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Da Silva JD, Teixeira-Castro A, Maciel P. From Pathogenesis to Novel Therapeutics for Spinocerebellar Ataxia Type 3: Evading Potholes on the Way to Translation. Neurotherapeutics 2019; 16:1009-1031. [PMID: 31691128 PMCID: PMC6985322 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-019-00798-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinocerebellar ataxia type 3 (SCA3), also known as Machado-Joseph disease (MJD), is a neurodegenerative disorder caused by a polyglutamine expansion in the ATXN3 gene. In spite of the identification of a clear monogenic cause 25 years ago, the pathological process still puzzles researchers, impairing prospects for an effective therapy. Here, we propose the disruption of protein homeostasis as the hub of SCA3 pathogenesis, being the molecular mechanisms and cellular pathways that are deregulated in SCA3 downstream consequences of the misfolding and aggregation of ATXN3. Moreover, we attempt to provide a realistic perspective on how the translational/clinical research in SCA3 should evolve. This was based on molecular findings, clinical and epidemiological characteristics, studies of proposed treatments in other conditions, and how that information is essential for their (re-)application in SCA3. This review thus aims i) to critically evaluate the current state of research on SCA3, from fundamental to translational and clinical perspectives; ii) to bring up the current key questions that remain unanswered in this disorder; and iii) to provide a frame on how those answers should be pursued.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Diogo Da Silva
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Andreia Teixeira-Castro
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Patrícia Maciel
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal.
- ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal.
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52
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Sicorello A, Kelly G, Oregioni A, Nováček J, Sklenář V, Pastore A. The Structural Properties in Solution of the Intrinsically Mixed Folded Protein Ataxin-3. Biophys J 2019; 115:59-71. [PMID: 29972812 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2018.05.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2018] [Revised: 05/25/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
Abstract
It has increasingly become clear over the last two decades that proteins can contain both globular domains and intrinsically unfolded regions that can both contribute to function. Although equally interesting, the disordered regions are difficult to study, because they usually do not crystallize unless bound to partners and are not easily amenable to cryo-electron microscopy studies. NMR spectroscopy remains the best technique to capture the structural features of intrinsically mixed folded proteins and describe their dynamics. These studies rely on the successful assignment of the spectrum, a task not easy per se given the limited spread of the resonances of the disordered residues. Here, we describe the structural properties of ataxin-3, the protein responsible for the neurodegenerative Machado-Joseph disease. Ataxin-3 is a 42-kDa protein containing a globular N-terminal Josephin domain and a C-terminal tail that comprises 13 polyglutamine repeats within a low complexity region. We developed a strategy that allowed us to achieve 87% assignment of the NMR spectrum using a mixed protocol based on high-dimensionality, high-resolution experiments and different labeling schemes. Thanks to the almost complete spectral assignment, we proved that the C-terminal tail is flexible, with extended helical regions, and interacts only marginally with the rest of the protein. We could also, for the first time to our knowledge, observe the structural propensity of the polyglutamine repeats within the context of the full-length protein and show that its structure is stabilized by the preceding region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Sicorello
- Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Geoff Kelly
- Medical Research Council Biomolecular NMR Centre, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Alain Oregioni
- Medical Research Council Biomolecular NMR Centre, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jiří Nováček
- Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Vladimír Sklenář
- Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Annalisa Pastore
- Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom; Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy.
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53
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Szpisjak L, Zadori D, Klivenyi P, Vecsei L. Clinical Characteristics and Possible Drug Targets in Autosomal Dominant Spinocerebellar Ataxias. CNS & NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS-DRUG TARGETS 2019; 18:279-293. [DOI: 10.2174/1871527318666190311155846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Revised: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 01/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Background & Objective:
The autosomal dominant spinocerebellar ataxias (SCAs) belong
to a large and expanding group of neurodegenerative disorders. SCAs comprise more than 40 subtypes
characterized by progressive ataxia as a common feature. The most prevalent diseases among SCAs
are caused by CAG repeat expansions in the coding-region of the causative gene resulting in polyglutamine
(polyQ) tract formation in the encoded protein. Unfortunately, there is no approved therapy to
treat cerebellar motor dysfunction in SCA patients. In recent years, several studies have been conducted
to recognize the clinical and pathophysiological aspects of the polyQ SCAs more accurately.
This scientific progress has provided new opportunities to develop promising gene therapies, including
RNA interference and antisense oligonucleotides.
Conclusion:
The aim of the current work is to give a brief summary of the clinical features of SCAs
and to review the cardinal points of pathomechanisms of the most common polyQ SCAs. In addition,
we review the last few year’s promising gene suppression therapies of the most frequent polyQ SCAs
in animal models, on the basis of which human trials may be initiated in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laszlo Szpisjak
- Department of Neurology, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Denes Zadori
- Department of Neurology, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Peter Klivenyi
- Department of Neurology, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Laszlo Vecsei
- Department of Neurology, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
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54
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Rai SN, Singh BK, Rathore AS, Zahra W, Keswani C, Birla H, Singh SS, Dilnashin H, Singh SP. Quality Control in Huntington's Disease: a Therapeutic Target. Neurotox Res 2019; 36:612-626. [PMID: 31297710 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-019-00087-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Revised: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Huntington's disease (HD) is a fatal autosomal dominantly inherited brain disease caused by excessively expanded CAG repeats in gene which encodes huntingtin protein. These abnormally encoded huntingtin proteins and their truncated fragments result in disruption of cellular quality mechanism ultimately triggering neuronal death. Despite great efforts, a potential causative agent leading to genetic mutation in HTT, manifesting the neurons more prone to oxidative stress, cellular inflammation, energy depletion and apoptotic death, has not been established yet. Current scenario concentrates on symptomatic pathologies to improvise the disease progression and to better the survival. Most of the therapeutic developments have been converged to rescue the protein homeostasis. In HD, abnormal expansion of glutamine repeats in the protein huntingtin leads to toxic aggregation of huntingtin which in turn impairs the quality control mechanism of cells through damaging the machineries involved in removal of aggregated abnormal protein. Therapeutic approaches to improve the efficiency of aggregate clearance through quality control mechanisms involve protein folding machineries such as chaperones and protein degradation machineries such as proteasome and autophagy. Also, to reduce protein aggregation by enhancing proper folding, to degrade and eliminate the aggregates are suggested to negatively regulate the HD progression associated with the disruption of protein homeostasis. This review focuses on the collection of therapeutic strategies targeting enhancement of protein quality control activity to delay the HD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachchida Nand Rai
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Brijesh Kumar Singh
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Medical Centre, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Aaina Singh Rathore
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Walia Zahra
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Chetan Keswani
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Hareram Birla
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Saumitra Sen Singh
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Hagera Dilnashin
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Surya Pratap Singh
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India.
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55
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Mishra R, Upadhyay A, Prajapati VK, Dhiman R, Poluri KM, Jana NR, Mishra A. LRSAM1 E3 ubiquitin ligase: molecular neurobiological perspectives linked with brain diseases. Cell Mol Life Sci 2019; 76:2093-2110. [PMID: 30826859 PMCID: PMC11105512 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-019-03055-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2018] [Revised: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Cellular protein quality control (PQC) plays a significant role in the maintenance of cellular homeostasis. Failure of PQC mechanism may lead to various neurodegenerative diseases due to accumulation of aberrant proteins. To avoid such fatal neuronal conditions PQC employs autophagy and ubiquitin proteasome system (UPS) to degrade misfolded proteins. Few quality control (QC) E3 ubiquitin ligases interplay an important role to specifically recognize misfolded proteins for their intracellular degradation. Leucine-rich repeat and sterile alpha motif-containing 1 (LRSAM1) is a really interesting new gene (RING) class protein that possesses E3 ubiquitin ligase activity with promising applications in PQC. LRSAM1 is also known as RING finger leucine repeat rich (RIFLE) or TSG 101-associated ligase (TAL). LRSAM1 has various cellular functions as it modulates the protein aggregation, endosomal sorting machinery and virus egress from the cells. Thus, this makes LRSAM1 interesting to study not only in protein conformational disorders such as neurodegeneration but also in immunological and other cancerous disorders. Furthermore, LRSAM1 interacts with both cellular protein degradation machineries and hence it can participate in maintenance of overall cellular proteostasis. Still, more research work on the quality control molecular functions of LRSAM1 is needed to comprehend its roles in various protein aggregatory diseases. Earlier findings suggest that in a mouse model of Charcot-Marie-Tooth (CMT) disease, lack of LRSAM1 functions sensitizes peripheral axons to degeneration. It has been observed that in CMT the patients retain dominant and recessive mutations of LRSAM1 gene, which encodes most likely a defective protein. However, still the comprehensive molecular pathomechanism of LRSAM1 in neuronal functions and neurodegenerative diseases is not known. The current article systematically represents the molecular functions, nature and detailed characterization of LRSAM1 E3 ubiquitin ligase. Here, we review emerging molecular mechanisms of LRSAM1 linked with neurobiological functions, with a clear focus on the mechanism of neurodegeneration and also on other diseases. Better understanding of LRSAM1 neurobiological and intracellular functions may contribute to develop promising novel therapeutic approaches, which can also propose new lines of molecular beneficial targets for various neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ribhav Mishra
- Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology Unit, Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, 342037, India
| | - Arun Upadhyay
- Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology Unit, Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, 342037, India
| | - Vijay Kumar Prajapati
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Rajasthan, NH-8 Bandarsindri, Ajmer, Rajasthan, 305817, India
| | - Rohan Dhiman
- Laboratory of Mycobacterial Immunology, Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, Odisha, 769008, India
| | - Krishna Mohan Poluri
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, 247667, India
| | - Nihar Ranjan Jana
- School of Bioscience, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, Kharagpur, 721302, India
| | - Amit Mishra
- Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology Unit, Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, 342037, India.
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56
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Quintana-Gallardo L, Martín-Benito J, Marcilla M, Espadas G, Sabidó E, Valpuesta JM. The cochaperone CHIP marks Hsp70- and Hsp90-bound substrates for degradation through a very flexible mechanism. Sci Rep 2019; 9:5102. [PMID: 30911017 PMCID: PMC6433865 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-41060-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Some molecular chaperones are involved not only in assisting the folding of proteins but also, given appropriate conditions, in their degradation. This is the case for Hsp70 and Hsp90 which, in concert with the cochaperone CHIP, direct their bound substrate to degradation through ubiquitination. We generated complexes between the chaperones (Hsp70 or Hsp90), the cochaperone CHIP and, as substrate, a p53 variant containing the GST protein (p53-TMGST). Both ternary complexes (Hsp70:p53-TMGST:CHIP and Hsp90:p53-TMGST:CHIP) ubiquitinated the substrate at a higher efficiency than in the absence of the chaperones. The 3D structures of the two complexes, obtained using a combination of cryoelectron microscopy and crosslinking mass spectrometry, showed the substrate located between the chaperone and the cochaperone, suggesting a ubiquitination mechanism in which the chaperone-bound substrate is presented to CHIP. These complexes are inherently flexible, which is important for the ubiquitination process.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Miguel Marcilla
- Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB-CSIC), Darwin 3, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Guadalupe Espadas
- Proteomics Unit, Centre de Regulació Genòmica (CRG), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Barcelona, Spain.,Proteomics Unit, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Eduard Sabidó
- Proteomics Unit, Centre de Regulació Genòmica (CRG), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Barcelona, Spain.,Proteomics Unit, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
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57
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Soares TR, Reis SD, Pinho BR, Duchen MR, Oliveira JMA. Targeting the proteostasis network in Huntington's disease. Ageing Res Rev 2019; 49:92-103. [PMID: 30502498 PMCID: PMC6320389 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2018.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Revised: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Huntington's disease (HD) is an autosomal dominant neurodegenerative disorder caused by a polyglutamine expansion mutation in the huntingtin protein. Expansions above 40 polyglutamine repeats are invariably fatal, following a symptomatic period characterised by choreiform movements, behavioural abnormalities, and cognitive decline. While mutant huntingtin (mHtt) is widely expressed from early life, most patients with HD present in mid-adulthood, highlighting the role of ageing in disease pathogenesis. mHtt undergoes proteolytic cleavage, misfolding, accumulation, and aggregation into inclusion bodies. The emerging model of HD pathogenesis proposes that the chronic production of misfolded mHtt overwhelms the chaperone machinery, diverting other misfolded clients to the proteasome and the autophagy pathways, ultimately leading to a global collapse of the proteostasis network. Multiple converging hypotheses also implicate ageing and its impact in the dysfunction of organelles as additional contributing factors to the collapse of proteostasis in HD. In particular, mitochondrial function is required to sustain the activity of ATP-dependent chaperones and proteolytic machinery. Recent studies elucidating mitochondria-endoplasmic reticulum interactions and uncovering a dedicated proteostasis machinery in mitochondria, suggest that mitochondria play a more active role in the maintenance of cellular proteostasis than previously thought. The enhancement of cytosolic proteostasis pathways shows promise for HD treatment, protecting cells from the detrimental effects of mHtt accumulation. In this review, we consider how mHtt and its post translational modifications interfere with protein quality control pathways, and how the pharmacological and genetic modulation of components of the proteostasis network impact disease phenotypes in cellular and in vivo HD models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tânia R Soares
- REQUIMTE/LAQV, Department of Drug Sciences, Pharmacology Lab, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal; Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Sara D Reis
- REQUIMTE/LAQV, Department of Drug Sciences, Pharmacology Lab, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
| | - Brígida R Pinho
- REQUIMTE/LAQV, Department of Drug Sciences, Pharmacology Lab, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
| | - Michael R Duchen
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, UK; Consortium for Mitochondrial Research (CfMR), University College London, Gower Street, WC1E 6BT, London, UK
| | - Jorge M A Oliveira
- REQUIMTE/LAQV, Department of Drug Sciences, Pharmacology Lab, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal; Consortium for Mitochondrial Research (CfMR), University College London, Gower Street, WC1E 6BT, London, UK.
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58
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Proteomic analysis of protein homeostasis and aggregation. J Proteomics 2018; 198:98-112. [PMID: 30529741 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2018.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2018] [Revised: 11/24/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Protein homeostasis (proteostasis) refers to the ability of cells to preserve the correct balance between protein synthesis, folding and degradation. Proteostasis is essential for optimal cell growth and survival under stressful conditions. Various extracellular and intracellular stresses including heat shock, oxidative stress, proteasome malfunction, mutations and aging-related modifications can result in disturbed proteostasis manifested by enhanced misfolding and aggregation of proteins. To limit protein misfolding and aggregation cells have evolved various strategies including molecular chaperones, proteasome system and autophagy. Molecular chaperones assist folding of proteins, protect them from denaturation and facilitate renaturation of the misfolded polypeptides, whereas proteasomes and autophagosomes remove the irreversibly damaged proteins. The impairment of proteostasis results in protein aggregation that is a major pathological hallmark of numerous age-related disorders, such as cataract, Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, Huntington's, and prion diseases. To discover protein markers and speed up diagnosis of neurodegenerative diseases accompanied by protein aggregation, proteomic tools have increasingly been used in recent years. Systematic and exhaustive analysis of the changes that occur in the proteomes of affected tissues and biofluids in humans or in model organisms is one of the most promising approaches to reveal mechanisms underlying protein aggregation diseases, improve their diagnosis and develop therapeutic strategies. Significance: In this review we outline the elements responsible for maintaining cellular proteostasis and present the overview of proteomic studies focused on protein-aggregation diseases. These studies provide insights into the mechanisms responsible for age-related disorders and reveal new potential biomarkers for Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, Huntigton's and prion diseases.
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59
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Matos CA, de Almeida LP, Nóbrega C. Machado-Joseph disease/spinocerebellar ataxia type 3: lessons from disease pathogenesis and clues into therapy. J Neurochem 2018; 148:8-28. [PMID: 29959858 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Revised: 06/05/2018] [Accepted: 06/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Machado-Joseph disease (MJD), also known as spinocerebellar ataxia type 3 (SCA3), is an incurable disorder, widely regarded as the most common form of spinocerebellar ataxia in the world. MJD/SCA3 arises from mutation of the ATXN3 gene, but this simple monogenic cause contrasts with the complexity of the pathogenic mechanisms that are currently admitted to underlie neuronal dysfunction and death. The aberrantly expanded protein product - ataxin-3 - is known to aggregate and generate toxic species that disrupt several cell systems, including autophagy, proteostasis, transcription, mitochondrial function and signalling. Over the years, research into putative therapeutic approaches has often been devoted to the development of strategies that counteract disease at different stages of cellular pathogenesis. Silencing the pathogenic protein, blocking aggregation, inhibiting toxic proteolytic processing and counteracting dysfunctions of the cellular systems affected have yielded promising ameliorating results in studies with cellular and animal models. The current review analyses the available studies dedicated to the investigation of MJD/SCA3 pathogenesis and the exploration of possible therapeutic strategies, focusing primarily on gene therapy and pharmacological approaches rooted on the molecular and cellular mechanisms of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos A Matos
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology (CNC), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Institute for Interdisciplinary Research, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Luís Pereira de Almeida
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology (CNC), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Clévio Nóbrega
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology (CNC), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Department of Biomedical Sciences and Medicine, University of Algarve, Coimbra, Portugal.,Centre for Biomedical Research (CBMR), University of Algarve, Coimbra, Portugal.,Algarve Biomedical Center (ABC), University of Algarve, Faro, Portugal
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60
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Kocaturk NM, Gozuacik D. Crosstalk Between Mammalian Autophagy and the Ubiquitin-Proteasome System. Front Cell Dev Biol 2018; 6:128. [PMID: 30333975 PMCID: PMC6175981 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2018.00128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 262] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2018] [Accepted: 09/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy and the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) are the two major intracellular quality control and recycling mechanisms that are responsible for cellular homeostasis in eukaryotes. Ubiquitylation is utilized as a degradation signal by both systems, yet, different mechanisms are in play. The UPS is responsible for the degradation of short-lived proteins and soluble misfolded proteins whereas autophagy eliminates long-lived proteins, insoluble protein aggregates and even whole organelles (e.g., mitochondria, peroxisomes) and intracellular parasites (e.g., bacteria). Both the UPS and selective autophagy recognize their targets through their ubiquitin tags. In addition to an indirect connection between the two systems through ubiquitylated proteins, recent data indicate the presence of connections and reciprocal regulation mechanisms between these degradation pathways. In this review, we summarize these direct and indirect interactions and crosstalks between autophagy and the UPS, and their implications for cellular stress responses and homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nur Mehpare Kocaturk
- Molecular Biology, Genetics and Bioengineering Program, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Sabanci University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Devrim Gozuacik
- Molecular Biology, Genetics and Bioengineering Program, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Sabanci University, Istanbul, Turkey
- Center of Excellence for Functional Surfaces and Interfaces for Nano Diagnostics (EFSUN), Sabanci University, Istanbul, Turkey
- Nanotechnology Research and Application Center (SUNUM), Sabanci University, Istanbul, Turkey
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61
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Wan L, Xu K, Chen Z, Tang B, Jiang H. Roles of Post-translational Modifications in Spinocerebellar Ataxias. Front Cell Neurosci 2018; 12:290. [PMID: 30283301 PMCID: PMC6156280 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2018.00290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Post-translational modifications (PTMs), including phosphorylation, acetylation, ubiquitination, SUMOylation, etc., of proteins can modulate protein properties such as intracellular distribution, activity, stability, aggregation, and interactions. Therefore, PTMs are vital regulatory mechanisms for multiple cellular processes. Spinocerebellar ataxias (SCAs) are hereditary, heterogeneous, neurodegenerative diseases for which the primary manifestation involves ataxia. Because the pathogenesis of most SCAs is correlated with mutant proteins directly or indirectly, the PTMs of disease-related proteins might functionally affect SCA development and represent potential therapeutic interventions. Here, we review multiple PTMs related to disease-causing proteins in SCAs pathogenesis and their effects. Furthermore, we discuss these PTMs as potential targets for treating SCAs and describe translational therapies targeting PTMs that have been published.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linlin Wan
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Keqin Xu
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Zhao Chen
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Beisha Tang
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Key Laboratory of Hunan Province in Neurodegenerative Disorders, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Parkinson’s Disease Center of Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Shanghai, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development, Shanghai, China
| | - Hong Jiang
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Key Laboratory of Hunan Province in Neurodegenerative Disorders, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Department of Neurology, Xinjiang Medical University, Ürümqi, China
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62
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Ashraf NS, Duarte-Silva S, Shaw ED, Maciel P, Paulson HL, Teixeira-Castro A, Costa MDC. Citalopram Reduces Aggregation of ATXN3 in a YAC Transgenic Mouse Model of Machado-Joseph Disease. Mol Neurobiol 2018; 56:3690-3701. [PMID: 30187384 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-018-1331-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Accepted: 08/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Machado-Joseph disease, also known as spinocerebellar ataxia type 3, is a fatal polyglutamine disease with no disease-modifying treatment. The selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor citalopram was shown in nematode and mouse models to be a compelling repurposing candidate for Machado-Joseph disease therapeutics. We sought to confirm the efficacy of citalopram to decrease ATXN3 aggregation in an unrelated mouse model of Machado-Joseph disease. Four-week-old YACMJD84.2 mice and non-transgenic littermates were given citalopram 8 mg/kg in drinking water or water for 10 weeks. At the end of treatment, brains were collected for biochemical and pathological analyses. Brains of citalopram-treated YACMJD84.2 mice showed an approximate 50% decrease in the percentage of cells containing ATXN3-positive inclusions in the substantia nigra and three examined brainstem nuclei compared to controls. No differences in ATXN3 inclusion load were observed in deep cerebellar nuclei of mice. Citalopram effect on ATXN3 aggregate burden was corroborated by immunoblotting analysis. While lysates from the brainstem and cervical spinal cord of citalopram-treated mice showed a decrease in all soluble forms of ATXN3 and a trend toward reduction of insoluble ATXN3, no differences in ATXN3 levels were found between cerebella of citalopram-treated and vehicle-treated mice. Citalopram treatment altered levels of select components of the cellular protein homeostatic machinery that may be expected to enhance the capacity to refold and/or degrade mutant ATXN3. The results here obtained in a second independent mouse model of Machado-Joseph disease further support citalopram as a potential drug to be repurposed for this fatal disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naila S Ashraf
- Department of Neurology, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, A. Alfred Taubman Biomedical Sciences Research Building, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-2200, USA
| | - Sara Duarte-Silva
- School of Medicine, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), Braga, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Emily D Shaw
- Department of Neurology, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, A. Alfred Taubman Biomedical Sciences Research Building, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-2200, USA
| | - Patrícia Maciel
- School of Medicine, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), Braga, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Henry L Paulson
- Department of Neurology, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, A. Alfred Taubman Biomedical Sciences Research Building, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-2200, USA
| | - Andreia Teixeira-Castro
- School of Medicine, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), Braga, Portugal. .,ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal. .,Department of Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA.
| | - Maria do Carmo Costa
- Department of Neurology, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, A. Alfred Taubman Biomedical Sciences Research Building, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-2200, USA.
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63
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Nath SR, Yu Z, Gipson TA, Marsh GB, Yoshidome E, Robins DM, Todi SV, Housman DE, Lieberman AP. Androgen receptor polyglutamine expansion drives age-dependent quality control defects and muscle dysfunction. J Clin Invest 2018; 128:3630-3641. [PMID: 29809168 DOI: 10.1172/jci99042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2017] [Accepted: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle has emerged as a critical, disease-relevant target tissue in spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy, a degenerative disorder of the neuromuscular system caused by a CAG/polyglutamine (polyQ) expansion in the androgen receptor (AR) gene. Here, we used RNA-sequencing (RNA-Seq) to identify pathways that are disrupted in diseased muscle using AR113Q knockin mice. This analysis unexpectedly identified substantially diminished expression of numerous ubiquitin/proteasome pathway genes in AR113Q muscle, encoding approximately 30% of proteasome subunits and 20% of E2 ubiquitin conjugases. These changes were age, hormone, and glutamine length dependent and arose due to a toxic gain of function conferred by the mutation. Moreover, altered gene expression was associated with decreased levels of the proteasome transcription factor NRF1 and its activator DDI2 and resulted in diminished proteasome activity. Ubiquitinated ADRM1 was detected in AR113Q muscle, indicating the occurrence of stalled proteasomes in mutant mice. Finally, diminished expression of Drosophila orthologues of NRF1 or ADRM1 promoted the accumulation of polyQ AR protein and increased toxicity. Collectively, these data indicate that AR113Q muscle develops progressive proteasome dysfunction that leads to the impairment of quality control and the accumulation of polyQ AR protein, key features that contribute to the age-dependent onset and progression of this disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samir R Nath
- Department of Pathology.,Medical Scientist Training Program, and.,Cellular and Molecular Biology Graduate Program, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | | | - Theresa A Gipson
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Gregory B Marsh
- Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | | | - Diane M Robins
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Sokol V Todi
- Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - David E Housman
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
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64
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Abstract
Polyglutamine diseases are hereditary degenerative disorders of the nervous system that have remained, to this date, untreatable. Promisingly, investigation into their molecular etiology and the development of increasingly perfected tools have contributed to the design of novel strategies with therapeutic potential. Encouraging studies have explored gene therapy as a means to counteract cell demise and loss in this context. The current chapter addresses the two main focuses of research in the area: the characteristics of the systems used to deliver nucleic acids to cells and the molecular and cellular actions of the therapeutic agents. Vectors used in gene therapy have to satisfyingly reach the tissues and cell types of interest, while eliciting the lowest toxicity possible. Both viral and non-viral systems have been developed for the delivery of nucleic acids to the central nervous system, each with its respective advantages and shortcomings. Since each polyglutamine disease is caused by mutation of a single gene, many gene therapy strategies have tried to halt degeneration by silencing the corresponding protein products, usually recurring to RNA interference. The potential of small interfering RNAs, short hairpin RNAs and microRNAs has been investigated. Overexpression of protective genes has also been evaluated as a means of decreasing mutant protein toxicity and operate beneficial alterations. Recent gene editing tools promise yet other ways of interfering with the disease-causing genes, at the most upstream points possible. Results obtained in both cell and animal models encourage further delving into this type of therapeutic strategies and support the future use of gene therapy in the treatment of polyglutamine diseases.
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65
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Takeuchi T. Non-cell Autonomous Maintenance of Proteostasis by Molecular Chaperones and Its Molecular Mechanism. Biol Pharm Bull 2018; 41:843-849. [PMID: 29863073 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b18-00141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Molecular chaperones have essential roles in cell survival, to prevent misfolding, aggregation, and aberrant accumulation of cellular proteins, and thus to maintain protein homeostasis (proteostasis). However, recent studies using animal models suggest that transcriptional upregulation of molecular chaperones in response to various types of stresses does not ubiquitously occur in all cells and tissues, but is a cell type-specific event. The imbalanced response to stresses between cells and tissues has been pointed out since more than 30 years ago, but the molecular basis as to how organisms maintain proteostasis in all cells, especially cells deficient for chaperone induction, remains unknown. In this review, I introduce the non-cell autonomous function of molecular chaperones that has been suggested in animal studies, especially focusing on our recent findings, and discuss the possibility that the non-cell autonomous function might provide a potential explanation as to how organisms would maintain proteostasis despite the imbalanced stress response between cells and tissues. Further elucidation of the molecular basis underlying the non-cell autonomous function of molecular chaperones would provide not only better understanding as to how organisms maintain proteostasis but also important insights into the potential development of therapies and diagnostics for the currently intractable neurodegenerative diseases that are associated with protein misfolding and aggregation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshihide Takeuchi
- Department of Neurotherapeutics, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine.,JST, PRESTO
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66
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Harding RJ, Tong YF. Proteostasis in Huntington's disease: disease mechanisms and therapeutic opportunities. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2018; 39:754-769. [PMID: 29620053 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2018.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 02/18/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Many neurodegenerative diseases are characterized by impairment of protein quality control mechanisms in neuronal cells. Ineffective clearance of misfolded proteins by the proteasome, autophagy pathways and exocytosis leads to accumulation of toxic protein oligomers and aggregates in neurons. Toxic protein species affect various cellular functions resulting in the development of a spectrum of different neurodegenerative proteinopathies, including Huntington's disease (HD). Playing an integral role in proteostasis, dysfunction of the ubiquitylation system in HD is progressive and multi-faceted with numerous biochemical pathways affected, in particular, the ubiquitin-proteasome system and autophagy routes for protein aggregate degradation. Unravelling the molecular mechanisms involved in HD pathogenesis of proteostasis provides new insight in disease progression in HD as well as possible therapeutic avenues. Recent developments of potential therapeutics are discussed in this review.
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67
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Luo H, Cao L, Liang X, Du A, Peng T, Li H. Herp Promotes Degradation of Mutant Huntingtin: Involvement of the Proteasome and Molecular Chaperones. Mol Neurobiol 2018; 55:7652-7668. [PMID: 29430620 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-018-0900-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
In neurodegenerative diseases, pathogenic proteins tend to misfold and form aggregates that are difficult to remove and able to induce excessive endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, leading to neuronal injury and apoptosis. Homocysteine-induced endoplasmic reticulum protein (Herp), an E3 ubiquitin ligase, is an important early marker of ER stress and is involved in the ubiquitination and degradation of many neurodegenerative proteins. However, in Huntington's disease (HD), a typical polyglutamine disease, whether Herp is also involved in the metabolism and degradation of the pathogenic protein, mutant huntingtin, has not been reported. Therefore, we studied the relationship between Herp and N-terminal fragments of huntingtin (HttN-20Q and HttN-160Q). We found that Herp was able to bind to the overexpressed Htt N-terminal, and this interaction was enhanced by expansion of the polyQ fragment. Confocal microscopy demonstrated that Herp was co-localized with the HttN-160Q aggregates in the cytoplasm and tightly surrounded the aggregates. Overexpression of Herp significantly decreased the amount of soluble and insoluble HttN-160Q, promoted its ubiquitination, and inhibited its cytotoxicity. In contrast, knockdown of Herp resulted in more HttN-160Q protein, less ubiquitination, and stronger cytotoxicity. Inhibition of the autophagy-lysosomal pathway (ALP) had no effect on the function of Herp. However, blocking the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway (UPP) inhibited the reduction in soluble HttN-160Q caused by Herp. Interestingly, blocking the UPP did not weaken the ability of Herp to reduce HttN-160Q aggregates. Deletions of the N-terminal of Herp weakened its ability to inhibit HttN-160Q aggregation but did not result in a significant increase in its soluble form. However, loss of the C-terminal led to a significant increase in soluble HttN-160Q, but Herp still maintained the ability to inhibit aggregate formation. We further found that the expression level of Herp was significantly increased in HD animal and cell models. Our findings suggest that Herp is a newly identified huntingtin-interacting protein that is able to reduce the cytotoxicity of mutant huntingtin by inhibiting its aggregation and promoting its degradation. The N-terminal of Herp serves as the molecular chaperone to inhibit protein aggregation, while its C-terminal functions as an E3 ubiquitin ligase to promote the degradation of misfolded proteins through the UPP. Increased expression of Herp in HD models may be a pro-survival mechanism under stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huanhuan Luo
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, People's Republic of China.,Department of Histology and Embryology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, People's Republic of China
| | - Liying Cao
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuan Liang
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, People's Republic of China
| | - Ana Du
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, People's Republic of China
| | - Ting Peng
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, People's Republic of China. .,Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, People's Republic of China.
| | - He Li
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, People's Republic of China. .,Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, People's Republic of China. .,Department of Histology and Embryology, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, 442000, People's Republic of China.
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68
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Degradation of huntingtin mediated by a hybrid molecule composed of IAP antagonist linked to phenyldiazenyl benzothiazole derivative. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2018; 28:707-710. [PMID: 29366651 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2018.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Revised: 01/06/2018] [Accepted: 01/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Huntington's disease (HD) is an autosomal dominant neurodegenerative disorder caused by aggregation of mutant huntingtin (mHtt), and removal of mHtt is expected as a potential therapeutic option. We previously reported protein knockdown of Htt by using hybrid small molecules (Htt degraders) consisting of BE04, a ligand of ubiquitin ligase (E3), linked to probes for protein aggregates. Here, in order to examine the effect of changing the ligand, we synthesized a similar Htt degrader utilizing MV1, an antagonist of the inhibitor of apoptosis protein (IAP) family (a subgroup of ubiquitin E3 ligases), which is expected to have a higher affinity and specificity for IAP, as compared with BE04. The MV1-based hybrid successfully induced interaction between Htt aggregates and IAP, and reduced mHtt levels in living cells. Its mode of action was confirmed to be the same as that of the BE04-based hybrid. However, although the affinity of MV1 for IAP is greater than that of BE04, the efficacy of Htt degradation by the MV1-based molecule was lower, suggesting that linker length between the ligand and probe might be an important determinant of efficacy.
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69
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Azadiradione Restores Protein Quality Control and Ameliorates the Disease Pathogenesis in a Mouse Model of Huntington’s Disease. Mol Neurobiol 2018; 55:6337-6346. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-017-0853-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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70
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Kristensen LV, Oppermann FS, Rauen MJ, Fog K, Schmidt T, Schmidt J, Harmuth T, Hartmann-Petersen R, Thirstrup K. Mass spectrometry analyses of normal and polyglutamine expanded ataxin-3 reveal novel interaction partners involved in mitochondrial function. Neurochem Int 2018; 112:5-17. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2017.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2017] [Revised: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 10/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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71
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Polyglutamine-Independent Features in Ataxin-3 Aggregation and Pathogenesis of Machado-Joseph Disease. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2018; 1049:275-288. [PMID: 29427109 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-71779-1_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The expansion of a trinucleotide (CAG) repeat, translated into a polyglutamine expanded sequence in the protein encoded by the MJD gene, was identified over 20 years ago as the causative mutation in a severe neurodegenerative disorder originally diagnosed in individuals of Portuguese ancestry. This incapacitating disease, called Machado-Joseph disease or spinocebellar ataxia type 3, is integrated into a larger group of neurodegenerative disorders-the polyglutamine expansion disorders-caused by extension of a CAG repeat in the coding sequence of otherwise unrelated genes. These diseases are generally linked with the appearance of intracellular inclusions , which despite having a controversial role in disease appearance and development represent a characteristic common fingerprint in all polyglutamine-related disorders. Although polyglutamine expansion is an obvious trigger for neuronal dysfunction, the role of the different domains of these complex proteins in the function and aggregation properties of the carrier proteins is being uncovered in recent studies. In this review the current knowledge about the structural and functional features of full-length ataxin-3 protein will be discussed. The intrinsic conformational dynamics and interplay between the globular and intrinsically disordered regions of ataxin-3 will be highlighted, and a perspective picture of the role of known ataxin-3 post-translational modifications on regulating ataxin-3 aggregation and function will be drawn.
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72
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Molecular Mechanisms and Cellular Pathways Implicated in Machado-Joseph Disease Pathogenesis. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2018; 1049:349-367. [PMID: 29427113 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-71779-1_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Machado-Joseph disease (MJD) is a dominantly inherited disorder originally described in people of Portuguese descent, and associated with the expansion of a CAG tract in the coding region of the causative gene MJD1/ATX3. The CAG repeats range from 10 to 51 in the normal population and from 55 to 87 in SCA3/MJD patients. MJD1 encodes ataxin-3, a protein whose physiological function has been linked to ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis. Despite the identification of the causative mutation, the pathogenic process leading to the neurodegeneration observed in the disease is not yet completely understood. In the past years, several studies identified different molecular mechanisms and cellular pathways as being impaired or deregulated in MJD. Autophagy, proteolysis or post-translational modifications, among other processes, were implicated in MJD pathogenesis. From these studies it was possible to identify new targets for therapeutic intervention, which in some cases proved successful in models of disease.
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73
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The CAG-polyglutamine repeat diseases: a clinical, molecular, genetic, and pathophysiologic nosology. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2018; 147:143-170. [PMID: 29325609 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-63233-3.00011-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Throughout the genome, unstable tandem nucleotide repeats can expand to cause a variety of neurologic disorders. Expansion of a CAG triplet repeat within a coding exon gives rise to an elongated polyglutamine (polyQ) tract in the resultant protein product, and accounts for a unique category of neurodegenerative disorders, known as the CAG-polyglutamine repeat diseases. The nine members of the CAG-polyglutamine disease family include spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy (SBMA), Huntington disease, dentatorubral pallidoluysian atrophy, and six spinocerebellar ataxias (SCA 1, 2, 3, 6, 7, and 17). All CAG-polyglutamine diseases are dominantly inherited, with the exception of SBMA, which is X-linked, and many CAG-polyglutamine diseases display anticipation, which is defined as increasing disease severity in successive generations of an affected kindred. Despite widespread expression of the different polyQ-expanded disease proteins throughout the body, each CAG-polyglutamine disease strikes a particular subset of neurons, although the mechanism for this cell-type selectivity remains poorly understood. While the different genes implicated in these disorders display amino acid homology only in the repeat tract domain, certain pathologic molecular processes have been implicated in almost all of the CAG-polyglutamine repeat diseases, including protein aggregation, proteolytic cleavage, transcription dysregulation, autophagy impairment, and mitochondrial dysfunction. Here we highlight the clinical and molecular genetic features of each distinct disorder, and then discuss common themes in CAG-polyglutamine disease pathogenesis, closing with emerging advances in therapy development.
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74
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Keo A, Aziz NA, Dzyubachyk O, van der Grond J, van Roon-Mom WMC, Lelieveldt BPF, Reinders MJT, Mahfouz A. Co-expression Patterns between ATN1 and ATXN2 Coincide with Brain Regions Affected in Huntington's Disease. Front Mol Neurosci 2017; 10:399. [PMID: 29249939 PMCID: PMC5714896 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2017.00399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2017] [Accepted: 11/15/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytosine-adenine-guanine (CAG) repeat expansions in the coding regions of nine polyglutamine (polyQ) genes (HTT, ATXN1, ATXN2, ATXN3, CACNA1A, ATXN7, ATN1, AR, and TBP) are the cause of several neurodegenerative diseases including Huntington’s disease (HD), six different spinocerebellar ataxias (SCAs), dentatorubral-pallidoluysian atrophy, and spinobulbar muscular atrophy. The expanded CAG repeat length in the causative gene is negatively related to the age-at-onset (AAO) of clinical symptoms. In addition to the expanded CAG repeat length in the causative gene, the normal CAG repeats in the other polyQ genes can affect the AAO, suggesting functional interactions between the polyQ genes. However, there is no detailed assessment of the relationships among polyQ genes in pathologically relevant brain regions. We used gene co-expression analysis to study the functional relationships among polyQ genes in different brain regions using the Allen Human Brain Atlas (AHBA), a spatial map of gene expression in the healthy brain. We constructed co-expression networks for seven anatomical brain structures, as well as a region showing a specific pattern of atrophy in HD patients detected by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain. In this HD-associated region, we found that ATN1 and ATXN2 were co-expressed and shared co-expression partners which were enriched for DNA repair genes. We observed a similar co-expression pattern in the frontal lobe, parietal lobe, and striatum in which this relation was most pronounced. Given that the co-expression patterns for these anatomical structures were similar to those for the HD-associated region, our results suggest that their disruption is likely involved in HD pathology. Moreover, ATN1 and ATXN2 also shared many co-expressed genes with HTT, the causative gene of HD, across the brain. Although this triangular relationship among these three polyQ genes may also be dysregulated in other polyQ diseases, stronger co-expression patterns between ATN1 and ATXN2 observed in the HD-associated region, especially in the striatum, may be more specific to HD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arlin Keo
- Computational Biology Center, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands.,Delft Bioinformatics Lab, Department of Intelligent Systems, Delft University of Technology, Delft, Netherlands
| | - N Ahmad Aziz
- Department of Neurology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Oleh Dzyubachyk
- Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | | | | | - Boudewijn P F Lelieveldt
- Computational Biology Center, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands.,Delft Bioinformatics Lab, Department of Intelligent Systems, Delft University of Technology, Delft, Netherlands.,Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Marcel J T Reinders
- Computational Biology Center, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands.,Delft Bioinformatics Lab, Department of Intelligent Systems, Delft University of Technology, Delft, Netherlands
| | - Ahmed Mahfouz
- Computational Biology Center, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands.,Delft Bioinformatics Lab, Department of Intelligent Systems, Delft University of Technology, Delft, Netherlands
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75
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Costa MDC, Ashraf NS, Fischer S, Yang Y, Schapka E, Joshi G, McQuade TJ, Dharia RM, Dulchavsky M, Ouyang M, Cook D, Sun D, Larsen MJ, Gestwicki JE, Todi SV, Ivanova MI, Paulson HL. Unbiased screen identifies aripiprazole as a modulator of abundance of the polyglutamine disease protein, ataxin-3. Brain 2017; 139:2891-2908. [PMID: 27645800 DOI: 10.1093/brain/aww228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2016] [Accepted: 07/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
No disease-modifying treatment exists for the fatal neurodegenerative polyglutamine disease known both as Machado-Joseph disease and spinocerebellar ataxia type 3. As a potential route to therapy, we identified small molecules that reduce levels of the mutant disease protein, ATXN3. Screens of a small molecule collection, including 1250 Food and Drug Administration-approved drugs, in a novel cell-based assay, followed by secondary screens in brain slice cultures from transgenic mice expressing the human disease gene, identified the atypical antipsychotic aripiprazole as one of the hits. Aripiprazole increased longevity in a Drosophila model of Machado-Joseph disease and effectively reduced aggregated ATXN3 species in flies and in brains of transgenic mice treated for 10 days. The aripiprazole-mediated decrease in ATXN3 abundance may reflect a complex response culminating in the modulation of specific components of cellular protein homeostasis. Aripiprazole represents a potentially promising therapeutic drug for Machado-Joseph disease and possibly other neurological proteinopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Naila S Ashraf
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Svetlana Fischer
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Yemen Yang
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Emily Schapka
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Gnanada Joshi
- Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Thomas J McQuade
- Center for Chemical Genomics, Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Rahil M Dharia
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Mark Dulchavsky
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Michelle Ouyang
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - David Cook
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Duxin Sun
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Martha J Larsen
- Center for Chemical Genomics, Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Jason E Gestwicki
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Sokol V Todi
- Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA.,Department of Neurology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Magdalena I Ivanova
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Department of Biophysics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Henry L Paulson
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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76
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He WT, Xue W, Gao YG, Hong JY, Yue HW, Jiang LL, Hu HY. HSP90 recognizes the N-terminus of huntingtin involved in regulation of huntingtin aggregation by USP19. Sci Rep 2017; 7:14797. [PMID: 29093475 PMCID: PMC5666004 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-13711-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2017] [Accepted: 09/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Huntington’s disease (HD) is caused by aberrant expansion of polyglutamine (polyQ) in the N-terminus of huntingtin (Htt). Our previous study has demonstrated that HSP90 is involved in the triage decision of Htt, but how HSP90 recognizes and regulates Htt remains elusive. We investigated the interaction between HSP90 and the N-terminal fragments of Htt (Htt-N), such as the N-terminal 90-residue fragment (Htt-N90). Our results showed that HSP90 binds to the N-terminal extreme of Htt-N in a sequence just ahead of the polyQ tract. Structural integration of the middle and C-terminal domains of HSP90 is essential for interacting with Htt-N90, and the dimerization mediated by the C-terminal domain facilitates this interaction. Moreover, ubiquitin-specific protease 19 (USP19), a deubiquitinating enzyme interacting with HSP90, up-regulates the protein level of Htt-N90 and consequently promotes its aggregation, whereas disruption of the interaction between Htt-N90 and HSP90 attenuates the effect of USP19 on Htt-N90. Thus, HSP90 interacts with Htt-N90 on the N-terminal amphipathic α-helix, and then recruits USP19 to modulate the protein level and aggregation of Htt-N90. This study provides mechanistic insights into the recognition between HSP90 and the N-terminus of Htt, and the triage decision for the Htt protein by the HSP90 chaperone system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Tian He
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yueyang Road, Shanghai, 200031, P. R. China
| | - Wei Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yueyang Road, Shanghai, 200031, P. R. China
| | - Yong-Guang Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yueyang Road, Shanghai, 200031, P. R. China
| | - Jun-Ye Hong
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yueyang Road, Shanghai, 200031, P. R. China
| | - Hong-Wei Yue
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yueyang Road, Shanghai, 200031, P. R. China
| | - Lei-Lei Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yueyang Road, Shanghai, 200031, P. R. China
| | - Hong-Yu Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yueyang Road, Shanghai, 200031, P. R. China.
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77
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Protein Misfolding and Aggregation as a Therapeutic Target for Polyglutamine Diseases. Brain Sci 2017; 7:brainsci7100128. [PMID: 29019918 PMCID: PMC5664055 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci7100128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Revised: 09/30/2017] [Accepted: 10/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The polyglutamine (polyQ) diseases, such as Huntington’s disease and several types of spinocerebellar ataxias, are a group of inherited neurodegenerative diseases that are caused by an abnormal expansion of the polyQ tract in disease-causative proteins. Proteins with an abnormally expanded polyQ stretch undergo a conformational transition to β-sheet rich structure, which assemble into insoluble aggregates with β-sheet rich amyloid fibrillar structures and accumulate as inclusion bodies in neurons, eventually leading to neurodegeneration. Since misfolding and aggregation of the expanded polyQ proteins are the most upstream event in the most common pathogenic cascade of the polyQ diseases, they are proposed to be one of the most ideal targets for development of disease-modifying therapies for polyQ diseases. In this review, we summarize the current understanding of the molecular pathogenic mechanisms of the polyQ diseases, and introduce therapeutic approaches targeting misfolding and aggregation of the expanded polyQ proteins, which are not only effective on a wide spectrum of polyQ diseases, but also broadly correct the functional abnormalities of multiple downstream cellular processes affected in the aggregation process of polyQ proteins. We hope that in the near future, effective therapies are developed, to bring hope to many patients suffering from currently intractable polyQ diseases.
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78
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Shekhar S, Vatsa N, Kumar V, Singh BK, Jamal I, Sharma A, Jana NR. Topoisomerase 1 inhibitor topotecan delays the disease progression in a mouse model of Huntington's disease. Hum Mol Genet 2017; 26:420-429. [PMID: 28007908 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddw398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2016] [Accepted: 11/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Huntington's disease (HD) is a dominantly inherited progressive neurodegenerative disorder caused by the accumulation of polyglutamine expanded mutant huntingtin as inclusion bodies primarily in the brain. After the discovery of the HD gene, considerable progress has been made in understanding the disease pathogenesis and multiple drug targets have been identified, even though currently there is no effective therapy. Here, we demonstrate that the treatment of topotecan, a brain-penetrating topoisomerase 1 inhibitor, to HD transgenic mouse considerably improved its motor behavioural abnormalities along with a significant extension of lifespan. Improvement of behavioural deficits are accompanied with the significant rescue of their progressively decreased body weight, brain weight and striatal volume. Interestingly, topotecan treatment also significantly reduced insoluble mutant huntingtin load in the HD mouse brain. Finally, we show that topotecan treatment to HD mouse not only inhibits the expression of transgenic mutant huntingtin, but also at the same time induces the expression of Ube3a, an ubiquitin ligase linked to the clearance of mutant huntingtin. These findings suggest that topotecan could be a potential therapeutic molecule to delay the progression of HD.
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79
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Polyglutamine expansion diseases: More than simple repeats. J Struct Biol 2017; 201:139-154. [PMID: 28928079 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2017.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2017] [Revised: 08/24/2017] [Accepted: 09/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Polyglutamine (polyQ) repeat-containing proteins are widespread in the human proteome but only nine of them are associated with highly incapacitating neurodegenerative disorders. The genetic expansion of the polyQ tract in disease-related proteins triggers a series of events resulting in neurodegeneration. The polyQ tract plays the leading role in the aggregation mechanism, but other elements modulate the aggregation propensity in the context of the full-length proteins, as implied by variations in the length of the polyQ tract required to trigger the onset of a given polyQ disease. Intrinsic features such as the presence of aggregation-prone regions (APRs) outside the polyQ segments and polyQ-flanking sequences, which synergistically participate in the aggregation process, are emerging for several disease-related proteins. The inherent polymorphic structure of polyQ stretches places the polyQ proteins in a central position in protein-protein interaction networks, where interacting partners may additionally shield APRs or reshape the aggregation course. Expansion of the polyQ tract perturbs the cellular homeostasis and contributes to neuronal failure by modulating protein-protein interactions and enhancing toxic oligomerization. Post-translational modifications further regulate self-assembly either by directly altering the intrinsic aggregation propensity of polyQ proteins, by modulating their interaction with different macromolecules or by modifying their withdrawal by the cell quality control machinery. Here we review the recent data on the multifaceted aggregation pathways of disease-related polyQ proteins, focusing on ataxin-3, the protein mutated in Machado-Joseph disease. Further mechanistic understanding of this network of events is crucial for the development of effective therapies for polyQ diseases.
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80
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Fernández-Fernández MR, Gragera M, Ochoa-Ibarrola L, Quintana-Gallardo L, Valpuesta JM. Hsp70 - a master regulator in protein degradation. FEBS Lett 2017; 591:2648-2660. [PMID: 28696498 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.12751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2017] [Revised: 07/04/2017] [Accepted: 07/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Proteostasis, the controlled balance of protein synthesis, folding, assembly, trafficking and degradation, is a paramount necessity for cell homeostasis. Impaired proteostasis is a hallmark of ageing and of many human diseases. Molecular chaperones are essential for proteostasis in eukaryotic cells, and their function has traditionally been linked to protein folding, assembly and disaggregation. More recent findings suggest that chaperones also contribute to key steps in protein degradation. In particular, Hsp70 has an essential role in substrate degradation through the ubiquitin-proteasome system, as well as through different autophagy pathways. Accumulated knowledge suggests that the fate of an Hsp70 substrate is dictated by the combination of partners (cochaperones and other chaperones) that interact with Hsp70 in a given cell context.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marcos Gragera
- Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
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81
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Kevei É, Pokrzywa W, Hoppe T. Repair or destruction-an intimate liaison between ubiquitin ligases and molecular chaperones in proteostasis. FEBS Lett 2017; 591:2616-2635. [PMID: 28699655 PMCID: PMC5601288 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.12750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2017] [Revised: 07/04/2017] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Cellular differentiation, developmental processes, and environmental factors challenge the integrity of the proteome in every eukaryotic cell. The maintenance of protein homeostasis, or proteostasis, involves folding and degradation of damaged proteins, and is essential for cellular function, organismal growth, and viability 1, 2. Misfolded proteins that cannot be refolded by chaperone machineries are degraded by specialized proteolytic systems. A major degradation pathway regulating cellular proteostasis is the ubiquitin (Ub)/proteasome system (UPS), which regulates turnover of damaged proteins that accumulate upon stress and during aging. Despite a large number of structurally unrelated substrates, Ub conjugation is remarkably selective. Substrate selectivity is mainly provided by the group of E3 enzymes. Several observations indicate that numerous E3 Ub ligases intimately collaborate with molecular chaperones to maintain the cellular proteome. In this review, we provide an overview of specialized quality control E3 ligases playing a critical role in the degradation of damaged proteins. The process of substrate recognition and turnover, the type of chaperones they team up with, and the potential pathogeneses associated with their malfunction will be further discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Éva Kevei
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Whiteknights, UK
| | - Wojciech Pokrzywa
- International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology in Warsaw, Poland
| | - Thorsten Hoppe
- Institute for Genetics and Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Germany
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82
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Proteostasis of Huntingtin in Health and Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18071568. [PMID: 28753941 PMCID: PMC5536056 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18071568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2017] [Revised: 07/15/2017] [Accepted: 07/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Huntington's disease (HD) is a fatal neurodegenerative disorder characterized by motor dysfunction, cognitive deficits and psychosis. HD is caused by mutations in the Huntingtin (HTT) gene, resulting in the expansion of polyglutamine (polyQ) repeats in the HTT protein. Mutant HTT is prone to aggregation, and the accumulation of polyQ-expanded fibrils as well as intermediate oligomers formed during the aggregation process contribute to neurodegeneration. Distinct protein homeostasis (proteostasis) nodes such as chaperone-mediated folding and proteolytic systems regulate the aggregation and degradation of HTT. Moreover, polyQ-expanded HTT fibrils and oligomers can lead to a global collapse in neuronal proteostasis, a process that contributes to neurodegeneration. The ability to maintain proteostasis of HTT declines during the aging process. Conversely, mechanisms that preserve proteostasis delay the onset of HD. Here we will review the link between proteostasis, aging and HD-related changes.
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83
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Branco-Santos J, Herrera F, Poças GM, Pires-Afonso Y, Giorgini F, Domingos PM, Outeiro TF. Protein phosphatase 1 regulates huntingtin exon 1 aggregation and toxicity. Hum Mol Genet 2017; 26:3763-3775. [DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddx260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2017] [Accepted: 06/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
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84
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Lackie RE, Maciejewski A, Ostapchenko VG, Marques-Lopes J, Choy WY, Duennwald ML, Prado VF, Prado MAM. The Hsp70/Hsp90 Chaperone Machinery in Neurodegenerative Diseases. Front Neurosci 2017; 11:254. [PMID: 28559789 PMCID: PMC5433227 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2017.00254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 232] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2017] [Accepted: 04/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The accumulation of misfolded proteins in the human brain is one of the critical features of many neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease (AD). Assembles of beta-amyloid (Aβ) peptide—either soluble (oligomers) or insoluble (plaques) and of tau protein, which form neurofibrillary tangles, are the major hallmarks of AD. Chaperones and co-chaperones regulate protein folding and client maturation, but they also target misfolded or aggregated proteins for refolding or for degradation, mostly by the proteasome. They form an important line of defense against misfolded proteins and are part of the cellular quality control system. The heat shock protein (Hsp) family, particularly Hsp70 and Hsp90, plays a major part in this process and it is well-known to regulate protein misfolding in a variety of diseases, including tau levels and toxicity in AD. However, the role of Hsp90 in regulating protein misfolding is not yet fully understood. For example, knockdown of Hsp90 and its co-chaperones in a Caenorhabditis elegans model of Aβ misfolding leads to increased toxicity. On the other hand, the use of Hsp90 inhibitors in AD mouse models reduces Aβ toxicity, and normalizes synaptic function. Stress-inducible phosphoprotein 1 (STI1), an intracellular co-chaperone, mediates the transfer of clients from Hsp70 to Hsp90. Importantly, STI1 has been shown to regulate aggregation of amyloid-like proteins in yeast. In addition to its intracellular function, STI1 can be secreted by diverse cell types, including astrocytes and microglia and function as a neurotrophic ligand by triggering signaling via the cellular prion protein (PrPC). Extracellular STI1 can prevent Aβ toxic signaling by (i) interfering with Aβ binding to PrPC and (ii) triggering pro-survival signaling cascades. Interestingly, decreased levels of STI1 in C. elegans can also increase toxicity in an amyloid model. In this review, we will discuss the role of intracellular and extracellular STI1 and the Hsp70/Hsp90 chaperone network in mechanisms underlying protein misfolding in neurodegenerative diseases, with particular focus on AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel E Lackie
- Molecular Medicine, Robarts Research Institute, University of Western OntarioLondon, ON, Canada.,Program in Neuroscience, University of Western OntarioLondon, ON, Canada
| | - Andrzej Maciejewski
- Molecular Medicine, Robarts Research Institute, University of Western OntarioLondon, ON, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, University of Western OntarioLondon, ON, Canada
| | - Valeriy G Ostapchenko
- Molecular Medicine, Robarts Research Institute, University of Western OntarioLondon, ON, Canada
| | - Jose Marques-Lopes
- Molecular Medicine, Robarts Research Institute, University of Western OntarioLondon, ON, Canada
| | - Wing-Yiu Choy
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Western OntarioLondon, ON, Canada
| | - Martin L Duennwald
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Western OntarioLondon, ON, Canada
| | - Vania F Prado
- Molecular Medicine, Robarts Research Institute, University of Western OntarioLondon, ON, Canada.,Program in Neuroscience, University of Western OntarioLondon, ON, Canada.,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Western OntarioLondon, ON, Canada.,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western OntarioLondon, ON, Canada
| | - Marco A M Prado
- Molecular Medicine, Robarts Research Institute, University of Western OntarioLondon, ON, Canada.,Program in Neuroscience, University of Western OntarioLondon, ON, Canada.,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Western OntarioLondon, ON, Canada.,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western OntarioLondon, ON, Canada
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85
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Carnemolla A, Michelazzi S, Agostoni E. PIN1 Modulates Huntingtin Levels and Aggregate Accumulation: An In vitro Model. Front Cell Neurosci 2017; 11:121. [PMID: 28533744 PMCID: PMC5420564 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2017.00121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2017] [Accepted: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Huntington's disease (HD) is a dominantly inherited neurodegenerative disorder characterized by a polyglutamine expansion within the N-terminal region of huntingtin protein (HTT). Cellular mechanisms promoting mutant huntingtin (mHTT) clearance are of great interest in HD pathology as they can lower the level of the mutant protein and its toxic aggregated species, thus affecting disease onset and progression. We have previously shown that the prolyl-isomerase PIN1 represents a promising negative regulator of mHTT aggregate accumulation using a genetically precise HD mouse model, namely HdhQ111 mice. Therefore, the current study aims at underpinning the mechanism by which PIN1 affects huntingtin's aggregates. We found that PIN1 overexpression led to a reduction of mHTT aggregates in HEK293 cells, and that this could be linked to a negative regulation of mHTT half-life by PIN1. Furthermore, we show that PIN1 has the ability to stimulate the proteasome presenting evidence of a mechanism regulating this phenomenon. Our findings provide a rationale for future investigation into PIN1 with the potential for the development of novel therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alisia Carnemolla
- International School for Advanced Studies, Area of NeuroscienceTrieste, Italy
| | - Silvia Michelazzi
- International School for Advanced Studies, Area of NeuroscienceTrieste, Italy
| | - Elena Agostoni
- International School for Advanced Studies, Area of NeuroscienceTrieste, Italy
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86
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Sambataro F, Pennuto M. Post-translational Modifications and Protein Quality Control in Motor Neuron and Polyglutamine Diseases. Front Mol Neurosci 2017; 10:82. [PMID: 28408866 PMCID: PMC5374214 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2017.00082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2017] [Accepted: 03/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases, including motor neuron and polyglutamine (polyQ) diseases, are a broad class of neurological disorders. These diseases are characterized by neuronal dysfunction and death, and by the accumulation of toxic aggregation-prone proteins in the forms of inclusions and micro-aggregates. Protein quality control is a cellular mechanism to reduce the burden of accumulation of misfolded proteins, a function that results from the coordinated actions of chaperones and degradation systems, such as the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) and autophagy-lysosomal degradation system. The rate of turnover, aggregation and degradation of the disease-causing proteins is modulated by post-translational modifications (PTMs), such as phosphorylation, arginine methylation, palmitoylation, acetylation, SUMOylation, ubiquitination, and proteolytic cleavage. Here, we describe how PTMs of proteins linked to motor neuron and polyQ diseases can either enhance or suppress protein quality control check and protein aggregation and degradation. The identification of molecular strategies targeting these modifications may offer novel avenues for the treatment of these yet incurable diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Sambataro
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medical Sciences, University of UdineUdine, Italy
| | - Maria Pennuto
- Centre for Integrative Biology, Dulbecco Telethon Institute, University of TrentoTrento, Italy
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87
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Kuiper EFE, de Mattos EP, Jardim LB, Kampinga HH, Bergink S. Chaperones in Polyglutamine Aggregation: Beyond the Q-Stretch. Front Neurosci 2017; 11:145. [PMID: 28386214 PMCID: PMC5362620 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2017.00145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2017] [Accepted: 03/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Expanded polyglutamine (polyQ) stretches in at least nine unrelated proteins lead to inherited neuronal dysfunction and degeneration. The expansion size in all diseases correlates with age at onset (AO) of disease and with polyQ protein aggregation, indicating that the expanded polyQ stretch is the main driving force for the disease onset. Interestingly, there is marked interpatient variability in expansion thresholds for a given disease. Between different polyQ diseases the repeat length vs. AO also indicates the existence of modulatory effects on aggregation of the upstream and downstream amino acid sequences flanking the Q expansion. This can be either due to intrinsic modulation of aggregation by the flanking regions, or due to differential interaction with other proteins, such as the components of the cellular protein quality control network. Indeed, several lines of evidence suggest that molecular chaperones have impact on the handling of different polyQ proteins. Here, we review factors differentially influencing polyQ aggregation: the Q-stretch itself, modulatory flanking sequences, interaction partners, cleavage of polyQ-containing proteins, and post-translational modifications, with a special focus on the role of molecular chaperones. By discussing typical examples of how these factors influence aggregation, we provide more insight on the variability of AO between different diseases as well as within the same polyQ disorder, on the molecular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- E F E Kuiper
- Department of Cell Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Eduardo P de Mattos
- Department of Cell Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of GroningenGroningen, Netherlands; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética e Biologia Molecular, Department of Genetics, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do SulPorto Alegre, Brazil; Medical Genetics Service, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto AlegrePorto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Laura B Jardim
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética e Biologia Molecular, Department of Genetics, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do SulPorto Alegre, Brazil; Medical Genetics Service, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto AlegrePorto Alegre, Brazil; Departamento de Medicina Interna, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do SulPorto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Harm H Kampinga
- Department of Cell Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Steven Bergink
- Department of Cell Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen Groningen, Netherlands
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88
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Nath SR, Lieberman AP. The Ubiquitination, Disaggregation and Proteasomal Degradation Machineries in Polyglutamine Disease. Front Mol Neurosci 2017; 10:78. [PMID: 28381987 PMCID: PMC5360718 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2017.00078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2017] [Accepted: 03/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyglutamine disorders are chronic, progressive neurodegenerative diseases caused by expansion of a glutamine tract in widely expressed genes. Despite excellent models of disease, a well-documented clinical history and progression, and established genetic causes, there are no FDA approved, disease modifying treatments for these disorders. Downstream of the mutant protein, several divergent pathways of toxicity have been identified over the last several decades, supporting the idea that targeting only one of these pathways of toxicity is unlikely to robustly alleviate disease progression. As a result, a vast body of research has focused on eliminating the mutant protein to broadly prevent downstream toxicity, either by silencing mutant protein expression or leveraging the endogenous protein quality control machinery. In the latter approach, a focus has been placed on four critical components of mutant protein degradation that are active in the nucleus, a key site of toxicity: disaggregation, ubiquitination, deubiquitination, and proteasomal activity. These machineries have unique functional components, but work together as a cellular defense system that can be successfully leveraged to alleviate disease phenotypes in several models of polyglutamine toxicity. This review will highlight recent advances in understanding both the potential and role of these components of the protein quality control machinery in polyglutamine disease pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samir R Nath
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Michigan Medical SchoolAnn Arbor, MI, USA; Cellular and Molecular Biology Graduate Program, University of Michigan Medical SchoolAnn Arbor, MI, USA; Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical SchoolAnn Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Andrew P Lieberman
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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89
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Sin O, de Jong T, Mata-Cabana A, Kudron M, Zaini MA, Aprile FA, Seinstra RI, Stroo E, Prins RW, Martineau CN, Wang HH, Hogewerf W, Steinhof A, Wanker EE, Vendruscolo M, Calkhoven CF, Reinke V, Guryev V, Nollen EAA. Identification of an RNA Polymerase III Regulator Linked to Disease-Associated Protein Aggregation. Mol Cell 2017; 65:1096-1108.e6. [PMID: 28306505 PMCID: PMC5364375 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2017.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Revised: 01/05/2017] [Accepted: 02/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Protein aggregation is associated with age-related neurodegenerative disorders, such as Alzheimer's and polyglutamine diseases. As a causal relationship between protein aggregation and neurodegeneration remains elusive, understanding the cellular mechanisms regulating protein aggregation will help develop future treatments. To identify such mechanisms, we conducted a forward genetic screen in a C. elegans model of polyglutamine aggregation and identified the protein MOAG-2/LIR-3 as a driver of protein aggregation. In the absence of polyglutamine, MOAG-2/LIR-3 regulates the RNA polymerase III-associated transcription of small non-coding RNAs. This regulation is lost in the presence of polyglutamine, which mislocalizes MOAG-2/LIR-3 from the nucleus to the cytosol. We then show biochemically that MOAG-2/LIR-3 can also catalyze the aggregation of polyglutamine-expanded huntingtin. These results suggest that polyglutamine can induce an aggregation-promoting activity of MOAG-2/LIR-3 in the cytosol. The concept that certain aggregation-prone proteins can convert other endogenous proteins into drivers of aggregation and toxicity adds to the understanding of how cellular homeostasis can be deteriorated in protein misfolding diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Sin
- European Research Institute for the Biology of Ageing, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, 9700 AD Groningen, the Netherlands; Graduate Program in Areas of Basic and Applied Biology, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Tristan de Jong
- European Research Institute for the Biology of Ageing, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, 9700 AD Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Alejandro Mata-Cabana
- European Research Institute for the Biology of Ageing, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, 9700 AD Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Michelle Kudron
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Mohamad Amr Zaini
- European Research Institute for the Biology of Ageing, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, 9700 AD Groningen, the Netherlands
| | | | - Renée I Seinstra
- European Research Institute for the Biology of Ageing, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, 9700 AD Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Esther Stroo
- European Research Institute for the Biology of Ageing, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, 9700 AD Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Roméo Willinge Prins
- European Research Institute for the Biology of Ageing, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, 9700 AD Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Céline N Martineau
- European Research Institute for the Biology of Ageing, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, 9700 AD Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Hai Hui Wang
- European Research Institute for the Biology of Ageing, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, 9700 AD Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Wytse Hogewerf
- European Research Institute for the Biology of Ageing, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, 9700 AD Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Anne Steinhof
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Erich E Wanker
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Cornelis F Calkhoven
- European Research Institute for the Biology of Ageing, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, 9700 AD Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Valerie Reinke
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Victor Guryev
- European Research Institute for the Biology of Ageing, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, 9700 AD Groningen, the Netherlands.
| | - Ellen A A Nollen
- European Research Institute for the Biology of Ageing, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, 9700 AD Groningen, the Netherlands.
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90
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Mao J, Xia Q, Liu C, Ying Z, Wang H, Wang G. A critical role of Hrd1 in the regulation of optineurin degradation and aggresome formation. Hum Mol Genet 2017; 26:1877-1889. [DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddx096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Accepted: 03/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jiahui Mao
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuropathology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-Psycho-Diseases and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215021, China
- Department of Pathophysiology, Nantong University School of Medicine, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, China
| | - Qin Xia
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuropathology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-Psycho-Diseases and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215021, China
| | - Chunfeng Liu
- Department of Neurology and Suzhou Clinical Research Center of Neurological Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215004, China
| | - Zheng Ying
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuropathology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-Psycho-Diseases and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215021, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215021, China
| | - Hongfeng Wang
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuropathology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-Psycho-Diseases and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215021, China
| | - Guanghui Wang
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuropathology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-Psycho-Diseases and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215021, China
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91
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Adegbuyiro A, Sedighi F, Pilkington AW, Groover S, Legleiter J. Proteins Containing Expanded Polyglutamine Tracts and Neurodegenerative Disease. Biochemistry 2017; 56:1199-1217. [PMID: 28170216 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.6b00936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Several hereditary neurological and neuromuscular diseases are caused by an abnormal expansion of trinucleotide repeats. To date, there have been 10 of these trinucleotide repeat disorders associated with an expansion of the codon CAG encoding glutamine (Q). For these polyglutamine (polyQ) diseases, there is a critical threshold length of the CAG repeat required for disease, and further expansion beyond this threshold is correlated with age of onset and symptom severity. PolyQ expansion in the translated proteins promotes their self-assembly into a variety of oligomeric and fibrillar aggregate species that accumulate into the hallmark proteinaceous inclusion bodies associated with each disease. Here, we review aggregation mechanisms of proteins with expanded polyQ-tracts, structural consequences of expanded polyQ ranging from monomers to fibrillar aggregates, the impact of protein context and post-translational modifications on aggregation, and a potential role for lipid membranes in aggregation. As the pathogenic mechanisms that underlie these disorders are often classified as either a gain of toxic function or loss of normal protein function, some toxic mechanisms associated with mutant polyQ tracts will also be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adewale Adegbuyiro
- The C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, 217 Clark Hall, West Virginia University , Morgantown, West Virginia 26506, United States
| | - Faezeh Sedighi
- The C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, 217 Clark Hall, West Virginia University , Morgantown, West Virginia 26506, United States
| | - Albert W Pilkington
- The C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, 217 Clark Hall, West Virginia University , Morgantown, West Virginia 26506, United States
| | - Sharon Groover
- The C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, 217 Clark Hall, West Virginia University , Morgantown, West Virginia 26506, United States
| | - Justin Legleiter
- The C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, 217 Clark Hall, West Virginia University , Morgantown, West Virginia 26506, United States.,Blanchette Rockefeller Neurosciences Institute, Robert C. Byrd Health Sciences Center, P.O. Box 9304, West Virginia University , Morgantown, West Virginia 26506, United States.,NanoSAFE, P.O. Box 6223, West Virginia University , Morgantown, West Virginia 26506, United States
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92
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Inda C, Bolaender A, Wang T, Gandu SR, Koren J. Stressing Out Hsp90 in Neurotoxic Proteinopathies. Curr Top Med Chem 2017; 16:2829-38. [PMID: 27072699 DOI: 10.2174/1568026616666160413141350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2015] [Revised: 01/05/2016] [Accepted: 01/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
A toxic accumulation of proteins is the hallmark pathology of several neurodegenerative disorders. Protein accumulation is regularly prevented by the network of molecular chaperone proteins, including and especially Hsp90. For reasons not yet elucidated, Hsp90 and the molecular chaperones interact with, but do not degrade, these toxic proteins resulting in the pathogenic accumulation of proteins such as tau, in Alzheimer's Disease, and α-synuclein, in Parkinson's Disease. In this review, we describe the associations between Hsp90 and the pathogenic and driver proteins of several neurodegenerative disorders. We additionally describe how the inhibition of Hsp90 promotes the degradation of both mutant and pathogenic protein species in models of neurodegenerative diseases. We also examine the current state of Hsp90 inhibitors capable of crossing the blood-brain barrier; compounds which may be capable of slowing, preventing, and possible reversing neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - John Koren
- Program in Chemical Biology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, USA.
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93
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Lanosterol Suppresses the Aggregation and Cytotoxicity of Misfolded Proteins Linked with Neurodegenerative Diseases. Mol Neurobiol 2017; 55:1169-1182. [PMID: 28102469 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-016-0377-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2016] [Accepted: 12/28/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Accumulation of misfolded or aberrant proteins in neuronal cells is linked with neurodegeneration and other pathologies. Which molecular mechanisms fail and cause inappropriate folding of proteins and what is their relationship to cellular toxicity is not well known. How does it happen and what are the probable therapeutic or molecular approaches to counter them are also not clear. Here, we demonstrate that treatment of lanosterol diminishes aberrant proteotoxic aggregation and mitigates their cytotoxicity via induced expression of co-chaperone CHIP and elevated autophagy. The addition of lanosterol not only reduces aggregation of mutant bonafide misfolded proteins but also effectively prevents accumulation of various mutant disease-prone proteotoxic proteins. Finally, we observed that lanosterol mitigates cytotoxicity in cells, mediated by different stress-inducing agents. Taken together, our present results suggest that upregulation of cellular molecular chaperones, primarily using small molecules, can probably offer an efficient therapeutic approach in the future against misfolding of different disease-causing proteins and neurodegenerative disorders. Graphical Abstract ᅟ.
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94
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Kristensen LV, Oppermann FS, Rauen MJ, Hartmann-Petersen R, Thirstrup K. Polyglutamine expansion of ataxin-3 alters its degree of ubiquitination and phosphorylation at specific sites. Neurochem Int 2017; 105:42-50. [PMID: 28065793 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2016.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2016] [Revised: 11/18/2016] [Accepted: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Ubiquitination and phosphorylation of proteins represent post translational modifications (PTMs) capable of regulating a variety of cellular processes. In the neurodegenerative disorder spinocerebellar ataxia type 3 (SCA3), the disease causing protein ataxin-3 carries an expanded polyglutamine (polyQ) stretch causing it to aggregate in nuclear inclusions. These inclusions are decorated with ubiquitin suggestive of a malfunction in the clearance of the mutant protein. Differences in ubiquitin chain topology between normal and polyQ expanded ataxin-3 could be involved in the differential clearance of the two proteins and play a role in SCA3 pathogenesis. Likewise, changes in phosphorylation patterns between the two variants could contribute to pathogenic processes involved in SCA3. We therefore determined the ubiquitination and phosphorylation patterns, together with the ubiquitin-linkage types associated with normal and polyQ expanded ataxin-3 by mass spectrometry (MS). This analysis revealed a similar ubiquitin linkage pattern on normal and expanded ataxin-3. However, the distribution of ubiquitinated lysine residues was altered in polyQ expanded ataxin-3, with increased ubiquitination at the new identified ubiquitination site lysine-8. MS analysis of phosphorylation also revealed novel phosphorylation sites in ataxin-3, and an increase in phosphorylation of expanded ataxin-3 at several positions. The study suggests that differences in clearance of normal and expanded ataxin-3 are not attributed to differences in ubiquitin-linkage pattern. However, the observed differences between the normal and polyQ expanded ataxin-3 with respect to the degree of ubiquitination and phosphorylation on specific sites may have an impact on ataxin-3 function and SCA3 pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Line V Kristensen
- Department of Neurodegeneration, H. Lundbeck A/S, Ottiliavej 9, 2500 Valby, Denmark; Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Ole Maaløes Vej 5, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark.
| | - Felix S Oppermann
- Evotec München GmbH, Am Klopferspitz 19a, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Matthias J Rauen
- Department of Neurodegeneration, H. Lundbeck A/S, Ottiliavej 9, 2500 Valby, Denmark; Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | | | - Kenneth Thirstrup
- Department of Neurodegeneration, H. Lundbeck A/S, Ottiliavej 9, 2500 Valby, Denmark
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95
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Liu H, Li X, Ning G, Zhu S, Ma X, Liu X, Liu C, Huang M, Schmitt I, Wüllner U, Niu Y, Guo C, Wang Q, Tang TS. The Machado-Joseph Disease Deubiquitinase Ataxin-3 Regulates the Stability and Apoptotic Function of p53. PLoS Biol 2016; 14:e2000733. [PMID: 27851749 PMCID: PMC5112960 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.2000733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Accepted: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
As a deubiquitinating enzyme (DUB), the physiological substrates of ataxin-3 (ATX-3) remain elusive, which limits our understanding of its normal cellular function and that of pathogenic mechanism of spinocerebellar ataxia type 3 (SCA3). Here, we identify p53 to be a novel substrate of ATX-3. ATX-3 binds to native and polyubiquitinated p53 and deubiquitinates and stabilizes p53 by repressing its degradation through the ubiquitin (Ub)-proteasome pathway. ATX-3 deletion destabilizes p53, resulting in deficiency of p53 activity and functions, whereas ectopic expression of ATX-3 induces selective transcription/expression of p53 target genes and promotes p53-dependent apoptosis in both mammalian cells and the central nervous system of zebrafish. Furthermore, the polyglutamine (polyQ)-expanded ATX-3 retains enhanced interaction and deubiquitination catalytic activity to p53 and causes more severe p53-dependent neurodegeneration in zebrafish brains and in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) or striatum of a transgenic SCA3 mouse model. Our findings identify a novel molecular link between ATX-3 and p53-mediated cell death and provide an explanation for the direct involvement of p53 in SCA3 disease pathogenesis. Ataxin-3 (ATX-3) is a ubiquitously expressed protein that mutated in a neurodegenerative disease called spinocerebellar ataxia type 3 (SCA3). It contains a polyglutamine (polyQ) tract near its C-terminus, the expansion of which is known to be the causative factor for SCA3. It has been known for a long time that ATX-3 is a deubiquitinating enzyme (DUB). However, the substrates targeted by ATX-3 in the physiological context remain elusive, thus largely limiting our understanding of its cellular function and that of the pathogenic mechanism of SCA3. This study has identified p53 to be a novel substrate of ATX-3, and its function is tightly regulated by ATX-3. PolyQ expansion augments ATX-3’s cellular function in p53 regulation. Due to enhanced interaction to p53 and up-regulation of p53, polyQ-expanded ATX-3 led to an increased p53-dependent neuronal cell death in zebrafish and mouse models, thus providing clear in vivo evidences for the direct involvement of p53 in SCA3 pathology. This study not only establishes a basic function of ATX-3 but also provides an explanation of how the interplays between ATX-3 and p53 contribute to the SCA3 pathogenesis; thus, it is an important contribution for the future development of therapeutic approaches for this currently untreatable neurodegenerative disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongmei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoling Li
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Guozhu Ning
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shu Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaolu Ma
- CAS Key Laboratory of Genomics and Precision Medicine, Beijing Institute of Genomics, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiuli Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Chunying Liu
- Department of Pathology and Center for Experimental Animal Research, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College (PUMC), Beijing, China
| | - Min Huang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Genomics and Precision Medicine, Beijing Institute of Genomics, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ina Schmitt
- University of Bonn, Department of Neurology and German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Bonn, Germany
| | - Ullrich Wüllner
- University of Bonn, Department of Neurology and German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Bonn, Germany
| | - Yamei Niu
- Department of Pathology and Center for Experimental Animal Research, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College (PUMC), Beijing, China
| | - Caixia Guo
- CAS Key Laboratory of Genomics and Precision Medicine, Beijing Institute of Genomics, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (CG); (QW); (TST)
| | - Qiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (CG); (QW); (TST)
| | - Tie-Shan Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (CG); (QW); (TST)
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96
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The Ubiquitin Receptor ADRM1 Modulates HAP40-Induced Proteasome Activity. Mol Neurobiol 2016; 54:7382-7400. [PMID: 27815841 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-016-0247-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2016] [Accepted: 10/23/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Huntington's disease (HD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder caused by an N-terminal expansion of polyglutamine stretch (polyQ) of huntingtin (Htt) protein. HAP40 is a huntingtin-associated protein with unknown cellular functions. Increased HAP40 expression has been reported in the brain of HD patients and HD mouse model. However, the relationship between the elevation of HAP40 and HD etiology remains elusive. In this study, we demonstrated that overexpression of HAP40 enhanced accumulation of mutant Htt aggregates and caused defects in proteasome function. Specifically, excess HAP40 interfered with adhesion-regulating molecule 1 (ADRM1), a proteasome ubiquitin receptor, to regulate the proteasome-dependent pathway. Increasing ADRM1 in the presence of excess HAP40 alleviated mutant Htt aggregates and at the same time, restored the cell viability. Reducing ADRM1 in the absence of excess HAP40; on the other hand, increased mutant Htt aggregates and decreased the cell viability. Our data provide compelling evidence to support that ADRM1 plays an important role in mediating removal of mutant Htt aggregates when excess HAP40 is present. ADRM1-dependent ubiquitin proteasome system (UPS) may be a general mechanism to guard cells from mutant Htt toxicity.
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97
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PARP1 regulates the protein stability and proapoptotic function of HIPK2. Cell Death Dis 2016; 7:e2438. [PMID: 27787517 PMCID: PMC5134000 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2016.345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2016] [Revised: 09/23/2016] [Accepted: 09/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Homeodomain-interacting protein kinase 2 (HIPK2) is a nuclear serine/threonine kinase that functions in DNA damage response and development. In the present study, we propose that the protein stability and proapoptotic function of HIPK2 are regulated by poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 (PARP1). We present evidence indicating that PARP1 promotes the proteasomal degradation of HIPK2. The tryptophan-glycine-arginine (WGR) domain of PARP1 was necessary and sufficient for the promotion of HIPK2 degradation independently of the PARP1 enzymatic activity. The WGR domain mediated the interaction between HIPK2 and C-terminus of HSP70-interacting protein (CHIP) via HSP70. We found that CHIP can function as a ubiquitin ligase for HIPK2. The interaction between PAPR1 and HIPK2 was weakened following DNA damage. Importantly, PARP1 reduced the HIPK2-mediated p53 phosphorylation, proapoptotic transcriptional activity and cell death. These results suggest that PARP1 can modulate the tumor-suppressing function of HIPK2 by regulating the protein stability of HIPK2.
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98
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Joshi V, Amanullah A, Upadhyay A, Mishra R, Kumar A, Mishra A. A Decade of Boon or Burden: What Has the CHIP Ever Done for Cellular Protein Quality Control Mechanism Implicated in Neurodegeneration and Aging? Front Mol Neurosci 2016; 9:93. [PMID: 27757073 PMCID: PMC5047891 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2016.00093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2016] [Accepted: 09/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Cells regularly synthesize new proteins to replace old and abnormal proteins for normal cellular functions. Two significant protein quality control pathways inside the cellular milieu are ubiquitin proteasome system (UPS) and autophagy. Autophagy is known for bulk clearance of cytoplasmic aggregated proteins, whereas the specificity of protein degradation by UPS comes from E3 ubiquitin ligases. Few E3 ubiquitin ligases, like C-terminus of Hsc70-interacting protein (CHIP) not only take part in protein quality control pathways, but also plays a key regulatory role in other cellular processes like signaling, development, DNA damage repair, immunity and aging. CHIP targets misfolded proteins for their degradation through proteasome, as well as autophagy; simultaneously, with the help of chaperones, it also regulates folding attempts for misfolded proteins. The broad range of CHIP substrates and their associations with multiple pathologies make it a key molecule to work upon and focus for future therapeutic interventions. E3 ubiquitin ligase CHIP interacts and degrades many protein inclusions formed in neurodegenerative diseases. The presence of CHIP at various nodes of cellular protein-protein interaction network presents this molecule as a potential candidate for further research. In this review, we have explored a wide range of functionality of CHIP inside cells by a detailed presentation of its co-chaperone, E3 and E4 enzyme like functions, with central focus on its protein quality control roles in neurodegenerative diseases. We have also raised many unexplored but expected fundamental questions regarding CHIP functions, which generate hopes for its future applications in research, as well as drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vibhuti Joshi
- Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology Unit, Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur Rajasthan, India
| | - Ayeman Amanullah
- Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology Unit, Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur Rajasthan, India
| | - Arun Upadhyay
- Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology Unit, Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur Rajasthan, India
| | - Ribhav Mishra
- Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology Unit, Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur Rajasthan, India
| | - Amit Kumar
- Centre for Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Indore Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Amit Mishra
- Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology Unit, Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur Rajasthan, India
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99
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Modulation of Molecular Chaperones in Huntington’s Disease and Other Polyglutamine Disorders. Mol Neurobiol 2016; 54:5829-5854. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-016-0120-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2016] [Accepted: 09/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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100
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Ni CL, Seth D, Fonseca FV, Wang L, Xiao TS, Gruber P, Sy MS, Stamler JS, Tartakoff AM. Polyglutamine Tract Expansion Increases S-Nitrosylation of Huntingtin and Ataxin-1. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0163359. [PMID: 27658206 PMCID: PMC5033456 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0163359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2016] [Accepted: 09/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Expansion of the polyglutamine (polyQ) tract in the huntingtin (Htt) protein causes Huntington’s disease (HD), a fatal inherited movement disorder linked to neurodegeneration in the striatum and cortex. S-nitrosylation and S-acylation of cysteine residues regulate many functions of cytosolic proteins. We therefore used a resin-assisted capture approach to identify these modifications in Htt. In contrast to many proteins that have only a single S-nitrosylation or S-acylation site, we identified sites along much of the length of Htt. Moreover, analysis of cells expressing full-length Htt or a large N-terminal fragment of Htt shows that polyQ expansion strongly increases Htt S-nitrosylation. This effect appears to be general since it is also observed in Ataxin-1, which causes spinocerebellar ataxia type 1 (SCA1) when its polyQ tract is expanded. Overexpression of nitric oxide synthase increases the S-nitrosylation of normal Htt and the frequency of conspicuous juxtanuclear inclusions of Htt N-terminal fragments in transfected cells. Taken together with the evidence that S-nitrosylation of Htt is widespread and parallels polyQ expansion, these subcellular changes show that S-nitrosylation affects the biology of this protein in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Lun Ni
- Cell Biology Program, Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106, United States of America
| | - Divya Seth
- Institute for Transformative Molecular Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106, United States of America
| | - Fabio Vasconcelos Fonseca
- Institute for Transformative Molecular Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106, United States of America
| | - Liwen Wang
- Center for Proteomics and Bioinformatics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106, United States of America
| | - Tsan Sam Xiao
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106, United States of America
| | - Phillip Gruber
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106, United States of America
| | - Man-Sun Sy
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106, United States of America
| | - Jonathan S. Stamler
- Institute for Transformative Molecular Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106, United States of America
| | - Alan M. Tartakoff
- Cell Biology Program, Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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