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Murthy M, O’Shaughnessy KM. Modified HEK cells simulate DCT cells in their sensitivity and response to changes in extracellular K. Physiol Rep 2019; 7:e14280. [PMID: 31762176 PMCID: PMC6875656 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.14280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
A potassium (K+ ) rich diet is known to have an antihypertensive effect that has been embodied by the NHLBI in the DASH diet. However, the molecular basis for this blood pressure-lowering effect has been unclear, until a recent study proposed a model in which the DCT cells of the kidney regulate their salt transport in response to variations in intracellular chloride ([Cl- ]i ), which are directly regulated by serum K+ . With the knowledge that WNK proteins are Cl- sensors, and are a part of the WNK/SPAK/NCC signaling cascade which regulates the NCC, the main salt transporter in the distal nephron, we examined the effect of serum K+ on the ([Cl- ]i ) and, in turn its effect on the WNK4 signaling pathway in a "modified HEK 293T" cell line. Using a fluorescence-based approach in this cell line, we have shown that the membrane potential of the cell membrane is sensitive to the small changes in external KCl within the physiological range (2-5 mM), thus functioning as a K+ electrode. When the extracellular K+ was progressively increased (2-5 mM), the membrane depolarization lead to a subsequent increase in [Cl- ]i measured by fluorescence quenching of an intracellular chloride sensor. Increase in extracellular [K] resulted in a decrease in the phosphorylation of the WNK4 protein and its downstream targets, SPAK and NCC. This confirms that small changes in serum K can affect WNK4/SPAK/NCC signaling and transcellular Na+ flux through the DCT and provide a possible mechanism by which a K-rich DASH diet could reduce blood pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meena Murthy
- Division of Experimental Medicine and ImmunotherapeuticsDepartment of MedicineUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - Kevin M. O’Shaughnessy
- Division of Experimental Medicine and ImmunotherapeuticsDepartment of MedicineUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
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van der Wijst J, Belge H, Bindels RJM, Devuyst O. Learning Physiology From Inherited Kidney Disorders. Physiol Rev 2019; 99:1575-1653. [PMID: 31215303 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00008.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The identification of genes causing inherited kidney diseases yielded crucial insights in the molecular basis of disease and improved our understanding of physiological processes that operate in the kidney. Monogenic kidney disorders are caused by mutations in genes coding for a large variety of proteins including receptors, channels and transporters, enzymes, transcription factors, and structural components, operating in specialized cell types that perform highly regulated homeostatic functions. Common variants in some of these genes are also associated with complex traits, as evidenced by genome-wide association studies in the general population. In this review, we discuss how the molecular genetics of inherited disorders affecting different tubular segments of the nephron improved our understanding of various transport processes and of their involvement in homeostasis, while providing novel therapeutic targets. These include inherited disorders causing a dysfunction of the proximal tubule (renal Fanconi syndrome), with emphasis on epithelial differentiation and receptor-mediated endocytosis, or affecting the reabsorption of glucose, the handling of uric acid, and the reabsorption of sodium, calcium, and magnesium along the kidney tubule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny van der Wijst
- Department of Physiology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center , Nijmegen , The Netherlands ; Institute of Physiology, University of Zurich , Zurich , Switzerland ; and Division of Nephrology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Research (IREC), Medical School, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Hendrica Belge
- Department of Physiology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center , Nijmegen , The Netherlands ; Institute of Physiology, University of Zurich , Zurich , Switzerland ; and Division of Nephrology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Research (IREC), Medical School, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - René J M Bindels
- Department of Physiology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center , Nijmegen , The Netherlands ; Institute of Physiology, University of Zurich , Zurich , Switzerland ; and Division of Nephrology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Research (IREC), Medical School, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Olivier Devuyst
- Department of Physiology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center , Nijmegen , The Netherlands ; Institute of Physiology, University of Zurich , Zurich , Switzerland ; and Division of Nephrology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Research (IREC), Medical School, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
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Rodan AR. Intracellular chloride: a regulator of transepithelial transport in the distal nephron. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens 2019; 28:360-367. [PMID: 30865168 PMCID: PMC6684285 DOI: 10.1097/mnh.0000000000000502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This review focuses on the role of intracellular chloride in regulating transepithelial ion transport in the distal convoluted tubule (DCT) in response to perturbations in plasma potassium homeostasis. RECENT FINDINGS Low dietary potassium increases the phosphorylation and activity of the sodium chloride cotransporter (NCC) in the DCT, and vice versa, affecting sodium-dependent potassium secretion in the downstream aldosterone-sensitive distal nephron. In cells, NCC phosphorylation is increased by lowering of intracellular chloride, via activation of the chloride-sensitive with no lysine (WNK)-SPAK/OSR1 (Ste20-related proline/alanine-rich kinase/oxidative stress response) kinase cascade. In-vivo studies have demonstrated pathway activation in the kidney in response to low dietary potassium. A possible mechanism is lowering of DCT intracellular chloride in response to low potassium because of parallel basolateral potassium and chloride channels. Recent studies support a role for these channels in the response of NCC to varying potassium. Studies examining chloride-insensitive WNK mutants, in the Drosophila renal tubule and in the mouse, lend further support to a role for chloride in regulating WNK activity and transepithelial ion transport. Caveats, alternatives, and future directions are also discussed. SUMMARY Chloride sensing by WNK kinase provides a mechanism to allow coupling of extracellular potassium with NCC phosphorylation and activity to maintain potassium homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aylin R. Rodan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension and Molecular Medicine Program, University of Utah, and Medical Service, Veterans Affairs Salt Lake City Health Care System, Salt Lake City, UT
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Valdivieso ÁG, Santa‐Coloma TA. The chloride anion as a signalling effector. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2019; 94:1839-1856. [DOI: 10.1111/brv.12536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Revised: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ángel G. Valdivieso
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Institute for Biomedical Research (BIOMED), School of Medical SciencesPontifical Catholic University of Argentina Buenos Aires 1107 Argentina
- The National Scientific and Technical Research Council of Argentina (CONICET) Buenos Aires 1107 Argentina
| | - Tomás A. Santa‐Coloma
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Institute for Biomedical Research (BIOMED), School of Medical SciencesPontifical Catholic University of Argentina Buenos Aires 1107 Argentina
- The National Scientific and Technical Research Council of Argentina (CONICET) Buenos Aires 1107 Argentina
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Disruption of the with no lysine kinase-STE20-proline alanine-rich kinase pathway reduces the hypertension induced by angiotensin II. J Hypertens 2019; 36:361-367. [PMID: 28877076 PMCID: PMC5757652 DOI: 10.1097/hjh.0000000000001554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Supplemental Digital Content is available in the text Objective: The hypertensive effect of angiotensin II (AngII), a peptide hormone, is dependent on its intrarenal actions and the activation of the renal Na–Cl cotransporter (NCC), by AngII requires integrity of the with no lysine kinase/STE20-proline alanine-rich kinase (WNK/SPAK) signaling pathway. Here, we analyzed if the integrity of the WNK/SPAK pathway is required for AngII infusion to induce arterial hypertension. Methods: We tested the effect of AngII or aldosterone administration on the blood pressure and on pNCC/NCC ratio in SPAKT243A/243A knock-in mice in which the kinase and thus NCC cannot be activated by WNK kinases. AngII or aldosterone was infused at 1440 or 700 μg/kg per day, respectively, for 14 days using osmotic minipumps. The aldosterone-treated mice were exposed to NaCl drinking water (1%) during the hormone administration. The arterial blood pressure was assessed using radiotelemetry. Results: We observed that in the SPAK knock-in mice, the AngII-induced hypertensive effect was significantly reduced and associated with an absence of AngII-induced NCC phosphorylation. In contrast, the hypertensive effect of aldosterone was enhanced and was related with an increased response to amiloride, but not to thiazide-type diuretics, without a significant increase in NCC phosphorylation. Conclusion: Our data suggest that AngII-induced hypertension requires, at least partly, NCC activation via the WNK/SPAK signaling pathway, whereas aldosterone-induced hypertension depends on epithelial sodium channel activation in a WNK/SPAK-independent manner. SPAK knock-in mice emerge as a useful model to distinguish between the effects of AngII and aldosterone on distal nephrons.
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Structure-function relationships in the renal NaCl cotransporter (NCC). CURRENT TOPICS IN MEMBRANES 2019; 83:177-204. [PMID: 31196605 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctm.2019.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The thiazide-sensitive Na+-Cl- cotransporter (NCC) is the major pathway for salt reabsorption in the distal convoluted tubule, serves as a receptor for thiazide-type diuretics, and is involved in inherited diseases associated with abnormal blood pressure. The functional and structural characterization of NCC from different species has led us to gain insights into the structure-function relationships of the cotransporter. Here we present an overview of different studies that had described these properties. Additionally, we report the cloning and characterization of the NCC from the spiny dogfish (Squalus acanthias) kidney (sNCC). The purpose of the present study was to determine the main functional, pharmacological and regulatory properties of sNCC to make a direct comparison with other NCC orthologous. The sNCC cRNA encodes a 1033 amino acid membrane protein, when expressed in Xenopus oocytes, functions as a thiazide-sensitive Na-Cl cotransporter with NCC regulation and thiazide-inhibition properties similar to mammals, rather than to teleosts. However, the Km values for ion transport kinetics are significantly higher than those observed in the mammal species. In summary, we present a review on NCC structure-function relationships with the addition of the sNCC information in order to enrich the NCC cotransporter knowledge.
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Molecular mechanisms for the regulation of blood pressure by potassium. CURRENT TOPICS IN MEMBRANES 2019; 83:285-313. [PMID: 31196607 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctm.2019.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
It has been well documented that the amount of potassium in the diet is associated with blood pressure levels in the population: the higher the potassium consumption, the lower the blood pressure and the cardiovascular mortality. In the last few years certain mechanisms for potassium regulation of salt reabsorption in the kidney have been elucidated at the molecular level. In this work we discuss the evidence demonstrating the relationship between potassium intake and blood pressure levels in human populations and in animal models, as well as the experimental data that reveal the effects of potassium on transepithelial Na+ reabsorption in different nephron segments. We also discuss the physiological relevance of K+-induced natriuresis, and finally, we focus on the molecular mechanisms by which extracellular potassium modulates the activity of the renal NaCl cotransporter, which is the mechanism that has been best dissected so far.
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The interplay of renal potassium and sodium handling in blood pressure regulation: critical role of the WNK-SPAK-NCC pathway. J Hum Hypertens 2019; 33:508-523. [DOI: 10.1038/s41371-019-0170-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2018] [Revised: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 01/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Cornelius RJ, Si J, Cuevas CA, Nelson JW, Gratreak BDK, Pardi R, Yang CL, Ellison DH. Renal COP9 Signalosome Deficiency Alters CUL3-KLHL3-WNK Signaling Pathway. J Am Soc Nephrol 2018; 29:2627-2640. [PMID: 30301860 PMCID: PMC6218864 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2018030333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 09/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The familial hyperkalemic hypertension (FHHt) cullin 3 (CUL3) mutant does not degrade WNK kinases normally, thereby leading to thiazide-sensitive Na-Cl cotransporter (NCC) activation. CUL3 mutant (CUL3Δ9) does not bind normally to the COP9 signalosome (CSN), a deneddylase involved in regulating cullin-RING ligases. CUL3Δ9 also caused increased degradation of the CUL3-WNK substrate adaptor kelch-like 3 (KLHL3). Here, we sought to determine how defective CSN action contributes to the CUL3Δ9 phenotype. METHODS The Pax8/LC1 mouse system was used to generate mice in which the catalytically active CSN subunit, Jab1, was deleted only along the nephron, after full development (KS-Jab1-/-). RESULTS Western blot analysis demonstrated that Jab1 deletion increased the abundance of neddylated CUL3. Moreover, total CUL3 expression was reduced, suggesting decreased CUL3 stability. KLHL3 was almost completely absent in KS-Jab1-/- mice. Conversely, the protein abundances of WNK1, WNK4, and SPAK kinases were substantially higher. Activation of WNK4, SPAK, and OSR1 was indicated by higher phosphorylated protein levels and translocation of the proteins into puncta, as observed by immunofluorescence. The ratio of phosphorylated NCC to total NCC was also higher. Surprisingly, NCC protein abundance was low, likely contributing to hypokalemia and Na+ and K+ wasting. Additionally, long-term Jab1 deletion resulted in kidney damage. CONCLUSIONS Together, the results indicate that deficient CSN binding contributes importantly to the FHHt phenotype. Although defective CUL3Δ9-faciliated WNK4 degradation likely contributes, dominant effects on KLHL3 may be a second factor that is necessary for the phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan J Cornelius
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Jinge Si
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Catherina A Cuevas
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Jonathan W Nelson
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Brittany D K Gratreak
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Ruggero Pardi
- School of Medicine and Scientific Institute, San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy; and
| | - Chao-Ling Yang
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - David H Ellison
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon;
- Renal Section, Veterans Affairs Portland Health Care System, Portland, Oregon
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Vachel L, Shcheynikov N, Yamazaki O, Fremder M, Ohana E, Son A, Shin DM, Yamazaki-Nakazawa A, Yang CR, Knepper MA, Muallem S. Modulation of Cl - signaling and ion transport by recruitment of kinases and phosphatases mediated by the regulatory protein IRBIT. Sci Signal 2018; 11:11/554/eaat5018. [PMID: 30377224 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aat5018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
IRBIT is a multifunctional protein that controls the activity of various epithelial ion transporters including NBCe1-B. Interaction with IRBIT increases NBCe1-B activity and exposes two cryptic Cl--sensing GXXXP sites that enable regulation of NBCe1-B by intracellular Cl- (Cl- in). Here, phosphoproteomic analysis revealed that IRBIT controlled five phosphorylation sites in NBCe1-B that determined both the active conformation of the transporter and its regulation by Cl- in Mutational analysis suggested that the phosphorylation status of Ser232, Ser233, and Ser235 was regulated by IRBIT and determined whether NBCe1 transporters are in active or inactive conformations. The absence of phosphorylation at Ser232, Ser233, or Ser235 produced NBCe1-B in the conformations pSer233/pSer235, pSer232/pSer235, or pSer232/pSer233, respectively. The activity of the pSer233/pSer235 form was similar to that of IRBIT-activated NBCe1-B, but it was insensitive to inhibition by Cl- in The properties of the pSer232/pSer235 form were similar to those of wild-type NBCe1-B, whereas the pSer232/pSer233 form was partially active, further activated by IRBIT, but retained inhibition by Cl- in Furthermore, IRBIT recruited the phosphatase PP1 and the kinase SPAK to control phosphorylation of Ser65, which affected Cl- in sensing by the 32GXXXP36 motif. IRBIT also recruited the phosphatase calcineurin and the kinase CaMKII to control phosphorylation of Ser12, which affected Cl- in sensing by the 194GXXXP198 motif. Ser232, Ser233, and Ser235 are conserved in all NBCe1 variants and affect their activity. These findings reveal how multiple kinase and phosphatase pathways use phosphorylation sites to fine-tune a transporter, which have important implications for epithelial fluid and HCO3 - secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Vachel
- Epithelial Signaling and Transport Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Nikolay Shcheynikov
- Epithelial Signaling and Transport Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Osamu Yamazaki
- Epithelial Signaling and Transport Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.,Apheresis and Dialysis Center/General Medicine, Keio University, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-0016, Japan
| | - Moran Fremder
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, 84105 Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Ehud Ohana
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, 84105 Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Aran Son
- Epithelial Signaling and Transport Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Dong Min Shin
- Department of Oral Biology, BK 21 PLUS Project, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul 120-752, Korea
| | - Ai Yamazaki-Nakazawa
- Epithelial Signaling and Transport Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Chin-Rang Yang
- Epithelial Systems Biology Laboratory, Systems Biology Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Mark A Knepper
- Epithelial Systems Biology Laboratory, Systems Biology Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Shmuel Muallem
- Epithelial Signaling and Transport Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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Cornelius RJ, Zhang C, Erspamer KJ, Agbor LN, Sigmund CD, Singer JD, Yang CL, Ellison DH. Dual gain and loss of cullin 3 function mediates familial hyperkalemic hypertension. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2018; 315:F1006-F1018. [PMID: 29897280 PMCID: PMC6230741 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00602.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2017] [Revised: 05/11/2018] [Accepted: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Familial hyperkalemic hypertension is caused by mutations in with-no-lysine kinases (WNKs) or in proteins that mediate their degradation, kelch-like 3 (KLHL3) and cullin 3 (CUL3). Although the mechanisms by which WNK and KLHL3 mutations cause the disease are now clear, the effects of the disease-causing CUL3Δ403-459 mutation remain controversial. Possible mechanisms, including hyperneddylation, altered ubiquitin ligase activity, decreased association with the COP9 signalosome (CSN), and increased association with and degradation of KLHL3 have all been postulated. Here, we systematically evaluated the effects of Cul3Δ403-459 using cultured kidney cells. We first identified that the catalytically active CSN subunit jun activation domain-binding protein-1 (JAB1) does not associate with the deleted Cul3 4-helix bundle domain but instead with the adjacent α/β1 domain, suggesting that altered protein folding underlies the impaired binding. Inhibition of deneddylation with JAB1 siRNA increased Cul3 neddylation and decreased KLHL3 abundance, similar to the Cul3 mutant. We next determined that KLHL3 degradation has both ubiquitin ligase-dependent and -independent components. Proteasomal KLHL3 degradation was enhanced by Cul3Δ403-459; however, autophagic degradation was also upregulated by this Cul3 mutant. Finally, to evaluate whether deficient substrate adaptor was responsible for the disease, we restored KLHL3 to wild-type (WT) Cul3 levels. In the absence of WT Cul3, WNK4 was not degraded, demonstrating that Cul3Δ403-459 itself cannot degrade WNK4; conversely, when WT Cul3 was present, as in diseased humans, WNK4 degradation was restored. In conclusion, deletion of exon 9 from Cul3 generates a protein that is itself ubiquitin-ligase defective but also capable of enhanced autophagocytic KLHL3 degradation, thereby exerting dominant-negative effects on the WT allele.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan J Cornelius
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University , Portland, Oregon
| | - Chong Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, Xin Hua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine , Shanghai , China
| | - Kayla J Erspamer
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University , Portland, Oregon
| | - Larry N Agbor
- Department of Pharmacology, UIHC Center for Hypertension Research, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa , Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Curt D Sigmund
- Department of Pharmacology, UIHC Center for Hypertension Research, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa , Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Jeffrey D Singer
- Department of Biology, Portland State University , Portland, Oregon
| | - Chao-Ling Yang
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University , Portland, Oregon
| | - David H Ellison
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University , Portland, Oregon
- Veterans Affairs Portland Health Care System, Portland, Oregon
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Wardak H, Tutakhel OAZ, Van Der Wijst J. Role of the alternative splice variant of NCC in blood pressure control. Channels (Austin) 2018; 12:346-355. [PMID: 30264650 PMCID: PMC6207291 DOI: 10.1080/19336950.2018.1528820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The renal thiazide-sensitive sodium-chloride cotransporter (NCC), located in the distal convoluted tubule (DCT) of the kidney, plays an important role in blood pressure regulation by fine-tuning sodium excretion. The human SLC12A3 gene, encoding NCC, gives rise to three isoforms, of which only the third isoform (NCC3) has been extensively investigated so far. However, recent studies unraveled the importance of the isoforms 1 and 2, collectively referred to as NCC splice variant (NCCSV), in several (patho)physiological conditions. In the human kidney, NCCSV localizes to the apical membrane of the DCT and could constitute a functional route for renal sodium-chloride reabsorption. Analysis of urinary extracellular vesicles (uEVs), a non-invasive method for measuring renal responses, demonstrated that NCCSV abundance changes in response to acute water loading and correlates with patients’ thiazide responsiveness. Furthermore, a novel phosphorylation site at serine 811 (S811), exclusively present in NCCSV, was shown to play an instrumental role in NCCSV as well as NCC3 function. This review aims to summarize these new insights of NCCSV function in humans that broadens the understanding on NCC regulation in blood pressure control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hila Wardak
- a Department of Physiology , Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud university medical center , Nijmegen , The Netherland
| | - Omar A Z Tutakhel
- a Department of Physiology , Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud university medical center , Nijmegen , The Netherland.,b Department of Translational Metabolic Laboratory , Radboud university medical center , Nijmegen , The Netherlands
| | - Jenny Van Der Wijst
- a Department of Physiology , Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud university medical center , Nijmegen , The Netherland
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de Los Heros P, Pacheco-Alvarez D, Gamba G. Role of WNK Kinases in the Modulation of Cell Volume. CURRENT TOPICS IN MEMBRANES 2018; 81:207-235. [PMID: 30243433 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctm.2018.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Ion Transport across the cell membrane is required to maintain cell volume homeostasis. In response to changes in extracellular osmolarity, most cells activate specific metabolic or membrane-transport pathways to respond to cell swelling or shrinkage and return their volume to its normal resting state. This process involves the rapid adjustment of the activities of channels and transporters that mediate flux of K+, Na+, Cl-, and small organic osmolytes. Cation chloride cotransporters (CCCs) NKCCs and KCCs are a family of membrane proteins modulated by changes in cell volume and/or in the intracellular chloride concentration ([Cl-]i). Cell swelling triggers regulatory volume decrease (RVD), promoting solute and water efflux to restore normal cell volume. Swelling-activated KCCs mediate RVD in most cell types. In contrast, cell shrinkage triggers regulatory volume increase (RVI), which involves the activation of the NKCC1 cotransporter of the CCC family. Regulation of the CCCs during RVI and RVD by protein phosphorylation is a well-characterized mechanism, where WNK kinases and their downstream kinase substrates, SPAK and OSR1 constitute the essential phospho-regulators. WNKs-SPAK/OSR1-CCCs complex is required to regulate cell shrinkage-induced RVI or cell swelling-induced RVD via activating or inhibitory phosphorylation of NKCCs or KCCs, respectively. WNK1 and WNK4 kinases have been established as [Cl-]i sensors/regulators, while a role for WNK3 kinase as a cell volume-sensing kinase has emerged and is proposed in this chapter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola de Los Heros
- División de Investigación, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Coyoacán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | - Gerardo Gamba
- Molecular Physiology Unit, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Tlalpan, Mexico City, Mexico; Department of Nephrology and Mineral Metabolism, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Tlalpan, Mexico City, Mexico
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Malik S, Lambert E, Zhang J, Wang T, Clark HL, Cypress M, Goldman BI, Porter GA, Pena S, Nino W, Gray DA. Potassium conservation is impaired in mice with reduced renal expression of Kir4.1. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2018; 315:F1271-F1282. [PMID: 30110571 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00022.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
To better understand the role of the inward-rectifying K channel Kir4.1 (KCNJ10) in the distal nephron, we initially studied a global Kir4.1 knockout mouse (gKO), which demonstrated the hypokalemia and hypomagnesemia seen in SeSAME/EAST syndrome and was associated with reduced Na/Cl cotransporter (NCC) expression. Lethality by ~3 wk, however, limits the usefulness of this model, so we developed a kidney-specific Kir4.1 "knockdown" mouse (ksKD) using a cadherin 16 promoter and Cre-loxP methodology. These mice appeared normal and survived to adulthood. Kir4.1 protein expression was decreased ~50% vs. wild-type (WT) mice by immunoblotting, and immunofluorescence showed moderately reduced Kir4.1 staining in distal convoluted tubule that was minimal or absent in connecting tubule and cortical collecting duct. Under control conditions, the ksKD mice showed metabolic alkalosis and relative hypercalcemia but were normokalemic and mildly hypermagnesemic despite decreased NCC expression. In addition, the mice had a severe urinary concentrating defect associated with hypernatremia, enlarged kidneys with tubulocystic dilations, and reduced aquaporin-3 expression. On a K/Mg-free diet for 1 wk, however, ksKD mice showed marked hypokalemia (serum K: 1.5 ± 0.1 vs. 3.0 ± 0.1 mEq/l for WT), which was associated with renal K wasting (transtubular K gradient: 11.4 ± 0.8 vs. 1.6 ± 0.4 in WT). Phosphorylated-NCC expression increased in WT but not ksKD mice on the K/Mg-free diet, suggesting that loss of NCC adaptation underlies the hypokalemia. In conclusion, even modest reduction in Kir4.1 expression results in impaired K conservation, which appears to be mediated by reduced expression of activated NCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sundeep Malik
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Rochester , Rochester, New York
| | - Emily Lambert
- Nephrology Division, Department of Medicine, University of Rochester , Rochester, New York
| | - Junhui Zhang
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale University School of Medicine , New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Tong Wang
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale University School of Medicine , New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Heather L Clark
- Nephrology Division, Department of Medicine, University of Rochester , Rochester, New York
| | - Michael Cypress
- Nephrology Division, Department of Medicine, University of Rochester , Rochester, New York
| | - Bruce I Goldman
- Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Rochester , Rochester, New York
| | - George A Porter
- Cardiology Division, Department of Pediatrics, University of Rochester , Rochester, New York
| | - Salvador Pena
- Nephrology Division, Department of Medicine, University of Rochester , Rochester, New York
| | - Wilson Nino
- Nephrology Division, Department of Medicine, University of Rochester , Rochester, New York
| | - Daniel A Gray
- Nephrology Division, Department of Medicine, University of Rochester , Rochester, New York
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65
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Ostrosky-Frid M, Castañeda-Bueno M, Gamba G. Regulation of the renal NaCl cotransporter by the WNK/SPAK pathway: lessons learned from genetically altered animals. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2018; 316:F146-F158. [PMID: 30089030 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00288.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The renal thiazide-sensitive NaCl cotransporter (NCC) is the major salt transport pathway in the distal convoluted tubule of the mammalian nephron. NCC activity is critical for modulation of arterial blood pressure and serum potassium levels. Reduced activity of NCC in genetic diseases results in arterial hypotension and hypokalemia, while increased activity results in genetic diseases featuring hypertension and hyperkalemia. Several hormones and physiological conditions modulate NCC activity through a final intracellular complex pathway involving kinases and ubiquitin ligases. A substantial amount of work has been conducted to understand this pathway in the last 15 yr, but advances over the last 3 yr have helped to begin to understand how these regulatory proteins interact with each other and modulate the activity of this important cotransporter. In this review, we present the current model of NCC regulation by the Cullin 3 protein/Kelch-like 3 protein/with no lysine kinase/STE20-serine-proline alanine-rich kinase (CUL3/KELCH3-WNK-SPAK) pathway. We present a review of all genetically altered mice that have been used to translate most of the proposals made from in vitro experiments into in vivo observations that have helped to elucidate the model at the physiological level. Many questions have been resolved, but some others will require further models to be constructed. In addition, unexpected observations in mice have raised new questions and identified regulatory pathways that were previously unknown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauricio Ostrosky-Frid
- Molecular Physiology Unit, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México , Mexico City, Mexico.,PECEM, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México , Mexico City, Mexico
| | - María Castañeda-Bueno
- Department of Nephrology and Mineral Metabolism, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán , Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Gerardo Gamba
- Molecular Physiology Unit, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México , Mexico City, Mexico.,Department of Nephrology and Mineral Metabolism, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán , Mexico City, Mexico.,Tecnológico de Monterrey, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Monterrey, Mexico
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66
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Murillo-de-Ozores AR, Rodríguez-Gama A, Bazúa-Valenti S, Leyva-Ríos K, Vázquez N, Pacheco-Álvarez D, De La Rosa-Velázquez IA, Wengi A, Stone KL, Zhang J, Loffing J, Lifton RP, Yang CL, Ellison DH, Gamba G, Castañeda-Bueno M. C-terminally truncated, kidney-specific variants of the WNK4 kinase lack several sites that regulate its activity. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:12209-12221. [PMID: 29921588 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.003037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Revised: 06/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
WNK lysine-deficient protein kinase 4 (WNK4) is an important regulator of renal salt handling. Mutations in its gene cause pseudohypoaldosteronism type II, mainly arising from overactivation of the renal Na+/Cl- cotransporter (NCC). In addition to full-length WNK4, we have observed faster migrating bands (between 95 and 130 kDa) in Western blots of kidney lysates. Therefore, we hypothesized that these could correspond to uncharacterized WNK4 variants. Here, using several WNK4 antibodies and WNK4-/- mice as controls, we showed that these bands indeed correspond to short WNK4 variants that are not observed in other tissue lysates. LC-MS/MS confirmed these bands as WNK4 variants that lack C-terminal segments. In HEK293 cells, truncation of WNK4's C terminus at several positions increased its kinase activity toward Ste20-related proline/alanine-rich kinase (SPAK), unless the truncated segment included the SPAK-binding site. Of note, this gain-of-function effect was due to the loss of a protein phosphatase 1 (PP1)-binding site in WNK4. Cotransfection with PP1 resulted in WNK4 dephosphorylation, an activity that was abrogated in the PP1-binding site WNK4 mutant. The electrophoretic mobility of the in vivo short variants of renal WNK4 suggested that they lack the SPAK-binding site and thus may not behave as constitutively active kinases toward SPAK. Finally, we show that at least one of the WNK4 short variants may be produced by proteolysis involving a Zn2+-dependent metalloprotease, as recombinant full-length WNK4 was cleaved when incubated with kidney lysate.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alejandro Rodríguez-Gama
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City 14080, Mexico
| | - Silvana Bazúa-Valenti
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City 14080, Mexico
| | - Karla Leyva-Ríos
- Escuela de Medicina, Universidad Panamericana, Mexico City 03920, Mexico
| | - Norma Vázquez
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City 14080, Mexico
| | | | - Inti A De La Rosa-Velázquez
- Genomics Laboratory, RAI, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México-Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City 14080, Mexico
| | - Agnieszka Wengi
- Institute of Anatomy and Swiss National Centre of Competence in Research "Kidney Control of Homeostasis," University of Zurich, Zurich 8057, Switzerland
| | - Kathryn L Stone
- MS and Proteomics Resource, W. M. Keck Biotechnology Resource Laboratory, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven 06510, Connecticut
| | - Junhui Zhang
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven 06510, Connecticut
| | - Johannes Loffing
- Institute of Anatomy and Swiss National Centre of Competence in Research "Kidney Control of Homeostasis," University of Zurich, Zurich 8057, Switzerland
| | - Richard P Lifton
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven 06510, Connecticut; Laboratory of Human Genetics and Genomics, Rockefeller University, New York, New York 10065
| | - Chao-Ling Yang
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239; Veterans Affairs Portland Health Care System, Portland, Oregon 97239
| | - David H Ellison
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239; Veterans Affairs Portland Health Care System, Portland, Oregon 97239
| | - Gerardo Gamba
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City 14080, Mexico; Department of Nephrology and Mineral Metabolism, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City 14080, Mexico; Tecnológico de Monterrey, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Monterrey 64710, Nuevo León, Mexico
| | - Maria Castañeda-Bueno
- Department of Nephrology and Mineral Metabolism, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City 14080, Mexico.
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Bazúa-Valenti S, Rojas-Vega L, Castañeda-Bueno M, Barrera-Chimal J, Bautista R, Cervantes-Pérez LG, Vázquez N, Plata C, Murillo-de-Ozores AR, González-Mariscal L, Ellison DH, Riccardi D, Bobadilla NA, Gamba G. The Calcium-Sensing Receptor Increases Activity of the Renal NCC through the WNK4-SPAK Pathway. J Am Soc Nephrol 2018; 29:1838-1848. [PMID: 29848507 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2017111155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2017] [Accepted: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Hypercalciuria can result from activation of the basolateral calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR), which in the thick ascending limb of Henle's loop controls Ca2+ excretion and NaCl reabsorption in response to extracellular Ca2+ However, the function of CaSR in the regulation of NaCl reabsorption in the distal convoluted tubule (DCT) is unknown. We hypothesized that CaSR in this location is involved in activating the thiazide-sensitive NaCl cotransporter (NCC) to prevent NaCl loss.Methods We used a combination of in vitro and in vivo models to examine the effects of CaSR on NCC activity. Because the KLHL3-WNK4-SPAK pathway is involved in regulating NaCl reabsorption in the DCT, we assessed the involvement of this pathway as well.Results Thiazide-sensitive 22Na+ uptake assays in Xenopus laevis oocytes revealed that NCC activity increased in a WNK4-dependent manner upon activation of CaSR with Gd3+ In HEK293 cells, treatment with the calcimimetic R-568 stimulated SPAK phosphorylation only in the presence of WNK4. The WNK4 inhibitor WNK463 also prevented this effect. Furthermore, CaSR activation in HEK293 cells led to phosphorylation of KLHL3 and WNK4 and increased WNK4 abundance and activity. Finally, acute oral administration of R-568 in mice led to the phosphorylation of NCC.Conclusions Activation of CaSR can increase NCC activity via the WNK4-SPAK pathway. It is possible that activation of CaSR by Ca2+ in the apical membrane of the DCT increases NaCl reabsorption by NCC, with the consequent, well known decrease of Ca2+ reabsorption, further promoting hypercalciuria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvana Bazúa-Valenti
- Molecular Physiology Unit, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico.,Department of Nephrology and Mineral Metabolism, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Lorena Rojas-Vega
- Department of Nephrology and Mineral Metabolism, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - María Castañeda-Bueno
- Department of Nephrology and Mineral Metabolism, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Jonatan Barrera-Chimal
- Molecular Physiology Unit, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | | | - Norma Vázquez
- Molecular Physiology Unit, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Consuelo Plata
- Department of Nephrology and Mineral Metabolism, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Adrián R Murillo-de-Ozores
- Molecular Physiology Unit, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico.,Department of Nephrology and Mineral Metabolism, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Lorenza González-Mariscal
- Department of Physiology, Biophysics and Neuroscience, Center for Research and Advanced Studies (Cinvestav), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - David H Ellison
- Department of Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon.,Renal Section, Veterans Administration Portland Health Care System, Portland, Oregon
| | - Daniela Riccardi
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom; and
| | - Norma A Bobadilla
- Molecular Physiology Unit, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico.,Department of Nephrology and Mineral Metabolism, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Gerardo Gamba
- Molecular Physiology Unit, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico; .,Department of Nephrology and Mineral Metabolism, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico.,Tecnológico de Monterrey, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Monterrey, Nuevo León, Mexico
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68
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Argaiz ER, Chavez-Canales M, Ostrosky-Frid M, Rodríguez-Gama A, Vázquez N, Gonzalez-Rodriguez X, Garcia-Valdes J, Hadchouel J, Ellison D, Gamba G. Kidney-specific WNK1 isoform (KS-WNK1) is a potent activator of WNK4 and NCC. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2018; 315:F734-F745. [PMID: 29846116 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00145.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Familial hyperkalemic hypertension (FHHt) can be mainly attributed to increased activity of the renal Na+:Cl- cotransporter (NCC), which is caused by altered expression and regulation of the with-no-lysine (K) 1 (WNK1) or WNK4 kinases. The WNK1 gene gives rise to a kidney-specific isoform that lacks the kinase domain (KS-WNK1), the expression of which occurs primarily in the distal convoluted tubule. The role played by KS-WNK1 in the modulation of the WNK/STE20-proline-alanine rich kinase (SPAK)/NCC pathway remains elusive. In the present study, we assessed the effect of human KS-WNK1 on NCC activity and on the WNK4-SPAK pathway. Microinjection of oocytes with human KS-WNK1 cRNA induces remarkable activation and phosphorylation of SPAK and NCC. The effect of KS-WNK1 was abrogated by eliminating a WNK-WNK-interacting domain and by a specific WNK inhibitor, WNK463, indicating that the activation of SPAK/NCC by KS-WNK1 is due to interaction with another WNK kinase. Under control conditions in oocytes, the activating serine 335 of the WNK4 T loop is not phosphorylated. In contrast, this serine becomes phosphorylated when the intracellular chloride concentration ([Cl-]i) is reduced or when KS-WNK1 is coexpressed with WNK4. KS-WNK1-mediated activation of WNK4 is not due to a decrease of the [Cl-]i. Coimmunoprecipitation analysis revealed that KS-WNK1 and WNK4 interact with each other and that WNK4 becomes autophosphorylated at serine 335 when it is associated with KS-WNK1. Together, these observations suggest that WNK4 becomes active in the presence of KS-WNK1, despite a constant [Cl-]i.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo R Argaiz
- Molecular Physiology Unit, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Tlalpan, Mexico City, Mexico.,Department of Nephrology and Mineral Metabolism, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Tlalpan Mexico City, Mexico.,Tecnológico de Monterrey, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Monterrey, Nuevo León , Mexico
| | - Maria Chavez-Canales
- INSERM UMRS1155, University Pierre and Marie Curie, Faculty of Medicine , Paris , France.,Translational Medicine Unit, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México and Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez, Tlalpan, México City, Mexico
| | - Mauricio Ostrosky-Frid
- Department of Nephrology and Mineral Metabolism, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Tlalpan Mexico City, Mexico.,PECEM, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Coyoacan, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Alejandro Rodríguez-Gama
- Molecular Physiology Unit, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Tlalpan, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Norma Vázquez
- Molecular Physiology Unit, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Tlalpan, Mexico City, Mexico.,Department of Nephrology and Mineral Metabolism, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Tlalpan Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Xochiquetzal Gonzalez-Rodriguez
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Coyoacan, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Jesus Garcia-Valdes
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Coyoacan, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Juliette Hadchouel
- INSERM UMRS1155, University Pierre and Marie Curie, Faculty of Medicine , Paris , France
| | - David Ellison
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University , Portland, Oregon.,Veterans Affairs Portland Health Care System, Portland, Oregon
| | - Gerardo Gamba
- Molecular Physiology Unit, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Tlalpan, Mexico City, Mexico.,Department of Nephrology and Mineral Metabolism, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Tlalpan Mexico City, Mexico.,Tecnológico de Monterrey, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Monterrey, Nuevo León , Mexico
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69
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Tutakhel OAZ, Bianchi F, Smits DA, Bindels RJM, Hoenderop JGJ, van der Wijst J. Dominant functional role of the novel phosphorylation site S811 in the human renal NaCl cotransporter. FASEB J 2018; 32:4482-4493. [PMID: 29547703 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201701047r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The NaCl cotransporter (NCC) is essential for electrolyte homeostasis and control of blood pressure. The human SLC12A3 gene, which encodes NCC, gives rise to 3 isoforms, of which only the shortest isoform [NaCl cotransporter isoform 3 (NCC3)] has been studied extensively. All NCC isoforms share key phosphorylation sites at T55 and T60 that are essential mediators of NCC function. Recently, a novel phosphorylation site at S811 was identified in isoforms 1 and 2 [NaCl cotransporter splice variant (NCCSV)], which are only present in humans and higher primates. The aim of the current study, therefore, is to investigate the role of S811 phosphorylation in the regulation of NCC by a combination of biochemical and fluorescent microscopy analyses. We demonstrate that hypotonic low-chloride buffer increases S811 phosphorylation, whereas phosphorylation-deficient S811A mutant hinders phosphorylation at T55 and T60 in NCCSV and NCC3. NCCSV S811A impairs NCC3 activity in a dominant-negative fashion, although it does not affect plasma membrane abundance. This effect may be explained by the heterodimerization of NCCSV with NCC3. Taken together, our study highlights the dominant-negative effect of NCCSV on T55 and T60 phosphorylation and NCC activity. Here, we reveal a new function of NCCSV in humans that broadens the understanding on NCC regulation in blood pressure control.-Tutakhel, O. A. Z., Bianchi, F., Smits, D. A., Bindels, R. J. M., Hoenderop, J. G. J., van der Wijst, J. Dominant functional role of the novel phosphorylation site S811 in the human renal NaCl cotransporter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar A Z Tutakhel
- Department of Physiology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Frans Bianchi
- Department of Physiology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Daniël A Smits
- Department of Physiology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - René J M Bindels
- Department of Physiology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Joost G J Hoenderop
- Department of Physiology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jenny van der Wijst
- Department of Physiology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Ferdaus MZ, McCormick JA. Mechanisms and controversies in mutant Cul3-mediated familial hyperkalemic hypertension. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2018; 314:F915-F920. [PMID: 29361671 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00593.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Autosomal dominant mutations in cullin-3 ( Cul3) cause the most severe form of familial hyperkalemic hypertension (FHHt). Cul3 mutations cause skipping of exon 9, which results in an internal deletion of 57 amino acids from the CUL3 protein (CUL3-∆9). The precise mechanism by which this altered form of CUL3 causes FHHt is controversial. CUL3 is a member of the cullin-RING ubiquitin ligase family that mediates ubiquitination and thus degradation of cellular proteins, including with-no-lysine [K] kinases (WNKs). In CUL3-∆9-mediated FHHt, proteasomal degradation of WNKs is abrogated, leading to overactivation of the WNK targets sterile 20/SPS-1 related proline/alanine-rich kinase and oxidative stress-response kinase-1, which directly phosphorylate and activate the thiazide-sensitive Na+-Cl- cotransporter. Several groups have suggested different mechanisms by which CUL3-∆9 causes FHHt. The majority of these are derived from in vitro data, but recently the Kurz group (Schumacher FR, Siew K, Zhang J, Johnson C, Wood N, Cleary SE, Al Maskari RS, Ferryman JT, Hardege I, Figg NL, Enchev R, Knebel A, O'Shaughnessy KM, Kurz T. EMBO Mol Med 7: 1285-1306, 2015) described the first mouse model of CUL3-∆9-mediated FHHt. Analysis of this model suggested that CUL3-∆9 is degraded in vivo, and thus Cul3 mutations cause FHHt by inducing haploinsufficiency. We recently directly tested this model but found that other dominant effects of CUL3-∆9 must contribute to the development of FHHt. In this review, we focus on our current knowledge of CUL3-∆9 action gained from in vitro and in vivo models that may help unravel this complex problem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Z Ferdaus
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University , Portland, Oregon
| | - James A McCormick
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University , Portland, Oregon
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Abundant evidence supports that the NaCl cotransporter (NCC) activity is tightly regulated by the with-no-lysine (WNK) kinases. Here, we summarize the data regarding NCC regulation by WNKs, with a particular emphasis on WNK4. RECENT FINDINGS Several studies involving in-vivo and in-vitro models have provided paradoxical data regarding WNK4 regulation of the NCC. Although some studies show that WNK4 can activate the NCC, other equally compelling studies show that WNK4 inhibits the NCC. Recent studies have shown that WNK4 is regulated by the intracellular chloride concentration ([Cl]i), which could account for these paradoxical results. In conditions of high [Cl]i, WNK4 could act as an inhibitor via heterodimer formation with other WNKs. In contrast, when [Cl]i is low, WNK4 can activate Ste20-related, proline-alanine-rich kinase (SPAK)/oxidative stress responsive kinase 1 (OSR1) and thus the NCC. Modulation of WNK4 by [Cl]i has been shown to account for the potassium-sensing properties of the distal convoluted tubule. Other regulators of WNK4 include hormones and ubiquitination. SUMMARY Modulation of WNK4 activity by [Cl]i can account for its dual role on the NCC, and this has important physiological implications regarding the regulation of extracellular potassium concentration. Defective regulation of WNKs by ubiquitination explains most cases of familial hyperkalemic hypertension.
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van der Wijst J, Tutakhel OAZ, Bos C, Danser AHJ, Hoorn EJ, Hoenderop JGJ, Bindels RJM. Effects of a high-sodium/low-potassium diet on renal calcium, magnesium, and phosphate handling. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2018; 315:F110-F122. [PMID: 29357414 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00379.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The distal convoluted tubule (DCT) of the kidney plays an important role in blood pressure regulation by modulating Na+ reabsorption via the Na+-Cl- cotransporter (NCC). A diet containing high salt (NaCl) and low K+ activates NCC, thereby causing Na+ retention and a rise in blood pressure. Since high blood pressure, hypertension, is associated with changes in serum calcium (Ca2+) and magnesium (Mg2+) levels, we hypothesized that dietary Na+ and K+ intake affects Ca2+ and Mg2+ transport in the DCT. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the effect of a high-Na+/low-K+ diet on renal Ca2+ and Mg2+ handling. Mice were divided in four groups and fed a normal-Na+/normal-K+, normal-Na+/low-K+, high-Na+/normal-K+, or high-Na+/low-K+ diet for 4 days. Serum and urine were collected for electrolyte and hormone analysis. Gene and protein expression of electrolyte transporters were assessed in kidney and intestine by qPCR and immunoblotting. Whereas Mg2+ homeostasis was not affected, the mice had elevated urinary Ca2+ and phosphate (Pi) excretion upon high Na+ intake, as well as significantly lower serum Ca2+ levels in the high-Na+/low-K+ group. Alterations in the gene and protein expression of players involved in Ca2+ and Pi transport indicate that reabsorption in the proximal tubular and TAL is affected, while inducing a compensatory response in the DCT. These effects may contribute to the negative health impact of a high-salt diet, including kidney stone formation, chronic kidney disease, and loss of bone mineral density.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny van der Wijst
- Department of Physiology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center , Nijmegen , The Netherlands
| | - Omar A Z Tutakhel
- Department of Physiology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center , Nijmegen , The Netherlands
| | - Caro Bos
- Department of Physiology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center , Nijmegen , The Netherlands
| | - Alexander H J Danser
- Division of Pharmacology and Vascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam , The Netherlands
| | - Ewout J Hoorn
- Division of Nephrology and Transplantation, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Joost G J Hoenderop
- Department of Physiology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center , Nijmegen , The Netherlands
| | - René J M Bindels
- Department of Physiology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center , Nijmegen , The Netherlands
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73
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Ferdaus MZ, Miller LN, Agbor LN, Saritas T, Singer JD, Sigmund CD, McCormick JA. Mutant Cullin 3 causes familial hyperkalemic hypertension via dominant effects. JCI Insight 2017; 2:96700. [PMID: 29263298 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.96700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2017] [Accepted: 11/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the ubiquitin ligase scaffold protein Cullin 3 (CUL3) cause the disease familial hyperkalemic hypertension (FHHt). In the kidney, mutant CUL3 (CUL3-Δ9) increases abundance of With-No-Lysine [K] Kinase 4 (WNK4), with excessive activation of the downstream Sterile 20 (STE20)/SPS-1-related proline/alanine-rich kinase (SPAK) increasing phosphorylation of the Na+-Cl- cotransporter (NCC). CUL3-Δ9 promotes its own degradation via autoubiquitination, leading to the hypothesis that Cul3 haploinsufficiency causes FHHt. To directly test this, we generated Cul3 heterozygous mice (CUL3-Het), and Cul3 heterozygotes also expressing CUL3-Δ9 (CUL3-Het/Δ9), using an inducible renal epithelial-specific system. Endogenous CUL3 was reduced to 50% in both models, and consistent with autoubiquitination, CUL3-Δ9 protein was undetectable in CUL3-Het/Δ9 kidneys unless primary renal epithelia cells were cultured. Abundances of WNK4 and phosphorylated NCC did not differ between control and CUL3-Het mice, but they were elevated in CUL3-Het/Δ9 mice, which also displayed higher plasma [K+] and blood pressure. Abundance of phosphorylated Na+-K+-2Cl- cotransporter (NKCC2) was also increased, which may contribute to the severity of CUL3-Δ9-mediated FHHt. WNK4 and SPAK localized to puncta in NCC-positive segments but not in NKCC2-positive segments, suggesting differential effects of CUL3-Δ9. These results indicate that Cul3 haploinsufficiency does not cause FHHt, but dominant effects of CUL3-Δ9 are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Z Ferdaus
- Division of Nephrology & Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Lauren N Miller
- Division of Nephrology & Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Larry N Agbor
- Department of Pharmacology, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Turgay Saritas
- Division of Nephrology & Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Jeffrey D Singer
- Department of Biology, Portland State University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Curt D Sigmund
- Department of Pharmacology, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA.,UIHC Center for Hypertension Research, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - James A McCormick
- Division of Nephrology & Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
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74
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Moreno E, Gayosso JA, Montejano JR, Almaguer G, Vázquez N, Cruz C, Mercado A, Bobadilla NA, Gamba G, Sierra A, Ramírez V. Geraniin is a diuretic by inhibiting the Na +-K +-2Cl - cotransporter NKCC2. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2017; 314:F240-F250. [PMID: 29046296 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00221.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Geranium seemannii Peyr is a perennial plant endemic to central Mexico that has been widely used for its diuretic effect, but the responsible compound of this effect is unknown as well as the mechanism by which the diuretic effect is achieved. Geraniin is one of the compounds isolated from this kind of geranium. This study was designed to determinate whether geraniin possesses diuretic activity and to elucidate the mechanism of action. Geraniin was extracted and purified from Geranium seemannii Peyr. Male Wistar rats were divided into four groups: 1) Control, 2) 75 mg/kg of geraniin, 3) 20 mg/kg of furosemide, and 4) 10 mg/kg of hydrochlorothiazide. Each treatment was administered by gavage every 24 h for 7 days. The urinary excretion of electrolytes and the fractional excretion of sodium (FENa) were determined. To uncover the molecular target of geraniin, Xenopus laevis oocytes were microinjected with cRNAs encoding the Na+-Cl- cotransporter (NCC) and the Na+-K+-2Cl- cotransporter NKCC2 to functionally express these cotransporters. Geraniin significantly increased diuresis, natriuresis, and calciuresis to a similar extent as was observed in the furosemide-treated rats. Consistent with the furosemide-like effect, in X. laevis oocytes, geraniin significantly reduced the activity of NKCC2, with no effect on NCC activity. In contrast to furosemide, the effect of geraniin on NKCC2 was irreversible, apparently due to its inhibitory effect on heat shock protein 90. Our observations suggest that geraniin could have a potential role in the treatment of hypertension or edematous states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Moreno
- Department of Nephrology and Mineral Metabolism, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Tlalpan, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Juan A Gayosso
- Instituto de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo Pachuca, Hidalgo, Mexico
| | - José R Montejano
- Instituto de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo Pachuca, Hidalgo, Mexico
| | - Georgina Almaguer
- Instituto de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo Pachuca, Hidalgo, Mexico
| | - Norma Vázquez
- Molecular Physiology Unit, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Cristino Cruz
- Department of Nephrology and Mineral Metabolism, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Tlalpan, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Adriana Mercado
- Department of Nephrology, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez, Tlalpan, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Norma A Bobadilla
- Department of Nephrology and Mineral Metabolism, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Tlalpan, Mexico City, Mexico.,Molecular Physiology Unit, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Gerardo Gamba
- Department of Nephrology and Mineral Metabolism, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Tlalpan, Mexico City, Mexico.,Molecular Physiology Unit, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico.,Tecnológico de Monterrey, Escuela de Medicina y de Ciencias de la Salud, Monterrey, Nuevo León , México
| | - Alfredo Sierra
- Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional , Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Victoria Ramírez
- Department of Nephrology and Mineral Metabolism, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Tlalpan, Mexico City, Mexico
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75
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Poulsen SB, Christensen BM. Long-term aldosterone administration increases renal Na+-Cl− cotransporter abundance in late distal convoluted tubule. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2017; 313:F756-F766. [DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00352.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2016] [Revised: 10/04/2016] [Accepted: 10/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Renal Na+-Cl− cotransporter (NCC) is expressed in early distal convoluted tubule (DCT) 1 and late DCT (DCT2). NCC activity can be stimulated by aldosterone administration, and the mechanism is assumed to depend on the enzyme 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 (11β-HSD2), which inactivates glucocorticoids that would otherwise occupy aldosterone receptors. Because 11β-HSD2 in rat may only be abundantly expressed in DCT2 cells and not in DCT1 cells, it has been speculated that aldosterone specifically stimulates NCC activity in DCT2 cells. In mice, however, it is debated if 11β-HSD2 is expressed in DCT2 cells. The present study examined whether aldosterone administration in mice stimulates NCC abundance and phosphorylation in DCT2 cells but not in DCT1 cells. B6/C57 male mice were administered 100 µg aldosterone·kg body weight−1·24 h−1 for 6 days and euthanized during isoflurane inhalation. Western blotting of whole kidney homogenate showed that aldosterone administration stimulated NCC and pT58-NCC abundances ( P < 0.001). In DCT1 cells, confocal microscopy detected no effect of the aldosterone administration on NCC and pT58-NCC abundances. By contrast, NCC and pT58-NCC abundances were stimulated by aldosterone administration in the middle of DCT2 ( P < 0.001 and <0.01, respectively) and at the junction between DCT2 and CNT ( P < 0.001 and <0.05, respectively). In contrast to rat, immunohistochemistry in mouse showed no/very weak 11β-HSD2 expression in DCT2 cells. Collectively, long-term aldosterone administration stimulates mouse NCC and pT58-NCC abundances in DCT2 cells and presumably not in DCT1 cells.
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76
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Rosenbaek LL, Rizzo F, MacAulay N, Staub O, Fenton RA. Functional assessment of sodium chloride cotransporter NCC mutants in polarized mammalian epithelial cells. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2017; 313:F495-F504. [DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00088.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2017] [Revised: 05/03/2017] [Accepted: 05/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The thiazide-sensitive sodium chloride cotransporter NCC is important for maintaining serum sodium (Na+) and, indirectly, serum potassium (K+) levels. Functional studies on NCC have used cell lines with native NCC expression, transiently transfected nonpolarized cell lines, or Xenopus laevis oocytes. Here, we developed the use of polarized Madin-Darby canine kidney type I (MDCKI) mammalian epithelial cell lines with tetracycline-inducible human NCC expression to study NCC activity and membrane abundance in the same system. In radiotracer assays, induced cells grown on filters had robust thiazide-sensitive and chloride dependent sodium-22 (22Na) uptake from the apical side. To minimize cost and maximize throughput, assays were modified to use cells grown on plastic. On plastic, cells had similar thiazide-sensitive 22Na uptakes that increased following preincubation of cells in chloride-free solutions. NCC was detected in the plasma membrane, and both membrane abundance and phosphorylation of NCC were increased by incubation in chloride-free solutions. Furthermore, in cells exposed for 15 min to low or high extracellular K+, the levels of phosphorylated NCC increased and decreased, respectively. To demonstrate that the system allows rapid and systematic assessment of mutated NCC, three phosphorylation sites in NCC were mutated, and NCC activity was examined. 22Na fluxes in phosphorylation-deficient mutants were reduced to baseline levels, whereas phosphorylation-mimicking mutants were constitutively active, even without chloride-free stimulation. In conclusion, this system allows the activity, cellular localization, and abundance of wild-type or mutant NCC to be examined in the same polarized mammalian expression system in a rapid, easy, and low-cost fashion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena L. Rosenbaek
- InterPrET Center, Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Federica Rizzo
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland; and
- National Centre of Competence in Research “Kidney.ch,” Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Nanna MacAulay
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Olivier Staub
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland; and
- National Centre of Competence in Research “Kidney.ch,” Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Robert A. Fenton
- InterPrET Center, Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
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77
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Abstract
The kidney plays an essential role in maintaining homeostasis of ion concentrations in the blood. Because the concentration gradient of potassium across the cell membrane is a key determinant of the membrane potential of cells, even small deviations in serum potassium level from the normal setpoint can lead to severe muscle dysfunction, resulting in respiratory failure and cardiac arrest. Less severe hypo- and hyperkalemia are also associated with morbidity and mortality across various patient populations. In addition, deficiencies in potassium intake have been associated with hypertension and adverse cardiovascular and renal outcomes, likely due in part to the interrelated handling of sodium and potassium by the kidney. Here, data on the beneficial effects of potassium on blood pressure and cardiovascular and renal outcomes will be reviewed, along with the physiological basis for these effects. In some patient populations, however, potassium excess is deleterious. Risk factors for the development of hyperkalemia will be reviewed, as well as the risks and benefits of existing and emerging therapies for hyperkalemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aylin R. Rodan
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
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78
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Hartmann AM, Pisella LI, Medina I, Nothwang HG. Molecular cloning and biochemical characterization of two cation chloride cotransporter subfamily members of Hydra vulgaris. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0179968. [PMID: 28662098 PMCID: PMC5491111 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0179968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2017] [Accepted: 06/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Cation Chloride Cotransporters (CCCs) comprise secondary active membrane proteins mainly mediating the symport of cations (Na+, K+) coupled with chloride (Cl−). They are divided into K+-Cl− outward transporters (KCCs), the Na+-K+-Cl− (NKCCs) and Na+-Cl− (NCCs) inward transporters, the cation chloride cotransporter interacting protein CIP1, and the polyamine transporter CCC9. KCCs and N(K)CCs are established in the genome since eukaryotes and metazoans, respectively. Most of the physiological and functional data were obtained from vertebrate species. To get insights into the basal functional properties of KCCs and N(K)CCs in the metazoan lineage, we cloned and characterized KCC and N(K)CC from the cnidarian Hydra vulgaris. HvKCC is composed of 1,032 amino-acid residues. Functional analyses revealed that hvKCC mediates a Na+-independent, Cl− and K+ (Tl+)-dependent cotransport. The classification of hvKCC as a functional K-Cl cotransporter is furthermore supported by phylogenetic analyses and a similar structural organization. Interestingly, recently obtained physiological analyses indicate a role of cnidarian KCCs in hyposmotic volume regulation of nematocytes. HvN(K)CC is composed of 965 amino-acid residues. Phylogenetic analyses and structural organization suggest that hvN(K)CC is a member of the N(K)CC subfamily. However, no inorganic ion cotransport function could be detected using different buffer conditions. Thus, hvN(K)CC is a N(K)CC subfamily member without a detectable inorganic ion cotransporter function. Taken together, the data identify two non-bilaterian solute carrier 12 (SLC12) gene family members, thereby paving the way for a better understanding of the evolutionary paths of this important cotransporter family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna-Maria Hartmann
- Neurogenetics Group, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
- Center for Neuroscience, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | | | | | - Hans Gerd Nothwang
- Neurogenetics Group, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
- Center for Neuroscience, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence Hearing4All, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
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79
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Valinsky WC, Touyz RM, Shrier A. Characterization of constitutive and acid-induced outwardly rectifying chloride currents in immortalized mouse distal tubular cells. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2017; 1861:2007-2019. [PMID: 28483640 PMCID: PMC5482324 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2017.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2017] [Revised: 04/12/2017] [Accepted: 05/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Thiazides block Na+ reabsorption while enhancing Ca2+ reabsorption in the kidney. As previously demonstrated in immortalized mouse distal convoluted tubule (MDCT) cells, chlorothiazide application induced a robust plasma membrane hyperpolarization, which increased Ca2+ uptake. This essential thiazide-induced hyperpolarization was prevented by the Cl− channel inhibitor 5-Nitro-2-(3-phenylpropylamino) benzoic acid (NPPB), implicating NPPB-sensitive Cl− channels, however the nature of these Cl− channels has been rarely described in the literature. Here we show that MDCT cells express a dominant, outwardly rectifying Cl− current at extracellular pH 7.4. This constitutive Cl− current was more permeable to larger anions (Eisenman sequence I; I− > Br− ≥ Cl−) and was substantially inhibited by > 100 mM [Ca2+]o, which distinguished it from ClC-K2/barttin. Moreover, the constitutive Cl− current was blocked by NPPB, along with other Cl− channel inhibitors (4,4′-diisothiocyanatostilbene-2,2′-disulfonate, DIDS; flufenamic acid, FFA). Subjecting the MDCT cells to an acidic extracellular solution (pH < 5.5) induced a substantially larger outwardly rectifying NPPB-sensitive Cl− current. This acid-induced Cl− current was also anion permeable (I− > Br− > Cl−), but was distinguished from the constitutive Cl− current by its rectification characteristics, ion sensitivities, and response to FFA. In addition, we have identified similar outwardly rectifying and acid-sensitive currents in immortalized cells from the inner medullary collecting duct (mIMCD-3 cells). Expression of an acid-induced Cl− current would be particularly relevant in the acidic IMCD (pH < 5.5). To our knowledge, the properties of these Cl− currents are unique and provide the mechanisms to account for the Cl− efflux previously speculated to be present in MDCT cells. MDCT cells express a dominant NPPB-sensitive Cl− current at pH 7.4. The constitutive Cl− current (pH 7.4) does not arise from ClC-K2/barttin. MDCT cells also express an acid-induced NPPB-sensitive Cl− current (pH < 5.5). Both the constitutive and acid-induced Cl− currents are unique. mIMCD-3 cells express currents with similar biophysical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- William C Valinsky
- Department of Physiology, McGill University, 3649 Promenade sir William Osler, Montreal, Quebec H3G 0B1, Canada
| | - Rhian M Touyz
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, BHF GCRC, 126 University Place, Glasgow G12 8TA, United Kingdom
| | - Alvin Shrier
- Department of Physiology, McGill University, 3649 Promenade sir William Osler, Montreal, Quebec H3G 0B1, Canada.
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80
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Grimm PR, Coleman R, Delpire E, Welling PA. Constitutively Active SPAK Causes Hyperkalemia by Activating NCC and Remodeling Distal Tubules. J Am Soc Nephrol 2017; 28:2597-2606. [PMID: 28442491 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2016090948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2016] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Aberrant activation of with no lysine (WNK) kinases causes familial hyperkalemic hypertension (FHHt). Thiazide diuretics treat the disease, fostering the view that hyperactivation of the thiazide-sensitive sodium-chloride cotransporter (NCC) in the distal convoluted tubule (DCT) is solely responsible. However, aberrant signaling in the aldosterone-sensitive distal nephron (ASDN) and inhibition of the potassium-excretory renal outer medullary potassium (ROMK) channel have also been implicated. To test these ideas, we introduced kinase-activating mutations after Lox-P sites in the mouse Stk39 gene, which encodes the terminal kinase in the WNK signaling pathway, Ste20-related proline-alanine-rich kinase (SPAK). Renal expression of the constitutively active (CA)-SPAK mutant was specifically targeted to the early DCT using a DCT-driven Cre recombinase. CA-SPAK mice displayed thiazide-treatable hypertension and hyperkalemia, concurrent with NCC hyperphosphorylation. However, thiazide-mediated inhibition of NCC and consequent restoration of sodium excretion did not immediately restore urinary potassium excretion in CA-SPAK mice. Notably, CA-SPAK mice exhibited ASDN remodeling, involving a reduction in connecting tubule mass and attenuation of epithelial sodium channel (ENaC) and ROMK expression and apical localization. Blocking hyperactive NCC in the DCT gradually restored ASDN structure and ENaC and ROMK expression, concurrent with the restoration of urinary potassium excretion. These findings verify that NCC hyperactivity underlies FHHt but also reveal that NCC-dependent changes in the driving force for potassium secretion are not sufficient to explain hyperkalemia. Instead, a DCT-ASDN coupling process controls potassium balance in health and becomes aberrantly activated in FHHt.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Richard Grimm
- Department of Physiology, Maryland Kidney Discovery Center, University of Maryland Medical School, Baltimore, Maryland; and
| | - Richard Coleman
- Department of Physiology, Maryland Kidney Discovery Center, University of Maryland Medical School, Baltimore, Maryland; and
| | - Eric Delpire
- Department of Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt University Medical School, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Paul A Welling
- Department of Physiology, Maryland Kidney Discovery Center, University of Maryland Medical School, Baltimore, Maryland; and
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81
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Tutakhel OAZ, Moes AD, Valdez-Flores MA, Kortenoeven MLA, Vrie MVD, Jeleń S, Fenton RA, Zietse R, Hoenderop JGJ, Hoorn EJ, Hilbrands L, Bindels RJM. NaCl cotransporter abundance in urinary vesicles is increased by calcineurin inhibitors and predicts thiazide sensitivity. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0176220. [PMID: 28430812 PMCID: PMC5400280 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0176220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2016] [Accepted: 04/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Animal studies have shown that the calcineurin inhibitors (CNIs) cyclosporine and tacrolimus can activate the thiazide-sensitive NaCl cotransporter (NCC). A common side effect of CNIs is hypertension. Renal salt transporters such as NCC are excreted in urinary extracellular vesicles (uEVs) after internalization into multivesicular bodies. Human studies indicate that CNIs also increase NCC abundance in uEVs, but results are conflicting and no relationship with NCC function has been shown. Therefore, we investigated the effects of CsA and Tac on the abundance of both total NCC (tNCC) and phosphorylated NCC at Thr60 phosphorylation site (pNCC) in uEVs, and assessed whether NCC abundance in uEVs predicts the blood pressure response to thiazide diuretics. Our results show that in kidney transplant recipients treated with cyclosporine (n = 9) or tacrolimus (n = 23), the abundance of both tNCC and pNCC in uEVs is 4–5 fold higher than in CNI-free kidney transplant recipients (n = 13) or healthy volunteers (n = 6). In hypertensive kidney transplant recipients, higher abundances of tNCC and pNCC prior to treatment with thiazides predicted the blood pressure response to thiazides. During thiazide treatment, the abundance of pNCC in uEVs increased in responders (n = 10), but markedly decreased in non-responders (n = 8). Thus, our results show that CNIs increase the abundance of both tNCC and pNCC in uEVs, and these increases correlate with the blood pressure response to thiazides. This implies that assessment of NCC in uEVs could represent an alternate method to guide anti-hypertensive therapy in kidney transplant recipients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar A. Z. Tutakhel
- Department of Physiology, Radboud University Medical Center, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Arthur D. Moes
- Department of Internal Medicine, Nephrology and Transplantation, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marco A. Valdez-Flores
- Department of Physiology, Radboud University Medical Center, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Programa Regional en Doctorado en Biotecnología, Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa, Sinaloa, Mexico
| | - Marleen L. A. Kortenoeven
- Department of Biomedicine, Center for Interaction of Proteins in Epithelial Transport, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Mathijs v. D. Vrie
- Department of Nephrology, Radboud university medical center, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Sabina Jeleń
- Department of Physiology, Radboud University Medical Center, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Robert A. Fenton
- Department of Biomedicine, Center for Interaction of Proteins in Epithelial Transport, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Robert Zietse
- Department of Internal Medicine, Nephrology and Transplantation, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Joost G. J. Hoenderop
- Department of Physiology, Radboud University Medical Center, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Ewout J. Hoorn
- Department of Internal Medicine, Nephrology and Transplantation, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Luuk Hilbrands
- Department of Nephrology, Radboud university medical center, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - René J. M. Bindels
- Department of Physiology, Radboud University Medical Center, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
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82
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Abstract
WNK kinases, along with their upstream regulators (CUL3/KLHL3) and downstream targets (the SPAK/OSR1 kinases and the cation-Cl- cotransporters [CCCs]), comprise a signaling cascade essential for ion homeostasis in the kidney and nervous system. Recent work has furthered our understanding of the WNKs in epithelial transport, cell volume homeostasis, and GABA signaling, and uncovered novel roles for this pathway in immune cell function and cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masoud Shekarabi
- Department of Neuroscience, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Jinwei Zhang
- Departments of Neurosurgery, Centers for Mendelian Genomics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06477, USA; MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, Scotland, UK
| | - Arjun R Khanna
- Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - David H Ellison
- Division of Nephrology & Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239, USA; VA Portland Health Care System, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Eric Delpire
- Department of Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Kristopher T Kahle
- Departments of Neurosurgery, Pediatrics, and Cellular & Molecular Physiology, Centers for Mendelian Genomics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06477, USA.
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83
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Hadchouel J, Ellison DH, Gamba G. Regulation of Renal Electrolyte Transport by WNK and SPAK-OSR1 Kinases. Annu Rev Physiol 2016; 78:367-89. [PMID: 26863326 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-physiol-021115-105431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The discovery of four genes responsible for pseudohypoaldosteronism type II, or familial hyperkalemic hypertension, which features arterial hypertension with hyperkalemia and metabolic acidosis, unmasked a complex multiprotein system that regulates electrolyte transport in the distal nephron. Two of these genes encode the serine-threonine kinases WNK1 and WNK4. The other two genes [kelch-like 3 (KLHL3) and cullin 3 (CUL3)] form a RING-type E3-ubiquitin ligase complex that modulates WNK1 and WNK4 abundance. WNKs regulate the activity of the Na(+):Cl(-) cotransporter (NCC), the epithelial sodium channel (ENaC), the renal outer medullary potassium channel (ROMK), and other transport pathways. Interestingly, the modulation of NCC occurs via the phosphorylation by WNKs of other serine-threonine kinases known as SPAK-OSR1. In contrast, the process of regulating the channels is independent of SPAK-OSR1. We present a review of the remarkable advances in this area in the past 10 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliette Hadchouel
- INSERM UMR970, Paris Cardiovascular Research Center, 75015 Paris, France.,Faculty of Medicine, Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75006 Paris, France
| | - David H Ellison
- Oregon Clinical and Translational Research Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239
| | - Gerardo Gamba
- Molecular Physiology Unit, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, and Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Tlalpan, Mexico City 14080, Mexico;
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84
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Valdez-Flores MA, Vargas-Poussou R, Verkaart S, Tutakhel OAZ, Valdez-Ortiz A, Blanchard A, Treard C, Hoenderop JGJ, Bindels RJM, Jeleń S. Functionomics of NCC mutations in Gitelman syndrome using a novel mammalian cell-based activity assay. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2016; 311:F1159-F1167. [DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00124.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Accepted: 08/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Gitelman syndrome (GS) is an autosomal recessive salt-wasting tubular disorder resulting from loss-of-function mutations in the thiazide-sensitive NaCl cotransporter (NCC). Functional analysis of these mutations has been limited to the use of Xenopus laevis oocytes. The aim of the present study was, therefore, to analyze the functional consequences of NCC mutations in a mammalian cell-based assay, followed by analysis of mutated NCC protein expression as well as glycosylation and phosphorylation profiles using human embryonic kidney (HEK) 293 cells. NCC activity was assessed with a novel assay based on thiazide-sensitive iodide uptake in HEK293 cells expressing wild-type or mutant NCC (N59I, R83W, I360T, C421Y, G463R, G731R, L859P, or R861C). All mutations caused a significantly lower NCC activity. Immunoblot analysis of the HEK293 cells revealed that 1) all NCC mutants have decreased NCC protein expression; 2) mutant N59I, R83W, I360T, C421Y, G463R, and L859P have decreased NCC abundance at the plasma membrane; 3) mutants C421Y and L859P display impaired NCC glycosylation; and 4) mutants N59I, R83W, C421Y, C731R, and L859P show affected NCC phosphorylation. In conclusion, we developed a mammalian cell-based assay in which NCC activity assessment together with a profiling of mutated protein processing aid our understanding of the pathogenic mechanism of the NCC mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco A. Valdez-Flores
- Department of Physiology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Programa Regional en Doctorado en Biotecnología, Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa, Sinaloa, Mexico
| | - Rosa Vargas-Poussou
- Department of Genetics, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Paris, France; and
| | - Sjoerd Verkaart
- Department of Physiology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Omar A. Z. Tutakhel
- Department of Physiology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Angel Valdez-Ortiz
- Programa Regional en Doctorado en Biotecnología, Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa, Sinaloa, Mexico
| | - Anne Blanchard
- Clinical Research Center, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Paris, France
| | - Cyrielle Treard
- Department of Genetics, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Paris, France; and
| | - Joost G. J. Hoenderop
- Department of Physiology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - René J. M. Bindels
- Department of Physiology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Sabina Jeleń
- Department of Physiology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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85
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Moreno E, Plata C, Rodríguez-Gama A, Argaiz ER, Vázquez N, Leyva-Ríos K, Islas L, Cutler C, Pacheco-Alvarez D, Mercado A, Cariño-Cortés R, Castañeda-Bueno M, Gamba G. The European Eel NCCβ Gene Encodes a Thiazide-resistant Na-Cl Cotransporter. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:22472-22481. [PMID: 27587391 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.742783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2016] [Revised: 08/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The thiazide-sensitive Na-Cl cotransporter (NCC) is the major pathway for salt reabsorption in the mammalian distal convoluted tubule. NCC plays a key role in the regulation of blood pressure. Its inhibition with thiazides constitutes the primary baseline therapy for arterial hypertension. However, the thiazide-binding site in NCC is unknown. Mammals have only one gene encoding for NCC. The eel, however, contains a duplicate gene. NCCα is an ortholog of mammalian NCC and is expressed in the kidney. NCCβ is present in the apical membrane of the rectum. Here we cloned and functionally characterized NCCβ from the European eel. The cRNA encodes a 1043-amino acid membrane protein that, when expressed in Xenopus oocytes, functions as an Na-Cl cotransporter with two major characteristics, making it different from other known NCCs. First, eel NCCβ is resistant to thiazides. Single-point mutagenesis supports that the absence of thiazide inhibition is, at least in part, due to the substitution of a conserved serine for a cysteine at position 379. Second, NCCβ is not activated by low-chloride hypotonic stress, although the unique Ste20-related proline alanine-rich kinase (SPAK) binding site in the amino-terminal domain is conserved. Thus, NCCβ exhibits significant functional differences from NCCs that could be helpful in defining several aspects of the structure-function relationship of this important cotransporter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Moreno
- From the Department of Nephrology and Mineral Metabolism, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Tlalpan, 14080 Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Consuelo Plata
- From the Department of Nephrology and Mineral Metabolism, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Tlalpan, 14080 Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Alejandro Rodríguez-Gama
- the Molecular Physiology Unit, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Tlalpan, 14080 Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Eduardo R Argaiz
- From the Department of Nephrology and Mineral Metabolism, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Tlalpan, 14080 Mexico City, Mexico.,the Molecular Physiology Unit, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Tlalpan, 14080 Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Norma Vázquez
- From the Department of Nephrology and Mineral Metabolism, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Tlalpan, 14080 Mexico City, Mexico.,the Molecular Physiology Unit, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Tlalpan, 14080 Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Karla Leyva-Ríos
- the Molecular Physiology Unit, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Tlalpan, 14080 Mexico City, Mexico
| | - León Islas
- the Department of Physiology, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04510 Coyoacan, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Christopher Cutler
- the Biology Department, Georgia Southern University, Statesboro, Georgia 30460
| | | | - Adriana Mercado
- the Department of Nephrology, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez, Tlalpan, 14080 Mexico City, Mexico, and
| | - Raquel Cariño-Cortés
- the School of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo, 42034 Pachuca, Hidalgo, México
| | - María Castañeda-Bueno
- From the Department of Nephrology and Mineral Metabolism, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Tlalpan, 14080 Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Gerardo Gamba
- From the Department of Nephrology and Mineral Metabolism, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Tlalpan, 14080 Mexico City, Mexico, .,the Molecular Physiology Unit, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Tlalpan, 14080 Mexico City, Mexico
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86
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Bazúa-Valenti S, Castañeda-Bueno M, Gamba G. Physiological role of SLC12 family members in the kidney. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2016; 311:F131-44. [DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00071.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Accepted: 04/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The solute carrier family 12, as numbered according to Human Genome Organisation (HUGO) nomenclature, encodes the electroneutral cation-coupled chloride cotransporters that are expressed in many cells and tissues; they play key roles in important physiological events, such as cell volume regulation, modulation of the intracellular chloride concentration, and transepithelial ion transport. Most of these family members are expressed in specific regions of the nephron. The Na-K-2Cl cotransporter NKCC2, which is located in the thick ascending limb, and the Na-Cl cotransporter, which is located in the distal convoluted tubule, play important roles in salt reabsorption and serve as the receptors for loop and thiazide diuretics, respectively (Thiazide diuretics are among the most commonly prescribed drugs in the world.). The activity of these transporters correlates with blood pressure levels; thus, their regulation has been a subject of intense research for more than a decade. The K-Cl cotransporters KCC1, KCC3, and KCC4 are expressed in several nephron segments, and their role in renal physiology is less understood but nevertheless important. Evidence suggests that they are involved in modulating proximal tubule glucose reabsorption, thick ascending limb salt reabsorption and collecting duct proton secretion. In this work, we present an overview of the physiological roles of these transporters in the kidney, with particular emphasis on the knowledge gained in the past few years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvana Bazúa-Valenti
- Molecular Physiology Unit, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán and Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Tlalpan, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - María Castañeda-Bueno
- Molecular Physiology Unit, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán and Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Tlalpan, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Gerardo Gamba
- Molecular Physiology Unit, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán and Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Tlalpan, Mexico City, Mexico
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87
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Mercado A, de Los Heros P, Melo Z, Chávez-Canales M, Murillo-de-Ozores AR, Moreno E, Bazúa-Valenti S, Vázquez N, Hadchouel J, Gamba G. With no lysine L-WNK1 isoforms are negative regulators of the K+-Cl- cotransporters. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2016; 311:C54-66. [PMID: 27170636 PMCID: PMC4967140 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00193.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2015] [Accepted: 05/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The K(+)-Cl(-) cotransporters (KCC1-KCC4) encompass a branch of the SLC12 family of electroneutral cation-coupled chloride cotransporters that translocate ions out of the cell to regulate various factors, including cell volume and intracellular chloride concentration, among others. L-WNK1 is an ubiquitously expressed kinase that is activated in response to osmotic stress and intracellular chloride depletion, and it is implicated in two distinct hereditary syndromes: the renal disease pseudohypoaldosteronism type II (PHAII) and the neurological disease hereditary sensory neuropathy 2 (HSN2). The effect of L-WNK1 on KCC activity is unknown. Using Xenopus laevis oocytes and HEK-293 cells, we show that the activation of KCCs by cell swelling was prevented by L-WNK1 coexpression. In contrast, the activity of the Na(+)-K(+)-2Cl(-) cotransporter NKCC1 was remarkably increased with L-WNK1 coexpression. The negative effect of L-WNK1 on the KCCs is kinase dependent. Elimination of the STE20 proline-alanine rich kinase (SPAK)/oxidative stress-responsive kinase (OSR1) binding site or the HQ motif required for the WNK-WNK interaction prevented the effect of L-WNK1 on KCCs, suggesting a required interaction between L-WNK1 molecules and SPAK. Together, our data support that NKCC1 and KCCs are coordinately regulated by L-WNK1 isoforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Mercado
- Department of Nephrology, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez, Tlalpan, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Paola de Los Heros
- División de Investigación, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Coyoacán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Zesergio Melo
- Molecular Physiology Unit, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Tlalpan, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - María Chávez-Canales
- Molecular Physiology Unit, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Tlalpan, Mexico City, Mexico; Department of Nephrology and Mineral Metabolism, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán. Tlalpan, Mexico City, Mexico; INSERM UMR970-Paris Cardiovascular Research Center, Paris, France; and University Paris-Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Faculty of Medicine, Paris, France
| | - Adrián R Murillo-de-Ozores
- Molecular Physiology Unit, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Tlalpan, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Erika Moreno
- Department of Nephrology and Mineral Metabolism, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán. Tlalpan, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Silvana Bazúa-Valenti
- Molecular Physiology Unit, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Tlalpan, Mexico City, Mexico; Department of Nephrology and Mineral Metabolism, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán. Tlalpan, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Norma Vázquez
- Molecular Physiology Unit, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Tlalpan, Mexico City, Mexico; Department of Nephrology and Mineral Metabolism, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán. Tlalpan, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Juliette Hadchouel
- INSERM UMR970-Paris Cardiovascular Research Center, Paris, France; and University Paris-Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Faculty of Medicine, Paris, France
| | - Gerardo Gamba
- Molecular Physiology Unit, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Tlalpan, Mexico City, Mexico; Department of Nephrology and Mineral Metabolism, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán. Tlalpan, Mexico City, Mexico;
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88
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Gamba G. The evolving field of salt transport regulation in the Steve Hebert Lecture. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2016; 311:F68-70. [PMID: 27147671 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00229.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Gerardo Gamba
- Molecular Physiology Unit, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México and Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
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89
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Hennings JC, Andrini O, Picard N, Paulais M, Huebner AK, Cayuqueo IKL, Bignon Y, Keck M, Cornière N, Böhm D, Jentsch TJ, Chambrey R, Teulon J, Hübner CA, Eladari D. The ClC-K2 Chloride Channel Is Critical for Salt Handling in the Distal Nephron. J Am Soc Nephrol 2016; 28:209-217. [PMID: 27335120 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2016010085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2016] [Accepted: 05/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Chloride transport by the renal tubule is critical for blood pressure (BP), acid-base, and potassium homeostasis. Chloride uptake from the urinary fluid is mediated by various apical transporters, whereas basolateral chloride exit is thought to be mediated by ClC-Ka/K1 and ClC-Kb/K2, two chloride channels from the ClC family, or by KCl cotransporters from the SLC12 gene family. Nevertheless, the localization and role of ClC-K channels is not fully resolved. Because inactivating mutations in ClC-Kb/K2 cause Bartter syndrome, a disease that mimics the effects of the loop diuretic furosemide, ClC-Kb/K2 is assumed to have a critical role in salt handling by the thick ascending limb. To dissect the role of this channel in detail, we generated a mouse model with a targeted disruption of the murine ortholog ClC-K2. Mutant mice developed a Bartter syndrome phenotype, characterized by renal salt loss, marked hypokalemia, and metabolic alkalosis. Patch-clamp analysis of tubules isolated from knockout (KO) mice suggested that ClC-K2 is the main basolateral chloride channel in the thick ascending limb and in the aldosterone-sensitive distal nephron. Accordingly, ClC-K2 KO mice did not exhibit the natriuretic response to furosemide and exhibited a severely blunted response to thiazide. We conclude that ClC-Kb/K2 is critical for salt absorption not only by the thick ascending limb, but also by the distal convoluted tubule.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Christopher Hennings
- Institut für Humangenetik, University Hospital Jena, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität, Jena, Germany
| | - Olga Andrini
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Equipe de Recherche Labelisée 8228, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Unité Mixte de Recherche en Santé 1138, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France
| | - Nicolas Picard
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Equipe de Recherche Labelisée 8228, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Unité Mixte de Recherche en Santé 1138, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France
| | - Marc Paulais
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Equipe de Recherche Labelisée 8228, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Unité Mixte de Recherche en Santé 1138, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France
| | - Antje K Huebner
- Institut für Humangenetik, University Hospital Jena, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität, Jena, Germany
| | - Irma Karen Lopez Cayuqueo
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U970, Paris Cardiovascular Research Center, Paris, France.,Centro de Estudios Científicos, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Yohan Bignon
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Equipe de Recherche Labelisée 8228, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Unité Mixte de Recherche en Santé 1138, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France
| | - Mathilde Keck
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Equipe de Recherche Labelisée 8228, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Unité Mixte de Recherche en Santé 1138, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France
| | - Nicolas Cornière
- Service de Néphrologie, Hôpital Felix Guyon, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de la Réunion, St Denis, Ile de la Réunion, France
| | - David Böhm
- Institut für Humangenetik, University Hospital Jena, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität, Jena, Germany
| | - Thomas J Jentsch
- Leibniz-Institut für Molekulare Pharmakologie and Max-Delbrück Centrum für Molekulare Medizin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Régine Chambrey
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U970, Paris Cardiovascular Research Center, Paris, France.,Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris-Descartes, Paris, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Paris, France; and
| | - Jacques Teulon
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Equipe de Recherche Labelisée 8228, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Unité Mixte de Recherche en Santé 1138, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France;
| | - Christian A Hübner
- Institut für Humangenetik, University Hospital Jena, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität, Jena, Germany
| | - Dominique Eladari
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U970, Paris Cardiovascular Research Center, Paris, France; .,Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris-Descartes, Paris, France.,Département de Physiologie, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
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90
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Savas Ü, Wei S, Hsu MH, Falck JR, Guengerich FP, Capdevila JH, Johnson EF. 20-Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic Acid (HETE)-dependent Hypertension in Human Cytochrome P450 (CYP) 4A11 Transgenic Mice: NORMALIZATION OF BLOOD PRESSURE BY SODIUM RESTRICTION, HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE, OR BLOCKADE OF THE TYPE 1 ANGIOTENSIN II RECEPTOR. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:16904-19. [PMID: 27298316 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.732297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Male and female homozygous 129/Sv mice carrying four copies of the human cytochrome P450 4A11 gene (CYP4A11) under control of its native promoter (B-129/Sv-4A11(+/+)) develop hypertension (142 ± 8 versus 113 ± 7 mm Hg systolic blood pressure (BP)), and exhibit increased 20-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (20-HETE) in kidney and urine. The hypertension is reversible by a low-sodium diet and by the CYP4A inhibitor HET0016. B-129/Sv-4A11(+/+) mice display an 18% increase of plasma potassium (p < 0.02), but plasma aldosterone, angiotensin II (ANGII), and renin activities are unchanged. This phenotype resembles human genetic disorders with elevated activity of the sodium chloride co-transporter (NCC) and, accordingly, NCC abundance is increased by 50% in transgenic mice, and NCC levels are normalized by HET0016. ANGII is known to increase NCC abundance, and renal mRNA levels of its precursor angiotensinogen are increased 2-fold in B-129/Sv-4A11(+/+), and blockade of the ANGII receptor type 1 with losartan normalizes BP. A pro-hypertensive role for 20-HETE was implicated by normalization of BP and reversal of renal angiotensin mRNA increases by administration of the 20-HETE antagonists 2-((6Z,15Z)-20-hydroxyicosa-6,15-dienamido)acetate or (S)-2-((6Z,15Z)-20-hydroxyicosa-6,15-dienamido)succinate. SGK1 expression is also increased in B-129/Sv-4A11(+/+) mice and paralleled increases seen for NCC. Losartan, HET0016, and 20-HETE antagonists each normalized SGK1 mRNA expression. These results point to a potential 20-HETE dependence of intrarenal angiotensinogen production and ANGII receptor type 1 activation that are associated with increases in NCC and SGK1 and identify elevated P450 4A11 activity and 20-HETE as potential risk factors for salt-sensitive human hypertension by perturbation of the renal renin-angiotensin axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Üzen Savas
- From the Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037
| | | | - Mei-Hui Hsu
- From the Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - John R Falck
- the Department of Biochemistry, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas 75390
| | - F Peter Guengerich
- Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, and
| | | | - Eric F Johnson
- From the Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037,
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91
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Ferdaus MZ, Barber KW, López-Cayuqueo KI, Terker AS, Argaiz ER, Gassaway BM, Chambrey R, Gamba G, Rinehart J, McCormick JA. SPAK and OSR1 play essential roles in potassium homeostasis through actions on the distal convoluted tubule. J Physiol 2016; 594:4945-66. [PMID: 27068441 DOI: 10.1113/jp272311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2016] [Accepted: 04/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS STE20 (Sterile 20)/SPS-1 related proline/alanine-rich kinase (SPAK) and oxidative stress-response kinase-1 (OSR1) phosphorylate and activate the renal Na(+) -K(+) -2Cl(-) cotransporter 2 (NKCC2) and Na(+) Cl(-) cotransporter (NCC). Mouse models suggest that OSR1 mainly activates NKCC2-mediated sodium transport along the thick ascending limb, while SPAK mainly activates NCC along the distal convoluted tubule, but the kinases may compensate for each other. We hypothesized that disruption of both kinases would lead to polyuria and severe salt-wasting, and generated SPAK/OSR1 double knockout mice to test this. Despite a lack of SPAK and OSR1, phosphorylated NKCC2 abundance was still high, suggesting the existence of an alternative activating kinase. Compensatory changes in SPAK/OSR1-independent phosphorylation sites on both NKCC2 and NCC and changes in sodium transport along the collecting duct were also observed. Potassium restriction revealed that SPAK and OSR1 play essential roles in the emerging model that NCC activation is central to sensing changes in plasma [K(+) ]. ABSTRACT STE20 (Sterile 20)/SPS-1 related proline/alanine-rich kinase (SPAK) and oxidative stress-response kinase-1 (OSR1) activate the renal cation cotransporters Na(+) -K(+) -2Cl(-) cotransporter (NKCC2) and Na(+) -Cl(-) cotransporter (NCC) via phosphorylation. Knockout mouse models suggest that OSR1 mainly activates NKCC2, while SPAK mainly activates NCC, with possible cross-compensation. We tested the hypothesis that disrupting both kinases causes severe polyuria and salt-wasting by generating SPAK/OSR1 double knockout (DKO) mice. DKO mice displayed lower systolic blood pressure compared with SPAK knockout (SPAK-KO) mice, but displayed no severe phenotype even after dietary salt restriction. Phosphorylation of NKCC2 at SPAK/OSR1-dependent sites was lower than in SPAK-KO mice, but still significantly greater than in wild type mice. In the renal medulla, there was significant phosphorylation of NKCC2 at SPAK/OSR1-dependent sites despite a complete absence of SPAK and OSR1, suggesting the existence of an alternative activating kinase. The distal convoluted tubule has been proposed to sense plasma [K(+) ], with NCC activation serving as the primary effector pathway that modulates K(+) secretion, by metering sodium delivery to the collecting duct. Abundance of phosphorylated NCC (pNCC) is dramatically lower in SPAK-KO mice than in wild type mice, and the additional disruption of OSR1 further reduced pNCC. SPAK-KO and kidney-specific OSR1 single knockout mice maintained plasma [K(+) ] following dietary potassium restriction, but DKO mice developed severe hypokalaemia. Unlike mice lacking SPAK or OSR1 alone, DKO mice displayed an inability to phosphorylate NCC under these conditions. These data suggest that SPAK and OSR1 are essential components of the effector pathway that maintains plasma [K(+) ].
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Z Ferdaus
- Division of Nephrology & Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Karl W Barber
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Physiology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA.,Systems Biology Institute, Yale University, Orange, CT, 06477, USA
| | - Karen I López-Cayuqueo
- INSERM U970, Paris Cardiovascular Research Center, Université Paris-Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Andrew S Terker
- Division of Nephrology & Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Eduardo R Argaiz
- Molecular Physiology Unit, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México and Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Brandon M Gassaway
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Physiology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA.,Systems Biology Institute, Yale University, Orange, CT, 06477, USA
| | - Régine Chambrey
- INSERM U970, Paris Cardiovascular Research Center, Université Paris-Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Gerardo Gamba
- Molecular Physiology Unit, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México and Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Jesse Rinehart
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Physiology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA.,Systems Biology Institute, Yale University, Orange, CT, 06477, USA
| | - James A McCormick
- Division of Nephrology & Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
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Koumangoye R, Delpire E. The Ste20 kinases SPAK and OSR1 travel between cells through exosomes. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2016; 311:C43-53. [PMID: 27122160 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00080.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2016] [Accepted: 04/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Proteomics studies have identified Ste20-related proline/alanine-rich kinase (SPAK) and oxidative stress response 1 (OSR1) in exosomes isolated from body fluids such as blood, saliva, and urine. Because proteomics studies likely overestimate the number of exosome proteins, we sought to confirm and extend this observation using traditional biochemical and cell biology methods. We utilized HEK293 cells in culture to verify the packaging of these Ste20 kinases in exosomes. Using a series of centrifugation and filtration steps of conditioned culture medium isolated from HEK293 cells, we isolated nanovesicles in the range of 40-100 nm. We show that these small vesicles express the tetraspanin protein CD63 and lack endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi markers, consistent with these being exosomes. We show by Western blot and immunogold analyses that these exosomes express SPAK, OSR1, and Na-K-Cl cotransporter 1 (NKCC1). We show that exosomes are not only secreted by cells, but also accumulated by adjacent cells. Indeed, exposing cultured cells to exosomes produced by other cells expressing a fluorescently labeled kinase resulted in the kinase finding its way into the cytoplasm of these cells, consistent with the idea of exosomes serving as cell-to-cell communication vessels. Similarly, coculturing cells expressing different fluorescently tagged proteins resulted in the exchange of proteins between cells. In addition, we show that both SPAK and OSR1 kinases entering cells through exosomes are preferentially expressed at the plasma membrane and that the kinases in exosomes are functional and maintain NKCC1 in a phosphorylated state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rainelli Koumangoye
- Department of Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Eric Delpire
- Department of Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
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Tutakhel OAZ, Jeleń S, Valdez-Flores M, Dimke H, Piersma SR, Jimenez CR, Deinum J, Lenders JW, Hoenderop JGJ, Bindels RJM. Alternative splice variant of the thiazide-sensitive NaCl cotransporter: a novel player in renal salt handling. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2016; 310:F204-16. [DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00429.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2015] [Accepted: 10/31/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The thiazide-sensitive NaCl cotransporter (NCC) is an important pharmacological target in the treatment of hypertension. The human SLC12A3 gene, encoding NCC, gives rise to three isoforms. Only the third isoform has been extensively investigated. The aim of the present study was, therefore, to establish the abundance and localization of the almost identical isoforms 1 and 2 (NCC1/2) in the human kidney and to determine their functional properties and regulation in physiological conditions. Immunohistochemical analysis of NCC1/2 in the human kidney revealed that NCC1/2 localizes to the apical plasma membrane of the distal convoluted tubule. Importantly, NCC1/2 mRNA constitutes ∼44% of all NCC isoforms in the human kidney. Functional analysis performed in the Xenopus laevis oocyte revealed that thiazide-sensitive 22Na+ transport of NCC1 was significantly increased compared with NCC3. Mimicking a constitutively active phosphorylation site at residue 811 (S811D) in NCC1 further augmented Na+ transport, while a nonphosphorylatable variant (S811A) of NCC1 prevented this enhanced response. Analysis of human urinary exosomes demonstrated that water loading in human subjects significantly reduces the abundance of NCC1/2 in urinary exosomes. The present study highlights that previously underrepresented NCC1/2 is a fully functional thiazide-sensitive NaCl-transporting protein. Being significantly expressed in the kidney, it may constitute a unique route of renal NaCl reabsorption and could, therefore, play an important role in blood pressure regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar A. Z. Tutakhel
- Department of Physiology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Sabina Jeleń
- Department of Physiology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Marco Valdez-Flores
- Department of Physiology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Henrik Dimke
- Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Sander R. Piersma
- OncoProteomics Laboratory, Department of Medical Oncology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Connie R. Jimenez
- OncoProteomics Laboratory, Department of Medical Oncology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jaap Deinum
- Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jacques W. Lenders
- Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Medicine III, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität, Dresden, Germany; and
| | - Joost G. J. Hoenderop
- Department of Physiology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - René J. M. Bindels
- Department of Physiology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Osmotic stress induces the phosphorylation of WNK4 Ser575 via the p38MAPK-MK pathway. Sci Rep 2016; 6:18710. [PMID: 26732173 PMCID: PMC4702109 DOI: 10.1038/srep18710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2015] [Accepted: 11/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The With No lysine [K] (WNK)-Ste20-related proline/alanine-rich kinase (SPAK)/oxidative stress-responsive kinase 1 (OSR1) pathway has been reported to be a crucial signaling pathway for triggering pseudohypoaldosteronism type II (PHAII), an autosomal dominant hereditary disease that is characterized by hypertension. However, the molecular mechanism(s) by which the WNK-SPAK/OSR1 pathway is regulated remain unclear. In this report, we identified WNK4 as an interacting partner of a recently identified MAP3K, apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 3 (ASK3). We found that WNK4 is phosphorylated in an ASK3 kinase activity-dependent manner. By exploring the ASK3-dependent phosphorylation sites, we identified Ser575 as a novel phosphorylation site in WNK4 by LC-MS/MS analysis. ASK3-dependent WNK4 Ser575 phosphorylation was mediated by the p38MAPK-MAPK-activated protein kinase (MK) pathway. Osmotic stress, as well as hypotonic low-chloride stimulation, increased WNK4 Ser575 phosphorylation via the p38MAPK-MK pathway. ASK3 was required for the p38MAPK activation induced by hypotonic stimulation but was not required for that induced by hypertonic stimulation or hypotonic low-chloride stimulation. Our results suggest that the p38MAPK-MK pathway might regulate WNK4 in an osmotic stress-dependent manner but its upstream regulators might be divergent depending on the types of osmotic stimuli.
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96
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Unique chloride-sensing properties of WNK4 permit the distal nephron to modulate potassium homeostasis. Kidney Int 2016; 89:127-34. [PMID: 26422504 PMCID: PMC4814375 DOI: 10.1038/ki.2015.289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 188] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2015] [Revised: 07/13/2015] [Accepted: 07/31/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Dietary potassium deficiency activates thiazide-sensitive sodium chloride cotransport along the distal nephron. This may explain, in part, the hypertension and cardiovascular mortality observed in individuals who consume a low-potassium diet. Recent data suggest that plasma potassium affects the distal nephron directly by influencing intracellular chloride, an inhibitor of the with-no-lysine kinase (WNK)-Ste20p-related proline- and alanine-rich kinase (SPAK) pathway. As previous studies used extreme dietary manipulations, we sought to determine whether the relationship between potassium and NaCl cotransporter (NCC) is physiologically relevant and clarify the mechanisms involved. We report that modest changes in both dietary and plasma potassium affect NCC in vivo. Kinase assay studies showed that chloride inhibits WNK4 kinase activity at lower concentrations than it inhibits activity of WNK1 or WNK3. Also, chloride inhibited WNK4 within the range of distal cell chloride concentration. Mutation of a previously identified WNK chloride-binding motif converted WNK4 effects on SPAK from inhibitory to stimulatory in mammalian cells. Disruption of this motif in WNKs 1, 3, and 4 had different effects on NCC, consistent with the three WNKs having different chloride sensitivities. Thus, potassium effects on NCC are graded within the physiological range, which explains how unique chloride-sensing properties of WNK4 enable it to mediate effects of potassium on NCC in vivo.
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97
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Rojas-Vega L, Gamba G. Mini-review: regulation of the renal NaCl cotransporter by hormones. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2016; 310:F10-4. [DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00354.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The renal thiazide-sensitive NaCl cotransporter, NCC, is the major pathway for salt reabsorption in the distal convoluted tubule. The activity of this cotransporter is critical for regulation of several physiological variables such as blood pressure, serum potassium, acid base metabolism, and urinary calcium excretion. Therefore, it is not surprising that numerous hormone-signaling pathways regulate NCC activity to maintain homeostasis. In this review, we will provide an overview of the most recent evidence on NCC modulation by aldosterone, angiotensin II, vasopressin, glucocorticoids, insulin, norepinephrine, estradiol, progesterone, prolactin, and parathyroid hormone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorena Rojas-Vega
- Molecular Physiology Unit, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico; and
- Department of Nephrology and Mineral Metabolism, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Gerardo Gamba
- Molecular Physiology Unit, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico; and
- Department of Nephrology and Mineral Metabolism, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
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98
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O'Shaughnessy KM. Gordon Syndrome: a continuing story. Pediatr Nephrol 2015; 30:1903-8. [PMID: 25503323 DOI: 10.1007/s00467-014-2956-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2014] [Revised: 08/28/2014] [Accepted: 08/29/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Gordon Syndrome (GS) is a rare familial hypertension syndrome with a characteristic hyperkalaemia which distinguishes it from other syndromic forms of hypertension that typically cause hypokalaemia. Patients with GS respond to aggressive salt-restriction or relatively small doses of thiazide diuretics, which suggests that activation of the thiazide-sensitive Na/Cl cotransporter (NCC) in the distal nephron is to blame. However, the mechanism has proved to be complex. In 2001, mutations in genes encoding two serine/threonine kinases, WNK1 and WNK4, were identified as causing GS. However, it took several years to appreciate that these kinases operated in a cascade with downstream serine/threonine kinases (SPAK and OSR1) actually phosphorylating and activating NCC and the closely related cotransporters NKCC1 and NKCC2. The hyperkalaemia in GS arises from an independent action of WNK1/WNK4 to reduce cell-surface expression of ROMK, the secretory K-channel in the collecting ducts. However, mutations in WNK1/4 are present in a small minority of GS families, and further genes have emerged (CUL3 and KLHL3) that code for Cullin-3 (a scaffold protein in an ubiquitin-E3 ligase) and an adaptor protein, Kelch3, respectively. These new players regulate the ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation of WNK kinases, thereby adding to the complex picture we now have of NCC regulation in the distal nephron.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin M O'Shaughnessy
- Division of Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics, Department of Medicine, Addenbrooke's Hospital-University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 2QQ UK.
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99
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Rojas-Vega L, Jiménez-Vega AR, Bazúa-Valenti S, Arroyo-Garza I, Jiménez JV, Gómez-Ocádiz R, Carrillo-Pérez DL, Moreno E, Morales-Buenrostro LE, Alberú J, Gamba G. Increased phosphorylation of the renal Na+-Cl- cotransporter in male kidney transplant recipient patients with hypertension: a prospective cohort. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2015; 309:F836-42. [PMID: 26336164 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00326.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2015] [Accepted: 08/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Evidence in rodents suggests that tacrolimus-induced posttransplant hypertension is due to upregulation of the thiazide-sensitive Na+-Cl- cotransporter NCC. Here, we analyzed whether a similar mechanism is involved in posttransplant hypertension in humans. From January 2013 to June 2014, all adult kidney transplant recipients receiving a kidney allograft were enrolled in a prospective cohort study. All patients received tacrolimus as part of the immunosuppressive therapy. Six months after surgery, we assessed general clinical and laboratory variables, tacrolimus trough blood levels, and ambulatory 24-h blood pressure monitoring. Urinary exosomes were extracted to perform Western blot analysis using total and phospho-NCC antibodies. A total of 52 patients, including 17 women and 35 men, were followed. At 6 mo after transplantation, of the 35 men, 17 developed hypertension and 18 remained normotensive, while high blood pressure was observed in only 3 of 17 women. The hypertensive patients were significantly older than the normotensive group; however, there were no significant differences in body weight, history of acute rejection, renal function, and tacrolimus trough levels. In urinary exosomes, hypertensive patients showed higher NCC expression (1.7±0.19) than normotensive (1±0.13) (P=0.0096). Also, NCC phosphorylation levels were significantly higher in the hypertensive patients (1.57±0.16 vs. 1±0.07; P=0.0049). Our data show that there is a positive correlation between NCC expression/phosphorylation in urinary exosomes and the development of hypertension in posttransplant male patients treated with tacrolimus. Our results are consistent with the hypothesis that NCC activation plays a major role in tacrolimus-induced hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorena Rojas-Vega
- Department of Nephrology and Mineral Metabolism, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico; Molecular Physiology Unit, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Aldo R Jiménez-Vega
- Department of Nephrology and Mineral Metabolism, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Silvana Bazúa-Valenti
- Department of Nephrology and Mineral Metabolism, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico; Molecular Physiology Unit, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Isidora Arroyo-Garza
- Department of Nephrology and Mineral Metabolism, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - José Victor Jiménez
- Department of Nephrology and Mineral Metabolism, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico; Molecular Physiology Unit, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Ruy Gómez-Ocádiz
- Department of Nephrology and Mineral Metabolism, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Diego Luis Carrillo-Pérez
- Department of Nephrology and Mineral Metabolism, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Erika Moreno
- Department of Nephrology and Mineral Metabolism, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Luis E Morales-Buenrostro
- Department of Nephrology and Mineral Metabolism, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Josefina Alberú
- Department of Transplantation, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico; and
| | - Gerardo Gamba
- Department of Nephrology and Mineral Metabolism, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico; Molecular Physiology Unit, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
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100
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Kortenoeven MLA, Pedersen NB, Rosenbaek LL, Fenton RA. Vasopressin regulation of sodium transport in the distal nephron and collecting duct. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2015; 309:F280-99. [DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00093.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2015] [Accepted: 05/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Arginine vasopressin (AVP) is released from the posterior pituitary gland during states of hyperosmolality or hypovolemia. AVP is a peptide hormone, with antidiuretic and antinatriuretic properties. It allows the kidneys to increase body water retention predominantly by increasing the cell surface expression of aquaporin water channels in the collecting duct alongside increasing the osmotic driving forces for water reabsorption. The antinatriuretic effects of AVP are mediated by the regulation of sodium transport throughout the distal nephron, from the thick ascending limb through to the collecting duct, which in turn partially facilitates osmotic movement of water. In this review, we will discuss the regulatory role of AVP in sodium transport and summarize the effects of AVP on various molecular targets, including the sodium-potassium-chloride cotransporter NKCC2, the thiazide-sensitive sodium-chloride cotransporter NCC, and the epithelial sodium channel ENaC.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. L. A. Kortenoeven
- Department of Biomedicine and Center for Interactions of Proteins in Epithelial Transport (InterPrET), Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - N. B. Pedersen
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; and
| | - L. L. Rosenbaek
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - R. A. Fenton
- Department of Biomedicine and Center for Interactions of Proteins in Epithelial Transport (InterPrET), Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
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