Apoptosis of Human Cervical Cancer Cells via the ROS-Mediated JNK-p53-Autophagy-DR5 Pathway. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2019; 2019:9675450. [PMID: 31019655 PMCID: PMC6452544 DOI: 10.1155/2019/9675450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Revised: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) is a potent cancer cell apoptosis-inducing factor that can induce apoptosis in a variety of cancer cells. However, resistance to TRAIL in cancer cells is a huge obstacle in creating effective TRAIL-targeted clinical therapies. Thus, agents that can either enhance the effect of TRAIL or overcome its resistance are needed. In this study, we combined TRAIL with SNX-2112, an Hsp90 inhibitor we previously developed, to explore the effect and mechanism that SNX-2112 enhanced TRAIL-induced apoptosis in cervical cancer cells. Our results showed that SNX-2112 markedly enhanced TRAIL-induced cytotoxicity in HeLa cells, and this combination was found to be synergistic. Additionally, we found that SNX-2112 sensitized TRAIL-mediated apoptosis caspase-dependently in TRAIL-resistant HeLa cells. Mechanismly, SNX-2112 downregulated antiapoptosis proteins, including Bcl-2, Bcl-XL, and FLIP, promoted the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and increased the expression levels of p-JNK and p53. ROS scavenger NAC rescued SNX-2112/TRAIL-induced apoptosis and suppressed SNX-2112-induced p-JNK and p53. Moreover, SNX-2112 induced the upregulation of death-receptor DR5 in HeLa cells. The silencing of DR5 by siRNA significantly decreased cell apoptosis by the combined effect of SNX-2112 and TRAIL. In addition, SNX-2112 inhibited the Akt/mTOR signaling pathway and induced autophagy in HeLa cells. The blockage of autophagy by bafilomycin A1 or Atg7 siRNA abolished SNX-2112-induced upregulation of DR5. Meanwhile, ROS scavenger NAC, JNK inhibitor SP600125, and p53 inhibitor PFTα were used to verify that autophagy-mediated upregulation of DR5 was regulated by the SNX-2112-stimulated activation of the ROS-JNK-p53 signaling pathway. Thus, the combination of SNX-2112 and TRAIL may provide a novel strategy for the treatment of human cervical cancer by overcoming cellular mechanisms of apoptosis resistance.
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Liu R, Shi D, Zhang J, Li X, Han X, Yao X, Fang J. Virtual screening-guided discovery of thioredoxin reductase inhibitors. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2019; 370:106-116. [PMID: 30898620 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2019.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Revised: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The selenoprotein thioredoxin reductase (TXNRD) is a promising therapeutic target for cancer. To discover novel TXNRD inhibitors, a library of α, β-unsaturated carbonyl compounds were applied in structure-based virtual screening for the selection of hit compounds. Fifteen top-ranked compounds were further validated experimentally, exhibiting potent inhibition of TXNRD and remarkable cytotoxicity to cancer cells. The further binding mode analysis indicated that multiple noncovalent interactions between the inhibitors and the active pocket of TXNRD facilitated the formation of covalent bonds between the Sec498 on TXNRD and the α, β-unsaturated carbonyl groups on inhibitors. Results from both simulations and experiments demonstrated that Sec498 is the prime interaction site for the inhibition of TXNRD. Taking compound 7 as an example, the inhibition of TXNRD by compounds promoted oxidative stress-mediated apoptosis of cancer cells. Given these findings, novel TXNRD inhibitors may be discovered and introduced to the growing fields of small molecule drugs against TXNRD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruijuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China; School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Danfeng Shi
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Junmin Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Xinming Li
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Xiao Han
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Xiaojun Yao
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China.
| | - Jianguo Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China.
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64
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Wang X, Gao M, Zhang J, Ma Y, Qu W, Liang J, Wu H, Wen H. Peperomin E and its orally bioavailable analog induce oxidative stress-mediated apoptosis of acute myeloid leukemia progenitor cells by targeting thioredoxin reductase. Redox Biol 2019; 24:101153. [PMID: 30909158 PMCID: PMC6434189 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2019.101153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2019] [Revised: 02/18/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The early immature CD34+ acute myeloid leukemia (AML) cell subpopulation-acute myeloid leukemia progenitor cells (APCs), is often resistant to conventional chemotherapy, making them largely responsible for the relapse of AML. However, to date, the eradication of APCs remains a major challenge. We previously reported a naturally occurring secolignan- Peperomin E (PepE) and its analog 6-methyl (hydroxyethyl) amino-2, 6-dihydropeperomin E (DMAPE) that selectively target and induce oxidative stress-mediated apoptosis in KG-1a CD34+ cells (an APCs-like cell line) in vitro. We therefore further evaluated the efficacy and the mechanism of action of these compounds in this study. We found that PepE and DMAPE have similar potential to eliminate primary APCs, with no substantial toxicities to the normal cells in vitro and in vivo. Mechanistically, these agents selectively inhibit TrxR1, an antioxidant enzyme aberrantly expressed in APCs, by covalently binding to its selenocysteine residue at the C-terminal redox center. TrxR1 inhibition mediated by PepE (DMAPE) leads to the formation of cellular selenium compromised thioredoxin reductase-derived apoptotic protein (SecTRAP), oxidation of Trx, induction of oxidative stress and finally activation of apoptosis of APCs. Our results demonstrate a potential anti-APCs molecular target – TrxR1 and provide valuable insights into the mechanism underlying PepE (DMAPE)-induced cytotoxicity of APCs, and support the further preclinical investigations on PepE (DMAPE)-related therapies for the treatment of relapsed AML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinzhi Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Xianlin Avenue No. 138, Nanjing 210023, People's Republic of China.
| | - Ming Gao
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Xianlin Avenue No. 138, Nanjing 210023, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiyun Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Xianlin Avenue No. 138, Nanjing 210023, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Ma
- Nanjing University of Science and Technology Hospital, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Xiaolinwei Lane No. 200, Nanjing 210094, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenshu Qu
- People's Liberation Army Cancer Center, Nanjing Bayi Hospital, Yanggongjing Street No. 34, Nanjing 210002, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingyu Liang
- Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Tongjia Lane No.24, Nanjing 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Hao Wu
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Xianlin Avenue No. 138, Nanjing 210023, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongmei Wen
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Xianlin Avenue No. 138, Nanjing 210023, People's Republic of China.
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65
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Han X, Zhang J, Shi D, Wu Y, Liu R, Liu T, Xu J, Yao X, Fang J. Targeting Thioredoxin Reductase by Ibrutinib Promotes Apoptosis of SMMC-7721 Cells. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2019; 369:212-222. [DOI: 10.1124/jpet.118.254862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
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66
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He W, Cao P, Xia Y, Hong L, Zhang T, Shen X, Zheng P, Shen H, Zhao Y, Zou P. Potent inhibition of gastric cancer cells by a natural compound via inhibiting TrxR1 activity and activating ROS-mediated p38 MAPK pathway. Free Radic Res 2019; 53:104-114. [DOI: 10.1080/10715762.2018.1558448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Wei He
- Chemical Biology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Peihai Cao
- Chemical Biology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yiqun Xia
- Department of Digestive Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Lin Hong
- Chemical Biology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Tingting Zhang
- Chemical Biology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Xin Shen
- Chemical Biology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Peisen Zheng
- Chemical Biology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Huanpei Shen
- Chemical Biology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yunjie Zhao
- Chemical Biology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Peng Zou
- Chemical Biology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
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67
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Hu G, Zhang B, Zhou P, Hou Y, Jia H, Liu Y, Gan L, Zhang H, Mao Y, Fang J. Depletion of protein thiols and the accumulation of oxidized thioredoxin in Parkinsonism disclosed by a red-emitting and environment-sensitive probe. J Mater Chem B 2019; 7:2696-2702. [DOI: 10.1039/c8tb03101k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Protein sulfhydryl groups play a vital role in maintaining cellular redox homeostasis and protein functions and have attracted increasing interests for the selective detection of protein thiols over low-molecular-weight thiols (LMWTs).
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68
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Peng S, Hou Y, Yao J, Fang J. Activation of Nrf2 by costunolide provides neuroprotective effect in PC12 cells. Food Funct 2019; 10:4143-4152. [DOI: 10.1039/c8fo02249f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Costunolide (COS), a natural sesquiterpene lactone originally isolated from Inula helenium (Compositae), shows potent neuroprotective effects against oxidative stress-mediated injuries of PC12 cells via activating transcription factor Nrf2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoujiao Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Lanzhou University
- Lanzhou
- China
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery/Hepatobiliary and Enteric Surgery Research Center
| | - Yanan Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Lanzhou University
- Lanzhou
- China
| | - Juan Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Lanzhou University
- Lanzhou
- China
| | - Jianguo Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Lanzhou University
- Lanzhou
- China
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69
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Hou Y, Peng S, Li X, Yao J, Xu J, Fang J. Honokiol Alleviates Oxidative Stress-Induced Neurotoxicity via Activation of Nrf2. ACS Chem Neurosci 2018; 9:3108-3116. [PMID: 29989791 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.8b00290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Honokiol (Hon), a polyphenol and main active ingredient from the bark of Magnolia officinalis, has been documented as having multiple pharmacological functions, including neuroprotection. However, the mechanisms underlying its neuroprotective effects are not well-defined. In this study, we reported that Hon attenuates the H2O2- or 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA)-induced apoptosis of PC12 cells by increasing the glutathione level and upregulating a multitude of cytoprotective proteins, including heme oxygenase 1, NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase 1, thioredoxin 1, and thioredoxin reductase 1. Further studies reveal that Hon promotes transcription factor Nrf2 nuclear translocation and activation. Moreover, the cytoprotection of Hon was antagonized by silence of Nrf2 expression, highlighting the fact that Nrf2 is critically engaged in the cellular functions of Hon. Taken together, our study identified that Hon is an effective agonist of Nrf2 in the neuronal system and displays potent neuroprotection against oxidative stress-mediated PC12 cell damage. These findings indicate that Hon is promising for further development as a therapeutic drug against oxidative stress-related neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanan Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Shoujiao Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Xinming Li
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Juan Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Jianqiang Xu
- School of Life Science and Medicine, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin Campus, Panjin 124221, China
| | - Jianguo Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
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70
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Scalcon V, Bindoli A, Rigobello MP. Significance of the mitochondrial thioredoxin reductase in cancer cells: An update on role, targets and inhibitors. Free Radic Biol Med 2018; 127:62-79. [PMID: 29596885 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2018.03.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Revised: 03/21/2018] [Accepted: 03/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Thioredoxin reductase 2 (TrxR2) is a key component of the mitochondrial thioredoxin system able to transfer electrons to peroxiredoxin 3 (Prx3) in a reaction mediated by thioredoxin 2 (Trx2). In this way, both the level of hydrogen peroxide and thiol redox state are modulated. TrxR2 is often overexpressed in cancer cells conferring apoptosis resistance. Due to their exposed flexible arm containing selenocysteine, both cytosolic and mitochondrial TrxRs are inhibited by a large number of molecules. The various classes of inhibitors are listed and the molecules acting specifically on TrxR2 are extensively described. Particular emphasis is given to gold(I/III) complexes with phosphine, carbene or other ligands and to tamoxifen-like metallocifens. Also chemically unrelated organic molecules, including natural compounds and their derivatives, are taken into account. An important feature of many TrxR2 inhibitors is provided by their nature of delocalized lipophilic cations that allows their accumulation in mitochondria exploiting the organelle membrane potential. The consequences of TrxR2 inhibition are presented focusing especially on the impact on mitochondrial pathophysiology. Inhibition of TrxR2, by hindering the activity of Trx2 and Prx3, increases the mitochondrial concentration of reactive oxygen species and shifts the thiol redox state toward a more oxidized condition. This is reflected by alterations of specific targets involved in the release of pro-apoptotic factors such as cyclophilin D which acts as a regulator of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore. Therefore, the selective inhibition of TrxR2 could be utilized to induce cancer cell apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Scalcon
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Via Ugo Bassi 58/b, 35131 Padova, Italy.
| | - Alberto Bindoli
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Via Ugo Bassi 58/b, 35131 Padova, Italy; Institute of Neuroscience (CNR), Padova Section, c/o Department of Biomedical Sciences, Viale G. Colombo 3, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Maria Pia Rigobello
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Via Ugo Bassi 58/b, 35131 Padova, Italy.
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71
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Zhang B, Liu Y, Li X, Xu J, Fang J. Small Molecules to Target the Selenoprotein Thioredoxin Reductase. Chem Asian J 2018; 13:3593-3600. [DOI: 10.1002/asia.201801136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Revised: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Baoxin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry & College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Lanzhou University; Lanzhou 730000 China
| | - Yuxin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry & College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Lanzhou University; Lanzhou 730000 China
| | - Xinming Li
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry & College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Lanzhou University; Lanzhou 730000 China
| | - Jianqiang Xu
- School of Life Science and Medicine & Panjin Industrial Technology Institute; Dalian University of Technology; Panjin 124221 China
| | - Jianguo Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry & College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Lanzhou University; Lanzhou 730000 China
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72
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Jin X, Zhou J, Zhang Z, Lv H. The combined administration of parthenolide and ginsenoside CK in long circulation liposomes with targeted tLyp-1 ligand induce mitochondria-mediated lung cancer apoptosis. ARTIFICIAL CELLS NANOMEDICINE AND BIOTECHNOLOGY 2018; 46:S931-S942. [PMID: 30307334 DOI: 10.1080/21691401.2018.1518913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Combinations of natural products with low toxicities using tumor-targeting carriers may improve cancer treatment. The combined parthenolide and ginsenoside compound K (CK) within tLyp-1 liposomes, with the aim of improving the efficacy of lung cancer treatment. RESULTS In vitro studies in A549 human pulmonary adenocarcinoma cells demonstrated that parthenolide/CK tLyp-1 liposomes increased reactive oxygen species levels and induced mitochondrial apoptosis. It enters into cells via receptor-mediated uptake and micropinocytosis, followed by endosomal/lysosomal escape. In vivo studies illustrated that it produced a greater antitumor effect than combined administration of these compounds, with minimal toxicity. CONCLUSION The findings of this study indicated that combined application of natural products in nanocarriers could offer attractive therapeutic options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Jin
- a Department of Hospital Pharmacy , Suqian Branch Jiangsu Province Hospital , Suqian , China.,b Department of Pharmaceutics, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines , China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing , China
| | - Jianping Zhou
- b Department of Pharmaceutics, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines , China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing , China
| | - Zhenhai Zhang
- c Jiangsu Province Hospital on Integration of Chinese and Western Medicine , Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine , Nanjing , China
| | - Huixia Lv
- b Department of Pharmaceutics, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines , China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing , China
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73
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Zhang J, Duan D, Xu J, Fang J. Redox-Dependent Copper Carrier Promotes Cellular Copper Uptake and Oxidative Stress-Mediated Apoptosis of Cancer Cells. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:33010-33021. [PMID: 30209950 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b11061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Transportation of exogenous copper ions into cancer cells by copper carriers has gained increasing interest for cancer chemotherapy. We disclosed herein a redox-dependent copper carrier, 2,2'-dithiodipyridine (DPy), which binds copper ions and carries the cargo into cells. The cellular reducing environment cleaved the disulfide bond in DPy to facilitate unloading copper ions. The elevated copper level then elicits oxidative stress and subsequently promotes the reformation of DPy. Further mechanistic studies revealed that the DPy/copper combination predominantly targets the cellular redox-regulating systems, including the thioredoxin system and the glutathione system, to induce the oxidative stress-mediated death of tumor cells. The discovery of DPy as a cleavable and recyclable copper shuttle provides a proof of concept for designing novel biomaterials for copper transportation as potential anticancer agents.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jianqiang Xu
- School of Life Science and Medicine & Panjin Industrial Technology Institute , Dalian University of Technology , Panjin Campus , Panjin 124221 , China
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74
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Liu R, Shi D, Zhang J, Li X, Han X, Yao X, Fang J. Xanthatin Promotes Apoptosis via Inhibiting Thioredoxin Reductase and Eliciting Oxidative Stress. Mol Pharm 2018; 15:3285-3296. [PMID: 29939757 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.8b00338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Xanthatin (XT), a naturally occurring sesquiterpene lactone presented in cocklebur ( Xanthium strumarium L.), is under development as a potential anticancer agent. Despite the promising anticancer effect of XT, the molecular mechanism underlying its cellular action has not been well elucidated. The mammalian thioredoxin reductase (TrxR) enzymes, the essential seleno-flavoproteins containing a penultimate selenocysteine (Sec) residue at the C-terminus, represent a promising target for cancer chemotherapeutic agents. In this study, XT inhibits both the purified TrxR and the enzyme in cells. The possible binding mode of XT with the TrxR protein is predicted by the covalent docking method. Mechanism studies reveal that XT targets the Sec residue of TrxR and inhibits the enzyme activity irreversibly. Simultaneously, the inhibition of TrxR by XT promotes the oxidative stress-mediated apoptosis of HeLa cells. Importantly, the knockdown of the enzyme sensitizes the cells to XT treatment. Targeting TrxR thus discloses a novel molecular mechanism in accounting for the cellular action of XT and provides insights into the development of XT as an anticancer agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruijuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry , Lanzhou University , Lanzhou 730000 , China.,School of Pharmacy , Lanzhou University , Lanzhou 730000 , China
| | - Danfeng Shi
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Lanzhou University , Lanzhou 730000 , China
| | - Junmin Zhang
- School of Pharmacy , Lanzhou University , Lanzhou 730000 , China
| | - Xinming Li
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry , Lanzhou University , Lanzhou 730000 , China.,College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Lanzhou University , Lanzhou 730000 , China
| | - Xiao Han
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry , Lanzhou University , Lanzhou 730000 , China.,College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Lanzhou University , Lanzhou 730000 , China
| | - Xiaojun Yao
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Lanzhou University , Lanzhou 730000 , China
| | - Jianguo Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry , Lanzhou University , Lanzhou 730000 , China.,College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Lanzhou University , Lanzhou 730000 , China
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75
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Fan XX, Pan HD, Li Y, Guo RJ, Leung ELH, Liu L. Novel therapeutic strategy for cancer and autoimmune conditions: Modulating cell metabolism and redox capacity. Pharmacol Ther 2018; 191:148-161. [PMID: 29953901 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2018.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Dysregulation of cell metabolism and redox balance is implicated in the pathogenesis and progression of cancer and autoimmune diseases. Because the cell proliferation and apoptotic regulatory pathways are interconnected with metabolic and redox signalling pathways, the current mono-target treatment is ineffective, and multi-drug resistance remains common. Complex diseases are often implicated in a network-based context of pathology; therefore, a new holistic intervention approach is required to block multi-crosstalk in such complicated circumstances. The use of therapeutic agents isolated from herbs to holistically modulate metabolism and redox state has been shown to relieve carcinoma growth and the inflammatory response in autoimmune disorders. Multiple clinically applied or novel herbal chemicals with metabolic and redox modulatory capacity as well as low toxicity have recently been identified. Moreover, new metabolic targets and mechanisms of drug action have been discovered, leading to the exploration of new pathways for drug repositioning, clinical biomarker spectra, clinical treatment strategies and drug development. Taken together with multiple supporting examples, the modulation of cell metabolism and the redox capacity using herbal chemicals is emerging as a new, alternative strategy for the holistic treatment of cancer and autoimmune disorders. In the future, the development of new diagnostic tools based on the detection of metabolic and redox biomarkers, reformulation of optimized herbal compositions using artificial intelligence, and the combination of herbs with mono-targeting drugs will reveal new potential for clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing-Xing Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau Institute For Applied Research in Medicine and Health, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, SAR, China
| | - Hu-Dan Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau Institute For Applied Research in Medicine and Health, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, SAR, China
| | - Ying Li
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau Institute For Applied Research in Medicine and Health, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, SAR, China
| | - Rui-Jin Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau Institute For Applied Research in Medicine and Health, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, SAR, China
| | - Elaine Lai-Han Leung
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau Institute For Applied Research in Medicine and Health, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, SAR, China; Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Hubei, China; Department of Thoracic Surgery, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health and State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
| | - Liang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau Institute For Applied Research in Medicine and Health, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, SAR, China.
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76
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Zhang J, Zhang B, Li X, Han X, Liu R, Fang J. Small molecule inhibitors of mammalian thioredoxin reductase as potential anticancer agents: An update. Med Res Rev 2018; 39:5-39. [DOI: 10.1002/med.21507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2017] [Revised: 04/11/2018] [Accepted: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Junmin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Lanzhou University; Lanzhou China
- School of Pharmacy; Lanzhou University; Lanzhou China
| | - Baoxin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Lanzhou University; Lanzhou China
| | - Xinming Li
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Lanzhou University; Lanzhou China
| | - Xiao Han
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Lanzhou University; Lanzhou China
| | - Ruijuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Lanzhou University; Lanzhou China
- School of Pharmacy; Lanzhou University; Lanzhou China
| | - Jianguo Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Lanzhou University; Lanzhou China
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77
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Schneider-Poetsch T, Yoshida M. Along the Central Dogma-Controlling Gene Expression with Small Molecules. Annu Rev Biochem 2018; 87:391-420. [PMID: 29727582 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-biochem-060614-033923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The central dogma of molecular biology, that DNA is transcribed into RNA and RNA translated into protein, was coined in the early days of modern biology. Back in the 1950s and 1960s, bacterial genetics first opened the way toward understanding life as the genetically encoded interaction of macromolecules. As molecular biology progressed and our knowledge of gene control deepened, it became increasingly clear that expression relied on many more levels of regulation. In the process of dissecting mechanisms of gene expression, specific small-molecule inhibitors played an important role and became valuable tools of investigation. Small molecules offer significant advantages over genetic tools, as they allow inhibiting a process at any desired time point, whereas mutating or altering the gene of an important regulator would likely result in a dead organism. With the advent of modern sequencing technology, it has become possible to monitor global cellular effects of small-molecule treatment and thereby overcome the limitations of classical biochemistry, which usually looks at a biological system in isolation. This review focuses on several molecules, especially natural products, that have played an important role in dissecting gene expression and have opened up new fields of investigation as well as clinical venues for disease treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tilman Schneider-Poetsch
- Chemical Genomics Research Group, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Saitama 351-0198, Japan;
| | - Minoru Yoshida
- Chemical Genomics Research Group, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Saitama 351-0198, Japan; .,Department of Biotechnology, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
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78
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Li X, Hou Y, Meng X, Ge C, Ma H, Li J, Fang J. Selective Activation of a Prodrug by Thioredoxin Reductase Providing a Strategy to Target Cancer Cells. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:6141-6145. [PMID: 29582524 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201801058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2018] [Revised: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Elevated reactive oxygen species and antioxidant defense systems have been recognized as one of the hallmarks of cancer cells. As a major regulator of the cellular redox homeostasis, the selenoprotein thioredoxin reductase (TrxR) is increasingly considered as a promising target for anticancer drug development. The current approach to inhibit TrxR predominantly relies on the modification of the selenocysteine residue in the C-terminal active site of the enzyme, in which it is hard to avoid the off-target effects. By conjugating the anticancer drug gemcitabine with a 1,2-dithiolane scaffold, an unprecedented prodrug strategy is disclosed that achieves a specific release of gemcitabine by TrxR in cells. As overexpression of TrxR is frequently found in different types of tumors, the TrxR-dependent prodrugs are promising for further development as cancer chemotherapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinming Li
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry & College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, China
| | - Yanan Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry & College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, China
| | - Xianke Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry & College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, China
| | - Chunpo Ge
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry & College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, China
| | - Huilong Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry & College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, China
| | - Jin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry & College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, China
| | - Jianguo Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry & College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, China
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Li X, Hou Y, Meng X, Ge C, Ma H, Li J, Fang J. Selective Activation of a Prodrug by Thioredoxin Reductase Providing a Strategy to Target Cancer Cells. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201801058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xinming Li
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry & College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Lanzhou University China
| | - Yanan Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry & College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Lanzhou University China
| | - Xianke Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry & College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Lanzhou University China
| | - Chunpo Ge
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry & College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Lanzhou University China
| | - Huilong Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry & College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Lanzhou University China
| | - Jin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry & College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Lanzhou University China
| | - Jianguo Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry & College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Lanzhou University China
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80
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Tuladhar A, Rein KS. Manumycin A Is a Potent Inhibitor of Mammalian Thioredoxin Reductase-1 (TrxR-1). ACS Med Chem Lett 2018; 9:318-322. [PMID: 29670693 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.7b00489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2017] [Accepted: 03/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The anticancer effect of manumycin A (Man A) has been attributed to the inhibition of farnesyl transferase (FTase), an enzyme that is responsible for post-translational modification of Ras proteins. However, we have discovered that Man A inhibits mammalian cytosolic thioredoxin reductase 1 (TrxR-1) in a time-dependent manner, with an IC50 of 272 nM with preincubation and 1586 nM without preincubation. The inhibition of TrxR-1 by Man A is irreversible and is the result of a covalent interaction between Man A and TrxR-1. Evidence presented herein demonstrates that Man A forms a Michael adduct with the selenocysteine residue, which is located in the C-terminal redox center of TrxR-1. Inhibitors of TrxR-1, which act through this mechanism, convert TrxR-1 into a SecTRAP, which utilizes NADPH to reduce oxygen to superoxide radical anion (O2-•).
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Affiliation(s)
- Anupama Tuladhar
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, 11200 SW Eighth Street, Miami, Florida 33199, United States
| | - Kathleen S. Rein
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, 11200 SW Eighth Street, Miami, Florida 33199, United States
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81
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Shentu XC, Ping XY, Cheng YL, Zhang X, Tang YL, Tang XJ. Hydrogen peroxide-induced apoptosis of human lens epithelial cells is inhibited by parthenolide. Int J Ophthalmol 2018; 11:12-17. [PMID: 29375984 DOI: 10.18240/ijo.2018.01.03] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2017] [Accepted: 12/02/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To explore the effect of parthenolide on hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-induced apoptosis in human lens epithelial (HLE) cells. METHODS The morphology and number of apoptotic HLE cells were assessed using light microscopy and flow cytometry. Cell viability was tested by MTS assay. In addition, the expression of related proteins was measured by Western blot assay. RESULTS Apoptosis of HLE cells was induced by 200 µmol/L H2O2, and the viability of these cells was similar to the half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50), as examined by MTS assay. In addition, cells were treated with either different concentrations (6.25, 12.5, 25 and 50 µmol/L) of parthenolide along with 200 µmol/L H2O2 or only 50 µmol/L parthenolide or 200 µmol/L H2O2 for 24h. Following treatment with higher concentrations of parthenolide (50 µmol/L), fewer HLE cells underwent H2O2-induced apoptosis, and cell viability was increased. Further, Western blot assay showed that the parthenolide treatment reduced the expression of caspase-3 and caspase-9, which are considered core apoptotic proteins, and decreased the levels of phosphorylated nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), ERK1/2 [a member of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) family], and Akt proteins in HLE cells. CONCLUSION Parthenolide may suppress H2O2-induced apoptosis in HLE cells by interfering with NF-κB, MAPKs, and Akt signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing-Chao Shentu
- Eye Center, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310009, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Xi-Yuan Ping
- Eye Center, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310009, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Ya-Lan Cheng
- Eye Center, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310009, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Eye Center, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310009, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Ye-Lei Tang
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University the School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310000, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Xia-Jing Tang
- Eye Center, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310009, Zhejiang Province, China
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82
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Zhang Y, Ertl HC. Aging: T cell metabolism within tumors. Aging (Albany NY) 2018; 8:1163-4. [PMID: 27282177 PMCID: PMC4931823 DOI: 10.18632/aging.100979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2016] [Accepted: 06/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zhang
- Gene Therapy and Vaccines Program, University of PA School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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83
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Zhang ZH, Yan Y, Deng AJ, Zhang HJ, Li ZH, Yuan TY, Fang LH, Wu LQ, Du GH, Qin HL. Synthesis of quaternary 8-(1-acylethene-1-yl)-13-methylcoptisine chlorides and their selective growth inhibitory activity between human cancer cell lines and normal intestinal epithelial cell-6. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2017.08.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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84
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Lee KM, Lee K, Choi YK, Choi YJ, Seo HS, Ko SG. SH003‑induced G1 phase cell cycle arrest induces apoptosis in HeLa cervical cancer cells. Mol Med Rep 2017; 16:8237-8244. [PMID: 28944910 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.7597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2016] [Accepted: 05/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Cervical cancer is a prevalent disease that may lead to mortality in women. In spite of the development of common therapeutic agents to treat cancer, there are several limitations of their use owing to side effects and drug resistance, which may induce cancer recurrence. The anticancer effects of the new herbal mixture SH003 (comprising Astragalus membranaceus, Angelica gigas and Trichosanthes kirilowii Maximowicz) have been examined in various types of cancer. Thus, the present study hypothesized that SH003 may be an effective treatment for cervical cancer. SH003 treatment inhibited the growth of HeLa cells, whereas it did not affect the growth of rat intestinal epithelial cells. In addition, SH003 treatment increased the expression of apoptosis‑related proteins and promoted apoptotic cell death in HeLa cells. SH003 treatment also led to G1 phase arrest in HeLa cells. Furthermore, SH003 treatment induced the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS); however, ROS production did not appear to be related to SH003‑mediated apoptosis. Results from the present study indicated that the SH003‑induced inhibition of HeLa cell growth may be mediated through G1 phase arrest and extrinsic apoptosis, suggested that SH003 may be a potential treatment for cervical cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kang Min Lee
- Department of Science in Korean Medicine, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02247, Republic of Korea
| | - Kangwook Lee
- Department of Science in Korean Medicine, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02247, Republic of Korea
| | - Youn Kyung Choi
- Jeju International Marine Science Center for Research & Education, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology, Jeju 63349, Republic of Korea
| | - Yu-Jeong Choi
- Department of Cancer Preventive Material Development, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02247, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye-Sook Seo
- Department of Science in Korean Medicine, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02247, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong-Gyu Ko
- Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02247, Republic of Korea
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85
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Zheng X, Ma W, Sun R, Yin H, Lin F, Liu Y, Xu W, Zeng H. Butaselen prevents hepatocarcinogenesis and progression through inhibiting thioredoxin reductase activity. Redox Biol 2017; 14:237-249. [PMID: 28965082 PMCID: PMC5633849 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2017.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2017] [Accepted: 09/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) accounts for most of primary liver cancer, of which five-year survival rate remains low and chemoprevention has become a strategy to reduce disease burden of HCC. We aim to explore the in vivo chemopreventive effect of an organoselenium-containing compound butaselen (BS) against hepatocarcinogenesis and its underlying mechanisms. Pre- and sustained BS treatment (9, 18 and 36mg/Kg BS) could dose-dependently inhibit chronic hepatic inflammation, fibrosis, cirrhosis and HCC on murine models with 24 weeks treatment scheme. The thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), NF-κB pathway and pro-inflammatory factors were activated during hepatocarcinogenesis, while their expression were decreased by BS treatment. BS treatment could also significantly reduce tumor volume in H22-bearing models and remarkably slow tumor growth. HCC cell lines HepG2, Bel7402 and Huh7 were time- and dose-dependently inhibited by BS treatment. G2/M arrest and apoptosis were observed in HepG2 cells after BS treatment, which were mediated by TrxR/Ref-1 and NF-κB pathways inhibition. BS generated reactive oxygen species (ROS), which could be reduced by antioxidant N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC) and NADPH oxidase inhibitor DPI. NAC could markedly increase HepG2 cells viability. TrxR activity of HepG2 cells treated with BS were significantly decreased in parallel with proliferative inhibition. The TrxR1-knockdown HepG2 cells also exhibited low TrxR1 activity, high ROS level, relatively low proliferation rate and increased resistance to BS treatment. In conclusion, BS can prevent hepatocarcinogenesis through inhibiting chronic inflammation, cirrhosis and tumor progression. The underlying mechanisms may include TrxR activity inhibition, leading to ROS elevation, G2/M arrest and apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqing Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, No. 38, Xueyuan Road, Beijing 100191, PR China; Department of Chemical Biology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, No. 38, Xueyuan Road, Beijing 100191, PR China
| | - Weiwei Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, No. 38, Xueyuan Road, Beijing 100191, PR China; Department of Chemical Biology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, No. 38, Xueyuan Road, Beijing 100191, PR China
| | - Ruoxuan Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, No. 38, Xueyuan Road, Beijing 100191, PR China; Department of Chemical Biology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, No. 38, Xueyuan Road, Beijing 100191, PR China
| | - Hanwei Yin
- Keaise Center for Clinical Laboratory, No. 666, Gaoxin Road, Wuhan 430000, PR China
| | - Fei Lin
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, No. 2, Tiantanxili, Beijing 100050, PR China
| | - Yuxi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, No. 38, Xueyuan Road, Beijing 100191, PR China; Department of Chemical Biology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, No. 38, Xueyuan Road, Beijing 100191, PR China
| | - Wei Xu
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Huihui Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, No. 38, Xueyuan Road, Beijing 100191, PR China; Department of Chemical Biology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, No. 38, Xueyuan Road, Beijing 100191, PR China.
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86
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Zhang J, Liu Y, Shi D, Hu G, Zhang B, Li X, Liu R, Han X, Yao X, Fang J. Synthesis of naphthazarin derivatives and identification of novel thioredoxin reductase inhibitor as potential anticancer agent. Eur J Med Chem 2017; 140:435-447. [PMID: 28987605 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2017.09.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2017] [Revised: 09/15/2017] [Accepted: 09/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Mammalian thioredoxin reductase (TrxR) enzymes play a crucial role in regulating multiple redox-based signaling pathways and have attracted increasing attention as promising anticancer drug targets. We report here the synthesis of a panel of naphthazarin derivatives and discovery of 2-methyl-5,8-dihydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone (3, 2-methylnaphthazarin) as a potent cytotoxic agent with a submicromolar half maximal inhibitory concentration to the human promyelocytic leukemia HL-60 cells. Mechanism studies reveal that the compound selectively inhibits TrxR to induce oxidative stress-mediated apoptosis of HL-60 cells. Knockdown of TrxR sensitizes the cells to 3 insults, while overexpression of the functional enzyme confers resistance to the compound treatment, underpinning the physiological significance of targeting TrxR by 3. Clarification of the interaction of compound 3 with TrxR unveils a mechanism underlying the cellular action of the compound, and sheds light in considering development of the compound as a potential cancer chemotherapeutic agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junmin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China; School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China
| | - Yaping Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China
| | - Danfeng Shi
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China
| | - Guodong Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China
| | - Baoxin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China
| | - Xinming Li
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China
| | - Ruijuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China; School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China
| | - Xiao Han
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China
| | - Xiaojun Yao
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China
| | - Jianguo Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China.
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87
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Whitby LR, Obach RS, Simon GM, Hayward MM, Cravatt BF. Quantitative Chemical Proteomic Profiling of the in Vivo Targets of Reactive Drug Metabolites. ACS Chem Biol 2017. [PMID: 28636309 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.7b00346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Idiosyncratic liver toxicity represents an important problem in drug research and pharmacotherapy. Reactive drug metabolites that modify proteins are thought to be a principal factor in drug-induced liver injury. Here, we describe a quantitative chemical proteomic method to identify the targets of reactive drug metabolites in vivo. Treating mice with clickable analogues of four representative hepatotoxic drugs, we demonstrate extensive covalent binding that is confined primarily to the liver. Each drug exhibited a distinct target profile that, in certain cases, showed strong enrichment for specific metabolic pathways (e.g., lipid/sterol pathways for troglitazone). Site-specific proteomics revealed that acetaminophen reacts with high stoichiometry with several conserved, functional (seleno)cysteine residues throughout the liver proteome. Our findings thus provide an advanced experimental framework to characterize the proteomic reactivity of drug metabolites in vivo, revealing target profiles that may help to explain mechanisms and identify risk factors for drug-induced liver injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Landon R. Whitby
- The
Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology and Department of Chemical Physiology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Rd., La Jolla, California 92307, United States
| | - R. Scott Obach
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Gabriel M. Simon
- Vividion Therapeutics, 3033 Science
Park Rd Suite D, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Matthew M. Hayward
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Benjamin F. Cravatt
- The
Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology and Department of Chemical Physiology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Rd., La Jolla, California 92307, United States
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88
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Selenocysteine induces apoptosis in human glioma cells: evidence for TrxR1-targeted inhibition and signaling crosstalk. Sci Rep 2017; 7:6465. [PMID: 28743999 PMCID: PMC5526989 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-06979-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2017] [Accepted: 06/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Thioredoxin reductase (TrxR) as a selenium (Se)-containing antioxidase plays key role in regulating intracellular redox status. Selenocystine (SeC) a natural available Se-containing amino acid showed novel anticancer potential through triggering oxidative damage-mediated apoptosis. However, whether TrxR-mediated oxidative damage was involved in SeC-induced apoptosis in human glioma cells has not been elucidated yet. Herein, SeC-induced human glioma cell apoptosis was detected in vitro, accompanied by PARP cleavage, caspases activation and DNA fragmentation. Mechanically, SeC caused mitochondrial dysfunction and imbalance of Bcl-2 family expression. SeC treatment also triggered ROS-mediated DNA damage and disturbed the MAPKs and AKT pathways. However, inhibition of ROS overproduction effectively attenuated SeC-induced oxidative damage and apoptosis, and normalized the expression of MAPKs and AKT pathways, indicating the significance of ROS in SeC-induced apoptosis. Importantly, U251 human glioma xenograft growth in nude mice was significantly inhibited in vivo. Further investigation revealed that SeC-induced oxidative damage was achieved by TrxR1-targeted inhibition in vitro and in vivo. Our findings validated the potential of SeC to inhibit human glioma growth by oxidative damage-mediated apoptosis through triggering TrxR1-targeted inhibition.
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89
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Oxidative Stress Gene Expression Profile Correlates with Cancer Patient Poor Prognosis: Identification of Crucial Pathways Might Select Novel Therapeutic Approaches. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2017; 2017:2597581. [PMID: 28770020 PMCID: PMC5523271 DOI: 10.1155/2017/2597581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2017] [Accepted: 05/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The role of altered redox status and high reactive oxygen species (ROS) is still controversial in cancer development and progression. Intracellular levels of ROS are elevated in cancer cells suggesting a role in cancer initiation and progression; on the contrary, ROS elevated levels may induce programmed cell death and have been associated with cancer suppression. Thus, it is crucial to consider the double-face of ROS, for novel therapeutic strategies targeting redox regulatory mechanisms. In this review, in order to derive cancer-type specific oxidative stress genes' profile and their potential prognostic role, we integrated a publicly available oxidative stress gene signature with patient survival data from the Cancer Genome Atlas database. Overall, we found several genes statistically significant associated with poor prognosis in the examined six tumor types. Among them, FoxM1 and thioredoxin reductase1 expression showed the same pattern in four out of six cancers, suggesting their specific critical role in cancer-related oxidative stress adaptation. Our analysis also unveiled an enriched cellular network, highlighting specific pathways, in which many genes are strictly correlated. Finally, we discussed novel findings on the correlation between oxidative stress and cancer stem cells in order to define those pathways to be prioritized in drug development.
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90
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Abstract
Thioredoxin (Trx) and thioredoxin reductase (TrxR) are essential components of the Trx system which plays pivotal roles in regulating multiple cellular redox signaling pathways. In recent years TrxR/Trx have been increasingly recognized as an important modulator of tumor development, and hence targeting TrxR/Trx is a promising strategy for cancer treatment. In this review we first discuss the structural details of TrxR, the functions of the Trx system, and the rational of targeting TrxR/Trx for cancer treatment. We also highlight small-molecule TrxR/Trx inhibitors that have potential anticancer activity and review their mechanisms of action. Finally, we examine the challenges of developing TrxR/Trx inhibitors as anticancer agents and perspectives for selectively targeting TrxR/Trx.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junmin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China; School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Xinming Li
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Xiao Han
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Ruijuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China; School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Jianguo Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China.
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91
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Zhang J, Peng S, Li X, Liu R, Han X, Fang J. Targeting thioredoxin reductase by plumbagin contributes to inducing apoptosis of HL-60 cells. Arch Biochem Biophys 2017; 619:16-26. [DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2017.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2016] [Revised: 02/08/2017] [Accepted: 02/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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92
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Xu X, Fang X, Wang J, Zhu H. Identification of novel ROS inducer by merging the fragments of piperlongumine and dicoumarol. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2017; 27:1325-1328. [PMID: 28159415 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2016.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2016] [Revised: 07/14/2016] [Accepted: 08/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
A series of novel ROS inducers were designed by merging the fragments of piperlongumine and dicoumarol. Most of these derivatives showed potent in vitro activity against three cancer cell lines and good selectivity towards normal lung cells. The most potent and selective compound 3e was proven to exhibit obvious ROS elevation and excellent in vivo antitumor activity with suppressed tumor growth by 48.46% at the dose of 5mg/kg. Supported by these investigation, these findings encourage further investigation around this interesting antitumor chemotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojuan Xu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yancheng Teachers University, Yancheng, China.
| | - Xia Fang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yancheng Teachers University, Yancheng, China
| | - Jun Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yancheng Teachers University, Yancheng, China
| | - Hong Zhu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yancheng Teachers University, Yancheng, China
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93
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Dharmaraja AT. Role of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) in Therapeutics and Drug Resistance in Cancer and Bacteria. J Med Chem 2017; 60:3221-3240. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.6b01243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 280] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Allimuthu T. Dharmaraja
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences and Comprehensive Cancer
Center, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
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94
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Zhang J, Yao J, Peng S, Li X, Fang J. Securinine disturbs redox homeostasis and elicits oxidative stress-mediated apoptosis via targeting thioredoxin reductase. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2017; 1863:129-138. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2016.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Revised: 09/28/2016] [Accepted: 10/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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95
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Zhang B, Zhang J, Peng S, Liu R, Li X, Hou Y, Han X, Fang J. Thioredoxin reductase inhibitors: a patent review. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2016; 27:547-556. [DOI: 10.1080/13543776.2017.1272576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Baoxin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Junmin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Shoujiao Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Ruijuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xinming Li
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yanan Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xiao Han
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jianguo Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
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96
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Role of thioredoxin reductase 1 in dysplastic transformation of human breast epithelial cells triggered by chronic oxidative stress. Sci Rep 2016; 6:36860. [PMID: 27845427 PMCID: PMC5109291 DOI: 10.1038/srep36860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Accepted: 10/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Thioredoxin reductase 1 (TrxR1) is a pivotal intracellular redox sensor and antioxidant enzyme. On the other hand, overexpression of TrxR1 is closely correlated with the initiation of various tumors including breast cancer, though the detailed mechanism remains unclear. Here we investigated the role of TrxR1 in dysplastic transformation of human breast epithelial cell line MCF-10A induced by chronic oxidative stress. Not surprisingly, sustained exposure to H2O2 significantly augmented the expression and activity of TrxR1 in MCF-10A cells. The dysplastically transformed MCF-10A (MCF-10AT) cells undergoing 8-week H2O2 treatment exhibited a certain degree of malignancy in tumorigenicity evaluation. Moreover, TrxR1 inhibitor ethaselen (BBSKE) could partially reverse some malignant phenotypes including epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) of MCF-10AT as well as MCF-7 cells. Collectively, our results supported the considerable involvement of TrxR1 in the onset of breast cancer and BBSKE may be a promising agent against breast cancer.
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97
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Ma H, Zhang J, Zhang Z, Liu Y, Fang J. A fast response and red emission probe for mammalian thioredoxin reductase. Chem Commun (Camb) 2016; 52:12060-12063. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cc04984b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The first red emission probe, TRFS-red, for thioredoxin reductase was reported with improved response rate and sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huilong Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Lanzhou University
- Lanzhou 730000
- China
| | - Junmin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Lanzhou University
- Lanzhou 730000
- China
| | - Zhenzhe Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Lanzhou University
- Lanzhou 730000
- China
| | - Yaping Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Lanzhou University
- Lanzhou 730000
- China
| | - Jianguo Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Lanzhou University
- Lanzhou 730000
- China
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