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Parker SJ, Koistinaho J, White AR, Kanninen KM. Biometals in rare neurodegenerative disorders of childhood. Front Aging Neurosci 2013; 5:14. [PMID: 23531702 PMCID: PMC3607070 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2013.00014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2013] [Accepted: 03/05/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Copper, iron, and zinc are just three of the main biometals critical for correct functioning of the central nervous system (CNS). They have diverse roles in many functional processes including but not limited to enzyme catalysis, protein stabilization, and energy production. The range of metal concentrations within the body is tightly regulated and when the balance is perturbed, debilitating effects ensue. Homeostasis of brain biometals is mainly controlled by various metal transporters and metal sequestering proteins. The biological roles of biometals are vastly reviewed in the literature with a large focus on the connection to neurological conditions associated with ageing. Biometals are also implicated in a variety of debilitating inherited childhood disorders, some of which arise soon following birth or as the child progresses into early adulthood. This review acts to highlight what we know about biometals in childhood neurological disorders such as Wilson's disease (WD), Menkes disease (MD), neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses (NCLs), and neurodegeneration with brain iron accumulation (NBIA). Also discussed are some of the animal models available to determine the pathological mechanisms in these childhood disorders, which we hope will aid in our understanding of the role of biometals in disease and in attaining possible therapeutics in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah J Parker
- Department of Neurobiology, A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland Kuopio, Finland
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Fiorito F, Irace C, Di Pascale A, Colonna A, Iovane G, Pagnini U, Santamaria R, De Martino L. 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin promotes BHV-1 infection in mammalian cells by interfering with iron homeostasis regulation. PLoS One 2013; 8:e58845. [PMID: 23520538 PMCID: PMC3592816 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0058845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2012] [Accepted: 02/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammalian cells require iron to satisfy metabolic needs or to accomplish specialized functions, and DNA viruses, like bovine herpesvirus 1 (BHV-1), require an iron-replete host to efficiently replicate, so that iron bioavailability is an important component of viral virulence. Cellular iron metabolism is coordinately controlled by the Iron Regulatory Proteins (IRP1 and IRP2), whose activity is affected by 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD), a current and persistent environmental contaminant. Considering that TCDD enhances BHV-1 replication, herein we analyzed the effects of TCDD on iron metabolism during BHV-1 infection in MDBK cells, and presented evidences of a divergent modulation of IRP1 and IRP2 RNA-binding capacity. Moreover, an up-regulation of transferrin receptor 1 (TfR1) and a concomitant down-regulation of ferritin were observed. This scenario led to an expansion of the labile iron pool (LIP) and induces a significant enhance of viral titer, as confirmed by increased levels of BHV-1 infected cell protein 0 (bICP0), the major transcriptional regulatory protein of BHV-1. Taken together, our data suggest that TCDD increases the free intracellular iron availability thereby promoting the onset of BHV-1 infection and rendering bovine cells more vulnerable to the virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filomena Fiorito
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria e Produzioni Animali, Università degli Studi di Napoli “Federico II”, Naples, Italy
| | - Carlo Irace
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Napoli “Federico II”, Naples, Italy
| | - Antonio Di Pascale
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Napoli “Federico II”, Naples, Italy
| | - Alfredo Colonna
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Napoli “Federico II”, Naples, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Iovane
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria e Produzioni Animali, Università degli Studi di Napoli “Federico II”, Naples, Italy
| | - Ugo Pagnini
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria e Produzioni Animali, Università degli Studi di Napoli “Federico II”, Naples, Italy
- * E-mail: (UP); (RS)
| | - Rita Santamaria
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Napoli “Federico II”, Naples, Italy
- * E-mail: (UP); (RS)
| | - Luisa De Martino
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria e Produzioni Animali, Università degli Studi di Napoli “Federico II”, Naples, Italy
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Yang M, Sun M, Zhang Z, Wang S. A novel dansyl-based fluorescent probe for highly selective detection of ferric ions. Talanta 2013; 105:34-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2012.11.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2012] [Revised: 11/20/2012] [Accepted: 11/25/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Nader N, Kulkarni RP, Dib M, Machaca K. How to make a good egg!: The need for remodeling of oocyte Ca(2+) signaling to mediate the egg-to-embryo transition. Cell Calcium 2012; 53:41-54. [PMID: 23266324 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2012.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2012] [Revised: 11/26/2012] [Accepted: 11/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The egg-to-embryo transition marks the initiation of multicellular organismal development and is mediated by a specialized Ca(2+) transient at fertilization. This explosive Ca(2+) signal has captured the interest and imagination of scientists for many decades, given its cataclysmic nature and necessity for the egg-to-embryo transition. Learning how the egg acquires the competency to generate this Ca(2+) transient at fertilization is essential to our understanding of the mechanisms controlling egg and the transition to embryogenesis. In this review we discuss our current knowledge of how Ca(2+) signaling pathways remodel during oocyte maturation in preparation for fertilization with a special emphasis on the frog oocyte as additional reviews in this issue will touch on this in other species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy Nader
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medical College in Qatar (WCMC-Q), Education City, Qatar Foundation, Qatar
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Choi JG, Kim JL, Park J, Lee S, Park SJ, Kim JS, Choi CW. Effects of oral iron chelator deferasirox on human malignant lymphoma cells. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF HEMATOLOGY 2012; 47:194-201. [PMID: 23071474 PMCID: PMC3464336 DOI: 10.5045/kjh.2012.47.3.194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2012] [Revised: 06/04/2012] [Accepted: 08/03/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Iron is essential for cell proliferation and viability. It has been reported that iron depletion by a chelator inhibits proliferation of some cancer cells. Deferasirox is a new oral iron chelator, and a few reports have described its effects on lymphoma cells. The goal of this study was to determine the anticancer effects of deferasirox in malignant lymphoma cell lines. METHODS Three human malignant lymphoma cell lines (NCI H28:N78, Ramos, and Jiyoye) were treated with deferasirox at final concentrations of 20, 50, or 100 µM. Cell proliferation was evaluated by an MTT assay, and cell cycle and apoptosis were analyzed by flow cytometry. Western blot analysis was performed to determine the relative activity of various apoptotic pathways. The role of caspase in deferasirox-induced apoptosis was investigated using a luminescent assay. RESULTS The MTT assay showed that deferasirox had dose-dependent cytotoxic effects on all 3 cell lines. Cell cycle analysis showed that the sub-G1 portion increased in all 3 cell lines as the concentration of deferasirox increased. Early apoptosis was also confirmed in the treated cells by Annexin V and PI staining. Western blotting showed an increase in the cleavage of PARP, caspase 3/7, and caspase 9 in deferasirox-treated groups. CONCLUSION We demonstrated that deferasirox, a new oral iron-chelating agent, induced early apoptosis in human malignant lymphoma cells, and this apoptotic effect is dependent on the caspase-3/caspase-9 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong Gwon Choi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul, Korea
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56
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Trichomoniasis and lactoferrin: future prospects. Infect Dis Obstet Gynecol 2012; 2012:536037. [PMID: 22988421 PMCID: PMC3439953 DOI: 10.1155/2012/536037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2012] [Revised: 07/05/2012] [Accepted: 08/18/2012] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Trichomonas vaginalis is a parasitic protozoan which infects the urogenital tract and requires iron as an essential nutrient. Iron is known to upregulate various adhesins required for cytoadherance and other factors involved in pathogenesis. At mucosal surfaces, iron is chelated by lactoferrin resulting in low levels of free iron. However, pathogens have evolved mechanisms for an increased uptake of iron. The present review highlights the role of iron in survival of Trichomonas during fluctuating concentrations of iron at mucosal surfaces during the menstrual cycle. Future prospects in terms of new drug and vaccine targets related to iron and its receptors have also been described.
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Shander A, Berth U, Betta J, Javidroozi M. Iron overload and toxicity: implications for anesthesiologists. J Clin Anesth 2012; 24:419-25. [PMID: 22658368 DOI: 10.1016/j.jclinane.2011.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2010] [Revised: 12/02/2011] [Accepted: 12/07/2011] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Conditions leading to iron overload range from rare hereditary disorders to more common medical conditions associated with chronic blood transfusions. Iron overload has deleterious effects on various vital organs (eg, liver, heart, and endocrine glands). Serum ferritin (in conjunction with transferrin saturation) is the most widely used test to evaluate iron burden and to screen for iron overload. The management plan should be adjusted to account for iron overload and potential consequences of liver, heart, and other organ involvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aryeh Shander
- Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Hyperbaric Medicine, Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood, NJ 07631, USA.
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58
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Mueller PP, Arnold S, Badar M, Bormann D, Bach FW, Drynda A, Meyer-Lindenberg A, Hauser H, Peuster M. Histological and molecular evaluation of iron as degradable medical implant material in a murine animal model. J Biomed Mater Res A 2012; 100:2881-9. [DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.34223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2011] [Revised: 01/11/2012] [Accepted: 04/02/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Prevalence of Anaemia and Evaluation of Transferrin Receptor (sTfR) in the Diagnosis of Iron Deficiency in the Hospitalized Elderly Patients: Anaemia Clinical Studies in Chile. Anemia 2012; 2012:646201. [PMID: 22611486 PMCID: PMC3352183 DOI: 10.1155/2012/646201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2011] [Revised: 02/07/2012] [Accepted: 02/29/2012] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Iron constitutes the most prevalent nutritional deficiency worldwide. In Chile, anaemia epidemiological data is scarce, evaluating mainly children and women. Our objective was to determine prevalence of anaemia in an inpatient elderly population (≥60 years) and assess the usefulness of sTfR levels analyzed by other authors as a good predictor in the differential diagnosis of iron deficiency anaemia and anaemia of chronic disease. Method. We studied medical patients admitted at Hospital of Valdivia (HV), Chile, in a 2month period. World Health Organization criteria were used for anaemia. Results. 391 patients were hospitalized, average age 62.5 years, 247 elderly and 99 of which had anaemia. Anaemia was normocytic in 88.8%, and we observed: low serum iron in 46.3%, low ferritin 10.1%, high TIBC 2%, low % transferrin saturation (Tsat) 40%, and high sTfR 25%. Conclusions. As a first figure known in Chile, the prevalence of anaemia in the elderly inpatient was 40.1%. Our findings encourage us to promote the implementation of sTfR determination in the clinical setting to analyze the state of erythropoiesis in patients with chronic diseases wich commonly occurs in elderly.
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Ortíz-Estrada G, Luna-Castro S, Piña-Vázquez C, Samaniego-Barrón L, León-Sicairos N, Serrano-Luna J, de la Garza M. Iron-saturated lactoferrin and pathogenic protozoa: could this protein be an iron source for their parasitic style of life? Future Microbiol 2012; 7:149-64. [PMID: 22191452 DOI: 10.2217/fmb.11.140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Iron is an essential nutrient for the survival of pathogens inside a host. As a general strategy against microbes, mammals have evolved complex iron-withholding systems for efficiently decreasing the iron accessible to invaders. Pathogens that inhabit the respiratory, intestinal and genitourinary tracts encounter an iron-deficient environment on the mucosal surface, where ferric iron is chelated by lactoferrin, an extracellular glycoprotein of the innate immune system. However, parasitic protozoa have developed several mechanisms to obtain iron from host holo-lactoferrin. Tritrichomonas fetus, Trichomonas vaginalis, Toxoplasma gondii and Entamoeba histolytica express lactoferrin-binding proteins and use holo-lactoferrin as an iron source for growth in vitro; in some species, these binding proteins are immunogenic and, therefore, may serve as potential vaccine targets. Another mechanism to acquire lactoferrin iron has been reported in Leishmania spp. promastigotes, which use a surface reductase to recognize and reduce ferric iron to the accessible ferrous form. Cysteine proteases that cleave lactoferrin have been reported in E. histolytica. This review summarizes the available information on how parasites uptake and use the iron from lactoferrin to survive in hostile host environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillermo Ortíz-Estrada
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Apdo. 14-740, México DF 07000, México
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61
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Toobiak S, Shaklai M, Shaklai N. Carbon monoxide induced erythroid differentiation of K562 cells mimics the central macrophage milieu in erythroblastic islands. PLoS One 2012; 7:e33940. [PMID: 22457802 PMCID: PMC3311552 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0033940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2011] [Accepted: 02/21/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Growing evidence supports the role of erythroblastic islands (EI) as microenvironmental niches within bone marrow (BM), where cell-cell attachments are suggested as crucial for erythroid maturation. The inducible form of the enzyme heme oxygenase, HO-1, which conducts heme degradation, is absent in erythroblasts where hemoglobin (Hb) is synthesized. Yet, the central macrophage, which retains high HO-1 activity, might be suitable to take over degradation of extra, harmful, Hb heme. Of these enzymatic products, only the hydrophobic gas molecule - CO can transfer from the macrophage to surrounding erythroblasts directly via their tightly attached membranes in the terminal differentiation stage. Based on the above, the study hypothesized CO to have a role in erythroid maturation. Thus, the effect of CO gas as a potential erythroid differentiation inducer on the common model for erythroid progenitors, K562 cells, was explored. Cells were kept under oxygen lacking environment to mimic BM conditions. Nitrogen anaerobic atmosphere (N2A) served as control for CO atmosphere (COA). Under both atmospheres cells proliferation ceased: in N2A due to cell death, while in COA as a result of erythroid differentiation. Maturation was evaluated by increased glycophorin A expression and Hb concentration. Addition of 1%CO only to N2A, was adequate for maintaining cell viability. Yet, the average Hb concentration was low as compared to COA. This was validated to be the outcome of diversified maturation stages of the progenitor's population. In fact, the above scenario mimics the in vivo EI conditions, where at any given moment only a minute portion of the progenitors proceeds into terminal differentiation. Hence, this model might provide a basis for further molecular investigations of the EI structure/function relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shlomi Toobiak
- Department of Human Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Mati Shaklai
- Department of Hematology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Nurith Shaklai
- Department of Human Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- * E-mail:
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Wulff T, Jokumsen A, Højrup P, Jessen F. Time-dependent changes in protein expression in rainbow trout muscle following hypoxia. J Proteomics 2012; 75:2342-51. [PMID: 22370164 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2012.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2011] [Revised: 01/30/2012] [Accepted: 02/02/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Adaptation to hypoxia is a complex process, and individual proteins will be up- or down-regulated in order to address the main challenges at any given time. To investigate the dynamics of the adaptation, rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) was exposed to 30% of normal oxygen tension for 1, 2, 5 and 24 h respectively, after which muscle samples were taken. The successful investigation of numerous proteins in a single study was achieved by selectively separating the sarcoplasmic proteins using 2-DE. In total 46 protein spots were identified as changing in abundance in response to hypoxia using one-way ANOVA and multivariate data analysis. Proteins of interest were subsequently identified by MS/MS following tryptic digestion. The observed regulation following hypoxia in skeletal muscle was determined to be time specific, as only a limited number of proteins were regulated in response to more than one time point. The cellular response to hypoxia included regulation of proteins involved in maintaining iron homeostasis, energy levels and muscle structure. In conclusion, this proteome-based study presents a comprehensive investigation of the expression profiles of numerous proteins at four different time points. This increases our understanding of timed changes in protein expression in rainbow trout muscle following hypoxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tune Wulff
- National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark.
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63
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Romney SJ, Newman BS, Thacker C, Leibold EA. HIF-1 regulates iron homeostasis in Caenorhabditis elegans by activation and inhibition of genes involved in iron uptake and storage. PLoS Genet 2011; 7:e1002394. [PMID: 22194696 PMCID: PMC3240588 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1002394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2011] [Accepted: 10/10/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Caenorhabditis elegans ftn-1 and ftn-2, which encode the iron-storage protein ferritin, are transcriptionally inhibited during iron deficiency in intestine. Intestinal specific transcription is dependent on binding of ELT-2 to GATA binding sites in an iron-dependent enhancer (IDE) located in ftn-1 and ftn-2 promoters, but the mechanism for iron regulation is unknown. Here, we identify HIF-1 (hypoxia-inducible factor -1) as a negative regulator of ferritin transcription. HIF-1 binds to hypoxia-response elements (HREs) in the IDE in vitro and in vivo. Depletion of hif-1 by RNA interference blocks transcriptional inhibition of ftn-1 and ftn-2 reporters, and ftn-1 and ftn-2 mRNAs are not regulated in a hif-1 null strain during iron deficiency. An IDE is also present in smf-3 encoding a protein homologous to mammalian divalent metal transporter-1. Unlike the ftn-1 IDE, the smf-3 IDE is required for HIF-1–dependent transcriptional activation of smf-3 during iron deficiency. We show that hif-1 null worms grown under iron limiting conditions are developmentally delayed and that depletion of FTN-1 and FTN-2 rescues this phenotype. These data show that HIF-1 regulates intestinal iron homeostasis during iron deficiency by activating and inhibiting genes involved in iron uptake and storage. Due to its presence in proteins involved in hemoglobin synthesis, DNA synthesis, and mitochondrial respiration, eukaryotic cells require iron for survival. Excess iron can lead to oxidative damage, while iron deficiency reduces cell growth and causes cell death. Dysregulation of iron homeostasis in humans caused by iron deficiency or excess leads to anemia, diabetes, and neurodegenerative disorders. All organisms have thus developed mechanisms to sense, acquire, and store iron. We use Caenorhabditis elegans as a model organism to study mechanisms of iron regulation. Our previous studies show that the iron-storage protein ferritin (FTN-1, FTN-2) is transcriptionally inhibited in intestine during iron deficiency, but the mechanisms regulating iron regulation are not known. Here, we find that hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF-1) transcriptionally inhibits ftn-1 and ftn-2 during iron deficiency. We also show that HIF-1 activates the iron uptake gene smf-3. Transcriptional activation and inhibition by HIF-1 is dependent on an iron enhancer in the promoters of these genes. HIF-1 is a known transcriptional activator, but its role in transcriptional inhibition is not well understood. Our data show that HIF-1 regulates iron homeostasis by activating and inhibiting iron uptake and storage genes, and they provide insight into HIF-1 transcriptional inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Joshua Romney
- Department of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - Ben S. Newman
- University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Colin Thacker
- Department of Biology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth A. Leibold
- Department of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
- Department of Oncological Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Texel SJ, Camandola S, Ladenheim B, Rothman SM, Mughal MR, Unger EL, Cadet JL, Mattson MP. Ceruloplasmin deficiency results in an anxiety phenotype involving deficits in hippocampal iron, serotonin, and BDNF. J Neurochem 2011; 120:125-34. [PMID: 22035068 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2011.07554.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Ceruloplasmin (Cp) is a ferroxidase involved in iron metabolism by converting Fe(2+) to Fe(3+), and by regulating cellular iron efflux. In the ceruloplasmin knockout (CpKO) mouse, the deregulation of iron metabolism results in moderate liver and spleen hemosiderosis, but the impact of Cp deficiency on brain neurochemistry and behavior in this animal model is unknown. We found that in contrast to peripheral tissues, iron levels in the hippocampus are significantly reduced in CpKO mice. Although it does not cause any discernable deficits in motor function or learning and memory, Cp deficiency results in heightened anxiety-like behavior in the open field and elevated plus maze tests. This anxiety phenotype is associated with elevated levels of plasma corticosterone. Previous studies provided evidence that anxiety disorders and long-standing stress are associated with reductions in levels of serotonin (5HT) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in the hippocampus. We found that levels of 5HT and norepinephrine (NE), and the expression of BDNF and its receptor trkB, are significantly reduced in the hippocampus of CpKO mice. Thus, Cp deficiency causes an anxiety phenotype by a mechanism that involves decreased levels of iron, 5HT, NE, and BDNF in the hippocampus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah J Texel
- Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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Li YH, Chien SP, Chu PY, Liu MY. Prophylactic and Therapeutic Effects of a Subcutaneous Injection of Sesame Oil Against Iron-Induced Acute Renal Injury in Mice. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 2011; 36:344-8. [DOI: 10.1177/0148607111415530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Hui Li
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, National Cheng Kung University Medical College, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Se-Ping Chien
- Institute of Living Sciences, Tainan University of Technology, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Yi Chu
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, National Cheng Kung University Medical College, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Yie Liu
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, National Cheng Kung University Medical College, Tainan, Taiwan
- Sustainable Environment Research Center, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
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Stevens RG, Cologne JB, Nakachi K, Grant EJ, Neriishi K. Body iron stores and breast cancer risk in female atomic bomb survivors. Cancer Sci 2011; 102:2236-40. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2011.02080.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
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Moore RA, Gaskell H, Rose P, Allan J. Meta-analysis of efficacy and safety of intravenous ferric carboxymaltose (Ferinject) from clinical trial reports and published trial data. BMC BLOOD DISORDERS 2011; 11:4. [PMID: 21942989 PMCID: PMC3206450 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2326-11-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2011] [Accepted: 09/24/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recommendations given for intravenous iron treatment are typically not supported by a high level of evidence. This meta-analysis addressed this by summarising the available date from clinical trials of ferric carboxymaltose using clinical trial reports and published reports. METHODS Clinical trial reports were supplemented by electronic literature searches comparing ferric carboxymaltose with active comparators or placebo. Various outcomes were sought for efficacy (attainment of normal haemoglobin (Hb), increase of Hb by a defined amount, for example), together with measures of harm, including serious adverse events and deaths. RESULTS Fourteen studies were identified with 2,348 randomised patients exposed to ferric carboxymaltose, 832 to oral iron, 762 to placebo, and 384 to intravenous iron sucrose. Additional data were available from cohort studies. Intravenous ferric carboxymaltose was given up to the calculated iron deficit (up to 1,000 mg in one week) for iron deficiency anaemia secondary to chronic kidney disease, blood loss in obstetric and gynaecological conditions, gastrointestinal disease, and other conditions like heart failure. The most common comparator was oral iron, and trials lasted 1 to 24 weeks. Intravenous ferric carboxymaltose improved mean Hb, serum ferritin, and transferrin saturation levels; the mean end-of-trial increase over oral iron was, for Hb 4.8 (95% confidence interval 3.3 to 6.3) g/L, for ferritin 163 (153 to 173) μg/L, and for transferrin saturation 5.3% (3.7 to 6.8%). Ferric carboxymaltose was significantly better than comparator in achievement of target Hb increase (number needed to treat (NNT) 6.8; 5.3 to 9.7) and target Hb NNT (5.9; 4.7 to 8.1). Serious adverse events and deaths were similar in incidence in ferric carboxymaltose and comparators; rates of constipation, diarrhoea, and nausea or vomiting were lower than with oral iron. CONCLUSIONS This review examined the available trials of intravenous ferric carboxymaltose using details from published papers and unpublished clinical trial reports. It increases the evidence available to support recommendations given for intravenous iron treatment, but there are limited trial data comparing different intravenous iron preparations.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Andrew Moore
- Pain Research, Nuffield Department of Anaesthetics, University of Oxford, Oxford Radcliffe Hospitals, The Churchill, Oxford, OX3 7LJ, UK.
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Ding H, Yan CZ, Shi H, Zhao YS, Chang SY, Yu P, Wu WS, Zhao CY, Chang YZ, Duan XL. Hepcidin is involved in iron regulation in the ischemic brain. PLoS One 2011; 6:e25324. [PMID: 21957487 PMCID: PMC3177902 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0025324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2010] [Accepted: 09/01/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress plays an important role in neuronal injuries caused by cerebral ischemia. It is well established that free iron increases significantly during ischemia and is responsible for oxidative damage in the brain. However, the mechanism of this ischemia-induced increase in iron is not completely understood. In this report, the middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) rat model was performed and the mechanism of iron accumulation in cerebral ischemia-reperfusion was studied. The expression of L-ferritin was significantly increased in the cerebral cortex, hippocampus, and striatum on the ischemic side, whereas H-ferritin was reduced in the striatum and increased in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus. The expression level of the iron-export protein ferroportin1 (FPN1) significantly decreased, while the expression of transferrin receptor 1 (TfR1) was increased. In order to elucidate the mechanisms of FPN1 regulation, we studied the expression of the key regulator of FPN1, hepcidin. We observed that the hepcidin level was significantly elevated in the ischemic side of the brain. Knockdown hepcidin repressed the increasing of L-ferritin and decreasing of FPN1 invoked by ischemia-reperfusion. The results indicate that hepcidin is an important contributor to iron overload in cerebral ischemia. Furthermore, our results demonstrated that the levels of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) were significantly higher in the cerebral cortex, hippocampus and striatum on the ischemic side; therefore, the HIF-1α-mediated TfR1 expression may be another contributor to the iron overload in the ischemia-reperfusion brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Ding
- Laboratory of Molecular Iron Metabolism, College of Life Science, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Cai-Zhen Yan
- Laboratory of Molecular Iron Metabolism, College of Life Science, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, China
- Department of Pharmacology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Honglian Shi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, United States of America
| | - Ya-Shuo Zhao
- Laboratory of Molecular Iron Metabolism, College of Life Science, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Shi-Yang Chang
- Laboratory of Molecular Iron Metabolism, College of Life Science, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Peng Yu
- Laboratory of Molecular Iron Metabolism, College of Life Science, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Wen-Shuang Wu
- Laboratory of Molecular Iron Metabolism, College of Life Science, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Chen-Yang Zhao
- Laboratory of Molecular Iron Metabolism, College of Life Science, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Yan-Zhong Chang
- Laboratory of Molecular Iron Metabolism, College of Life Science, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, China
- * E-mail: (YZC); (XLD)
| | - Xiang-Lin Duan
- Laboratory of Molecular Iron Metabolism, College of Life Science, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, China
- * E-mail: (YZC); (XLD)
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69
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Texel SJ, Zhang J, Camandola S, Unger EL, Taub DD, Koehler RC, Harris ZL, Mattson MP. Ceruloplasmin deficiency reduces levels of iron and BDNF in the cortex and striatum of young mice and increases their vulnerability to stroke. PLoS One 2011; 6:e25077. [PMID: 21949858 PMCID: PMC3174999 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0025077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2011] [Accepted: 08/26/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Ceruloplasmin (Cp) is an essential ferroxidase that plays important roles in cellular iron trafficking. Previous findings suggest that the proper regulation and subcellular localization of iron are very important in brain cell function and viability. Brain iron dyshomeostasis is observed during normal aging, as well as in several neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's, Parkinson's and Huntington's diseases, coincident with areas more susceptible to insults. Because of their high metabolic demand and electrical excitability, neurons are particularly vulnerable to ischemic injury and death. We therefore set out to look for abnormalities in the brain of young adult mice that lack Cp. We found that iron levels in the striatum and cerebral cortex of these young animals are significantly lower than wild-type (WT) controls. Also mRNA levels of the neurotrophin brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), known for its role in maintenance of cell viability, were decreased in these brain areas. Chelator-mediated depletion of iron in cultured neural cells resulted in reduced BDNF expression by a posttranscriptional mechanism, suggesting a causal link between low brain iron levels and reduced BDNF expression. When the mice were subjected to middle cerebral artery occlusion, a model of focal ischemic stroke, we found increased brain damage in Cp-deficient mice compared to WT controls. Our data indicate that lack of Cp increases neuronal susceptibility to ischemic injury by a mechanism that may involve reduced levels of iron and BDNF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah J. Texel
- Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Laboratory of Neurosciences, National Institute on Aging Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jian Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Simonetta Camandola
- Laboratory of Neurosciences, National Institute on Aging Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Erica L. Unger
- Department of Nutrition Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Dennis D. Taub
- Laboratories of Immunology, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Raymond C. Koehler
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Z. Leah Harris
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Mark P. Mattson
- Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Laboratory of Neurosciences, National Institute on Aging Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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70
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Nakanishi T, Hasuike Y, Otaki Y, Kida A, Nonoguchi H, Kuragano T. Hepcidin: another culprit for complications in patients with chronic kidney disease? Nephrol Dial Transplant 2011; 26:3092-100. [DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfr410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
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71
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Thompson LC, Goswami S, Peterson CB. Metals affect the structure and activity of human plasminogen activator inhibitor-1. II. Binding affinity and conformational changes. Protein Sci 2011; 20:366-78. [PMID: 21280128 DOI: 10.1002/pro.567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Human plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 (PAI-1) is a serine protease inhibitor with a metastable active conformation. The lifespan of the active form of PAI-1 is modulated via interaction with the plasma protein, vitronectin, and various metal ions. These metal ions fall into two categories: Type I metals, including calcium, magnesium, and manganese, stabilize PAI-1 in the absence of vitronectin, whereas Type II metals, including cobalt, copper, and nickel, destabilize PAI-1 in the absence of vitronectin, but stabilize PAI-1 in its presence. To provide a mechanistic basis for understanding the unusual modulation of PAI-1 structure and activity, the binding characteristics and conformational effects of these two types of metals were further evaluated. Steady-state binding measurements using surface plasmon resonance indicated that both active and latent PAI-1 exhibit a dissociation constant in the low micromolar range for binding to immobilized nickel. Stopped-flow measurements of approach-to-equilibrium changes in intrinsic protein fluorescence indicated that the Type I and Type II metals bind in different modes that induce distinct conformational effects on PAI-1. Changes in the observed rate constants with varying concentrations of metal allowed accurate determination of binding affinities for cobalt, nickel, and copper, yielding dissociation constants of ∼40, 30, and 0.09 μM, respectively. Competition experiments that tested effects on PAI-1 stability were consistent with these measurements of affinity and indicate that copper binds tightly to PAI-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence C Thompson
- Department of Biochemistry and Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, USA
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72
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Chepelev NL, Willmore WG. Regulation of iron pathways in response to hypoxia. Free Radic Biol Med 2011; 50:645-66. [PMID: 21185934 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2010.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2010] [Revised: 12/13/2010] [Accepted: 12/15/2010] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Constituting an integral part of a heme's porphyrin ring, iron is essential for supplying cells and tissues with oxygen. Given tight links between oxygen delivery and iron availability, it is not surprising that iron deprivation and oxygen deprivation (hypoxia) have very similar consequences at the molecular level. Under hypoxia, the expression of major iron homeostasis genes including transferrin, transferrin receptor, ceruloplasmin, and heme oxygenase-1 is activated by hypoxia-inducible factors to provide increased iron availability for erythropoiesis in an attempt to enhance oxygen uptake and delivery to hypoxic cells. Iron-response proteins (IRP1 and IRP2) and "cap-n-collar" bZIP transcriptional factors (NE-F2 p45; Nrf1, 2, and 3; Bach1 and 2) also control gene and protein expression of the key iron homeostasis proteins. In this article, we give an overview of the mechanisms by which iron pathways are regulated by hypoxia at multiple levels. In addition, potential clinical benefits of manipulating iron pathways in the hypoxia-related conditions anemia and ischemia are discussed.
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73
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Thomas C, Kobold U, Thomas L. Serum hepcidin-25 in comparison to biochemical markers and hematological indices for the differentiation of iron-restricted erythropoiesis. Clin Chem Lab Med 2010; 49:207-13. [PMID: 21143009 DOI: 10.1515/cclm.2011.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Biochemical markers have problems in distinguishing iron deficiency anemia (IDA) from anemia of chronic disease (ACD), and the combined state of iron-restricted erythropoiesis (IRE) with ACD (ACD/IRE). We investigated the extent to which hepcidin-25, a potential marker for the evaluation of iron metabolism, enables the differentiation of the states above, and to assess its correlation with convential markers of iron deficiency. METHODS One hundred and fifty-five patients with anemia were classified as having IDA, ACD or ACD/IRE using clinical findings, biochemical markers and hematological indices. The diagnostic performance of hepcidin-25 alone or in combination with the reticulocyte hemoglobin content (CHr) was evaluated using receiver-operating characteristic curve analysis and multivariate analysis. Hepcidin-25 was determined using an isotope-dilution micro-HPLC-tandem mass spectrometry method. RESULTS Hepcidin-25 correlated with biochemical markers of iron deficiency but not with hematological indices. Use of a hepcidin-25 cut-off of ≤ 4 nmol/L allowed the differentiation of IDA from ACD and ACD/IRE, but not the discrimination of ACD from ACD/IRE in patients with severe inflammation. Furthermore, the discrimination of ACD/IRE from ACD required the combination with CHr. CONCLUSIONS Hepcidin-25 is primarily an indicator for decreased body iron levels, but not for IRE. The combination of hepcidin-25 with CHr in a diagnostic plot (hepcidin-25 plot) might be useful for the differentiation of ACD from ACD/IRE and IDA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Thomas
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Urologie, Johannes-Guttenberg University, Mainz, Germany
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74
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Recalcati S, Minotti G, Cairo G. Iron regulatory proteins: from molecular mechanisms to drug development. Antioxid Redox Signal 2010; 13:1593-616. [PMID: 20214491 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2009.2983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Eukaryotic cells require iron for survival but, as an excess of poorly liganded iron can lead to the catalytic production of toxic radicals that can damage cell structures, regulatory mechanisms have been developed to maintain appropriate cell and body iron levels. The interactions of iron responsive elements (IREs) with iron regulatory proteins (IRPs) coordinately regulate the expression of the genes involved in iron uptake, use, storage, and export at the post-transcriptional level, and represent the main regulatory network controlling cell iron homeostasis. IRP1 and IRP2 are similar (but not identical) proteins with partially overlapping and complementary functions, and control cell iron metabolism by binding to IREs (i.e., conserved RNA stem-loops located in the untranslated regions of a dozen mRNAs directly or indirectly related to iron metabolism). The discovery of the presence of IREs in a number of other mRNAs has extended our knowledge of the influence of the IRE/IRP regulatory network to new metabolic pathways, and it has been recently learned that an increasing number of agents and physiopathological conditions impinge on the IRE/IRP system. This review focuses on recent findings concerning the IRP-mediated regulation of iron homeostasis, its alterations in disease, and new research directions to be explored in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Recalcati
- Department of Human Morphology and Biomedical Sciences Città Studi, University of Milan, Milano, Italy
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75
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Influences of sleep and the circadian rhythm on iron-status indices. Clin Biochem 2010; 43:1323-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2010.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2010] [Revised: 08/16/2010] [Accepted: 08/18/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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76
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Gujja P, Rosing DR, Tripodi DJ, Shizukuda Y. Iron overload cardiomyopathy: better understanding of an increasing disorder. J Am Coll Cardiol 2010; 56:1001-12. [PMID: 20846597 PMCID: PMC2947953 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2010.03.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 245] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2009] [Revised: 02/26/2010] [Accepted: 03/18/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The prevalence of iron overload cardiomyopathy (IOC) is increasing. The spectrum of symptoms of IOC is varied. Early in the disease process, patients may be asymptomatic, whereas severely overloaded patients can have terminal heart failure complaints that are refractory to treatment. It has been shown that early recognition and intervention may alter outcomes. Biochemical markers and tissue biopsy, which have traditionally been used to diagnose and guide therapy, are not sensitive enough to detect early cardiac iron deposition. Newer diagnostic modalities such as magnetic resonance imaging are noninvasive and can assess quantitative cardiac iron load. Phlebotomy and chelating drugs are suboptimal means of treating IOC; hence, the roles of gene therapy, hepcidin, and calcium channel blockers are being actively investigated. There is a need for the development of clinical guidelines in order to improve the management of this emerging complex disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pradeep Gujja
- Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45267-0542, USA.
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77
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Zinc availability regulates exit from meiosis in maturing mammalian oocytes. Nat Chem Biol 2010; 6:674-81. [PMID: 20693991 PMCID: PMC2924620 DOI: 10.1038/nchembio.419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2010] [Accepted: 07/08/2010] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Cellular metal ion fluxes are known in the case of alkali and alkaline earth metals but not well documented for transition metals. Here, we describe major changes in the zinc physiology of the mammalian oocyte as it matures and initiates embryonic development. Single-cell elemental analysis of mouse oocytes by synchrotron-based x-ray fluorescence microscopy (XFM) revealed a 50% increase in total zinc content within the 12-14 hour period of meiotic maturation. Perturbation of zinc homeostasis with a cell-permeable small molecule chelator blocked meiotic progression past telophase I. Zinc supplementation rescued this phenotype when administered prior to this meiotic block. However, following telophase arrest, zinc triggered parthenogenesis, suggesting that exit from this meiotic step is tightly regulated by the availability of a zinc-dependent signal. These results implicate the zinc bolus acquired during meiotic maturation as an important part of the maternal legacy to the embryo.
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78
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Meltzer HM, Brantsaeter AL, Borch-Iohnsen B, Ellingsen DG, Alexander J, Thomassen Y, Stigum H, Ydersbond TA. Low iron stores are related to higher blood concentrations of manganese, cobalt and cadmium in non-smoking, Norwegian women in the HUNT 2 study. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2010; 110:497-504. [PMID: 20381026 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2010.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2009] [Revised: 02/09/2010] [Accepted: 03/17/2010] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Low iron (Fe) stores may influence absorption or transport of divalent metals in blood. To obtain more knowledge about such associations, the divalent metal ions cadmium (Cd), manganese (Mn), cobalt (Co), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn) and lead (Pb) and parameters of Fe metabolism (serum ferritin, haemoglobin (Hb) and transferrin) were investigated in 448 healthy, menstruating non-smoking women, age 20-55 years (mean 38 years), participating in the Norwegian HUNT 2 study. The study population was stratified for serum ferritin: 257 were iron-depleted (serum ferritin < 12 microg/L) and 84 had iron deficiency anaemia (serum ferritin < 12 microg/L and Hb < 120 g/L). The low ferritin group had increased blood concentrations of Mn, Co and Cd but normal concentrations of Cu, Zn and Pb. In multiple regression models, ferritin emerged as the main determinant of Mn, Co and Cd (p < 0.001), while no significant associations with Cu, Zn and Pb were found. Adjusted r(2) for the models were 0.28, 0.48 and 0.34, respectively. Strong positive associations between blood concentrations of Mn, Co and Cd were observed, also when controlled for their common association with ferritin. Apart from these associations, the models showed no significant interactions between the six divalent metals studied. Very mild anaemia (110 < or = Hb < 120 g/L) did not seem to have any effect independent of low ferritin. Approximately 26% of the women with iron deficiency anaemia had high concentrations of all of Mn, Co and Cd as opposed to 2.3% of iron-replete subjects. The results confirm that low serum ferritin may have an impact on body kinetics of certain divalent metal ions, but not all. Only a fraction of women with low iron status exhibited an increased blood concentration of divalent metals, providing indication of complexities in the body's handling of these metals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helle Margrete Meltzer
- Division of Environmental Medicine, Department of Food Safety and Nutrition, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, PO Box 4404 Nydalen, N-0403 Oslo, Norway.
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79
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Affiliation(s)
- V P Choudhry
- Sunflag Pahuja Centre For Blood Disorders, Sunflag Hospital, Faridabad, Haryana, India.
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80
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Schultz IJ, Chen C, Paw BH, Hamza I. Iron and porphyrin trafficking in heme biogenesis. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:26753-26759. [PMID: 20522548 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.r110.119503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Iron is an essential element for diverse biological functions. In mammals, the majority of iron is enclosed within a single prosthetic group: heme. In metazoans, heme is synthesized via a highly conserved and coordinated pathway within the mitochondria. However, iron is acquired from the environment and subsequently assimilated into various cellular pathways, including heme synthesis. Both iron and heme are toxic but essential cofactors. How is iron transported from the extracellular milieu to the mitochondria? How are heme and heme intermediates coordinated with iron transport? Although recent studies have answered some questions, several pieces of this intriguing puzzle remain unsolved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iman J Schultz
- Department of Medicine, Hematology Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, and the Hematology-Oncology Division, Department of Medicine, Children's Hospital Boston, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Caiyong Chen
- Department of Animal and Avian Sciences and Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742
| | - Barry H Paw
- Department of Medicine, Hematology Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, and the Hematology-Oncology Division, Department of Medicine, Children's Hospital Boston, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115.
| | - Iqbal Hamza
- Department of Animal and Avian Sciences and Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742.
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81
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Lim J, Venditto VJ, Simanek EE. Synthesis and characterization of a triazine dendrimer that sequesters iron(III) using 12 desferrioxamine B groups. Bioorg Med Chem 2010; 18:5749-53. [PMID: 20615715 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2010.05.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2010] [Revised: 05/12/2010] [Accepted: 05/14/2010] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis of a third generation triazine dendrimer, 1, containing multiple, iron-sequestering desferrioxamine B (DFO) groups is described. Benzoylation of the hydroxamic acid groups of DFO and formation of a reactive dichlorotriazine provide the intermediate for reaction with the second generation dendrimer displaying twelve amines. This strategy further generalizes the 'functional monomer' approach to generate biologically active triazine dendrimers. Dendrimer 1 is prepared in seven steps in 35% overall yield and displays 12 DFO groups making it 56% drug by weight. Spectrophotometric titrations (UV-vis) show that 1 sequesters iron(III) atoms with neither cooperativity nor significant interference from the dendrimer backbone. Evidence from NMR spectroscopy and mass spectrometry reveals a limitation to this functional monomer approach: trace amounts of O-to-N acyl migration from the protected hydroxamic acids to the amine-terminated dendrimer occurs during the coupling step leading to N-benzoylated dendrimers displaying fewer than 12 DFO groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jongdoo Lim
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, United States
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82
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Tselepis C, Ford S, McKie A, Vogel W, Zoller H, Simpson R, Diaz Castro J, Iqbal T, Ward D. Characterization of the transition-metal-binding properties of hepcidin. Biochem J 2010; 427:289-296. [DOI: 10.1042/bj20091521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/30/2023]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence suggests that hepcidin, a 25-residue peptide hormone, is the master regulator of iron metabolism. Further evidence suggests that the five N-terminal amino acids are crucial for mediating its biological function. With a histidine residue at position 3, this region also has the potential to bind bivalent metal ions. To characterize this hepcidin–metal interaction in detail, the present study utilizes electrospray MS to measure the binding of a range of metal ions to wild-type and mutant human and murine hepcidins. In addition, the biological effects of these point mutations were tested on Caco-2 and HEK-293T human cell lines and in mice. Our results show that hepcidin-25 can form complexes with copper, nickel and zinc; however, we failed to detect any hepcidin-25 binding to either ferric or ferrous ions. The greatest affinity observed was between hepcidin-25 and copper with a dissociation constant ≪1 μM. Substituting the histidine residue at position 3 in human hepcidin-25 and comparably the asparagine residue at position 3 in murine hepcidin-25 with an alanine residue markedly diminished the affinity for copper. The amino acid substitutions also decreased the biological activity of hepcidin-25; namely repression of ferroportin protein levels and hypoferraemia. In summary, the high affinity of hepcidin for copper suggests that hepcidin could bind copper in vivo and this may be of biological relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris Tselepis
- School of Cancer Sciences, University of Birmingham, Vincent Drive, Birmingham B15 2TT, U.K
| | - Samuel J. Ford
- School of Cancer Sciences, University of Birmingham, Vincent Drive, Birmingham B15 2TT, U.K
| | - Andrew T. McKie
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, King's College London, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, U.K
| | - Wolfgang Vogel
- Medical University of Innsbruck, Department of Medicine II, Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Heinz Zoller
- Medical University of Innsbruck, Department of Medicine II, Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Robert J. Simpson
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, King's College London, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, U.K
| | - Javier Diaz Castro
- School of Cancer Sciences, University of Birmingham, Vincent Drive, Birmingham B15 2TT, U.K
| | - Tariq H. Iqbal
- School of Cancer Sciences, University of Birmingham, Vincent Drive, Birmingham B15 2TT, U.K
| | - Douglas G. Ward
- School of Cancer Sciences, University of Birmingham, Vincent Drive, Birmingham B15 2TT, U.K
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Kamei A, Watanabe Y, Ishijima T, Uehara M, Arai S, Kato H, Nakai Y, Abe K. Dietary iron-deficient anemia induces a variety of metabolic changes and even apoptosis in rat liver: a DNA microarray study. Physiol Genomics 2010; 42:149-56. [PMID: 20388835 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00150.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Anemia can be induced by dietary iron deficiency, as well as by hemorrhagia. It may also be associated with changes in lipid metabolism. However, no global analysis detailing the consequences of iron deficiency in the liver has yet been conducted. Since the liver is a metabolically important organ and also a major iron-storing organ, we performed a comprehensive transcriptome analysis to determine the effects of iron deficiency on hepatic gene expression. Four-week-old rats were fed an iron-deficient diet, approximately 3 ppm iron, ad libitum for 16 days. These rats were compared with similar rats pair-fed a control diet with a normal iron level, 48 ppm iron. The 16-day iron-deficient diet apparently induced anemia. On day 17, the rats were killed under anesthesia, and their livers were dissected for DNA microarray analysis. We identified 600 upregulated and 500 downregulated probe sets that characterized the iron-deficient diet group. In the upregulated probe sets, genes involved in cholesterol, amino acid, and glucose metabolism were significantly enriched, while genes related to lipid metabolism were significantly enriched in the downregulated probe sets. We also found that genes for caspases 3 and 12, which mediate endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-specific apoptosis, were upregulated in the iron-deficient group. Combined, these results suggest that iron deficiency exerts various influences, not only on nutrient metabolism but also on apoptosis, as a consequence of ER stress in the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asuka Kamei
- Food Safety and Reliability Project, Kanagawa Academy of Science and Technology, Takatsu-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan
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84
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Zebeli Q, Dunn SM, Ametaj BN. Strong associations among rumen endotoxin and acute phase proteins with plasma minerals in lactating cows fed graded amounts of concentrate1. J Anim Sci 2010; 88:1545-53. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2009-2203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
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del Castillo-Rueda A, Khosravi-Shahi P. Papel del hierro en la interacción entre el huésped y el patógeno. Med Clin (Barc) 2010; 134:452-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.medcli.2009.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2009] [Revised: 11/04/2009] [Accepted: 11/05/2009] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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86
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Johnstone D, Milward EA. Molecular genetic approaches to understanding the roles and regulation of iron in brain health and disease. J Neurochem 2010; 113:1387-402. [PMID: 20345752 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2010.06697.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Iron is essential in the brain, yet too much iron can be toxic. Tight regulation of iron in the brain may involve intrinsic mechanisms that control internal homeostasis independent of systemic iron status. Iron abnormalities occur in various neurological disorders, usually with symptoms or neuropathology associated with movement impairment or behavioral disturbances rather than cognitive impairment or dementia. Consistent with this, polymorphisms in the HFE gene, associated with the iron overload disorder hemochromatosis, show stronger associations with the movement disorder amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (motor neuron disease) than with cognitive impairment. Such associations may arise because certain brain regions involved in movement or executive control are particularly iron-rich, notably the basal ganglia, and may be highly reliant on iron. Various mechanisms, including iron redistribution causing functional iron deficiency, lysosomal and mitochondrial abnormalities or oxidative damage, could underlie iron-related neuropathogenesis. Clarifying how iron contributes causatively to neurodegeneration may improve treatment options in a range of neurodegenerative disorders. This review considers how modern molecular genetic approaches can be applied to resolve the complex molecular systems and pathways by which brain iron homeostasis is regulated and the molecular changes that occur with iron dyshomeostasis and neuropathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Johnstone
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy and Hunter Medical Research Institute, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
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87
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Pham DQD, Winzerling JJ. Insect ferritins: Typical or atypical? Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2010; 1800:824-33. [PMID: 20230873 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2010.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2009] [Revised: 02/22/2010] [Accepted: 03/07/2010] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Insects transmit millions of cases of disease each year, and cost millions of dollars in agricultural losses. The control of insect-borne diseases is vital for numerous developing countries, and the management of agricultural insect pests is a very serious business for developed countries. Control methods should target insect-specific traits in order to avoid non-target effects, especially in mammals. Since insect cells have had a billion years of evolutionary divergence from those of vertebrates, they differ in many ways that might be promising for the insect control field-especially, in iron metabolism because current studies have indicated that significant differences exist between insect and mammalian systems. Insect iron metabolism differs from that of vertebrates in the following respects. Insect ferritins have a heavier mass than mammalian ferritins. Unlike their mammalian counterparts, the insect ferritin subunits are often glycosylated and are synthesized with a signal peptide. The crystal structure of insect ferritin also shows a tetrahedral symmetry consisting of 12 heavy chain and 12 light chain subunits in contrast to that of mammalian ferritin that exhibits an octahedral symmetry made of 24 heavy chain and 24 light chain subunits. Insect ferritins associate primarily with the vacuolar system and serve as iron transporters-quite the opposite of the mammalian ferritins, which are mainly cytoplasmic and serve as iron storage proteins. This review will discuss these differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daphne Q D Pham
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Parkside, Kenosha, WI 531412000, USA
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88
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Bergamaschi G, Villani L. Serum hepcidin: a novel diagnostic tool in disorders of iron metabolism. Haematologica 2010; 94:1631-3. [PMID: 19996112 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2009.013615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
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89
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Chua ACG, Klopcic B, Lawrance IC, Olynyk JK, Trinder D. Iron: An emerging factor in colorectal carcinogenesis. World J Gastroenterol 2010; 16:663-72. [PMID: 20135713 PMCID: PMC2817053 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v16.i6.663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The carcinogenic potential of iron in colorectal cancer (CRC) is not fully understood. Iron is able to undergo reduction and oxidation, making it important in many physiological processes. This inherent redox property of iron, however, also renders it toxic when it is present in excess. Iron-mediated generation of reactive oxygen species via the Fenton reaction, if uncontrolled, may lead to cell damage as a result of lipid peroxidation and oxidative DNA and protein damage. This may promote carcinogenesis through increased genomic instability, chromosomal rearrangements as well as mutations of proto-oncogenes and tumour suppressor genes. Carcinogenesis is also affected by inflammation which is exacerbated by iron. Population studies indicate an association between high dietary iron intake and CRC risk. In this editorial, we examine the link between iron-induced oxidative stress and inflammation on the pathogenesis of CRC.
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90
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Sivick KE, Mobley HLT. Waging war against uropathogenic Escherichia coli: winning back the urinary tract. Infect Immun 2010; 78:568-85. [PMID: 19917708 PMCID: PMC2812207 DOI: 10.1128/iai.01000-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Urinary tract infection (UTI) caused by uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) is a substantial economic and societal burden-a formidable public health issue. Symptomatic UTI causes significant discomfort in infected patients, results in lost productivity, predisposes individuals to more serious infections, and usually necessitates antibiotic therapy. There is no licensed vaccine available for prevention of UTI in humans in the United States, likely due to the challenge of targeting a relatively heterogeneous group of pathogenic strains in a unique physiological niche. Despite significant advances in the understanding of UPEC biology, mechanistic details regarding the host response to UTI and full comprehension of genetic loci that influence susceptibility require additional work. Currently, there is an appreciation for the role of classic innate immune responses-from pattern receptor recognition to recruitment of phagocytic cells-that occur during UPEC-mediated UTI. There is, however, a clear disconnect regarding how factors involved in the innate immune response to UPEC stimulate acquired immunity that facilitates enhanced clearance upon reinfection. Unraveling the molecular details of this process is vital in the development of a successful vaccine for prevention of human UTI. Here, we survey the current understanding of host responses to UPEC-mediated UTI with an eye on molecular and cellular factors whose activity may be harnessed by a vaccine that stimulates lasting and sterilizing immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelsey E. Sivick
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Harry L. T. Mobley
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
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91
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Messner DJ, Kowdley KV. Biting the iron bullet: endoplasmic reticulum stress adds the pain of hepcidin to chronic liver disease. Hepatology 2010; 51:705-7. [PMID: 20104510 PMCID: PMC2849800 DOI: 10.1002/hep.23507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Hepcidin is a peptide hormone that is secreted by the liver and controls body iron homeostasis. Hepcidin overproduction causes anemia of inflammation, whereas its deficiency leads to hemochromatosis. Inflammation and iron are known extracellular stimuli for hepcidin expression. We found that endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress also induces hepcidin expression and causes hypoferremia and spleen iron sequestration in mice. CREBH (cyclic AMP response element-binding protein H), an ER stress-activated transcription factor, binds to and transactivates the hepcidin promoter. Hepcidin induction in response to exogenously administered toxins or accumulation of unfolded protein in the ER is defective in CREBH knockout mice, indicating a role for CREBH in ER stress-regulated hepcidin expression. The regulation of hepcidin by ER stress links the intracellular response involved in protein quality control to innate immunity and iron homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald J. Messner
- Bastyr University, Kenmore, WA,Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason Medical Center, Seattle, WA
| | - Kris V. Kowdley
- Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason Medical Center, Seattle, WA
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92
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Shander A, Sazama K. Clinical consequences of iron overload from chronic red blood cell transfusions, its diagnosis, and its management by chelation therapy. Transfusion 2010; 50:1144-55. [PMID: 20088842 DOI: 10.1111/j.1537-2995.2009.02551.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Iron overload from chronic transfusion therapy can be extremely toxic. Excess transfusional iron is deposited in the liver, heart, and other organs as free iron, which can cause organ dysfunction and damage over time. Increased awareness of the risk of iron overload in patients requiring chronic transfusion therapy is needed, and such patients should be screened for hyperferritinemia. Those with serial serum ferritin levels exceeding 1000 ng/mL and a total infused red blood cell volume of 120 mL/kg of body weight or more should be treated with chelation therapy and then monitored to ensure that treatment adequately reduces iron levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aryeh Shander
- Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care Medicine, and Hyperbaric Medicine, Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood, New Jersey 07631, USA.
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93
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Abstract
Iron deficiency anemia is a common complication in end-stage renal disease (ESRD) and impairs the therapeutic efficacy of recombinant erythropoietin. Oral or parental iron supplements usually are effective in treating iron deficiency anemia. Some patients, however, respond poorly to iron supplements and are diagnosed as having iron-refractory iron deficiency anemia. The condition exacerbates ESRD but its underlying mechanism was unclear. Hepcidin is a central player in iron homeostasis. It downregulates the iron exporter ferroportin, thereby inhibiting iron absorption, release, and recycling. In ESRD, plasma hepcidin levels are elevated, which contributes to iron deficiency in patients. Matriptase-2, a liver transmembrane serine protease, has been found to have a major role in controlling hepcidin gene expression. In mice, defects in the Tmprss6 gene encoding matriptase-2 result in high hepcidin expression and cause severe microcytic anemia. Similarly, mutations in the human TMPRSS6 gene have been identified in patients with iron-refractory iron deficiency. Thus, matriptase-2 is critical for iron homeostasis and may have an important role in ESRD.
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94
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Use and endocytosis of iron-containing proteins by Entamoeba histolytica trophozoites. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2009; 9:1038-50. [PMID: 19539057 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2009.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2009] [Revised: 04/16/2009] [Accepted: 05/19/2009] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Iron is essential for nearly all organisms; in mammals, it is part of proteins such as haemoglobin, and it is captured by transferrin and lactoferrin. Transferrin is present in serum, and lactoferrin is secreted by the mucosa and by neutrophils at infection sites, as a host iron-withholding response, sequestering iron away from invading microorganisms. Additionally, all cells contain ferritin, which sequesters iron when its intracellular levels are increased, detoxifying and preventing damage. Liver ferritin contains 50% of iron corporal reserves. During evolution, pathogens have evolved diverse strategies to obtain iron from their hosts in order to survive. The protozoan Entamoeba histolytica invades the intestinal mucosa, causing dysentery, and the trophozoites often travel to the liver producing hepatic abscesses; thus, intestine and liver proteins could be important iron supplies for E. histolytica. We found that E. histolytica trophozoites can grow in both ferrous and ferric iron, and that they can use haemoglobin, holo-transferrin, holo-lactoferrin, and ferritin as in vitro iron sources. These proteins supported the amoeba growth throughout consecutive passages, similarly to ferric citrate. By confocal microscopy and immunoblotting, iron-binding proteins were observed specifically bound to the amoeba surface, and they were endocytosed, trafficked through the endosomal/lysosomal route, and degraded by neutral and acidic cysteine-proteases. Transferrin and ferritin were mainly internalized through clathrin-coated vesicles, and holo-lactoferrin was mainly internalized by caveola-like structures. In contrast, apo-lactoferrin bound to membrane lipids and cholesterol, inducing cell death. The results suggest that in vivo trophozoites secrete products that can destroy enterocytes, erythrocytes, and hepatocytes, releasing transferrin, haemoglobin, ferritin, and other iron-containing proteins, which, together with lactoferrin derived from neutrophils and acinar cells, could be used as abundant iron supplies by amoebas.
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95
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Tuning heavy metal compounds for anti-tumor activity: is diversity the key to ruthenium’s success? Future Med Chem 2009; 1:541-59. [DOI: 10.4155/fmc.09.25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
This review aims to bring the reader up to date with the more recent ruthenium compounds that have been synthesized and tested for their cytotoxicity. The chemistry of these transition metal complexes will be introduced and the basic principles that govern their common behavior outlined. The recent history of established compounds within this field will be presented alongside those that now represent the cutting-edge. The inherent variety within this class of compounds will lead the reader to appreciate their diversity and pose questions as to their similarities aside from the presence of a shared metal ion. This review aims to discuss and contextualize the state-of-the-art research within the context of the speculative advancement of this developing field. There is an evident need to specify the molecular and cellular targets of these drug molecules in order to ultimately elucidate their mode or modes of action. The evidence presented herein suggests that new avenues of research require novel analytical probes and methods for tracing the fate of ruthenium complexes in cells in order to understand their very promising cytotoxic activity.
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96
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Goldhawk DE, Lemaire C, McCreary CR, McGirr R, Dhanvantari S, Thompson RT, Figueredo R, Koropatnick J, Foster P, Prato FS. Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Cells Overexpressing MagA, an Endogenous Contrast Agent for Live Cell Imaging. Mol Imaging 2009. [DOI: 10.2310/7290.2009.00006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular imaging with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) may benefit from the ferrimagnetic properties of magnetosomes, membrane-enclosed iron biominerals whose formation in magnetotactic bacteria is encoded by multiple genes. One such gene is MagA, a putative iron transporter. We have examined expression of MagA in mouse neuroblastoma N2A cells and characterized their response to iron loading and cellular imaging by MRI. MagA expression augmented both Prussian blue staining and the elemental iron content of N2A cells, without altering cell proliferation, in cultures grown in the presence of iron supplements. Despite evidence for iron incorporation in both MagA and a variant, MagAE137V, only MagA expression produced intracellular contrast detectable by MRI at 11 Tesla. We used this stable expression system to model a new sequence for cellular imaging with MRI, using the difference between gradient and spin echo images to distinguish cells from artifacts in the field of view. Our results show that MagA activity in mammalian cells responds to iron supplementation and functions as a contrast agent that can be deactivated by a single point mutation. We conclude that MagA is a candidate MRI reporter gene that can exploit more fully the superior resolution of MRI in noninvasive medical imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donna E. Goldhawk
- From the Imaging and Diabetes and Metabolism Programs, Lawson Health Research Institute, St. Joseph's Health Care, London, ON; Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON; Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB; Departments of Medical Biophysics, Pathology and Medicine, and Medical Imaging, University of Western Ontario, London, ON; London Regional Cancer Program, London, ON; and Robarts Research Institute, University of Western Ontario, London, ON
| | - Claude Lemaire
- From the Imaging and Diabetes and Metabolism Programs, Lawson Health Research Institute, St. Joseph's Health Care, London, ON; Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON; Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB; Departments of Medical Biophysics, Pathology and Medicine, and Medical Imaging, University of Western Ontario, London, ON; London Regional Cancer Program, London, ON; and Robarts Research Institute, University of Western Ontario, London, ON
| | - Cheryl R. McCreary
- From the Imaging and Diabetes and Metabolism Programs, Lawson Health Research Institute, St. Joseph's Health Care, London, ON; Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON; Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB; Departments of Medical Biophysics, Pathology and Medicine, and Medical Imaging, University of Western Ontario, London, ON; London Regional Cancer Program, London, ON; and Robarts Research Institute, University of Western Ontario, London, ON
| | - Rebecca McGirr
- From the Imaging and Diabetes and Metabolism Programs, Lawson Health Research Institute, St. Joseph's Health Care, London, ON; Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON; Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB; Departments of Medical Biophysics, Pathology and Medicine, and Medical Imaging, University of Western Ontario, London, ON; London Regional Cancer Program, London, ON; and Robarts Research Institute, University of Western Ontario, London, ON
| | - Savita Dhanvantari
- From the Imaging and Diabetes and Metabolism Programs, Lawson Health Research Institute, St. Joseph's Health Care, London, ON; Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON; Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB; Departments of Medical Biophysics, Pathology and Medicine, and Medical Imaging, University of Western Ontario, London, ON; London Regional Cancer Program, London, ON; and Robarts Research Institute, University of Western Ontario, London, ON
| | - R. Terry Thompson
- From the Imaging and Diabetes and Metabolism Programs, Lawson Health Research Institute, St. Joseph's Health Care, London, ON; Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON; Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB; Departments of Medical Biophysics, Pathology and Medicine, and Medical Imaging, University of Western Ontario, London, ON; London Regional Cancer Program, London, ON; and Robarts Research Institute, University of Western Ontario, London, ON
| | - Rene Figueredo
- From the Imaging and Diabetes and Metabolism Programs, Lawson Health Research Institute, St. Joseph's Health Care, London, ON; Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON; Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB; Departments of Medical Biophysics, Pathology and Medicine, and Medical Imaging, University of Western Ontario, London, ON; London Regional Cancer Program, London, ON; and Robarts Research Institute, University of Western Ontario, London, ON
| | - Jim Koropatnick
- From the Imaging and Diabetes and Metabolism Programs, Lawson Health Research Institute, St. Joseph's Health Care, London, ON; Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON; Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB; Departments of Medical Biophysics, Pathology and Medicine, and Medical Imaging, University of Western Ontario, London, ON; London Regional Cancer Program, London, ON; and Robarts Research Institute, University of Western Ontario, London, ON
| | - Paula Foster
- From the Imaging and Diabetes and Metabolism Programs, Lawson Health Research Institute, St. Joseph's Health Care, London, ON; Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON; Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB; Departments of Medical Biophysics, Pathology and Medicine, and Medical Imaging, University of Western Ontario, London, ON; London Regional Cancer Program, London, ON; and Robarts Research Institute, University of Western Ontario, London, ON
| | - Frank S. Prato
- From the Imaging and Diabetes and Metabolism Programs, Lawson Health Research Institute, St. Joseph's Health Care, London, ON; Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON; Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB; Departments of Medical Biophysics, Pathology and Medicine, and Medical Imaging, University of Western Ontario, London, ON; London Regional Cancer Program, London, ON; and Robarts Research Institute, University of Western Ontario, London, ON
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97
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Haug K. Kroppens finjusterte jernreguleringssystem. TIDSSKRIFT FOR DEN NORSKE LEGEFORENING 2009; 129:850. [DOI: 10.4045/tidsskr.09.0414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
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