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Plitzko B, Kaweesa EN, Loesgen S. The natural product mensacarcin induces mitochondrial toxicity and apoptosis in melanoma cells. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:21102-21116. [PMID: 29074620 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.774836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2016] [Revised: 10/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Mensacarcin is a highly oxygenated polyketide that was first isolated from soil-dwelling Streptomyces bacteria. It exhibits potent cytostatic properties (mean of 50% growth inhibition = 0.2 μm) in almost all cell lines of the National Cancer Institute (NCI)-60 cell line screen and relatively selective cytotoxicity against melanoma cells. Moreover, its low COMPARE correlations with known standard antitumor agents indicate a unique mechanism of action. Effective therapies for managing melanoma are limited, so we sought to investigate mensacarcin's unique cytostatic and cytotoxic effects and its mode of action. By assessing morphological and biochemical features, we demonstrated that mensacarcin activates caspase-3/7-dependent apoptotic pathways and induces cell death in melanoma cells. Upon mensacarcin exposure, SK-Mel-28 and SK-Mel-5 melanoma cells, which have the BRAFV600E mutation associated with drug resistance, showed characteristic chromatin condensation as well as distinct poly(ADP-ribose)polymerase-1 cleavage. Flow cytometry identified a large population of apoptotic melanoma cells, and single-cell electrophoresis indicated that mensacarcin causes genetic instability, a hallmark of early apoptosis. To visualize mensacarcin's subcellular localization, we synthesized a fluorescent mensacarcin probe that retained activity. The natural product probe was localized to mitochondria within 20 min of treatment. Live-cell bioenergetic flux analysis confirmed that mensacarcin disturbs energy production and mitochondrial function rapidly. The subcellular localization of the fluorescently labeled mensacarcin together with its unusual metabolic effects in melanoma cells provide evidence that mensacarcin targets mitochondria. Mensacarcin's unique mode of action suggests that it may be a useful probe for examining energy metabolism, particularly in BRAF-mutant melanoma, and represent a promising lead for the development of new anticancer drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birte Plitzko
- From the Department of Chemistry, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331
| | - Elizabeth N Kaweesa
- From the Department of Chemistry, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331
| | - Sandra Loesgen
- From the Department of Chemistry, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331
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52
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Lee H, Shin EA, Lee JH, Ahn D, Kim CG, Kim JH, Kim SH. Caspase inhibitors: a review of recently patented compounds (2013-2015). Expert Opin Ther Pat 2017; 28:47-59. [DOI: 10.1080/13543776.2017.1378426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hyemin Lee
- Cancer Molecular Targeted Herbal Research Center, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Eun Ah Shin
- Cancer Molecular Targeted Herbal Research Center, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jae Hee Lee
- Department of East West Medical Science, Graduate School of East West Medical Science Kyung Hee University, Yongin, South Korea
| | - Deoksoo Ahn
- Cancer Molecular Targeted Herbal Research Center, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Chang Geun Kim
- Cancer Molecular Targeted Herbal Research Center, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Ju-Ha Kim
- Cancer Molecular Targeted Herbal Research Center, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sung-Hoon Kim
- Cancer Molecular Targeted Herbal Research Center, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
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53
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Hattori Y, Hattori K, Suzuki T, Matsuda N. Recent advances in the pathophysiology and molecular basis of sepsis-associated organ dysfunction: Novel therapeutic implications and challenges. Pharmacol Ther 2017; 177:56-66. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2017.02.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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54
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Brantley SJ, Cotten SW, Lamson DR, Smith GR, Liu R, Williams KP. Discovery of small molecule inhibitors for the C. elegans caspase CED-3 by high-throughput screening. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2017; 491:773-779. [PMID: 28733033 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.07.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2017] [Accepted: 07/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
C. elegans has been widely used as a model organism for programmed cell death and apoptosis. Although the CED-3 caspase is the primary effector of cell death in C. elegans, no selective inhibitors have been identified. Utilizing high-throughput screening with recombinant C. elegans CED-3 protein, we have discovered and confirmed 21 novel small molecule inhibitors. Six compounds had IC50 values < 10 μM. From these, four distinct chemotypes were identified. The inhibitor scaffolds described here could lead to the development of selective molecular probes to facilitate our understanding of programmed cell death in this model organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott J Brantley
- Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Steven W Cotten
- Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - David R Lamson
- Biomanufacturing Research Institute and Technology Enterprise, Durham, NC 27707, USA
| | - Ginger R Smith
- Biomanufacturing Research Institute and Technology Enterprise, Durham, NC 27707, USA
| | - Rihe Liu
- Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Carolina Center for Genome Sciences, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
| | - Kevin P Williams
- Biomanufacturing Research Institute and Technology Enterprise, Durham, NC 27707, USA; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, North Carolina Central University, Durham, NC 27707, USA.
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55
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Role of potassium channels in chlorogenic acid-induced apoptotic volume decrease and cell cycle arrest in Candida albicans. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2017; 1861:585-592. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2016.12.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2016] [Revised: 12/20/2016] [Accepted: 12/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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56
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Brumatti G, Lalaoui N, Wei AH, Silke J. 'Did He Who Made the Lamb Make Thee?' New Developments in Treating the 'Fearful Symmetry' of Acute Myeloid Leukemia. Trends Mol Med 2017; 23:264-281. [PMID: 28196625 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2017.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2016] [Revised: 01/12/2017] [Accepted: 01/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Malignant cells must circumvent endogenous cell death pathways to survive and develop into cancers. Acquired cell death resistance also sets up malignant cells to survive anticancer therapies. Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML) is an aggressive blood cancer characterized by high relapse rate and resistance to cytotoxic therapies. Recent collaborative profiling projects have led to a greater understanding of the 'fearful symmetry' of the genomic landscape of AML, and point to the development of novel potential therapies that can overcome factors linked to chemoresistance. We review here the most recent research in the genetics of AML and how these discoveries have led, or might lead, to therapies that specifically activate cell death pathways to substantially challenge this 'fearful' disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Brumatti
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Najoua Lalaoui
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Andrew H Wei
- Alfred Hospital and Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - John Silke
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.
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57
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Dodo K, Hayamizu K, Shimizu T, Sodeoka M. Structure-Activity Relationship Study of 3-Amino-2-indolyllactam Derivatives: Development of Inhibitors of Oxidative Stress-Induced Necrosis. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2017; 64:886-98. [PMID: 27373644 DOI: 10.1248/cpb.c16-00259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Modification of our previously reported selective inhibitor of oxidative stress-induced necrosis, 2-(1H-indol-3-yl)-3-pentylamino-maleimide (IM-54) by regioselective reduction of the C-4 carbonyl group afforded a 3-amino-2-indolyllactam (IL-1) with more potent activity. To examine the structure-activity relationship of IL derivatives, we developed new synthetic routes with flexibility to incorporate a range of substituents at a late stage. The synthesized IL derivatives were evaluated for activity to inhibit necrotic cell death induced by hydrogen peroxide. Among them, IL-12 showed the most potent activity (IC50=49 nM) among the IL and indolylmaleimide (IM) derivatives examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kosuke Dodo
- Synthetic Organic Chemistry Laboratory, RIKEN
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58
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Brumatti G, Ma C, Lalaoui N, Nguyen NY, Navarro M, Tanzer MC, Richmond J, Ghisi M, Salmon JM, Silke N, Pomilio G, Glaser SP, de Valle E, Gugasyan R, Gurthridge MA, Condon SM, Johnstone RW, Lock R, Salvesen G, Wei A, Vaux DL, Ekert PG, Silke J. The caspase-8 inhibitor emricasan combines with the SMAC mimetic birinapant to induce necroptosis and treat acute myeloid leukemia. Sci Transl Med 2016; 8:339ra69. [DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aad3099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2015] [Accepted: 04/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Apoptosis Activation in Human Lung Cancer Cell Lines by a Novel Synthetic Peptide Derived from Conus californicus Venom. Toxins (Basel) 2016; 8:38. [PMID: 26861394 PMCID: PMC4773791 DOI: 10.3390/toxins8020038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2015] [Revised: 01/26/2016] [Accepted: 01/28/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer is one of the most common types of cancer in men and women and a leading cause of death worldwide resulting in more than one million deaths per year. The venom of marine snails Conus contains up to 200 pharmacologically active compounds that target several receptors in the cell membrane. Due to their diversity and specific binding properties, Conus toxins hold great potential as source of new drugs against cancer. We analyzed the cytotoxic effect of a 17-amino acid synthetic peptide (s-cal14.1a) that is based on a native toxin (cal14.1a) isolated from the sea snail Conus californicus. Cytotoxicity studies in four lung cancer cell lines were complemented with measurement of gene expression of apoptosis-related proteins Bcl-2, BAX and the pro-survival proteins NFκB-1 and COX-2, as well as quantification of caspase activity. Our results showed that H1299 and H1437 cell lines treated with s-call4.1a had decreased cell viability, activated caspases, and reduced expression of the pro-survival protein NFκB-1. To our knowledge, this is the first report describing activation of apoptosis in human lung cancer cell lines by s-cal14.1a and we offer insight into the possible mechanism of action.
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60
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Lu W, Chen Q, Ying S, Xia X, Yu Z, Lui Y, Tranter G, Jin B, Song C, Seymour LW, Jiang S. Evolutionarily conserved primary TNF sequences relate to its primitive functions in cell death induction. J Cell Sci 2016; 129:108-20. [PMID: 26729029 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.175463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
TNF is a primitive protein that has emerged from more than 550 million years of evolution. Our bioinformatics study of TNF from nine different taxa in vertebrates revealed several conserved regions in the TNF sequence. By screening overlapping peptides derived from human TNF to determine their role in three different TNF-induced processes--apoptosis, necrosis and NF-κB stimulation--we found that TNF conserved regions are mostly related to cell death rather than NF-κB stimulation. Among the most conserved regions, peptides (P)12, P13 and P1213 (comprising P12 and P13) induced apoptosis, whereas P14, P15, P16 and P1516 (comprising P15 and P16) induced necrosis. Cell death induced by these peptides was not through binding to the TNF receptor. P16-induced necrosis was mainly through disruption of the cell membrane, whereas P1213-induced apoptosis involved activation of TRADD followed by formation of complex II. Finally, using a monoclonal antibody and a mutant TNF protein, we show that TNF-induced apoptosis is determined by a conserved linear sequence that corresponds to that within P1213. Our results reveal the determinant sequence that is key to the TNF primitive function of inducing apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenshu Lu
- Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Qiongyu Chen
- Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Songmin Ying
- Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Xiaobing Xia
- Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Zhanru Yu
- MRC Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Yuan Lui
- MRC Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington OX3 9DS, UK
| | - George Tranter
- Chiralabs Limited, Begbroke Science Park, Woodstock Road, Begbroke, Oxfordshire OX5 1PF, UK
| | - Boquan Jin
- Department of Immunology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an City 710032, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Chaojun Song
- Department of Immunology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an City 710032, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Leonard W Seymour
- Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Shisong Jiang
- Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
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61
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Poreba M, Szalek A, Kasperkiewicz P, Rut W, Salvesen GS, Drag M. Small Molecule Active Site Directed Tools for Studying Human Caspases. Chem Rev 2015; 115:12546-629. [PMID: 26551511 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.5b00434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Caspases are proteases of clan CD and were described for the first time more than two decades ago. They play critical roles in the control of regulated cell death pathways including apoptosis and inflammation. Due to their involvement in the development of various diseases like cancer, neurodegenerative diseases, or autoimmune disorders, caspases have been intensively investigated as potential drug targets, both in academic and industrial laboratories. This review presents a thorough, deep, and systematic assessment of all technologies developed over the years for the investigation of caspase activity and specificity using substrates and inhibitors, as well as activity based probes, which in recent years have attracted considerable interest due to their usefulness in the investigation of biological functions of this family of enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcin Poreba
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Wroclaw University of Technology , Wyb. Wyspianskiego 27, 50-370 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Szalek
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Wroclaw University of Technology , Wyb. Wyspianskiego 27, 50-370 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Paulina Kasperkiewicz
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Wroclaw University of Technology , Wyb. Wyspianskiego 27, 50-370 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Wioletta Rut
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Wroclaw University of Technology , Wyb. Wyspianskiego 27, 50-370 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Guy S Salvesen
- Program in Cell Death and Survival Networks, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute , La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Marcin Drag
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Wroclaw University of Technology , Wyb. Wyspianskiego 27, 50-370 Wroclaw, Poland
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62
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Gortat A, Sancho M, Mondragón L, Messeguer À, Pérez-Payá E, Orzáez M. Apaf1 inhibition promotes cell recovery from apoptosis. Protein Cell 2015; 6:833-43. [PMID: 26361785 PMCID: PMC4624680 DOI: 10.1007/s13238-015-0200-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2015] [Accepted: 07/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The protein apoptotic protease activating factor 1 (Apaf1) is the central component of the apoptosome, a multiprotein complex that activates procaspase-9 after cytochrome c release from the mitochondria in the intrinsic pathway of apoptosis. We have developed a vital method that allows fluorescence-activated cell sorting of cells at different stages of the apoptotic pathway and demonstrated that upon pharmacological inhibition of Apaf1, cells recover from doxorubicin- or hypoxia-induced early apoptosis to normal healthy cell. Inhibiting Apaf1 not only prevents procaspase-9 activation but delays massive mitochondrial damage allowing cell recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Gortat
- Laboratory of Peptide and Protein Chemistry, Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe, 46012, Valencia, Spain
| | - Mónica Sancho
- Laboratory of Peptide and Protein Chemistry, Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe, 46012, Valencia, Spain
| | - Laura Mondragón
- Laboratory of Peptide and Protein Chemistry, Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe, 46012, Valencia, Spain
| | - Àngel Messeguer
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Nanotechnology, Instituto Química Avanzada de Cataluña (CSIC), 08034, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Enrique Pérez-Payá
- Laboratory of Peptide and Protein Chemistry, Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe, 46012, Valencia, Spain.,Instituto de Biomedicina de Valencia, IBV-CSIC, 46010, Valencia, Spain
| | - Mar Orzáez
- Laboratory of Peptide and Protein Chemistry, Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe, 46012, Valencia, Spain.
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63
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Keoni CL, Brown TL. Inhibition of Apoptosis and Efficacy of Pan Caspase Inhibitor, Q-VD-OPh, in Models of Human Disease. J Cell Death 2015; 8:1-7. [PMID: 25922583 PMCID: PMC4395138 DOI: 10.4137/jcd.s23844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2015] [Revised: 03/08/2015] [Accepted: 03/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Apoptosis is physiological cell death required for the cellular maintenance of homeostasis, and caspases play a major role in the execution of this process. Numerous disorders occur when levels of apoptosis within an organism are excessive, and several studies have explored the possibility of using caspase inhibitors to prevent these disorders. Q-VD-OPh (quinolyl-valyl-O-methylaspartyl-[2,6-difluorophenoxy]-methyl ketone), a novel pan caspase inhibitor, has been used because of its efficacy to inhibit apoptosis at low concentrations, its ability to cross the blood-brain barrier, as well as being nontoxic in vivo. This review examines Q-VD-OPh's ability to inhibit apoptosis in several animal models of human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chanel Li Keoni
- Department of Neuroscience, Cell Biology, and Physiology, Boonshoft School of Medicine, Wright State University, Dayton, OH, USA
| | - Thomas L Brown
- Department of Neuroscience, Cell Biology, and Physiology, Boonshoft School of Medicine, Wright State University, Dayton, OH, USA
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64
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Khairalla AS, Omer SA, Mahdavi J, Aslam A, Dufailu OA, Self T, Jonsson AB, Geörg M, Sjölinder H, Royer PJ, Martinez-Pomares L, Ghaemmaghami AM, Wooldridge KG, Oldfield NJ, Ala'Aldeen DAA. Nuclear trafficking, histone cleavage and induction of apoptosis by the meningococcal App and MspA autotransporters. Cell Microbiol 2015; 17:1008-20. [PMID: 25600171 PMCID: PMC5024080 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.12417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2014] [Revised: 12/18/2014] [Accepted: 01/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Neisseria meningitidis, a major cause of bacterial meningitis and septicaemia, secretes multiple virulence factors, including the adhesion and penetration protein (App) and meningococcal serine protease A (MspA). Both are conserved, immunogenic, type Va autotransporters harbouring S6‐family serine endopeptidase domains. Previous work suggested that both could mediate adherence to human cells, but their precise contribution to meningococcal pathogenesis was unclear. Here, we confirm that App and MspA are in vivo virulence factors since human CD46‐expressing transgenic mice infected with meningococcal mutants lacking App, MspA or both had improved survival rates compared with mice infected with wild type. Confocal imaging showed that App and MspA were internalized by human cells and trafficked to the nucleus. Cross‐linking and enzyme‐linked immuno assay (ELISA) confirmed that mannose receptor (MR), transferrin receptor 1 (TfR1) and histones interact with MspA and App. Dendritic cell (DC) uptake could be blocked using mannan and transferrin, the specific physiological ligands for MR and TfR1, whereas in vitro clipping assays confirmed the ability of both proteins to proteolytically cleave the core histone H3. Finally, we show that App and MspA induce a dose‐dependent increase in DC death via caspase‐dependent apoptosis. Our data provide novel insights into the roles of App and MspA in meningococcal infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sherko A Omer
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Jafar Mahdavi
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Akhmed Aslam
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Osman A Dufailu
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Tim Self
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Ann-Beth Jonsson
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Miriam Geörg
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Hong Sjölinder
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | | | | | | | - Neil J Oldfield
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
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65
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McStay GP, Green DR. Measuring apoptosis: caspase inhibitors and activity assays. Cold Spring Harb Protoc 2014; 2014:799-806. [PMID: 25086023 DOI: 10.1101/pdb.top070359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Caspases are proteases that initiate and execute apoptotic cell death. These caspase-dependent events are caused by cleavage of specific substrates that propagate the proapoptotic signal. A number of techniques have been developed to follow caspase activity in vitro and from apoptotic cellular extracts. Many of these techniques use molecules that are based on optimal peptide motifs for each caspase and on our understanding of caspase cleavage events that occur during apoptosis. Although these approaches are useful, there are several drawbacks associated with them. The optimal peptide motifs are not unique recognition sites for each caspase, so techniques that use them may yield information about more than one caspase. Furthermore, caspase cleavage does not take into account the different caspase activation mechanisms. Recently, probes having greater specificity for individual caspases have been developed and are being used successfully. This introduction provides background on the various caspases and introduces a set of complementary techniques to examine the activity, substrate specificity, and activation status of caspases from in vitro or cell culture experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gavin P McStay
- Department of Life Sciences, New York Institute of Technology, Old Westbury, New York 11568
| | - Douglas R Green
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee 38105
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66
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Rajah T, Chow S. The inhibition of human T cell proliferation by the caspase inhibitor z-VAD-FMK is mediated through oxidative stress. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2014; 278:100-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2014.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2014] [Revised: 04/07/2014] [Accepted: 04/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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67
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Stech M, Quast RB, Sachse R, Schulze C, Wüstenhagen DA, Kubick S. A continuous-exchange cell-free protein synthesis system based on extracts from cultured insect cells. PLoS One 2014; 9:e96635. [PMID: 24804975 PMCID: PMC4013096 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0096635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2014] [Accepted: 04/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we present a novel technique for the synthesis of complex prokaryotic and eukaryotic proteins by using a continuous-exchange cell-free (CECF) protein synthesis system based on extracts from cultured insect cells. Our approach consists of two basic elements: First, protein synthesis is performed in insect cell lysates which harbor endogenous microsomal vesicles, enabling a translocation of de novo synthesized target proteins into the lumen of the insect vesicles or, in the case of membrane proteins, their embedding into a natural membrane scaffold. Second, cell-free reactions are performed in a two chamber dialysis device for 48 h. The combination of the eukaryotic cell-free translation system based on insect cell extracts and the CECF translation system results in significantly prolonged reaction life times and increased protein yields compared to conventional batch reactions. In this context, we demonstrate the synthesis of various representative model proteins, among them cytosolic proteins, pharmacological relevant membrane proteins and glycosylated proteins in an endotoxin-free environment. Furthermore, the cell-free system used in this study is well-suited for the synthesis of biologically active tissue-type-plasminogen activator, a complex eukaryotic protein harboring multiple disulfide bonds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlitt Stech
- Fraunhofer Institute for Biomedical Engineering (IBMT), Branch Potsdam-Golm, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Robert B. Quast
- Fraunhofer Institute for Biomedical Engineering (IBMT), Branch Potsdam-Golm, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Rita Sachse
- Fraunhofer Institute for Biomedical Engineering (IBMT), Branch Potsdam-Golm, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Corina Schulze
- Beuth Hochschule für Technik Berlin - University of Applied Sciences Berlin, Life Sciences and Technology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Doreen A. Wüstenhagen
- Fraunhofer Institute for Biomedical Engineering (IBMT), Branch Potsdam-Golm, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Stefan Kubick
- Fraunhofer Institute for Biomedical Engineering (IBMT), Branch Potsdam-Golm, Potsdam, Germany
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68
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Lymphocyte-derived microparticles induce apoptosis of airway epithelial cells through activation of p38 MAPK and production of arachidonic acid. Apoptosis 2014; 19:1113-27. [DOI: 10.1007/s10495-014-0993-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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69
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Zhang Y, Ren Y, Li S, Hayes JD. Transcription factor Nrf1 is topologically repartitioned across membranes to enable target gene transactivation through its acidic glucose-responsive domains. PLoS One 2014; 9:e93458. [PMID: 24695487 PMCID: PMC3973704 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0093458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2014] [Accepted: 03/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The membrane-bound Nrf1 transcription factor regulates critical homeostatic and developmental genes. The conserved N-terminal homology box 1 (NHB1) sequence in Nrf1 targets the cap‘n’collar (CNC) basic basic-region leucine zipper (bZIP) factor to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), but it is unknown how its activity is controlled topologically within membranes. Herein, we report a hitherto unknown mechanism by which the transactivation activity of Nrf1 is controlled through its membrane-topology. Thus after Nrf1 is anchored within ER membranes, its acidic transactivation domains (TADs), including the Asn/Ser/Thr-rich (NST) glycodomain situated between acidic domain 1 (AD1) and AD2, are transiently translocated into the lumen of the ER, where NST is glycosylated in the presence of glucose to yield an inactive 120-kDa Nrf1 glycoprotein. Subsequently, portions of the TADs partially repartition across membranes into the cyto/nucleoplasmic compartments, whereupon an active 95-kDa form of Nrf1 accumulates, a process that is more obvious in glucose-deprived cells and may involve deglycosylation. The repartitioning of Nrf1 out of membranes is monitored within this protein by its acidic-hydrophobic amphipathic glucose-responsive domains, particularly the Neh5L subdomain within AD1. Therefore, the membrane-topological organization of Nrf1 dictates its post-translational modifications (i.e. glycosylation, the putative deglycosylation and selective proteolysis), which together control its ability to transactivate target genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiguo Zhang
- The NSFC-funded Laboratory of Cell Biochemistry and Gene Regulation, College of Medical Bioengineering and Faculty of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
- Division of Cancer Research, Medical Research Institute, Ninewells Hospital & Medical School, University of Dundee, Scotland, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Yonggang Ren
- The NSFC-funded Laboratory of Cell Biochemistry and Gene Regulation, College of Medical Bioengineering and Faculty of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Shaojun Li
- The NSFC-funded Laboratory of Cell Biochemistry and Gene Regulation, College of Medical Bioengineering and Faculty of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - John D. Hayes
- Division of Cancer Research, Medical Research Institute, Ninewells Hospital & Medical School, University of Dundee, Scotland, United Kingdom
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70
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Han W, Sun Y, Wang X, Zhu C, Blomgren K. Delayed, long-term administration of the caspase inhibitor Q-VD-OPh reduced brain injury induced by neonatal hypoxia-ischemia. Dev Neurosci 2014; 36:64-72. [PMID: 24525800 DOI: 10.1159/000357939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2013] [Accepted: 12/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Apoptosis contributes greatly to the morphological and biochemical features of cell death after neonatal cerebral hypoxia-ischemia (HI), making this mode of cell death a promising therapeutic target. We previously showed that 10 mg/kg of the caspase inhibitor Q-VD-OPh at the onset of and immediately after HI on postnatal day 9 reduced brain infarct volume. In this study, delayed administration of Q-VD-OPh, 12 and 36 h after HI, decreased HI-induced caspase-3 activity (DEVD cleavage) by 23% and diminished the levels of the proinflammatory chemokines CCL2 (MCP-1) and CCL3 (MIP-1α) by 29.3 and 29.1%, respectively, but not the levels of the anti-inflammatory cytokines IL-4 and IL-10. Long-term administration of Q-VD-OPh initiated at 12 h after HI, and continued at 24-hour intervals for 2 weeks, reduced total brain tissue loss by 31.3% from 41.5±3.1 mm3 in the vehicle group to 28.5±3.0 mm3 in the Q-VD-OPh group when evaluated 16 weeks after HI (p=0.004). Q-VD-OPh treatment also ameliorated the loss of sensorimotor function, as evaluated by a cylinder rearing test (Q-VD-OPh: 30.8±4.3% vs. vehicle: 59.7±6.3% in nonimpaired forepaw preference) 3 weeks after HI, and reduced HI-induced hyperactivity, as measured in an open field test (Q-VD-OPh: 4,062±198 cm vs. vehicle: 4,792±205 cm in distance moved) 7 weeks after the insult. However, the functional protection was no longer observed when analyzed again at later time points. The mechanisms underlying the discrepancy between sustained morphological protection and transient functional protection remain to be elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Han
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Q2:07, Stockholm, Sweden
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71
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Poreba M, Strózyk A, Salvesen GS, Drag M. Caspase substrates and inhibitors. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2013; 5:a008680. [PMID: 23788633 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a008680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Caspases are proteases at the heart of networks that govern apoptosis and inflammation. The past decade has seen huge leaps in understanding the biology and chemistry of the caspases, largely through the development of synthetic substrates and inhibitors. Such agents are used to define the role of caspases in transmitting life and death signals, in imaging caspases in situ and in vivo, and in deconvoluting the networks that govern cell behavior. Additionally, focused proteomics methods have begun to reveal the natural substrates of caspases in the thousands. Together, these chemical and proteomics technologies are setting the scene for designing and implementing control of caspase activity as appropriate targets for disease therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcin Poreba
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Wroclaw University of Technology, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland
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72
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Han H, Peng J, Gobert GN, Hong Y, Zhang M, Han Y, Fu Z, Shi Y, Xu J, Lin J, Tao J. Apoptosis phenomenon in the schistosomulum and adult worm life cycle stages of Schistosoma japonicum. Parasitol Int 2013; 62:100-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2012.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2012] [Revised: 09/17/2012] [Accepted: 09/19/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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73
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Choi EJ, Kim S, Jho EH, Song KJ, Kee SH. Axin expression enhances herpes simplex virus type 1 replication by inhibiting virus-mediated cell death in L929 cells. J Gen Virol 2013; 94:1636-1646. [PMID: 23535572 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.051540-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) replicates in various cell types and induces early cell death, which limits viral replication in certain cell types. Axin is a scaffolding protein that regulates Wnt signalling and participates in various cellular events, including cellular proliferation and cell death. The effects of axin expression on HSV-1 infection were investigated based on our initial observation that Wnt3a treatment or axin knockdown reduced HSV-1 replication. L929 cells expressed the axin protein in a doxycycline-inducible manner (L-axin) and enhanced HSV-1 replication in comparison to control cells (L-EV). HSV-1 infection induced cell death as early as 6 h after infection through the necrotic pathway and required de novo protein synthesis in L929 cells. Subsequent analysis of viral protein expression suggested that axin expression led to suppression of HSV-1-induced premature cell death, resulting in increased late gene expression. In analysis of axin deletion mutants, the regulators of the G-protein signalling (RGS) domain were involved in the axin-mediated enhancement of viral replication and reduction in cell death. These results suggest that viral replication enhancement might be mediated by the axin RGS domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Jin Choi
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Department of Microbiology and Bank for Pathogenic Virus, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, 136-705, Korea
| | - Sewoon Kim
- Department of Life Science, University of Seoul, Seoul 130-743, Korea
| | - Eek-Hoon Jho
- Department of Life Science, University of Seoul, Seoul 130-743, Korea
| | - Ki-Joon Song
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Department of Microbiology and Bank for Pathogenic Virus, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, 136-705, Korea
| | - Sun-Ho Kee
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Department of Microbiology and Bank for Pathogenic Virus, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, 136-705, Korea
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74
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Lawrence CP, Chow SC. Suppression of human T cell proliferation by the caspase inhibitors, z-VAD-FMK and z-IETD-FMK is independent of their caspase inhibition properties. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2012; 265:103-12. [PMID: 22982538 PMCID: PMC3875211 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2012.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2012] [Revised: 07/16/2012] [Accepted: 09/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The caspase inhibitors, benzyloxycarbony (Cbz)-l-Val-Ala-Asp (OMe)-fluoromethylketone (z-VAD-FMK) and benzyloxycarbonyl (Cbz)-Ile-Glu (OMe)-Thr-Asp (OMe)-FMK (z-IETD-FMK) at non-toxic doses were found to be immunosuppressive and inhibit human T cell proliferation induced by mitogens and IL-2 in vitro. Both caspase inhibitors were shown to block NF-κB in activated primary T cells, but have little inhibitory effect on the secretion of IL-2 and IFN-γ during T cell activation. However, the expression of IL-2 receptor α-chain (CD25) in activated T cells was inhibited by both z-VAD-FMK and z-IETD-FMK, whereas the expression of the early activated T cell marker, CD69 was unaffected. During primary T cell activation via the antigen receptor, both caspase-8 and caspase-3 were activated and processed to their respective subunits, but neither caspase inhibitors had any effect on the processing of these two caspases. In sharp contrast both caspase inhibitors readily blocked apoptosis and the activation of caspases during FasL-induced apoptosis in activated primary T cells and Jurkat T cells. Collectively, the results demonstrate that both z-VAD-FMK and z-IETD-FMK are immunosuppressive in vitro and inhibit T cell proliferation without blocking the processing of caspase-8 and caspase-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- C P Lawrence
- Medical Research Council Toxicology Unit, Hodgkin Building, Lancaster Road, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 9HN, UK
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75
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"Dead Cells Talking": The Silent Form of Cell Death Is Not so Quiet. Biochem Res Int 2012; 2012:453838. [PMID: 22919490 PMCID: PMC3420226 DOI: 10.1155/2012/453838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2012] [Accepted: 07/03/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
After more than twenty years of research, the molecular events of apoptotic cell death can be succinctly stated; different pathways, activated by diverse signals, increase the activity of proteases called caspases that rapidly and irreversibly dismantle condemned cell by cleaving specific substrates. In this time the ideas that apoptosis protects us from tumourigenesis and that cancer chemotherapy works by inducing apoptosis also emerged. Currently, apoptosis research is shifting away from the intracellular events within the dying cell to focus on the effect of apoptotic cells on surrounding tissues. This is producing counterintuitive data showing that our understanding of the role of apoptosis in tumourigenesis and cancer therapy is too simple, with some interesting and provocative implications. Here, we will consider evidence supporting the idea that dying cells signal their presence to the surrounding tissue and, in doing so, elicit repair and regeneration that compensates for any loss of function caused by cell death. We will discuss evidence suggesting that cancer cell proliferation may be driven by inappropriate or corrupted tissue-repair programmes that are initiated by signals from apoptotic cells and show how this may dramatically modify how we view the role of apoptosis in both tumourigenesis and cancer therapy.
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76
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Wang HC, Hsieh SC, Yang JH, Lin SY, Sheen LY. Diallyl Trisulfide Induces Apoptosis of Human Basal Cell Carcinoma Cells via Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress and the Mitochondrial Pathway. Nutr Cancer 2012; 64:770-80. [DOI: 10.1080/01635581.2012.676142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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77
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Roiban GD, Matache M, Hădade ND, Funeriu DP. A general solid phase method for the synthesis of sequence independent peptidyl-fluoromethyl ketones. Org Biomol Chem 2012; 10:4516-23. [PMID: 22543859 DOI: 10.1039/c2ob25096a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We present here a new, general, solid phase strategy for the synthesis of sequence independent peptidyl-fluoromethyl ketones using standard Fmoc peptide chemistry. Our method is based on the synthesis of bifunctional linkers which allows the incorporation of amino acid fluoromethyl ketone unit at the C-terminal end of peptide sequences. Application of this approach for the synthesis of activity based probes for SENPs is also described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gheorghe-Doru Roiban
- Department of Chemistry, Marie Curie Excellence Team, Technical University München, 4 Lichtenberg str. 85748, Garching, Germany
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78
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Sixt BS, Hiess B, König L, Horn M. Lack of effective anti-apoptotic activities restricts growth of Parachlamydiaceae in insect cells. PLoS One 2012; 7:e29565. [PMID: 22253735 PMCID: PMC3253803 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0029565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2011] [Accepted: 11/30/2011] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The fundamental role of programmed cell death in host defense is highlighted by the multitude of anti-apoptotic strategies evolved by various microbes, including the well-known obligate intracellular bacterial pathogens Chlamydia trachomatis and Chlamydia (Chlamydophila) pneumoniae. As inhibition of apoptosis is assumed to be essential for a successful infection of humans by these chlamydiae, we analyzed the anti-apoptotic capacity of close relatives that occur as symbionts of amoebae and might represent emerging pathogens. While Simkania negevensis was able to efficiently replicate within insect cells, which served as model for metazoan-derived host cells, the Parachlamydiaceae (Parachlamydia acanthamoebae and Protochlamydia amoebophila) displayed limited intracellular growth, yet these bacteria induced typical features of apoptotic cell death, including formation of apoptotic bodies, nuclear condensation, internucleosomal DNA fragmentation, and effector caspase activity. Induction of apoptosis was dependent on bacterial activity, but not bacterial de novo protein synthesis, and was detectable already at very early stages of infection. Experimental inhibition of host cell death greatly enhanced parachlamydial replication, suggesting that lack of potent anti-apoptotic activities in Parachlamydiaceae may represent an important factor compromising their ability to successfully infect non-protozoan hosts. These findings highlight the importance of the evolution of anti-apoptotic traits for the success of chlamydiae as pathogens of humans and animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara S. Sixt
- Department of Microbial Ecology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Birgit Hiess
- Department of Microbial Ecology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Lena König
- Department of Microbial Ecology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Matthias Horn
- Department of Microbial Ecology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- * E-mail:
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79
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Abstract
A cell undergoing apoptosis demonstrates multitude of characteristic morphological and biochemical features, which vary depending on the inducer of apoptosis, cell type and the "time window" at which the process of apoptosis is observed. Because the gross majority of apoptotic hallmarks can be revealed by flow and image cytometry, the cytometric methods become a technology of choice in diverse studies of cellular demise. Variety of cytometric methods designed to identify apoptotic cells, detect particular events of apoptosis and probe mechanisms associated with this mode of cell death have been developed during the past two decades. In the present review, we outline commonly used methods that are based on the assessment of mitochondrial transmembrane potential, activation of caspases, DNA fragmentation, and plasma membrane alterations. We also present novel developments in the field such as the use of cyanine SYTO and TO-PRO family of probes. Strategies of selecting the optimal multiparameter approaches, as well as potential difficulties in the experimental procedures, are thoroughly summarized.
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80
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Discovery of cytotoxic and pro-apoptotic compounds against leukemia cells: Tert-butyl-4-[(3-nitrophenoxy) methyl]-2,2-dimethyloxazolidine-3-carboxylate. Life Sci 2011; 89:786-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2011.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2011] [Revised: 08/08/2011] [Accepted: 08/27/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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81
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Gong M, Xia M, Zhang J, Gu J, Liu X, Cheng J. A novel anti-lymphoma protein RE26 from Rozites emodensis (Berk.) Moser. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2011; 93:1097-108. [PMID: 21751009 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-011-3450-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2011] [Revised: 06/14/2011] [Accepted: 06/15/2011] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
A novel antitumor protein, designated RE26, with anti-lymphoma activity was purified from a Tris-HCl buffer extract of Rozites emodensis (Berk.) Moser by three successive steps of ion exchange chromatography. SDS-PAGE and gel filtration chromatography revealed that RE26 is a monomeric protein of 26 kDa, and isoelectrofocusing assay indicated its isoelectric point of 4.3-4.4. RE26 has high stability over a wide pH range (pH 3-11) but is sensitive to temperature and only stable under 40 °C. Partial amino acid sequences of two RE26 peptide fragments were determined by Edman degradation as GLEEEETLLLLFFPP and GTEQE. The half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC₅₀) of RE26 against tested lymphoma cell lines was around 4 μg/ml. In vitro experiments showed that RE26 could specifically bind to lymphoma cells; activate the caspases, including caspases 3, 8, and 9 in host cells; and induce apoptosis. Experiments in nude mice indicated local RE26 injection adjacent to tumor site could inhibit lymphoma formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Gong
- Laboratory of Endocrinology and Metabolism, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
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82
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Abstract
Although apoptosis plays a critical role in molding the CNS into its final appearance and function, inappropriate activation of this pathway in the aging brain may contribute to neurodegeneration. In Alzheimer's disease (AD), an overwhelming body of evidence supports the activation of apoptosis in general, and caspases specifically as an early event that may not only contribute to neurodegeneration but also promote the underlying pathology associated with this disease. Therefore, caspase inhibitors may provide an effective strategy for treating AD. However, despite the compelling evidence indicating a role for caspases in disease progression, chronic treatment with caspase inhibitors in animal models of AD has never been undertaken. In this review the role of caspases in AD will be addressed, including recent studies utilizing in vivo transgenic mouse models of tauopathies. In addition, a discussion of the therapeutic value and dangers of targeting caspase inhibition in the treatment of AD using caspase inhibitors such as Q-VD-OPh will be evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Troy T Rohn
- Department of Biology, Boise State University, Science/Nursing Building, Room 228, Boise, Idaho 83725, USA.
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83
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Optical Imaging Detects Apoptosis in the Brain and Peripheral Organs of Prion-Infected Mice. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2011; 70:143-50. [DOI: 10.1097/nen.0b013e3182084a8c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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84
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Osteoblast interactions within a biomimetic apatite microenvironment. Ann Biomed Eng 2011; 39:1186-200. [PMID: 21234689 PMCID: PMC3069334 DOI: 10.1007/s10439-010-0245-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2010] [Accepted: 12/29/2010] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Numerous reports have shown that accelerated apatites can mediate osteoblastic differentiation in vitro and bone formation in vivo. However, how cells interact within the apatite microenvironment remains largely unclear, despite the vast literature available today. In response, this study evaluates the in vitro interactions of a well-characterized osteoblast cell line (MC3T3-E1) with the apatite microenvironment. Specifically, cell attachment, spreading, and viability were evaluated in the presence and absence of serum proteins. Proteins were found to be critical in the mediation of cell–apatite interactions, as adherence of MC3T3-E1 cells to apatite surfaces without protein coatings resulted in significant levels of cell death within 24 h in serum-free media. In the absence of protein–apatite interaction, cell viability could be “rescued” upon treatment of MC3T3-E1 cells with inhibitors to phosphate (PO43−) transport, suggesting that PO43− uptake may play a role in viability. In contrast, rescue was not observed upon treatment with calcium (Ca2+) channel inhibitors. Interestingly, a rapid “pull-down” of extracellular Ca2+ and PO43− ions onto the apatite surface could be measured upon the incubation of apatites with α-MEM, suggesting that cells may be subject to changing levels of Ca2+ and PO43− within their microenvironment. Therefore, the biomimetic apatite surface may significantly alter the microenvironment of adherent osteoblasts and, as such, be capable of affecting both cell survival and differentiation.
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85
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Wlodkowic D, Skommer J, Darzynkiewicz Z. Cytometry in cell necrobiology revisited. Recent advances and new vistas. Cytometry A 2010; 77:591-606. [PMID: 20235235 PMCID: PMC2975392 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.20889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Over a decade has passed since publication of the last review on "Cytometry in cell necrobiology." During these years we have witnessed many substantial developments in the field of cell necrobiology such as remarkable advancements in cytometric technologies and improvements in analytical biochemistry. The latest innovative platforms such as laser scanning cytometry, multispectral imaging cytometry, spectroscopic cytometry, and microfluidic Lab-on-a-Chip solutions rapidly emerge as highly advantageous tools in cell necrobiology studies. Furthermore, we have recently gained substantial knowledge on alternative cell demise modes such as caspase-independent apoptosis-like programmed cell death (PCD), autophagy, necrosis-like PCD, or mitotic catastrophe, all with profound connotations to pathogenesis and treatment. Although detection of classical, caspase-dependent apoptosis is still the major ground for the advancement of cytometric techniques, there is an increasing demand for novel analytical tools to rapidly quantify noncanonical modes of cell death. This review highlights the key developments warranting a renaissance and evolution of cytometric techniques in the field of cell necrobiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald Wlodkowic
- The Bioelectronics Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom.
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86
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Cui J, Matsumoto K, Wang CY, Peter ME, Kozmin SA. Synthesis of a high-purity chemical library reveals a potent inducer of oxidative stress. Chembiochem 2010; 11:1224-7. [PMID: 20461745 PMCID: PMC3837501 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201000193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2010] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Synthesis of high-purity biogenic heterocyclic library enabled identification of a small molecule, which potently inhibited proliferation of several cancer cell lines and induces rapid oxidative stress. This agent elicited unusual mechanism of cell death induction, which entailed activation of both caspase-dependent and independent pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayue Cui
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, 5735 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637 (USA)
| | - Kenji Matsumoto
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, 5735 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637 (USA)
| | - Cindy Y. Wang
- Ben May Department for Cancer Research, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637 (USA)
| | - Marcus E. Peter
- Ben May Department for Cancer Research, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637 (USA)
| | - Sergey A. Kozmin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, 5735 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637 (USA)
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87
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Wu YT, Tan HL, Huang Q, Sun XJ, Zhu X, Shen HM. zVAD-induced necroptosis in L929 cells depends on autocrine production of TNFα mediated by the PKC-MAPKs-AP-1 pathway. Cell Death Differ 2010; 18:26-37. [PMID: 20539307 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2010.72] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
It is intriguing that some pan-caspase inhibitors such as zVAD-fmk (zVAD) are capable of inducing necrotic cell death in a selected group of cells. As earlier reports from our laboratory have ruled out the original notion that zVAD-induced necrosis in mouse fibrosarcoma L929 cells was autophagic cell death, the main objective of this study was thus to determine the underlying mechanism of this form of cell death. In this study, we provided clear evidence that zVAD-induced necroptosis in L929 cells and such cell death is dependent on autocrine production of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα) at the transcriptional level. More importantly, we identified that activating protein-1 (AP-1), but not nuclear factor κ-B, is the transcription factor controlling zVAD-induced TNFα transcription. Moreover, zVAD is able to activate AP-1 through activation of two upstream mitogen-activated kinases (MAPKs), c-Jun N-terminal kinase and extracellular signal-regulated kinase. Finally, we found that protein kinase C is the important upstream signaling molecule in mediating zVAD-induced activation of MAPKs and AP-1, and subsequent autocrine production of TNFα and cell death. Data from this study reveal the molecular mechanisms underlying zVAD-induced necroptosis, an important form of programmed necrotic cell death with increasing understanding of its biological significance in health and diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y-T Wu
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
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88
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Southerland B, Kulkarni-Datar K, Keoni C, Bricker R, Grunwald WC, Ketcha DM, Hern E, Cool DR, Brown TL. Q-VE-OPh, a Negative Control for O-Phenoxy-Conjugated Caspase Inhibitors. J Cell Death 2010. [DOI: 10.4137/jcd.s4455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The broad-spectrum apoptosis (caspase) inhibitor, Q-VD-OPh, has been shown to have no side effects and is effective at a much lower concentration than other FMK-type caspase inhibitors. However, an appropriate negative control to use with this inhibitor has not been available. In this study, we developed and analyzed a new compound, based on the Q-VD-OPh backbone, which acts as a cognate negative control. To create the negative control, we substituted a glutamate residue for the aspartate residue to create Q-VE-OPh, thereby retaining the identical charge and molecular properties with only the addition of an extra -CH2 group. The purity and quality were assessed by ion trap mass spectrometry and verified by nuclear magnetic resonance. We determined the effectiveness of Q-VE-OPh, in comparison to Q-VD-OPh, to prevent DNA fragmentation in human Jurkat T leukemia cells that were induced to undergo apoptosis. DNA fragmentation was analyzed by agarose gel electrophoresis for the presence of DNA laddering, the hallmark indicator of apoptosis. Our results indicate that apoptosis was potently inhibited by Q-VD-OPh. In stark contrast, Q-VE-OPh did not inhibit apoptosis at a similar dose but required at least 20 times greater concentration than Q-VD-OPh to have any inhibitory effect. Western blot analysis showed that Q-VE-OPh was similarly less effective at inhibiting the activation of the extrinsic (caspase 8) and intrinsic (caspase 9) initiator caspases. Cell proliferation and viability studies further demonstrate that Q-VE-OPh is non-toxic, even at high concentration. Our data indicate that the specificity, effectiveness, and absence of toxicity of Q-VE-OPh provides the appropriate and superior negative control for in vitro and in vivo studies when analyzing the effects of o-phenoxy caspase inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Chanel Keoni
- Department of Neuroscience, Cell Biology, and Physiology
| | | | - William C. Grunwald
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Wright State University Boonshoft School of Medicine. Dayton, Ohio, 45435
| | | | | | - David R. Cool
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Wright State University Boonshoft School of Medicine. Dayton, Ohio, 45435
- Apoptrol, LLC, Beavercreek, Ohio 45431
| | - Thomas L. Brown
- Department of Neuroscience, Cell Biology, and Physiology
- Apoptrol, LLC, Beavercreek, Ohio 45431
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89
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Matzno S, Nishiguchi T, Akiyoshi T, Anami S, Nakabayashi T, Matsuyama K. Synergistic action of statins and nitrogen-containing bisphosphonates in the development of rhabdomyolysis in L6 rat skeletal myoblasts. J Pharm Pharmacol 2010; 61:781-8. [DOI: 10.1211/jpp.61.06.0011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Objectives
Nitrogen-containing bisphosphonates, which are widely used to treat osteoporosis, act as inhibitors of farnesyl pyrophosphate synthase, one of the key enzymes of the mevalonate pathway, and thus may have the potential to enhance the effect of statins (inhibitors of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase). In this study, we evaluated the synergistic effect of two nitrogen-containing bisphosphonates, alendronate and risedronate, in statin-induced apoptosis in rat skeletal L6 myoblasts.
Methods
L6 rat myoblasts were differentiated with drugs. DNA fragmentation was measured and small GTPase was detected by immunoblotting.
Key findings
Alendronate and risedronate caused dose-dependent apoptosis of L6 myoblasts. Risedronate induced detachment of rho GTPase from the cell membrane, followed by activation of the caspase-8-related cascade. Risedronate-induced apoptosis was synergistically enhanced with atorvastatin and significantly reduced by addition of geranylgeraniol. By contrast, alendronate did not reduce membrane GTPases and the apoptosis was caspase independent.
Conclusions
These results suggest that risedronate-induced apoptosis is related to geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate depletion followed by rho detachment, whereas alendronate affects are independent of rho. Our results suggest a risk of synergistic action between nitrogen-containing bisphosphonates and statins in the development of rhabdomyolysis when treating osteoporosis in women with hyperlipidaemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumio Matzno
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mukogawa Women's University, Hyogo, Japan
- Institute for Biosciences, Mukogawa Women's University, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Tomoko Nishiguchi
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mukogawa Women's University, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Takeshi Akiyoshi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Keio University Faculty of Pharmacy, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Setsuko Anami
- Pharmacy Department, Sakai Municipal Hospital, Osaka, Japan
| | | | - Kenji Matsuyama
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Keio University Faculty of Pharmacy, Tokyo, Japan
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90
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Bisabololoxide A, one of the main constituents in German chamomile extract, induces apoptosis in rat thymocytes. Arch Toxicol 2009; 84:45-52. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-009-0472-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2009] [Accepted: 09/17/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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91
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Lim JH, Woo JS, Shin YW. Cilostazol protects endothelial cells against lipopolysaccharide-induced apoptosis through ERK1/2- and P38 MAPK-dependent pathways. Korean J Intern Med 2009; 24:113-22. [PMID: 19543489 PMCID: PMC2698619 DOI: 10.3904/kjim.2009.24.2.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2008] [Accepted: 09/17/2008] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS We examined the effects of cilostazol on mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) activity and its relationship with cilostazol-mediated protection against apoptosis in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-treated endothelial cells. METHODS Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were exposed to LPS and cilostazol with and without specific inhibitors of MAPKs; changes in MAPK activity in association with cell viability and apoptotic signaling were investigated. RESULTS Cilostazol protected HUVECs against LPS-induced apoptosis by suppressing the mitochondrial permeability transition, cytosolic release of cytochrome c, and subsequent activation of caspases, stimulating extracellullar signal-regulated kinase (ERK1/2) and p38 MAPK signaling, and increasing phosphorylated cAMP-responsive element-binding protein (CREB) and Bcl-2 expression, while suppressing Bax expression. These cilostazol-mediated cellular events were effectively blocked by MAPK/ERK kinase (MEK1/2) and p38 MAPK inhibitors. CONCLUSIONS Cilostazol protects HUVECs against LPS-induced apoptosis by suppressing mitochondria-dependent apoptotic signaling. Activation of ERK1/2 and p38 MAPKs, and subsequent stimulation of CREB phosphorylation and Bcl-2 expression, may be responsible for the cellular signaling mechanism of cilostazol-mediated protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong-Hoon Lim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Pusan National University College of Medicine, Busan, Korea
| | - Jae-Suk Woo
- Department of Physiology, Pusan National University College of Medicine, Busan, Korea
| | - Yung-Woo Shin
- Department of Internal Medicine, Pusan National University College of Medicine, Busan, Korea
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92
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Chan CM, Tsoi H, Chan WM, Zhai S, Wong CO, Yao X, Chan WY, Tsui SKW, Chan HYE. The ion channel activity of the SARS-coronavirus 3a protein is linked to its pro-apoptotic function. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2009; 41:2232-9. [PMID: 19398035 PMCID: PMC7108357 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2009.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2008] [Revised: 03/12/2009] [Accepted: 04/20/2009] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus (SARS-CoV) caused an outbreak of atypical pneumonia in 2003. The SARS-CoV viral genome encodes several proteins which have no homology to proteins in any other coronaviruses, and a number of these proteins have been implicated in viral cytopathies. One such protein is 3a, which is also known as X1, ORF3 and U274. 3a expression is detected in both SARS-CoV infected cultured cells and patients. Among the different functions identified, 3a is a capable of inducing apoptosis. We previously showed that caspase pathways are involved in 3a-induced apoptosis. In this study, we attempted to find out protein domains on 3a that are essential for its pro-apoptotic function. Protein sequence analysis reveals that 3a possesses three major protein signatures, the cysteine-rich, Yxx phi and diacidic domains. We showed that 3a proteins carrying respective mutations in these protein domains exhibit reduced pro-apoptotic activities, indicating the importance of these domains on 3a's pro-apoptotic function. It was previously reported that 3a possesses potassium ion channel activity. We further demonstrated that the blockade of 3a's potassium channel activity abolished caspase-dependent apoptosis. This report provides the first evidence that ion channel activity of 3a is required for its pro-apoptotic function. As ion channel activity has been reported to regulate apoptosis in different pathologic conditions, finding ways to modulate the ion channel activity may offer a new direction toward the inhibition of apoptosis triggered by SARS-CoV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chak-Ming Chan
- Laboratory of Drosophila Research, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong SAR, China
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93
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Orzáez M, Gortat A, Mondragón L, Pérez-Payá E. Peptides and peptide mimics as modulators of apoptotic pathways. ChemMedChem 2009; 4:146-60. [PMID: 19021159 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.200800246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Programmed cell death is an important and stringently controlled process. Aberrancies in its control mechanisms can lead to disease; overactive apoptosis can cause neurodegenerative disorders, whereas deficient apoptotic activity can lead to cancer. Therefore, controlling apoptotic pathways with peptides is showing increasing promise as a strategy in drug development.Programmed cell death or apoptosis is a noninvasive and strictly regulated cellular process required for organism development and tissue homeostasis. Deficiencies in apoptotic pathways are the source of many diseases such as cancer, neurodegenerative and autoimmune diseases, and disorders related to an inappropriate loss of cells such as heart failure, stroke, and liver injury. Validation of the various points of intervention as targets for drug development has been the subject of a vast number of studies. Peptides are essential tools for drug discovery, as well as preclinical and pharmaceutical drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mar Orzáez
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe, Valencia, Spain
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94
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Fujimoto A, Sakanashi Y, Matsui H, Oyama T, Nishimura Y, Masuda T, Oyama Y. Cytometric analysis of cytotoxicity of polyphenols and related phenolics to rat thymocytes: potent cytotoxicity of resveratrol to normal cells. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2009; 104:455-62. [PMID: 19389048 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-7843.2009.00386.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The chemopreventive and chemotherapeutic actions of polyphenols and related phenolics have received considerable attention since these compounds induce apoptosis in several types of cancer cells in vitro. A plausible criterion for the use of such compounds is that they should not exert any toxic effect on normal cells. However, information about the toxicity of polyphenols and related phenolics to normal cells is limited. In this study, the effects of polyphenols and related phenolics on rat thymocytes were examined by flow cytometric analysis with appropriate fluorescent probes. The compounds examined in this study were caffeic acid, rosmarinic acid, chlorogenic acid, (+)-catechin, 6-gingerol, sesamol, resveratrol, and eugenol. Of these, resveratrol was the most cytotoxic on rat thymocytes incubated for 24 hrs with 100 microM of this compound. Resveratrol at a concentration of 10 microM or more (up to 100 microM) led to a significant dose-dependent increase in the population of dead cells, shrunken living cells, annexin V-positive cells and cells with hypodiploidal DNA. In the presence of benzyloxycarbonyl-Val-Ala-Asp (OMe) fluoromethylketone (Z-VAD-FMK), a pan-inhibitor of caspases, the resveratrol-induced increase in the population of cells with hypodiploidal DNA was partially inhibited. Overall, it is suggested that resveratrol at a concentration of 10 microM or more induces apoptosis in normal cells as well as cancer cells (previously reported elsewhere). Thus, at concentrations that are suitable for chemopreventive and chemotherapeutic actions, resveratrol may exert a cytotoxic effect on normal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aya Fujimoto
- Laboratory of Cellular Signaling, Faculty of Integrated Arts and Sciences, University of Tokushima, Tokushima 770-8502, Japan
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95
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Simultaneous inhibition of mitogen-activated protein kinase and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase pathways augment the sensitivity to actinomycin D in Ewing sarcoma. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2009; 135:1125-36. [PMID: 19205734 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-009-0554-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2008] [Accepted: 01/19/2009] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Ewing sarcoma cells, of which over 85% retain chimeric fusion gene EWS/Fli-1, are by and large more resistant to chemotherapeutics compared to nonneoplastic cells. The purpose of this study is to determine the role of EWS/Fli-1 fusion and its downstream targets regarding the cells' resistance against actinomycin D (ActD), which is one of the most commonly used antitumor agents in combination chemotherapy of Ewing sarcomas. METHODS Cytotoxicity was measured by WST-8 assay. Caspase-dependent and -independent cell death was examined by fluorescence microscope. Protein expression was analyzed by western blotting. Caspase activity was determined by Caspase-Glo assay. RESULTS ActD-induced caspase-dependent apoptotic cell death to Ewing sarcoma TC-135 cells in a dose- and time- dependent manner. Knockdown of EWS/Fli-1 fusion by siRNA resulted in enhancement of ActD-induced apoptosis. ActD treatment activated both mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (MEK)/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt pathways although in a distinctive manner. Combined administration of U0126 (MEK inhibitor) and LY294002 (PI3K inhibitor) significantly enhanced ActD-induced apoptosis in vitro and suppressed xenograft tumor growth in vivo. CONCLUSIONS The present study demonstrated for the first time that combination of U0126 and LY294002 can augment the cytotoxicity of ActD against Ewing sarcoma cells in vitro and in vivo. Our results indicate that further study on combination of conventional chemotherapies with MEK and PI3K inhibitors may be considered for innovative treatments of Ewing sarcoma patients.
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96
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Caspase inhibitor zVAD.fmk reduces infarct size after myocardial ischaemia and reperfusion in rats but not in mice. Resuscitation 2008; 79:468-74. [PMID: 18805622 DOI: 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2008.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2008] [Revised: 07/17/2008] [Accepted: 07/20/2008] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Apoptosis of cardiomyocytes has been suggested to contribute to outcome following myocardial ischaemia and reperfusion (MI/R). Caspase inhibitors were developed as potential therapeutics for MI/R. However, various reports using the broad-spectrum caspase inhibitor N-benzyloxycarbonyl-Val-Ala-Asp-fluoromethylketone (zVAD.fmk) in the latter setting present conflicting results. Therefore, it is still unclear whether inhibition of apoptosis by caspase inhibitors promotes cardioprotection. MATERIALS AND METHODS This study evaluated whether zVAD.fmk or novel caspase inhibitor quinoline-Val-Asp(Ome)-CH2-O-phenoxy (Q-VD-OPh) reduce myocardial infarct size in mice. Secondly, we tested zVAD.fmk's potential infarct-sparing effects in rats and whether these are accompanied by improved left ventricular function. RESULTS In mice neither zVAD.fmk nor Q-VD-OPh reduced infarct size. In rats, however, zVAD.fmk reduced infarct size following ischaemia (25min) and reperfusion (7 days) by approximately 53%. This was, however, accompanied by an increase in left ventricular end-diastolic pressure. CONCLUSION This study provides further evidence that abrogation of apoptosis via caspase inhibition might not be sufficient to effectively limit infarct size following MI/R.
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97
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Hypothiocyanous acid is a more potent inducer of apoptosis and protein thiol depletion in murine macrophage cells than hypochlorous acid or hypobromous acid. Biochem J 2008; 414:271-80. [PMID: 18459943 DOI: 10.1042/bj20080468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Hypohalous acids are generated by activated leucocytes, via the formation of H(2)O(2) and the release of peroxidase enzymes (myeloperoxidase and eosinophil peroxidase). These species are important bactericidal agents, but HOCl (hypochlorous acid) and HOBr (hypobromous acid) have also been implicated in tissue damage in a number of inflammatory diseases. HOSCN (hypothiocyanous acid; cyanosulfenic acid) is a milder, more thiol-specific, oxidant than HOCl or HOBr and as such may be a more potent inducer of cellular dysfunction due to selective targeting of critical thiol residues on proteins. In the present study, HOCl and HOBr are shown to react rapidly with macrophage (J774A.1) cells, resulting in a greater extent of cell lysis compared with HOSCN. However, HOSCN induces apoptosis and necrosis with greater efficacy, and at lower concentrations, than HOCl or HOBr. Apoptosis occurs in conjunction with an increased release of cytochrome c into the cytosol, but no associated increase in caspase activity. Similarly, apoptosis is observed on treating the cells in the presence of a caspase inhibitor, suggesting that it is mediated by a caspase-independent pathway. HOSCN oxidized protein thiols more efficiently than either HOCl or HOBr. The greater efficacy of HOSCN in inducing apoptosis is attributed to selective damage to critical mitochondrial membrane protein thiol groups, resulting in increased permeability and subsequent leakage of cytochrome c into the cytosol. This induction of damage by HOSCN may be of critical importance in people with elevated levels of SCN(-) (thiocyanate ions) arising from cigarette smoking, and plays a role in the pathologies associated with this biological insult.
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98
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O'Connell AR, Stenson-Cox C. A more serine way to die: defining the characteristics of serine protease-mediated cell death cascades. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2007; 1773:1491-9. [PMID: 17888529 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2007.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2007] [Revised: 07/11/2007] [Accepted: 08/01/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The morphological features observed by Kerr, Wylie and Currie in 1972 define apoptosis, necrosis and autophagy. An appreciable number of alternative systems do not fall neatly under these categories, warranting a review of alternative proteolytic machinery and its contribution to cell death. This review aims to pinpoint key molecular features of serine protease-mediated pro-apoptotic signalling. The profile created will contribute to a standard set of biochemical criteria that can serve in differentiating within cell death subtypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- A R O'Connell
- National Centre for Biomedical and Engineering Science, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
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99
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Chauvier D, Ankri S, Charriaut-Marlangue C, Casimir R, Jacotot E. Broad-spectrum caspase inhibitors: from myth to reality? Cell Death Differ 2006; 14:387-91. [PMID: 17008913 DOI: 10.1038/sj.cdd.4402044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
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100
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Chen J, Ramos J, Sirisawad M, Miller R, Naumovski L. Motexafin gadolinium induces mitochondriallymediated caspase-dependent apoptosis. Apoptosis 2005; 10:1131-42. [PMID: 16151646 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-005-0887-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Motexafin gadolinium (MGd, Xcytrin) is a tumor-localizing redox mediator that catalyzes the oxidation of intracellular reducing molecules including NADPH, ascorbate, protein and non-protein thiols, generating reactive oxygen species (ROS). MGd localizes to tumors and cooperates with radiation and chemotherapy to kill tumor cells in tissue culture and animal models. In this report, we demonstrate that MGd triggers the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway in the HF-1 lymphoma cell line as determined by loss of mitochondrial membrane potential, release of cytochrome c from mitochondria, activation of caspase-9 prior to caspase-8, cleavage of PARP and annexin V binding. There was minimal effect on MGd-induced apoptosis by the caspase inhibitor z-VAD-fmk, even though caspase-3 activity (as measured by DEVD-cleavage) was completely inhibited. However, MGd-induced apoptosis was reduced to baseline levels by the more potent caspase inhibitor Q-VD-OPh, demonstrating that MGd-induced apoptosis is indeed caspase-dependent. Apoptosis induced by dexamethasone, doxorubicin and etoposide (mediated through the mitochondrial pathway) was also more sensitive to inhibition by Q-VD-OPh than z-VAD-fmk. Our results demonstrating differential sensitivity of drug-induced apoptosis to caspase inhibitors suggest that the term "caspase-independent apoptosis" cannot be solely defined as apoptosis that is not inhibited by z-VAD-fmk as has been utilized in some published studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Chen
- Pharmacyclics Inc., 995 Arques Ave., Sunnyvale, CA 94085, USA
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