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Visigalli D, Strangio A, Palmieri D, Manduca P. Hind limb unloading of mice modulates gene expression at the protein and mRNA level in mesenchymal bone cells. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2010; 11:147. [PMID: 20602768 PMCID: PMC2906435 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2474-11-147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2010] [Accepted: 07/05/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background We investigated the extent, modalities and reversibility of changes at cellular level in the expression of genes and proteins occurring upon Hind limb unloading (HU) in the tibiae of young C57BL/6J male mice. We focused on the effects of HU in chondrogenic, osteogenic, and marrow mesenchymal cells. Methods We analyzed for expression of genes and proteins at two time points after HU (7 and 14 days), and at 14 days after recovery from HU. Levels of mRNAs were tested by in situ hybridization. Protein levels were tested by immunohistochemistry. We studied genes involved in osteogenesis (alkaline phosphatase (AP), osteocalcin (OC), bonesialoprotein (BSP), membrane type1 matrix metalloproteinase (MT1-MMP)), in extracellular matrix (ECM) formation (procollagenases (BMP1), procollagenase enhancer proteins (PCOLCE)) and remodeling (metalloproteinase-9 (MMP9), RECK), and in bone homeostasis (Stro-1, CXCL12, CXCR4, CD146). Results We report the following patterns and timing of changes in gene expression induced by HU: 1) transient or stable down modulations of differentiation-associated genes (AP, OC), genes of matrix formation, maturation and remodelling, (BMP1, PCOLCEs MMP9) in osteogenic, chondrogenic and bone marrow cells; 2) up modulation of MT1-MMP in these same cells, and uncoupling of its expression from that of AP; 3) transient down modulation of the osteoblast specific expression of BSP; 4) for genes involved in bone homeostasis, up modulation in bone marrow cells at distal epiphysis for CXCR4, down modulation of CXCL12, and transient increases in osteoblasts and marrow cells for Stro1. 14 days after limb reloading expression returned to control levels for most genes and proteins in most cell types, except AP in all cells, and CXCL12, only in bone marrow. Conclusions HU induces the coordinated modulation of gene expression in different mesenchymal cell types and microenvironments of tibia. HU also induces specific patterns of expression for homeostasis related genes and modulation of mRNAs and proteins for ECM deposition, maturation and remodeling which may be key factors for bone maintenance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Visigalli
- Genetics, DIBIO, University of Genoa, (Corso Europa 26), Genoa, (I-16132), Italy
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Zhang J, Valianou M, Cheng JD. Identification and characterization of the promoter of fibroblast activation protein. Front Biosci (Elite Ed) 2010; 2:1154-63. [PMID: 20515787 DOI: 10.2741/e175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Fibroblast activation protein (FAP) is a type II integral membrane glycoprotein belonging to the serine protease family. It is selectively expressed by tumor stromal fibroblasts and transiently in the fibroblasts of healing wounds. FAP has been shown to modulate growth, differentiation, adhesion, and metastasis of tumor cells. Despite the importance of FAP in cancer, the mechanisms that govern its expression have not been defined. In this study, we determined the transcription start site of the FAP gene and identified a 2-kb segment with promoter activity in cells expressing FAP. Truncation of this fragment revealed that the core promoter activity resided in a 245-bp fragment surrounding the transcription start site. Electrophoretic mobility shift assay showed that EGR1 binds to the FAP promoter. Mutation of the EGR1 site within this fragment significantly decreased the promoter activity of FAP and eliminated EGR1 binding. Down-regulation of EGR1 resulted in a significant reduction in endogenous FAP mRNA expression. These findings identify the basal transcriptional requirements of FAP gene expression and show EGR1 is an important regulator of FAP expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiping Zhang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA 19111, USA
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53
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Barbolina MV, Kim M, Liu Y, Shepard J, Belmadani A, Miller RJ, Shea LD, Stack MS. Microenvironmental regulation of chemokine (C-X-C-motif) receptor 4 in ovarian carcinoma. Mol Cancer Res 2010; 8:653-64. [PMID: 20460402 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-09-0463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The majority of women diagnosed with epithelial ovarian carcinoma (EOC) succumb due to complications of metastatic disease, suggesting that antimetastatic therapies may improve patient survival. EOC metastasis involves intraperitoneal shedding of cells from the primary tumor, followed by adhesion and localized penetration of the submesothelial matrix to anchor metastatic implants. Accumulation of malignant ascites is also common. Thus, a unique microenvironmental niche is established, which includes malignant cells and a plethora of soluble factors secreted by-or in response to-tumor cells. As cells penetrating the submesothelial surface encounter an interstitial collagen-rich extracellular matrix, we have used three-dimensional type I collagen gels to model early events resulting from intraperitoneal anchoring. In this study, we show a novel pathway of CXCR4 upregulation through beta1 integrin - and NFkappaB-dependent signaling pathways in response to three-dimensional type I collagen. We also show the involvement of CXCR4-SDF1 axis in collagen invasion and proliferation, relevant to the metastatic EOC. Our data show that CXCR4 expression in human EOCs, as well as SDF1 presence in the ascites, is correlated with disease progression and metastasis. These data emphasize the importance of the CXCR4-SDF1 axis in EOC metastasis and suggest that this mechanism should be accounted for when targeting EOC metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria V Barbolina
- Department of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 South Wood Street, PHARM 355, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
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Indelicato M, Pucci B, Schito L, Reali V, Aventaggiato M, Mazzarino MC, Stivala F, Fini M, Russo MA, Tafani M. Role of hypoxia and autophagy in MDA-MB-231 invasiveness. J Cell Physiol 2010; 223:359-68. [PMID: 20112292 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.22041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Survival strategies adopted by tumor cells in response to a hypoxic stress include activation of hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF-1) and autophagy. However, the importance and the function of each molecular response is not well defined. In the present study, we investigated invasiveness, migration, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) activity, and cell survival of MDA-MB-231 cells under normoxia, hypoxia, and hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R). Moreover, to assess the importance of hypoxia and autophagy on the parameters studied, cells were either left untreated or treated with Chetomin (a selective inhibitor of HIF-1alpha) or trifluoperazine (TFP, an activator of autophagy). We found that hypoxia and H/R stimulated invasiveness and migration of MDA-MB-231 cells with an increased MMP-2 activity. Chetomin and TFP differently regulated the cellular behavior under the oxygenation conditions studied. In fact, Chetomin was most effective in inhibiting cell invasion, MMPs activity, and cell survival under hypoxia but not normoxia or H/R. By contrast, TFP inhibition of cell invasion, migration, and cell survival was independent from oxygenation conditions. TFP-induced autophagy was inhibited by light chain protein 3 (LC3) silencing or 3-methyladenine (3MA) treatment. In fact, LC3-silenced cells were able to invade in the presence of TFP without any GATE16 processing and p62 degradation. Immunofluorescence assay showed that LC3 silencing inhibited TFP-induced autophagosome formation. However, we also showed that both TPF treatment and LC3 silencing caused cytoskeleton impairments suggesting a possible interaction between LC3 and cytoskeleton components. In conclusion, our study shows that hypoxia and autophagy by acting on common (HIF-1alpha) or separate (MMPs, cytoskeleton) targets differently regulate cell invasion, MMPs activity, and survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Indelicato
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pathology, IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, 00163 Rome, Italy.
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55
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Shin SY, Kim JH, Baker A, Lim Y, Lee YH. Transcription factor Egr-1 is essential for maximal matrix metalloproteinase-9 transcription by tumor necrosis factor alpha. Mol Cancer Res 2010; 8:507-19. [PMID: 20332214 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-09-0454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) is involved in a wide range of normal and pathologic conditions, including inflammation, tissue repair, tumor invasion, and metastasis. Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha) is a major proinflammatory cytokine that plays crucial roles in tumor progression, including tumor invasion and metastasis in the tumor microenvironment. Egr-1 is a member of the zinc-finger transcription factor family induced by diverse stimuli, including TNFalpha. However, the role of Egr-1 in MMP-9 expression was previously unknown. This study shows that Egr-1 directly binds to the MMP-9 promoter and plays an essential role for TNFalpha induction of MMP-9 transcription. Furthermore, Egr-1 together with NF-kappaB can synergistically activate both basal and TNFalpha-induced MMP-9 promoter activities in the presence of p300. We found that Egr-1 mediates extracellular signal-regulated kinase and c-jun NH(2)-terminal kinase mitogen-activated protein kinase-dependent MMP-9 transcription on TNFalpha stimulation. The requirement for Egr-1 in MMP-9 expression is further supported by the fact that HeLa cells expressing Egr-1 siRNA and Egr-1-null mouse embryonic fibroblasts were refractory to TNFalpha-induced MMP-9 expression. This report establishes that Egr-1 is essential for MMP-9 transcription in response to TNFalpha within the tumor microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soon Young Shin
- Institute of Biomedical Science and Technology, Konkuk University Hospital, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
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56
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Moss NM, Barbolina MV, Liu Y, Sun L, Munshi HG, Stack MS. Ovarian cancer cell detachment and multicellular aggregate formation are regulated by membrane type 1 matrix metalloproteinase: a potential role in I.p. metastatic dissemination. Cancer Res 2009; 69:7121-9. [PMID: 19706774 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-08-4151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
An early event in the metastasis of epithelial ovarian carcinoma is shedding of cells from the primary tumor into the peritoneal cavity followed by diffuse i.p. seeding of secondary lesions. Anchorage-independent metastatic cells are present as both single cells and multicellular aggregates (MCA), the latter of which adhere to and disaggregate on human mesothelial cell monolayers, subsequently forming invasive foci. Although this unique metastatic mechanism presents a distinct set of therapeutic challenges, factors that regulate MCA formation and dissemination have not been extensively evaluated. Proteolytic activity is important at multiple stages in i.p. metastasis, catalyzing migration through the mesothelial monolayer and invasion of the collagen-rich submesothelial matrix to anchor secondary lesions, and acquisition of membrane type 1 matrix metalloproteinase (MT1-MMP; MMP-14) expression promotes a collagen-invasive phenotype in ovarian carcinoma. MT1-MMP is regulated posttranslationally through multiple mechanisms including phosphorylation of its cytoplasmic tail, and the current data using ovarian cancer cells expressing wild-type, phosphomimetic (T567E-MT1-MMP), and phosphodefective (T567A-MT1-MMP) MT1-MMP show that MT1-MMP promotes MCA formation. Confluent T567E-MT1-MMP-expressing cells exhibit rapid detachment kinetics, spontaneous release as cell-cell adherent sheets concomitant with MT1-MMP-catalyzed alpha(3) integrin ectodomain shedding, and robust MCA formation. Expansive growth within three-dimensional collagen gels is also MT1-MMP dependent, with T567E-MT1-MMP-expressing cells exhibiting multiple collagen invasive foci. Analysis of human ovarian tumors shows elevated MT1-MMP in metastases relative to paired primary tumors. These data suggest that MT1-MMP activity may be key to ovarian carcinoma metastatic success by promoting both formation and dissemination of MCAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie M Moss
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine
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57
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Barbolina MV, Adley BP, Kelly DL, Shepard J, Fought AJ, Scholtens D, Penzes P, Shea LD, Stack MS. Downregulation of connective tissue growth factor by three-dimensional matrix enhances ovarian carcinoma cell invasion. Int J Cancer 2009; 125:816-25. [PMID: 19382180 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.24347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Epithelial ovarian carcinoma (EOC) is a leading cause of death from gynecologic malignancies, due mainly to the prevalence of undetected metastatic disease. The process of cell invasion during intraperitoneal anchoring of metastatic lesions requires concerted regulation of many processes, including modulation of adhesion to the extracellular matrix and localized invasion. Exploratory cDNA microarray analysis of early response genes (altered after 4 hr of 3D collagen culture) coupled with confirmatory real-time reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction, multiple 3D cell culture matrices, Western blot, immunostaining, adhesion, migration and invasion assays were used to identify modulators of adhesion pertinent to EOC progression and metastasis. cDNA microarray analysis indicated a dramatic downregulation of connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) in EOC cells placed in invasion- mimicking conditions (3D Type I collagen). Examination of human EOC specimens revealed that CTGF expression was absent in 46% of the tested samples (n = 41), but was present in 100% of normal ovarian epithelium samples (n = 7). Reduced CTGF expression occurs in many types of cells and may be a general phenomenon displayed by cells encountering a 3D environment. CTGF levels were inversely correlated with invasion such that downregulation of CTGF increased, while its upregulation reduced collagen invasion. Cells adhered preferentially to a surface comprised of both collagen I and CTGF relative to either component alone using alpha6beta1 and alpha3beta1 integrins. Together these data suggest that downregulation of CTGF in EOC cells may be important for cell invasion through modulation of cell-matrix adhesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria V Barbolina
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA.
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58
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Hudson LG, Moss NM, Stack MS. EGF-receptor regulation of matrix metalloproteinases in epithelial ovarian carcinoma. Future Oncol 2009; 5:323-38. [PMID: 19374540 DOI: 10.2217/fon.09.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Ovarian carcinoma is most frequently detected when disease has already disseminated intra-abdominally, resulting in a 5-year survival rate of less than 20% owing to complications of metastasis. Peritoneal ascites is often present, establishing a unique microenvironmental niche comprised of tumor and inflammatory cells, along with a wide range of bioactive soluble factors, several of which stimulate the EGF-receptor (EGFR). Elevated EGFR is associated with less favorable disease outcome in ovarian cancer, related in part to EGFR activation of signaling cascades that lead to enhanced matrix metalloproteinase expression and/or function. The available data suggest that modulating the expression or activity of the EGFR and/or matrix metalloproteinases offers opportunity for targeted intervention in patients with metastatic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurie G Hudson
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
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59
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Moss NM, Liu Y, Johnson JJ, Debiase P, Jones J, Hudson LG, Munshi H, Stack MS. Epidermal growth factor receptor-mediated membrane type 1 matrix metalloproteinase endocytosis regulates the transition between invasive versus expansive growth of ovarian carcinoma cells in three-dimensional collagen. Mol Cancer Res 2009; 7:809-20. [PMID: 19509114 PMCID: PMC2843416 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-08-0571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is overexpressed in ovarian carcinomas and promotes cellular responses that contribute to ovarian cancer pathobiology. In addition to modulation of mitogenic and motogenic behavior, emerging data identify EGFR activation as a novel mechanism for rapid modification of the cell surface proteome. The transmembrane collagenase membrane type 1 matrix metalloproteinase (MT1-MMP, MMP-14) is a major contributor to pericelluar proteolysis in the ovarian carcinoma microenvironment and is subjected to extensive posttranslational regulation. In the present study, the contribution of EGFR activation to control of MT1-MMP cell surface dynamics was investigated. Unstimulated ovarian cancer cells display caveolar colocalization of EGFR and MT1-MMP, whereas EGFR activation prompts internalization via distinct endocytic pathways. EGF treatment results in phosphorylation of the MT1-MMP cytoplasmic tail, and cells expressing a tyrosine mutated form of MT1-MMP (MT1-MMP-Y(573)F) exhibit defective MT1-MMP internalization. As a result of sustained cell surface MT1-MMP activity, a phenotypic epithelial-mesenchymal transition is observed, characterized by enhanced migration and collagen invasion, whereas growth within three-dimensional collagen gels is inhibited. These data support an EGFR-dependent mechanism for regulation of the transition between invasive and expansive growth of ovarian carcinoma cells via modulation of MT1-MMP cell surface dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie M. Moss
- Department of Cell & Molecular Biology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL
| | - Yueying Liu
- Department of Pathology & Anatomical Sciences and Medical Pharmacology & Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO
| | - Jeff J. Johnson
- Department of Pathology & Anatomical Sciences and Medical Pharmacology & Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO
| | - Philip Debiase
- Department of Cell & Molecular Biology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL
| | - Jonathan Jones
- Department of Cell & Molecular Biology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL
| | - Laurie G. Hudson
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM
| | - H.G. Munshi
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL
| | - M. Sharon Stack
- Department of Pathology & Anatomical Sciences and Medical Pharmacology & Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO
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Abstract
Over the past two decades, the 5-year survival for ovarian cancer patients has substantially improved owing to more effective surgery and treatment with empirically optimized combinations of cytotoxic drugs, but the overall cure rate remains approximately 30%. Many investigators think that further empirical trials using combinations of conventional agents are likely to produce only modest incremental improvements in outcome. Given the heterogeneity of this disease, increases in long-term survival might be achieved by translating recent insights at the molecular and cellular levels to personalize individual strategies for treatment and to optimize early detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert C Bast
- Departments of Experimental Therapeutics and Systems Biology, University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcolmbe Boulevard, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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61
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Relation between laminin-5 gamma 2 chain and cell surface metalloproteinase MT1-MMP in clear cell carcinoma of the ovary. Int J Gynecol Pathol 2009; 28:49-54. [PMID: 19047908 DOI: 10.1097/pgp.0b013e3181808021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Ovarian clear cell carcinoma (CCC) characteristically shows stromal accumulation of the basement membrane material laminin-5 (LN-5). LN-5 works not only as a substrate for cell anchorage but also as a stimulator for cell migration. Our previous study showed that CCC cell increased migration over excessive LN-5 in vitro. However, it remains unclear why LN-5 rather promotes cell migration than cell anchorage. A recent study has shown that the processing of the LN-5 gamma 2 chain by membrane type 1-matrix metalloproteinase (MT1-MMP) was responsible for increasing cell migration activity but reducing cell anchoring activity of LN-5. In the present study, 3 CCC cell lines were examined for LN-5 gamma 2 chain levels by Western blotting. Processed gamma 2 chain (105 kDa) was detected in the extracellular matrix of all 3 CCC cell lines in vitro. Immunocytochemically they expressed MT1-MMP on the cell surface. In surgical specimens, 22 of 30 (73%) CCCs showed membranous expression of MT1-MMP, and stromal accumulation of the LN-5 gamma 2 chain, especially in the area of papillary architecture. These results indicate that proteolytic processing of the LN-5 gamma 2 chain by MT1-MMP is involved in cell migration and subsequent architectural organization in ovarian CCC.
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Devy L, Huang L, Naa L, Yanamandra N, Pieters H, Frans N, Chang E, Tao Q, Vanhove M, Lejeune A, van Gool R, Sexton DJ, Kuang G, Rank D, Hogan S, Pazmany C, Ma YL, Schoonbroodt S, Nixon AE, Ladner RC, Hoet R, Henderikx P, Tenhoor C, Rabbani SA, Valentino ML, Wood CR, Dransfield DT. Selective inhibition of matrix metalloproteinase-14 blocks tumor growth, invasion, and angiogenesis. Cancer Res 2009; 69:1517-26. [PMID: 19208838 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-08-3255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 261] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Inhibition of specific matrix metalloproteinases (MMP) is an attractive noncytotoxic approach to cancer therapy. MMP-14, a membrane-bound zinc endopeptidase, has been proposed to play a central role in tumor growth, invasion, and neovascularization. Besides cleaving matrix proteins, MMP-14 activates proMMP-2 leading to an amplification of pericellular proteolytic activity. To examine the contribution of MMP-14 to tumor growth and angiogenesis, we used DX-2400, a highly selective fully human MMP-14 inhibitory antibody discovered using phage display technology. DX-2400 blocked proMMP-2 processing on tumor and endothelial cells, inhibited angiogenesis, and slowed tumor progression and formation of metastatic lesions. The combination of potency, selectivity, and robust in vivo activity shows the potential of a selective MMP-14 inhibitor for the treatment of solid tumors.
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63
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Ceelen WP, Bracke ME. Peritoneal minimal residual disease in colorectal cancer: mechanisms, prevention, and treatment. Lancet Oncol 2009; 10:72-9. [PMID: 19111247 DOI: 10.1016/s1470-2045(08)70335-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Roughly one in five patients with colorectal cancer develops peritoneal minimal residual disease after surgical resection, and about one in seven patients develops peritoneal carcinomatosis. By contrast with the vast body of research addressing haematogenous metastasis, little is known about the biology of peritoneal spread of colorectal cancer. The development of peritoneal carcinomatosis involves well-defined steps including cell shedding and transport, adhesion to the mesothelial layer, invasion of and proliferation into the submesothelial stroma, and potential access to the systemic circulation. In this Review, we summarise the molecular mechanisms and potential preventive measures associated with each step of the peritoneal metastatic cascade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wim P Ceelen
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
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64
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Organotypic models of metastasis: A three-dimensional culture mimicking the human peritoneum and omentum for the study of the early steps of ovarian cancer metastasis. Cancer Treat Res 2009; 149:335-51. [PMID: 19763444 DOI: 10.1007/978-0-387-98094-2_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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65
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Barbolina MV, Moss NM, Westfall SD, Liu Y, Burkhalter RJ, Marga F, Forgacs G, Hudson LG, Stack MS. Microenvironmental regulation of ovarian cancer metastasis. Cancer Treat Res 2009; 149:319-334. [PMID: 19763443 DOI: 10.1007/978-0-387-98094-2_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Maria V Barbolina
- Department of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL, USA
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66
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Adley BP, Gleason KJ, Yang XJ, Stack MS. Expression of membrane type 1 matrix metalloproteinase (MMP-14) in epithelial ovarian cancer: high level expression in clear cell carcinoma. Gynecol Oncol 2008; 112:319-24. [PMID: 18976802 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2008.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2008] [Revised: 09/11/2008] [Accepted: 09/12/2008] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Clear cell carcinomas of the ovary constitute approximately 5% of all ovarian neoplasms and have a distinct gene expression profile relative to other ovarian carcinoma histotypes. Tumors often present as an early stage large pelvic mass with a high degree of recurrence and frequent early metastasis. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) play a role in intraperitoneal metastasis through breakdown of cell-cell and cell-matrix barriers, enabling anchoring of secondary lesions and promoting proliferation in a geometrically constrained matrix environment. The objective of this study was to evaluate MMP expression in ovarian clear cell carcinoma. METHODS Immunohistochemistry was used to evaluate expression of membrane type 1 MMP (MMP-14), MMP-2 and MMP-9 in a panel of ovarian tumors. Western blotting and gelatin zymography were used to examine MMP-14 expression and activity in the clear cell carcinoma cell line ES2. The ability of ES2 cells to invade and proliferate within three-dimensional collagen gels was evaluated. RESULTS High level expression of MMP-14 and MMP-2 were observed in ovarian clear cell carcinoma relative to other histotypes (94-95% strong positive). MMP-14 was expressed and active in cultured ES2 cells. ES2 cells also exhibited MMP-dependent invasion of and proliferation within three-dimensional collagen gels. CONCLUSIONS The high level expression of MMP-14 together with in vitro functional analyses suggest that MMP-14 may contribute to both the proliferative capacity and the enhanced parenchymal metastasis of ovarian clear cell carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian P Adley
- Advocate Lutheran General Hospital, Park Ridge, IL, USA
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67
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Barbolina MV, Adley BP, Kelly DL, Fought AJ, Scholtens D, Shea LD, Sharon Stack M. Motility-related actinin alpha-4 is associated with advanced and metastatic ovarian carcinoma. J Transl Med 2008; 88:602-14. [PMID: 18362906 PMCID: PMC2849305 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.2008.25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Advanced and metastatic ovarian cancer is a leading cause of death from gynecologic malignancies. A more detailed understanding of the factors controlling invasion and metastasis may lead to novel anti-metastatic therapies. To model cellular interactions that occur during intraperitoneal metastasis, comparative cDNA microarray analysis and confirmatory real-time reverse transcription PCR (RT-PCR) were employed to uncover changes in gene expression that may occur in late stage ovarian cancer in response to microenvironmental cues, particularly native three-dimensional collagen I. Gene expression in human ovarian carcinoma tissues was evaluated on the RNA and protein level using real-time RT-PCR and immunohistochemistry. Cell invasion and migration were evaluated in a collagen invasion assay and a scratch wound assay. Three-dimensional collagen I culture led to differential expression of several genes. The role of actinin alpha-4 (ACTN4), a cytoskeleton-associated protein implicated in the regulation of cell motility, was examined in detail. ACTN4 RNA and protein expression were associated with advanced and metastatic human ovarian carcinoma. This report demonstrates that a cytoskeletal-associated protein ACTN4 is upregulated by three-dimensional collagen culture conditions, leading to increased invasion and motility of ovarian cancer cells. Expression of ACTN4 in human ovarian tumors was found to be associated with advanced-stage disease and peritoneal metastases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria V. Barbolina
- Department of Chemical & Biochemical Engineering, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611
| | - Brian P. Adley
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611
| | - David L. Kelly
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198
| | - Angela J. Fought
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611
| | - Denise Scholtens
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611
| | - Lonnie D. Shea
- Department of Chemical & Biochemical Engineering, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611
| | - M. Sharon Stack
- Department of Pathology and Anatomical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65212,To whom correspondence and reprint requests should be addressed: M. Sharon Stack, Department of Pathology and Anatomical Sciences, University of Missouri School of Medicine, One Hospital Drive, M214E Medical Sciences Bldg, Columbia, MO 65212, Ph. 573-884-7301,
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Cho JA, Osenkowski P, Zhao H, Kim S, Toth M, Cole K, Aboukameel A, Saliganan A, Schuger L, Bonfil RD, Fridman R. The inactive 44-kDa processed form of membrane type 1 matrix metalloproteinase (MT1-MMP) enhances proteolytic activity via regulation of endocytosis of active MT1-MMP. J Biol Chem 2008; 283:17391-405. [PMID: 18413312 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m708943200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Membrane type 1 (MT1) matrix metalloproteinase (MMP-14) is a membrane-tethered MMP considered to be a major mediator of pericellular proteolysis. MT1-MMP is regulated by a complex array of mechanisms, including processing and endocytosis that determine the pool of active proteases on the plasma membrane. Autocatalytic processing of active MT1-MMP generates an inactive membrane-tethered 44-kDa product (44-MT1) lacking the catalytic domain. This form preserves all other enzyme domains and is retained at the cell surface. Paradoxically, accumulation of the 44-kDa form has been associated with increased enzymatic activity. Here we report that expression of a recombinant 44-MT1 (Gly(285)-Val(582)) in HT1080 fibrosarcoma cells results in enhanced pro-MMP-2 activation, proliferation within a three-dimensional collagen I matrix, and tumor growth and lung metastasis in mice. Stimulation of pro-MMP-2 activation and growth in collagen I was also observed in other cell systems. Expression of 44-MT1 in HT1080 cells is associated with a delay in the rate of active MT1-MMP endocytosis resulting in higher levels of active enzyme at the cell surface. Consistently, deletion of the cytosolic domain obliterates the stimulatory effects of 44-MT1 on MT1-MMP activity. In contrast, deletion of the hinge turns the 44-MT1 form into a negative regulator of enzyme function in vitro and in vivo, suggesting a key role for the hinge region in the functional relationship between active and processed MT1-MMP. Together, these results suggest a novel role for the 44-kDa form of MT1-MMP generated during autocatalytic processing in maintaining the pool of active enzyme at the cell surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Ah Cho
- Department of Pathology and Proteases and Cancer Program, Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48201, USA
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Barbolina MV, Adley BP, Shea LD, Stack MS. Wilms tumor gene protein 1 is associated with ovarian cancer metastasis and modulates cell invasion. Cancer 2008; 112:1632-41. [DOI: 10.1002/cncr.23341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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70
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Barbolina MV, Stack MS. Membrane type 1-matrix metalloproteinase: substrate diversity in pericellular proteolysis. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2007; 19:24-33. [PMID: 17702616 PMCID: PMC2685078 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2007.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2007] [Accepted: 06/29/2007] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Enzymes in the matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) family have been linked to key events in developmental biology for almost 50 years. Biochemical, cellular and in vivo analyses have established that pericellular proteolysis contributes to numerous aspects of ontogeny including ovulation, fertilization, implantation, cellular migration, tissue remodeling and repair. Surface anchoring of proteinase activity provides spatial restrictions on substrate targeting. This review will utilize membrane type 1 MMP (MT1-MMP) as an example to highlight substrate diversity in pericellular proteolysis catalyzed by a membrane anchored MMP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria V. Barbolina
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208
| | - M. Sharon Stack
- Department of Pathology & Anatomical Sciences, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia MO 65212
- To whom the correspondence should be addressed: M. Sharon Stack, Department of Pathology and Anatomical Sciences, University of Missouri School of Medicine, One Hospital Drive, M214E, Columbia, MO 65212, Ph. 573-884-7301,
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