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Reger MK, Zollinger TW, Liu Z, Jones J, Zhang J. Urinary phytoestrogens and cancer, cardiovascular, and all-cause mortality in the continuous National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Eur J Nutr 2015; 55:1029-40. [PMID: 25943648 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-015-0917-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2014] [Accepted: 04/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Experimental studies suggest that phytoestrogen intake alters cancer and cardiovascular risk. This study investigated the associations of urinary phytoestrogens with total cancer (n = 79), cardiovascular (n = 108), and all-cause (n = 290) mortality among 5179 participants in the continuous National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (1999-2004). METHODS Urinary phytoestrogens were measured using high-performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometric detection. Survival analysis was performed to evaluate hazard ratios (HRs) and 95 % confidence intervals (CIs) for each of the three outcomes in relation to urinary phytoestrogens. RESULTS After adjustment for confounders, higher urinary concentrations of total enterolignans were associated with a reduced risk of death from cardiovascular disease (HR for tertile 3 vs. tertile 1 0.48; 95 % CI 0.24, 0.97), whereas higher urinary concentrations of total isoflavones (HR for tertile 3 vs. tertile 1 2.14; 95 % CI 1.03, 4.47) and daidzein (HR for tertile 3 vs. tertile 1 2.05; 95 % CI 1.02, 4.11) were associated with an increased risk. A reduction in all-cause mortality was observed for elevated urinary concentrations of total enterolignans (HR for tertile 3 vs. tertile 1 0.65; 95 % CI 0.43, 0.96) and enterolactone (HR for tertile 3 vs. tertile 1 0.65; 95 % CI 0.44, 0.97). CONCLUSIONS Some urinary phytoestrogens were associated with cardiovascular and all-cause mortality in a representative sample of the US population. This is one of the first studies that used urinary phytoestrogens as biomarkers of their dietary intake to evaluate the effect of these bioactive compounds on the risk of death from cancer and cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael K Reger
- Department of Epidemiology, Indiana University Richard M. Fairbanks School of Public Health, 714 N Senate Avenue, Suite EF250F, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA.,College of Health Professions, Ferris State University, Big Rapids, MI, USA
| | - Terrell W Zollinger
- Department of Epidemiology, Indiana University Richard M. Fairbanks School of Public Health, 714 N Senate Avenue, Suite EF250F, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Ziyue Liu
- Department of Biostatistics, Indiana University Richard M. Fairbanks School of Public Health and School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Josette Jones
- Department of Health Informatics, School of Informatics and Computing, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Jianjun Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology, Indiana University Richard M. Fairbanks School of Public Health, 714 N Senate Avenue, Suite EF250F, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA. .,Indiana University Melvin and Bren Simon Cancer Center, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
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Greendale GA, Tseng CH, Han W, Huang MH, Leung K, Crawford S, Gold EB, Waetjen LE, Karlamangla AS. Dietary isoflavones and bone mineral density during midlife and the menopausal transition: cross-sectional and longitudinal results from the Study of Women's Health Across the Nation Phytoestrogen Study. Menopause 2015; 22:279-88. [PMID: 25116050 PMCID: PMC4324399 DOI: 10.1097/gme.0000000000000305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aims to examine cross-sectional and longitudinal relations between dietary intake of isoflavones and bone mineral density (BMD) at the lumbar spine (LS) and femoral neck (FN) in black, white, Chinese, and Japanese women during the menopausal transition. METHODS We tested whether tertiles of isoflavone intake were associated with baseline BMD when all women were premenopausal or early perimenopausal. To analyze whether isoflavone intake was associated with longitudinal BMD, we fitted piecewise linear models to repeated measurements of baseline-normalized LS or FN BMD as functions of time before or after the final menstrual period (FMP) date. RESULTS Multiply adjusted mean FN BMD values of premenopausal Japanese women were monotonically positively related to isoflavone consumption (P for trend = 0.0003). Otherwise, no statistically significant baseline associations were observed. During the period of 1 year before the FMP through 5 years after the FMP, all participants lost LS and FN BMD. Loss was unrelated to isoflavone intake, except for Japanese women during the period of 1 year before the FMP to 2 years after the FMP: higher tertiles of isoflavone intake were associated with greater annual LS BMD loss rates (P for trend = 0.01) and FN loss rates (P for trend = 0.04). CONCLUSIONS In Japanese women, higher isoflavone intake is associated with higher peak FN BMD but also with greater rates of LS and FN BMD loss during the menopausal transition. Results for the other racial/ethnic groups did not support a relation between dietary intake of isoflavones and either peak BMD or BMD loss during the menopausal transition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gail A. Greendale
- Division of Geriatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine at
UCLA, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Chi-hong Tseng
- Division of Geriatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine at
UCLA, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Weijuan Han
- Division of Geriatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine at
UCLA, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Mei-Hua Huang
- Division of Geriatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine at
UCLA, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Katherine Leung
- Department of Preventive & Behavioral Medicine,
University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA
| | - Sybil Crawford
- Department of Preventive & Behavioral Medicine,
University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA
| | - Ellen B. Gold
- Department of Epidemiology & Preventive Medicine,
University of California at Davis, Davis, CA
| | - L. Elaine Waetjen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, UC Davis Medical
Center, Davis, CA
| | - Arun S. Karlamangla
- Division of Geriatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine at
UCLA, Los Angeles, CA
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Koong LY, Watson CS. Rapid, nongenomic signaling effects of several xenoestrogens involved in early- vs. late-stage prostate cancer cell proliferation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.4161/23273747.2014.995003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Luke Y Koong
- Biochemistry & Molecular Biology Department; University of Texas Medical Branch; Galveston, TX USA
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Michikawa T, Inoue M, Sawada N, Tanaka Y, Yamaji T, Iwasaki M, Shimazu T, Sasazuki S, Mizokami M, Tsugane S. Plasma isoflavones and risk of primary liver cancer in Japanese women and men with hepatitis virus infection: a nested case-control study. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2014; 24:532-7. [PMID: 25542831 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-14-1118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Evidence suggests that estrogen plays a preventive role in primary liver cancer development, and it might be thought that isoflavones, which are structurally similar to estrogens and bind to estrogen receptors, are associated with the risk of liver cancer. We investigated this suspected association by measuring plasma concentrations of isoflavones in a nested case-control study of a population-based prospective cohort in Japan. METHODS From 18,628 target participants ages 40 to 69 years who returned the baseline questionnaire and provided blood samples, we selected those with either hepatitis B or hepatitis C virus infection at baseline (n = 1,544). Among these, 90 (28 women and 62 men) were newly diagnosed with primary liver cancer from 1993 through 2006; they were matched with 175 controls (54 women and 121 men). Plasma concentrations of isoflavones (genistein, daidzein, glycitein, and equol) were measured using triple quadrupole tandem liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. The ORs of liver cancer development based on plasma concentrations were estimated with a conditional logistic regression model. RESULTS Basically, distributions of plasma isoflavone concentrations did not differ between the cases and controls. No statistically significant associations of genistein, daidzein, glycitein, and equol with primary liver cancer risk were found in either women or men. CONCLUSIONS In middle-aged Japanese women and men with hepatitis virus infection, plasma isoflavones were unassociated with the occurrence of primary liver cancer. IMPACT The role of isoflavones in liver carcinogenesis merits further study using both biomarkers and data on dietary intake of isoflavones. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 24(3); 532-7. ©2014 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takehiro Michikawa
- Environmental Epidemiology Section, Center for Environmental Health Sciences, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan. Epidemiology and Prevention Group, Research Center for Cancer Prevention and Screening, National Cancer Center, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Manami Inoue
- Epidemiology and Prevention Group, Research Center for Cancer Prevention and Screening, National Cancer Center, Tokyo, Japan. Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Norie Sawada
- Epidemiology and Prevention Group, Research Center for Cancer Prevention and Screening, National Cancer Center, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasuhito Tanaka
- Department of Virology and Liver Unit, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Taiki Yamaji
- Epidemiology and Prevention Group, Research Center for Cancer Prevention and Screening, National Cancer Center, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Motoki Iwasaki
- Epidemiology and Prevention Group, Research Center for Cancer Prevention and Screening, National Cancer Center, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Taichi Shimazu
- Epidemiology and Prevention Group, Research Center for Cancer Prevention and Screening, National Cancer Center, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shizuka Sasazuki
- Epidemiology and Prevention Group, Research Center for Cancer Prevention and Screening, National Cancer Center, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masashi Mizokami
- The Research Center for Hepatitis and Immunology, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Ichikawa, Chiba, Japan
| | - Shoichiro Tsugane
- Epidemiology and Prevention Group, Research Center for Cancer Prevention and Screening, National Cancer Center, Tokyo, Japan
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Liu XO, Huang YB, Gao Y, Chen C, Yan Y, Dai HJ, Song FJ, Wang YG, Wang PS, Chen KX. Association between dietary factors and breast cancer risk among Chinese females: systematic review and meta-analysis. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2014; 15:1291-8. [PMID: 24606455 DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2014.15.3.1291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Evidence for associations between dietary factors and breast cancer risk is inconclusive among Chinese females. To evaluate this question, we conducted a systematic review of relevant case-control and cohort studies. METHODS Studies were systematically searched among 5 English databases (PudMed, ScienceDirect, Wiley, Clinicaltrials.gov, and Cochrane) and 3 Chinese databases (CNKI, WanFang, and VIP) until November 2012. Random effects models were used to estimate summary odds ratios (ORs) and the corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs). RESULTS Thirty one case-control studies and two cohort studies involving 9,299 cases and 11,413 controls were included. Consumption of both soy and fruit was significantly associated with decreased risk of breast cancer, with summary ORs of 0.65 (95% CIs: 0.43-0.99; I2=88.9%, P<0.001; N=13) and 0.66 (95% CIs: 0.47-0.91; I2=76.7%, P<0.001; N=7), respectively. Consumption of fat was significantly associated with increased risk of breast cancer (OR=1.36; 95% CIs: 1.13-1.63; I2=47.9%, P=0.088; N=6). There was non- significant association between consumption of vegetables and breast cancer risk (OR=0.72; 95% CIs: 0.51-1.02; I2= 74.4%, P<0.001; N=9). However, sensitivity analysis based on adjusted ORs showed decreased risk of breast cancer was also associated with consumption of vegetables (OR=0.49; 95% CIs: 0.30-0.67). CONCLUSION Both soy food and fruit are significantly associated with decreased risk of breast cancer among Chinese females, and vegetables also seems to be protective while dietary fatexerts a promoting influence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Ou Liu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Hospital and Institute, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, China E-mail :
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Chen H, Ma HR, Gao YH, Zhang X, Habasi M, Hu R, Aisa HA. Isoflavones Extracted from ChickpeaCicer arietinumL. Sprouts Induce Mitochondria-Dependent Apoptosis in Human Breast Cancer Cells. Phytother Res 2014; 29:210-9. [DOI: 10.1002/ptr.5241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2014] [Revised: 09/05/2014] [Accepted: 09/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hua Chen
- State Key Laboratory Basis of Xinjiang Indigenous Medicinal Plants Resource Utilization, Xinjiang Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Urumqi 830011 China
- A Key Laboratory of Plant Resources and Chemistry of Arid Zone, Xinjiang Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Urumqi 830011 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100049 China
| | - Hai-Rong Ma
- State Key Laboratory Basis of Xinjiang Indigenous Medicinal Plants Resource Utilization, Xinjiang Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Urumqi 830011 China
- A Key Laboratory of Plant Resources and Chemistry of Arid Zone, Xinjiang Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Urumqi 830011 China
| | - Yan-Hua Gao
- State Key Laboratory Basis of Xinjiang Indigenous Medicinal Plants Resource Utilization, Xinjiang Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Urumqi 830011 China
- A Key Laboratory of Plant Resources and Chemistry of Arid Zone, Xinjiang Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Urumqi 830011 China
| | - Xue Zhang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University; Urumqi 830011 China
| | - Madina Habasi
- State Key Laboratory Basis of Xinjiang Indigenous Medicinal Plants Resource Utilization, Xinjiang Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Urumqi 830011 China
- A Key Laboratory of Plant Resources and Chemistry of Arid Zone, Xinjiang Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Urumqi 830011 China
| | - Rui Hu
- State Key Laboratory Basis of Xinjiang Indigenous Medicinal Plants Resource Utilization, Xinjiang Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Urumqi 830011 China
- A Key Laboratory of Plant Resources and Chemistry of Arid Zone, Xinjiang Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Urumqi 830011 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100049 China
| | - Haji Akber Aisa
- State Key Laboratory Basis of Xinjiang Indigenous Medicinal Plants Resource Utilization, Xinjiang Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Urumqi 830011 China
- A Key Laboratory of Plant Resources and Chemistry of Arid Zone, Xinjiang Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Urumqi 830011 China
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Wang Y, Gapstur SM, Gaudet MM, Peterson JJ, Dwyer JT, McCullough ML. Evidence for an association of dietary flavonoid intake with breast cancer risk by estrogen receptor status is limited. J Nutr 2014; 144:1603-11. [PMID: 25143370 DOI: 10.3945/jn.114.196964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Results from preclinical studies suggest that flavonoids, which are ubiquitous in plant-based diets, lower breast cancer risk. Epidemiologic studies of flavonoid intake and breast cancer risk, however, are limited, and few investigated associations with the more aggressive estrogen receptor (ER)-negative (ER-) tumors. OBJECTIVE We examined the associations between 7 subclasses of dietary flavonoids and invasive postmenopausal breast cancer risk overall and by ER status in a U.S. prospective cohort. METHODS In 1999-2000, 56,630 postmenopausal women completed detailed self-administered questionnaires, among whom 2116 invasive breast cancers were verified during a mean follow-up period of 8.5 y. Cox proportional hazards regression was used to calculate multivariable-adjusted HRs and 95% CIs. RESULTS Total flavonoid intake was not associated with breast cancer risk. However, there was a modest inverse association between flavone intake and overall breast cancer risk (fifth vs. first quintile HR: 0.88; 95% CI: 0.76, 1.01; P-trend = 0.04) and between flavan-3-ol intake and risk of ER- breast cancer (for an increment of 40 mg/d; HR: 0.81; 95% CI: 0.67, 0.97) but not for ER-positive (ER+) breast cancer risk. CONCLUSION The inverse association of flavan-3-ol intake with ER- but not ER+ breast cancer is consistent with other studies that suggest a beneficial role of plant-based diets in ER- breast cancer risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Wang
- Epidemiology Research Program, American Cancer Society, Atlanta, GA; and
| | - Susan M Gapstur
- Epidemiology Research Program, American Cancer Society, Atlanta, GA; and
| | - Mia M Gaudet
- Epidemiology Research Program, American Cancer Society, Atlanta, GA; and
| | | | - Johanna T Dwyer
- School of Medicine and Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, MA
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Kim KH, Woo KW, Moon E, Choi SU, Kim SY, Choi SZ, Son MW, Lee KR. Identification of antitumor lignans from the seeds of morning glory (Pharbitis nil). JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2014; 62:7746-7752. [PMID: 25020073 DOI: 10.1021/jf501470k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
In the search for antitumor compounds from Korean natural resources, activity-guided fractionation and purification processes were used on seeds of morning glory (Pharbitis nil). Air-dried P. nil seeds were extracted with ethanol and separated into n-hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, and n-butanol. Four new lignans, pharbilignans A-D (1-4) were isolated from the most active ethyl acetate fraction of the ethanol extract. Their structures were characterized on the basis of spectroscopic methods, including one- and two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) techniques, high resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS), and circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy. The cytotoxic activities of the isolates (1-4) were evaluated by determining their inhibitory effects on four human tumor cell lines (A549, SK-OV-3, SK-MEL-2, and HCT15) using a sulforhodamine B (SRB) bioassay. Pharbilignan C (3) showed potent cytotoxicity against A549, SK-OV-3, SK-MEL-2, and HCT-15 cell lines with IC50 values of 1.42, 0.16, 0.20, and 0.14 μM, respectively. On the basis of the expanded understanding that inflammation is a crucial cause in tumor progress, we also evaluated anti-inflammatory activity of the isolates (1-4). Pharbilignan C (3) strongly inhibited nitric oxide (NO) production in the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-activated BV-2 microglia cell line with an IC50 value of 12.8 μM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ki Hyun Kim
- Natural Products Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University , Suwon 440-746, Korea
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Abstract
Genistein is known as the major component of isoflavone, which is present in high-soy diets. Genistein has received much attention because of its chemopreventive and therapeutic effects on various types of cancers. Numerous studies have shown that genistein has antineoplastic effects against ovarian cancer. Several epidemiological studies have shown that women who have high consumption of isoflavones have a relatively low incidence of ovarian cancer. Genistein inhibits ovarian carcinogenesis by pleiotropic mechanisms. A higher affinity to estrogen receptor β is one probable explanation for its ability to reduce the risk of ovarian cancer. Genistein also targets multiple cellular signal transduction pathways associated with cell cycle regulation and apoptosis. In addition, genistein has been suggested to have antiangiogenic and antioxidant activities. Herein, we summarize recent results from epidemiological and experimental studies to identify the role of genistein in ovarian cancer. Further studies are needed to achieve conclusive results and determine the clinical applications of genistein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Yun Lee
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 110-744, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee Seung Kim
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 110-744, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Sang Song
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 110-744, Republic of Korea ; Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 110-799, Republic of Korea ; Major in Biomodulation, World Class University, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-921, Republic of Korea
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Zingue S, Njamen D, Mvondo MA, Magne Nde CB. Preventive effects of the methanol soluble fraction of Millettia macrophylla Benth (Fabaceae) on an osteoporosis-like model of ovariectomized Wistar rats. JOURNAL OF COMPLEMENTARY & INTEGRATIVE MEDICINE 2014; 11:83-92. [PMID: 24690940 DOI: 10.1515/jcim-2013-0049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2013] [Accepted: 02/27/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Millettia macrophylla Benth is a Cameroonian medicinal plant traditionally used to alleviate menopause-related problems. The methanol soluble fraction of this plant was shown to exhibit estrogenic effects in vitro in Human Embryonic kidney cells, and in vivo on ovariectomized rat following the classical uterotrophic assay. Since estrogens have been involved in bone remodeling process, the present study then aimed at evaluating bone loss preventive effects of the methanol soluble fraction of Millettia macrophylla (MM-met) in ovariectomized rat model. METHODS Twenty-five healthy Wistar female rats (3-month-old) were randomly assigned to a sham-operated group and to four treated ovariectomized (OVX) groups. Treatments lasted 8 weeks and animals were sacrificed. The uterus, the femoral and the tibia bones of each animal were collected, weighed and fixed in 10% formalin for histological analysis. RESULTS Results showed that ovariectomy decreased uterine wet weight (p<0.01), induced body weight gain (p<0.01), decreased both femoral and tibia bone density and mineral content and increased alkaline phosphatase activity (p<0.05). E2V and MM-met treatments in general prevented bone mass loss and/or bone density loss. At all tested doses, MM-met induced a significant decrease of alkaline phosphatase activity (p<0.05). As observed with E2V, MM-met also induced a significant protective effect on bone, and this was indicated by an abundance of bone marrow in an almost intact trabecular network. CONCLUSIONS The overall results show that the methanol soluble fraction of Millettia macrophylla may prevent ovariectomy-induced bone mass loss and deterioration of the trabecular microarchitecture.
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Mandair DS, Rossi RE, Pericleous M, Whyand T, Caplin M. The impact of diet and nutrition in the prevention and progression of hepatocellular carcinoma. Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2014; 8:369-82. [PMID: 24597926 DOI: 10.1586/17474124.2014.894879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the third leading cause of cancer mortality worldwide. There is growing evidence for a chemopreventive role of nutrition in the development of HCC in at risk populations. Bibliographical searches were performed in PubMed for the terms 'nutrition and hepatocellular carcinoma', 'nutrition and liver cancer', 'nutrition and hepatic cancer', 'diet and hepatocellular carcinoma', 'diet and liver cancer'. High dietary sugar intake should be discouraged in at risk populations. Coffee, polyphenols, vanadium, dietary fibre, fruits and vegetables show encouraging results in terms of chemoprevention. Red meat intake may be associated with increased risk of HCC. The evidence for fatty acids is inconclusive, but they might exert anti-cancer effects. Inconclusive results are available on vitamins, selenium probiotics and prebiotics. There is increasing evidence that diet may play an important role in the development of HCC, and may also have a chemopreventive role in at risk populations.
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Sreekumar S, Sithul H, Muraleedharan P, Azeez JM, Sreeharshan S. Pomegranate fruit as a rich source of biologically active compounds. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:686921. [PMID: 24818149 PMCID: PMC4000966 DOI: 10.1155/2014/686921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2013] [Revised: 02/25/2014] [Accepted: 02/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Pomegranate is a widely used plant having medicinal properties. In this review, we have mainly focused on the already published data from our laboratory pertaining to the effect of methanol extract of pericarp of pomegranate (PME) and have compared it with other relevant literatures on Punica. Earlier, we had shown its antiproliferative effect using human breast (MCF-7, MDA MB-231), and endometrial (HEC-1A), cervical (SiHa, HeLa), and ovarian (SKOV3) cancer cell lines, and normal breast fibroblasts (MCF-10A) at concentration of 20-320 μg/mL. The expressions of selected estrogen responsive genes (PR, pS2, and C-Myc) were downregulated by PME. Unlike estradiol, PME did not increase the uterine weight and proliferation in bilaterally ovariectomized Swiss-Albino mice models and its cardioprotective effects were comparable to that of 17 β -estradiol. We had further assessed the protective role of PME on skeletal system, using MC3T3-E1 cells. The results indicated that PME (80 μg/mL) significantly increased ALP (Alkaline Phosphatase) activity, supporting its suggested role in modulating osteoblastic cell differentiation. The antiosteoporotic potential of PME was also evaluated in ovariectomized (OVX) rodent model. The results from our studies and from various other studies support the fact that pomegranate fruit is indeed a source of biologically active compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sreeja Sreekumar
- Cancer Research Program, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Thycaud P.O, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala 695 014, India
| | - Hima Sithul
- Cancer Research Program, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Thycaud P.O, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala 695 014, India
| | - Parvathy Muraleedharan
- Cancer Research Program, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Thycaud P.O, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala 695 014, India
| | - Juberiya Mohammed Azeez
- Cancer Research Program, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Thycaud P.O, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala 695 014, India
| | - Sreeja Sreeharshan
- Cancer Research Program, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Thycaud P.O, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala 695 014, India
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Adjakly M, Ngollo M, Lebert A, Dagdemir A, Penault-Llorca F, Boiteux JP, Bignon YJ, Guy L, Bernard-Gallon D. Comparative effects of soy phytoestrogens and 17β-estradiol on DNA methylation of a panel of 24 genes in prostate cancer cell lines. Nutr Cancer 2014; 66:474-82. [PMID: 24641702 DOI: 10.1080/01635581.2014.884236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Major phytoestrogens genistein and daidzein have been reported to have the ability to reverse DNA methylation in cancer cell lines. The mechanism by which genistein and daidzein have an inhibiting action on DNA methylation is not well understood. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of soy phytoestrogens and the natural estrogen 17β-estradiol (E2) to determine whether one of the estrogen receptors is mobilized for the action of these compounds on DNA methylation. We also made a comparative study with a DNA methylation inhibitor (5-azacytidine) and a DNA methylation activator (budesonide). Three prostate cell lines, PC-3, DU-145, and LNCaP, were treated with 40 μM genistein, 110 μM daidzein, 2 μM budesonide, 2 μM 5-azacytidine, and 10 μM E2. In these 3 human prostate cancer cell lines, we performed methylation quantification using methyl-profiler-DNA-methylation analysis. Soy phytoestrogens and E2 induced a demethylation of all the promoter regions studied except for those that were unmethylated in control cells. Our results showed that E2 induces, like soy phytoestrogen, a decrease in DNA methylation in prostate cancer cell lines. This action may be mediated through ERβ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mawussi Adjakly
- a Centre Jean Perrin, Department of Oncogenetics, CBRV, Clermont-Ferrand, France and ERTICA, EA 4677 , University of Auvergne , Clermont-Ferrand , France
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Magee PJ, Allsopp P, Samaletdin A, Rowland IR. Daidzein, R-(+)equol and S-(-)equol inhibit the invasion of MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells potentially via the down-regulation of matrix metalloproteinase-2. Eur J Nutr 2014; 53:345-50. [PMID: 23568763 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-013-0520-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2012] [Accepted: 03/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Soy isoflavones may inhibit tumor cell invasion and metastasis via their effects on matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and their tissue inhibitors (TIMPs). The current study investigates the effects of daidzein, R- and S-equol on the invasion of MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer cells and the effects of these compounds on MMP/TIMP expression at the mRNA level. METHODS The anti-invasive effects of daidzein, R- and S-equol (0, 2.5, 10, 50 μM) on MDA-MB-231 cells were determined using the Matrigel invasion assay following 48-h exposure. Effects on MMP-2, MMP-9, TIMP-1 and TIMP-2 expression were assessed using real-time PCR. Chiral HPLC analysis was used to determine intracellular concentrations of R- and S-equol. RESULTS The invasive capacity of MDA-MB-231 cells was significantly reduced (by approximately 50-60 %) following treatment with 50 μM daidzein, R- or S-equol. Anti-invasive effects were also observed with R-equol at 2.5 and 10 μM though overall equipotent effects were induced by all compounds. Inhibition of invasion induced by all three compounds at 50 μM was associated with the down-regulation of MMP-2, while none of the compounds tested significantly affected the expression levels of MMP-9, TIMP-1 or TIMP-2 at this concentration. Following exposure to media containing 50 μM R- or S-equol for 48-h intracellular concentrations of R- and S-equol were 4.38 ± 1.17 and 3.22 ± 0.47 nM, respectively. CONCLUSION Daidzein, R- and S-equol inhibit the invasion of MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer cells in part via the down-regulation of MMP-2 expression, with equipotent effects observed for the parent isoflavone daidzein and the equol enantiomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela J Magee
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Northern Ireland Centre for Food and Health, University of Ulster, Coleraine, BT52 1SA, Northern Ireland,
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Abstract
In Europe, prostate cancer (PC) is the most common malignancy in males. There are three known risk factors strongly coherent to the development of PC: heredity, ethnical origin, and age. Migration studies have shown that environmental factors may influence the development of PC. In this context, specific nutritional components may exert an influence on the tumorigenesis of PC. Primary prevention of PC is still an important issue due to its high prevalence, treatment-associated morbidities, and long-term complications. Phytoestrogenes as flavonoids seem to play an essential role in the chemoprevention of PC which is possibly due to their hormonal function and antioxidative capability. Flavonoids and their subgroups are naturally existent in traditional asian and vegetarian nutrients as coverings of plants, fruits, and vegetables. Two of the most frequently investigated flavonoids are genistein and quercetin. These nutritional components may have therapeutic potential and may impact the development of PC. Even though these flavonoids show promising results in the chemoprevention of PC, the literature is almost experimental, epidemiological, and retrospective with a missing long-term follow-up. Therefore, randomized clinical trials are urgently needed to evaluate in depth its oncologic effects in PC.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Dietary flavonoids and lignans may protect against several chronic diseases, but there is little evidence on the relationship between flavonoid and lignan intake and mortality. We investigated the association between both all-cause and specific-cause mortality and intake of flavonoids and lignans in the Spanish European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC-Spain) cohort. METHODS The EPIC-Spain study follows 40,622 participants (38% men) aged 29-69 years. A validated diet history questionnaire was administered at recruitment. A food composition database was compiled based on US Department of Agriculture and Phenol-Explorer databases. Cox proportional hazards models, adjusted for confounders, were used in the analyses. RESULTS During a mean follow-up of 13.6 years, 1915 deaths were reported, with 416 from cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) and 956 from cancer. After adjustment for several potential confounders, the hazard ratios (HRs) for the highest versus the lowest quintile of dietary flavanone and flavonol intakes were 0.60 (95% confidence interval = 0.38-0.94) and 0.59 (0.40-0.88). Total flavonoid intake was also associated with a decrease in all-cause mortality (0.71 [0.49-1.03]). Lignan intake was not associated with all-cause mortality. In cause-specific mortality analyses, using competing risk regressions, doubling total flavonoid intake was inversely related to mortality from CVD (HR for log2 0.87 [0.77-0.98]), but not to mortality from either cancer (HR for log2 0.96 [0.89-1.04]) or other causes (HR for log2 0.97 [0.87-1.09]). CONCLUSIONS A diet high in flavonoids, particularly in flavanones and flavonols, is associated with a reduction in all-cause mortality, mainly of mortality from CVD.
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Dietary phyto-oestrogens and the risk of ovarian and endometrial cancers: findings from two Australian case-control studies. Br J Nutr 2013; 111:1430-40. [PMID: 24331201 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114513003899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Phyto-oestrogens have been suggested to have a protective effect on hormone-sensitive cancers. However, few studies have investigated the association between dietary phyto-oestrogens and gynaecological cancers. In the present study, we analysed data from two population-based case-control studies of ovarian (1366 cases and 1414 controls) and endometrial (1288 cases and 1435 controls) cancers. Dietary intake information was obtained using a 135-item FFQ, and phyto-oestrogen intake was estimated using published food composition databases. Unconditional logistic regression was used to estimate adjusted OR and 95% CI. In multivariable analyses, there was a suggestive pattern of inverse associations between increasing intakes of total phyto-oestrogens, isoflavones and enterolignans and the risk of ovarian cancer. However, the results only reached statistical significance for the lignan compounds matairesinol and lariciresinol, where the OR for the highest v. the lowest intake category was 0.72 (95% CI 0.54, 0.96; P for trend = 0.02) for matairesinol and 0.72 (95% CI 0.55, 0.96; P for trend = 0.03) for lariciresinol. When the risk of ovarian cancer was assessed by subtype, there was an indication that increasing intakes of phyto-oestrogens may be associated with a decreased risk of mucinous (cases n 158) ovarian tumours (OR for the highest v. the lowest intake category: 0.47 (95% CI 0.24, 0.93); P for trend = 0.04). However, there were no significant associations with other histological subtypes. In contrast, dietary phyto-oestrogens (total or any subclass) were unrelated to the risk of endometrial cancer cases overall or by subtype.
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Dong X, Xu W, Sikes RA, Wu C. Combination of low dose of genistein and daidzein has synergistic preventive effects on isogenic human prostate cancer cells when compared with individual soy isoflavone. Food Chem 2013; 141:1923-33. [PMID: 23870911 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.04.109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2012] [Revised: 02/20/2013] [Accepted: 04/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The reduced incidence of prostate cancer (PCa) in Asia countries has been attributed to high soy diets, and major soy isoflavones, in particular daidzein and genistein, are thought to be the source of the beneficial and anti-cancer effects of soy foods. However, attention has been drawn to the safety of using high levels of soy isoflavones in humans, which is especially the concern for consumers taking regular soy isoflavone dietary supplements. The main objective of this study is thus to identify a soy isoflavone combination with lower levels of daidzein and genistein to be a more efficacious and safer chemo-preventive agent for PCa. The anticancer effects of daidzein and genistein, and their combinations on early-stage androgen-dependent PCa cells (LNCaP) and bone metastatic LNCaP-derivative PCa cells (C4-2B) were compared. Cells were treated with varying concentrations of daidzein, genistein (25-200 μM) or their combinations (25 or 50 μM) and cell proliferation, apoptosis, cell cycles and cellular uptakes of the isoflavones were measured after 48 h. Daidzein and genistein showed a synergistic effect on inhibiting cell proliferation and inducing apoptosis of both PCa cells. Twenty-five μM daidzein/50 μM genistein and 50 μM daidzein/50 μM genistein significantly increased the apoptotic effects on C4-2B cells although they did not show any effect when used individually. Except 50 μM daidzein/50 μM genistein, all other combinations had no impacts on cell cycles. For treatment with soy isoflavone combination, genistein was always better taken up than daidzein by both LNCaP and C4-2B cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Dong
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
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Phytoestrogen and fiber intakes in relation to incident vasomotor symptoms: results from the Study of Women's Health Across the Nation. Menopause 2013; 20:305-14. [PMID: 23435028 DOI: 10.1097/gme.0b013e31826d2f43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Although reduction of vasomotor symptoms (VMS; hot flashes and night sweats) has been reported in postmenopausal women who used isoflavones, a clear dose response has not been shown, has largely not been reported for perimenopausal women, and has largely only been reported for reducing prevalent VMS, not preventing newly developing VMS. We analyzed longitudinal data from the Study of Women's Health Across the Nation for the relation of dietary phytoestrogen and fiber intake to incident VMS in this multiracial/ethnic cohort. METHODS The Study of Women's Health Across the Nation included 3,302 premenopausal and early perimenopausal women, 1,651 of whom reported no VMS at baseline and were followed with annual visits for 10 years. Dietary intakes of isoflavones, coumestrol, lignans, and fiber were assessed by a food frequency questionnaire at baseline and in annual visits 5 and 9 and interpolated for intervening years. The number of days experiencing VMS in the past 2 weeks was self-reported annually. Using multinomial logistic regression with generalized estimating equations, we modeled incident VMS in relation to isoflavones, lignans, fiber, coumestrol, or total phytoestrogen intake and covariates. RESULTS No consistent monotonic relations were observed between any dietary phytoestrogen or fiber and incident VMS, although adjusted odds ratios for some individual quartiles were statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS For certainty of any effect of dietary phytoestrogens or fiber on the prevention of incident VMS, a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-masked trial with sufficient numbers of women in different racial/ethnic, menopausal status, and metabolic groups over years of follow-up is required, but our results suggest that a clinically significant or large effect is improbable.
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Chen KI, Lo YC, Liu CW, Yu RC, Chou CC, Cheng KC. Enrichment of two isoflavone aglycones in black soymilk by using spent coffee grounds as an immobiliser for β-glucosidase. Food Chem 2013; 139:79-85. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.01.093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2012] [Revised: 01/29/2013] [Accepted: 01/30/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Uehara M. Isoflavone metabolism and bone-sparing effects of daidzein-metabolites. J Clin Biochem Nutr 2013; 52:193-201. [PMID: 23704808 PMCID: PMC3652301 DOI: 10.3164/jcbn.13-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2013] [Accepted: 02/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Several dietary phytochemicals exhibit anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory and anti-osteoporotic activities relevant to prevention of chronic diseases, including lifestyle-related diseases. Soybean isoflavones are similar in structure to estrogen and have received considerable attention as potential alternatives to hormone replacement therapy. Daidzein, a major isoflavone found in soybean, is metabolized to equol by intestinal microflora; this metabolite exhibits stronger estrogenic activity than daidzein. Recent studies suggest that the clinical effectiveness of isoflavones might be due to their ability to produce equol in the gut. This review focused on the metabolic pathway of equol and possible bioactivities of equol and O-desmethylangolensin, another metabolite of daidzein, with regard to bone metabolism and the status of intestinal microflora. Furthermore, we considered risk-benefit analyses of isoflavones and their metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariko Uehara
- Department of Nutritional Science, Faculty of Applied Bioscience, Tokyo University of Agriculture, 1-1-1 Sakuragaoka, Setagaya-ku. Tokyo 156-8502, Japan
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Dietary relevant mixtures of phytoestrogens inhibit adipocyte differentiation in vitro. Food Chem Toxicol 2013; 55:265-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2012.12.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2012] [Revised: 12/20/2012] [Accepted: 12/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Zheng J, Li H, Zhu H, Xiao X, Ma Y. Genistein inhibits estradiol- and environmental endocrine disruptor-induced growth effects on neuroblastoma cells in vitro.. Oncol Lett 2013; 5:1583-1586. [PMID: 23761822 PMCID: PMC3678847 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2013.1236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2012] [Accepted: 09/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to examine the effect of genistein on human neuroblastoma cell proliferation induced by two common environmental endocrine disruptors, bisphenol A (BPA) and Di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP), and to investigate its underlying mechanism. SK-N-SH human neuroblastoma cells were treated with E2 (1 ng/ml), BPA (2 μg/ml) or DEHP (100 μM), with or without genistein (12.5 μM) in vitro. The number of viable cells was detected with an absorbance reader after 0, 24, 48 or 72 h treatment. The percentage of cells in different phases, and expression of Akt and its phosphorylation levels were also assessed by flow cytometry and western blot analysis at 72 h, respectively. The BPA and DEHP groups had a 30% higher number of viable cells compared to the non-treated group at 48 h (P<0.001). However, the cell numbers did not increase significantly in the groups with additional treatment with genistein (P>0.05 vs. control) and the same trend was observed at 72 h. The expression of phospho-Akt protein was increased in the groups treated with BPA or DEHP compared to the control group at 72 h (P<0.05), while no significant elevation in the expression of phospho-Akt was observed (P>0.05) in genistein-treated groups. Cells were arrested at the G2/M phase by genistein. Similar effects were observed in the E2 group with or without genistein treatment. Akt protein expression had no significant change among all the groups (P>0.05). In conclusion, estradiol- or environmental endocrine disruptor-induced proliferation of human neuroblastoma cells is effectively abolished by genistein, likely in a cell cycle- and Akt pathway-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jicui Zheng
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Children's Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 201102
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Li J, Gang D, Yu X, Hu Y, Yue Y, Cheng W, Pan X, Zhang P. Genistein: the potential for efficacy in rheumatoid arthritis. Clin Rheumatol 2013; 32:535-40. [PMID: 23307323 DOI: 10.1007/s10067-012-2148-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2012] [Accepted: 12/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic, systemic inflammatory disorder that may affect many tissues and organs. Without treatment, inflammation leads to cartilage damage, bone erosions, joint destruction, and impaired movement. Because of the limited success of disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs, the exploration of new anti-rheumatic drugs with high efficacy and less toxicity is eagerly needed. Genistein, the major active compound from soybean, has received much attention due to its potential beneficial effects on some of the degenerative diseases. It has been found that genistein has anti-inflammatory, antiangiogenesis, antiproliferative, antioxidant, immunomodulatory, pain relief, and joint protection properties. Hence, significant advances have been made, both by in vitro and in vivo studies showing that genistein is a promising agent for RA treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinchao Li
- Center for Translational Medicine Research and Development, Shen Zhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Science, Shenzhen University Town, 1068 Xueyuan Avenue, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
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CHOI EUNJEONG, LEE JAEIN, KIM GUNHEE. Anticancer effects of O-desmethylangolensin are mediated through cell cycle arrest at the G2/M phase and mitochondrial-dependent apoptosis in Hep3B human hepatocellular carcinoma cells. Int J Mol Med 2013; 31:726-30. [DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2013.1230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2012] [Accepted: 12/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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Biology and Clinical Relevance of Estrogen Receptors in Prostate Cancer. Prostate Cancer 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-6828-8_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
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Dong X, Xu W, Sikes RA, Wu C. Apoptotic effects of cooked and in vitro digested soy on human prostate cancer cells. Food Chem 2012; 135:1643-52. [PMID: 22953905 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2011] [Revised: 05/26/2012] [Accepted: 06/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Previous laboratory and animal studies reported that soy isoflavones were major bioactive compounds in soy to exert chemoprotection of prostate cancer. However, these studies cannot reflect the realistic effects that soy may induce through diets, and little is known about the bioavailability of isoflavones from whole soy food and their bioactivities after cooking and digestion. In this study, cooking and in vitro digestion were used to prepare soy extracts and the effects of cooking and digestion on the isoflavone contents and bioactivities of the whole soy extracts were examined. The cooking procedure generally increased the amount of daidzin, genistin and daidzein, but decreased that of genistein. Digestion process significantly lowered contents of daidzin and genistin in 60min cooked sample, while increased the contents of daidzin and daidzein and decreased the content of genistein in the uncooked sample. Antioxidant activities of soy extracts increased after cooking and in vitro digestion, while no consistent increase of the four soy isoflavones was determined. The apoptotic effects of soy extracts on both LNCaP and C4-2B cells were generally in a dose-dependent manner. Compared to purified single isoflavones, cooked and digested soy were more effective on induction of prostate cancer cell apoptosis, which indicated synergistic interactions between various bioactive compounds in the whole soy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Dong
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
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81
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Zaman MS, Thamminana S, Shahryari V, Chiyomaru T, Deng G, Saini S, Majid S, Fukuhara S, Chang I, Arora S, Hirata H, Ueno K, Singh K, Tanaka Y, Dahiya R. Inhibition of PTEN gene expression by oncogenic miR-23b-3p in renal cancer. PLoS One 2012. [PMID: 23189187 PMCID: PMC3506541 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0050203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND miR-23b is located on chromosome number 9 and plays different roles in different organs especially with regards to cancer development. However, the functional significance of miR-23b-3p in renal cell carcinoma (RCC) has not been reported. METHODS AND RESULTS We measured miR-23b-3p levels in 29 pairs of renal cell carcinoma and their normal matched tissues using real-time PCR. The expression level of miR-23b-3p was correlated with the 5 year survival rate of renal cancer patients. In 15 cases (52%), miR-23b-3p expression was found to be high. All patients with moderate to low miR-23b-3p expression survived 5 years, while those with high miR-23b-3p expression, only 50% survived. After knocking down miRNA-23b-3p expression in RCC cell lines, there was an induction of apoptosis and reduced invasive capabilities. MiR-23b-3p was shown to directly target PTEN gene through 3'UTR reporter assays. Inhibition of miR-23b-3p induces PTEN gene expression with a concomitant reduction in PI3-kinase, total Akt and IL-32. Immunohistochemistry showed the lack of PTEN protein expression in cancerous regions of tissue samples where the expression of miR-23b-3p was high. We studied the in vitro effects of the dietary chemo preventive agent genistein on miR-23b-3p expression and found that it inhibited expression of miR-23b-3p in RCC cell lines. CONCLUSIONS The current study shows that miR-23b-3p is an oncogenic miRNA and inhibits PTEN tumor suppressor gene in RCC. Therefore, inhibition of miR-23b-3p may be a useful therapeutic target for the treatment of renal cell carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Saif Zaman
- Department of Urology, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center and University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Sobha Thamminana
- Department of Urology, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center and University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Varahram Shahryari
- Department of Urology, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center and University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Takeshi Chiyomaru
- Department of Urology, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center and University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Guoren Deng
- Department of Urology, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center and University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Sharanjot Saini
- Department of Urology, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center and University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Shahana Majid
- Department of Urology, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center and University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Shinichiro Fukuhara
- Department of Urology, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center and University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Inik Chang
- Department of Urology, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center and University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Sumit Arora
- Department of Urology, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center and University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Hiroshi Hirata
- Department of Urology, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center and University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Koji Ueno
- Department of Urology, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center and University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Kamaldeep Singh
- Department of Urology, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center and University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Yuichiro Tanaka
- Department of Urology, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center and University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Rajvir Dahiya
- Department of Urology, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center and University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
Phyto-oestrogens are believed to have a range of beneficial effects on predominant Western diseases. A few studies on phyto-oestrogens in milk exist and show that the composition can be affected by feeding. Therefore, the aim was to study how feeding of lucerne and grass/clover silages (GCSs) affects the concentration of phyto-oestrogens in bovine milk. Sixteen Danish Holstein cows were assigned to a 4 × 4 latin square design with four cows per treatment per period of 3 weeks. The four treatment diets were lucerne silage (LS), 2/3 lucerne silage and 1/3 maize silage (2/3LS), 1/3 lucerne silage and 2/3 maize silage (1/3LS) and GCS. Milk was collected at the end of each period and feed samples on day 6, 13 and 20 in each experimental period. Milk and pooled feed samples were analysed for the concentration of isoflavones, coumestans and lignans. The content of isoflavones was higher and the content of coumestrol lower in the GCS diet than in LS, 2/3LS and 1/3LS diets. For the LS, 2/3LS and 1/3LS diets, the concentration of coumestrol and secoisolariciresinol increased with the proportion of lucerne while the concentration of isoflavones was similar across the diets. The concentrations of the formononetin, daidzein and equol in the milk were significantly higher for the GCS diet than for the LS, 2/3LS and 1/3LS diets. In particular, the concentration of equol was 62-291 times higher for GCS. The concentration of coumestrol was significantly lower for the GCS diet compared to the LS, 2/3LS and 1/3LS diets. No pattern for the concentration of lignans was observed. In conclusion, a high concentration of isoflavones, particularly equol, and a low concentration of coumestrol were measured in the milk from the GCS diet. In contrast, a low concentration of isoflavones and a high concentration of coumestrol were measured in the milk from the LS, 2/3LS and 1/3LS diets. However, the concentration of phyto-oestrogens in bovine milk is low compared to food sources rich in phyto-oestrogens but the high concentration of equol could possibly be of therapeutic importance.
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Chen KI, Erh MH, Su NW, Liu WH, Chou CC, Cheng KC. Soyfoods and soybean products: from traditional use to modern applications. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2012; 96:9-22. [PMID: 22872103 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-012-4330-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2012] [Revised: 07/19/2012] [Accepted: 07/21/2012] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Soybean products (soyfoods), reported as potential functional foods, are implicated in several health-enhancing properties, such as easing the symptoms of postmenopausal women, reducing the risk of osteoporosis, preventing cardiovascular disease, and antimutagenic effects. Isoflavone, for example, is one of the most important compounds abundantly found in soybean, mainly accounting for the health-enhancing properties as mentioned earlier. However, most biological activities of isoflavones are mainly attributed to their aglycone forms. It has also been demonstrated that isoflavone aglycones are absorbed faster and in greater amount than their glycosides in human intestines. Fortunately, deglycosylation of isoflavones can be achieved during fermentation process by several strains such as lactic acid bacteria, basidiomycetes, filamentous fungus, and Bacillus subtilis with their β-glucosidase activity. This article presents an overview of soybean's chemistry, application, state-of-the-art advances in soybean fermentation processing and products as well as their applications in food and pharmaceutical industries. Different compounds, such as isoflavone, dietary fibers, and proteins which exhibit significant bioactivities, are summarized. The roles of different microorganisms in bioconversion and enhancement of bioactivities of fermented soybean are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuan-I Chen
- Graduate Institute of Food Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei, Taiwan
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Greendale GA, Huang MH, Leung K, Crawford SL, Gold EB, Wight R, Waetjen E, Karlamangla AS. Dietary phytoestrogen intakes and cognitive function during the menopausal transition: results from the Study of Women's Health Across the Nation Phytoestrogen Study. Menopause 2012; 19:894-903. [PMID: 22415567 PMCID: PMC3376653 DOI: 10.1097/gme.0b013e318242a654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Phytoestrogens, which consist mainly of isoflavones, lignans, and coumestans have estrogenic and anti-inflammatory properties. Previous research suggests that higher dietary or supplemental intakes of isoflavones and lignans are related to better cognitive performance in middle-aged and older women. METHODS We conducted longitudinal analysis of dietary phytoestrogens and cognitive performance in a cohort of African American, white, Chinese, and Japanese women undergoing the menopausal transition. The tests were Symbol Digit Modalities, East Boston Memory, and Digits Span Backward. Phytoestrogens were assessed using the Food Frequency Questionnaire. We modeled each cognitive score as a function of concurrent value of the primary predictors (highest tertile of isoflavones, lignans, or coumestrol) and covariates including the menopausal transition stage. RESULTS Coumestrol and isoflavone intakes were 10 and 25 times greater, respectively, in Asian than in non-Asian participants. During late perimenopause and postmenopause, Asian women with high isoflavone intakes did better on processing speed, but during early perimenopause and postmenopause, high-isoflavone Asian consumers performed worse on verbal memory. The highest isoflavone consumers among non-Asians likewise posted lower verbal memory scores during early perimenopause. A verbal memory benefit of higher dietary lignan consumption was apparent only during late perimenopause, when women from all ethnic/racial groups who were in the highest tertile of intake demonstrated a small advantage. Coumestrol was unrelated to cognitive performance. CONCLUSIONS The cognitive effects of dietary phytoestrogens are small, seem to be class-specific, vary by menopause stage and cognitive domain, and differ among ethnic/racial groups (but whether this is related to dose or to host factors cannot be discerned).
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Affiliation(s)
- Gail A Greendale
- Division of Geriatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1687, USA.
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85
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Zhang Y, Dong J, He P, Li W, Zhang Q, Li N, Sun T. Genistein inhibit cytokines or growth factor-induced proliferation and transformation phenotype in fibroblast-like synoviocytes of rheumatoid arthritis. Inflammation 2012; 35:377-87. [PMID: 21792602 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-011-9365-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this research is to study the effect of genistein on cytokines or growth factor-induced proliferation and transformation phenotype of rheumatoid arthritis fibroblast-like synoviocytes (RA-FLS). RA-FLS were primarily cultured. With respective stimulation of IL-1β, TNF-α, and EGF, genistein was applied to elucidate its effect on synoviocytes' growth number, cell proliferation assay, cell cycle using cell counts, (3)H-TdR incorporation and flow cytometry, the colony numbers under anchorage-independent condition, and the expression of MMP-2 and MMP-9 in synovial fibroblasts. EGF, IL-1β, and TNF-α increased (3)H incorporation in RA-FLS, respectively. EGF augmented clone numbers of RA-FLS under anchorage-independent condition and not IL-1β and TNF-α. Genistein had an inhibitory role on cell number and (3)H-TdR incorporation of RA-FLS stimulated with IL-1β, TNF-α and EGF; genistein arrested the cell cycle at G(1) restriction point; genistein decreased colony numbers under anchorage-independent condition stimulated by EGF in serum condition. IL-1β or TNF-α increased expression of MMP-9 and MMP-2 in rheumatoid synoviocytes; EGF stimulated expression of MMP-9 but not of MMP-2; genistein suppressed production of MMP-9 more than MMP-2 induced by IL-1β or TNF-α; rMMP-9, rMMP-2, or their inhibitors had no effect on the (3)H-TdR incorporation of synovial cells. Erk1/2 inhibitor (PD098 059) had obvious inhibitory effect on the (3)H incorporation induced by TNF-α or IL-1β; inhibitors of JNK (SP600 125) had no significant effect on the (3)H incorporation. While pretreatment with PD098059 had no marked inhibitory effect on MMP-9 expression induced by TNF-α or IL-1β, SP600125 decreased significantly the MMP-9 expression induced by TNF-α or IL-1β. Neither PD098059 nor SP600 125 could inhibit the MMP-2 expression induced by TNF-α or IL-1β. Genistein inhibited IL-1β, TNF-α or EGF-induced proliferation and MMP-9 expression in fibroblast-like synoviocytes of rheumatoid arthritis; the proliferation of RA-FLS was mediated by Erk1/2 but not JNK activation, while JNK activation was involved in the signal transduction pathway leading to MMP-9 expression in rheumatoid synoviocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujun Zhang
- Clinical Institute of Molecular Biology, People's Hospital, Peking University, Beijing, China
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86
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Simons R, Gruppen H, Bovee TFH, Verbruggen MA, Vincken JP. Prenylated isoflavonoids from plants as selective estrogen receptor modulators (phytoSERMs). Food Funct 2012; 3:810-27. [PMID: 22684228 DOI: 10.1039/c2fo10290k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Isoflavonoids are a class of secondary metabolites, which comprise amongst others the subclasses of isoflavones, isoflavans, pterocarpans and coumestans. Isoflavonoids are abundant in Leguminosae, and many of them can bind to the human estrogen receptor (hER) with affinities similar to or lower than that of estradiol. Dietary intake of these so-called phytoestrogens has been associated with positive effects on menopausal complaints, hormone-related cancers, and osteoporosis. Therefore, phytoestrogens are used as nutraceuticals in functional foods or food supplements. Most of the isoflavonoids show agonistic activity towards both hERα and hERβ, the extent of which is modulated by the substitution pattern of their skeleton (i.e.-OH, -OCH(3)). Interestingly, substitutions consisting of a five-carbon prenyl group often seem to result in an antiestrogenic activity. There is growing evidence that the action of some of these prenylated isoflavonoids is tissue-specific, suggesting that they act like selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs), such as the well-known chemically synthesized raloxifene and tamoxifen. These so-called phytoSERMS might have high potential for realizing new food and pharma applications. In this review, the structural features of isoflavonoids (i.e. the kind of skeleton and prenylation (e.g. chain or pyran), position of the prenyl group on the skeleton, and the extent of prenylation (single, double)) are discussed in relation to their estrogenic activity. Anti-estrogenic and SERM activity of isoflavonoids was always associated with prenylation, but these activities did not seem to be confined to one particular kind/position of prenylation or isoflavonoid subclass. Few estrogens with agonistic activity were prenylated, but these were not tested for antagonistic activity; possibly, these molecules will turn out to be phytoSERMs as well. Furthermore, the data on the dietary occurrence, bioavailability and metabolism of prenylated isoflavonoids are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rudy Simons
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 8129, 6700 EV Wageningen, the Netherlands
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87
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Chen WC, Kuo TH, Tzeng YS, Tsai YC. Baicalin induces apoptosis in SW620 human colorectal carcinoma cells in vitro and suppresses tumor growth in vivo. Molecules 2012; 17:3844-57. [PMID: 22456615 PMCID: PMC6268256 DOI: 10.3390/molecules17043844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2012] [Revised: 03/26/2012] [Accepted: 03/26/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In the United States, colorectal cancer (CRC) is the second most frequent malignancy and the fourth most common cause of cancer death. Baicalin, a flavone derivative isolated and purified from the dry root of Scutellaria, was assessed for its antitumor effects in human SW620 CRC cells. Baicalin (200 μM) inhibited proliferation of SW620 cells. Baicalin (200 μM) increased activities of caspase-3, -8, and -9 in SW620 cells. Furthermore, flow cytometric analysis of baicalin-treated SW620 cells showed an increase in sub-G1 cells, and the dihydroethidium assay showed significant enhancement of intracellular peroxide production in baicalin-treated cells. Addition of N-acetylcysteine prevented most of the baicalin-induced apoptosis, which in turn mediated cytotoxicity in human SW620 cells. In vivo, baicalin (50 mg/kg/day, i.p.) treatment inhibited 55% of tumor growth in xenografted nude mice by 4 weeks, compared to that of the vehicle control (p < 0.05). Baicalin had no noteworthy influence on body weight. Thus, we suggest the development of baicalin as a potential leading antitumor agent in CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Cheng Chen
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, National Yang-Ming University, No.155, Sec.2, Linong Street, Taipei 112, Taiwan; (W.-C.C.); (Y.-S.T.)
| | - Tsu-Hsiang Kuo
- Graduate Institute of Life Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 114, Taiwan;
| | - Yi-Shiuan Tzeng
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, National Yang-Ming University, No.155, Sec.2, Linong Street, Taipei 112, Taiwan; (W.-C.C.); (Y.-S.T.)
| | - Ying-Chieh Tsai
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, National Yang-Ming University, No.155, Sec.2, Linong Street, Taipei 112, Taiwan; (W.-C.C.); (Y.-S.T.)
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88
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Matthews VL, Knutsen SF, Beeson WL, Fraser GE. Soy milk and dairy consumption is independently associated with ultrasound attenuation of the heel bone among postmenopausal women: the Adventist Health Study-2. Nutr Res 2012; 31:766-75. [PMID: 22074801 DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2011.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2011] [Revised: 09/10/2011] [Accepted: 09/23/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Soy milk has become a popular substitute for dairy milk with important health claims. We hypothesized that soy milk, based on its nutrient composition, is comparable to dairy products and, therefore, beneficial for bone health. To test this hypothesis, we examined the benefit of soy milk and dairy products intake on bone health using broadband ultrasound attenuation of the calcaneus. Postmenopausal white women (n = 337) who had completed a lifestyle and dietary questionnaire at enrollment into the Adventist Health Study-2 had their calcaneal broadband ultrasound attenuation measured 2 years later. The association between osteoporosis (defined as a T-score <-1.8) and some dietary factors (soy milk, dairy) and selected lifestyle factors was assessed using logistic regression. In a multivariable model adjusted for demographics, hormone use, and other dietary factors, osteoporosis was positively associated with age (odds ratio [OR] = 1.08; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.06-1.12) and inversely associated with body mass index (OR = 0.91; 95% CI, 0.86-0.97) and current estrogen use (OR = 0.27; 95% CI, 0.13-0.56). Compared with women who did not drink soy milk, women drinking soy milk once a day or more had 56% lower odds of osteoporosis (OR = 0.44; 95% CI, 0.20-0.98; P(trend) = .04). Women whose dairy intake was once a day or more had a 62% reduction in the likelihood of having osteoporosis (OR = 0.38; 95% CI, 0.17-0.86; P(trend) = .02) compared with women whose dairy intake was less than twice a week. Among individual dairy products, only cheese showed an independent and significant protection (OR = 0.28; 95% CI, 0.12-0.66; P(trend) = .004) for women eating cheese more than once per week vs those who ate cheese less than once a week. We concluded that osteoporosis is inversely associated with soy milk intake to a similar degree as dairy intake after accounting for age, body mass index, and estrogen use.
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89
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Up-regulation of microRNA-21 correlates with lower kidney cancer survival. PLoS One 2012; 7:e31060. [PMID: 22347428 PMCID: PMC3275568 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0031060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2011] [Accepted: 01/01/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background MicroRNA-21 is up-regulated in a variety of cancers like, breast, colorectal, lung, head and neck etc. However, the regulation of miR-21 in renal cell carcinoma (RCC) has not yet been studied systematically. Methods and Results We measured miR-21 levels in 54 pairs of kidney cancers and their normal matched tissues by real-time PCR. The expression level of miR-21 was correlated with 5 year survival and the pathological stage. Functional studies were done after inhibiting miR-21 in RCC cell lines. We studied in vitro and in vivo effects of the chemo preventive agent genistein on miR-21 expression. In 48 cases (90%), miR-21 was increased. All patients with low miR-21 expression survived 5 years, while with high miR-21 expression, only 50% survived. Higher expression of miR-21 is associated with an increase in the stage of renal cancer. Functional studies after inhibiting miRNA-21 in RCC cell lines show cell cycle arrest, induction of apoptosis and reduced invasive and migratory capabilities. Western blot analysis showed an increase in the expression of p21 and p38 MAP kinase genes and a reduction in cyclin E2. Genistein inhibited the expression of miR-21 in A-498 cells and in the tumors formed after injecting genistein treated A-498 cells in nude mice besides inhibiting tumor formation. Conclusions The current study shows a clear correlation between miR-21 expression and clinical characteristics of renal cancer. Thus we believe that miR-21 can be used as a tumor marker and its inhibition may prove to be useful in controlling cancers with up-regulated miR-21.
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90
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Weng CJ, Yen GC. Flavonoids, a ubiquitous dietary phenolic subclass, exert extensive in vitro anti-invasive and in vivo anti-metastatic activities. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2012; 31:323-51. [DOI: 10.1007/s10555-012-9347-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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91
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Du M, Yang X, Hartman JA, Cooke PS, Doerge DR, Ju YH, Helferich WG. Low-dose dietary genistein negates the therapeutic effect of tamoxifen in athymic nude mice. Carcinogenesis 2012; 33:895-901. [PMID: 22266527 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgs017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study examined the effect of dietary genistein, a soy isoflavone, on breast cancer patients who take tamoxifen, an antiestrogen treatment, using a preclinical model. The interaction of various doses of genistein with tamoxifen on the growth of estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer MCF-7 cells was investigated by subcutaneously injecting MCF-7 cells into the flank of ovariectomized athymic mice. Animals were randomized into eight experimental groups with 10-13 mice per group: control (C), estrogen (E) (0.08 mg E implant), tamoxifen (T) (3 mg T implant), estrogen + tamoxifen (E + T), tamoxifen + 500 p.p.m. genistein (T + G500), estrogen + tamoxifen + 250 p.p.m. genistein (E + T + G250), estrogen + tamoxifen + 500 p.p.m. genistein (E + T + G500) and estrogen + tamoxifen + 1000 p.p.m. genistein (E + T + G1000). Treatment of tamoxifen significantly reduced the estrogen-induced MCF-7 tumor prevalence and tumor size. This inhibitory effect of tamoxifen was significantly negated by the low doses of dietary genistein (250 and 500 p.p.m.), whereas the 1000 p.p.m. genistein did not have the same effect. Cells harvested from tamoxifen-treated tumors retained estrogen responsiveness of their progenitor MCF-7 cells, indicating that the abrogating effect of genistein on tamoxifen-treated tumor growth was not caused by a diminished tamoxifen response but directly by genistein. The low doses of dietary genistein abrogated the inhibitory effect of tamoxifen potentially by acting on the tumor cell proliferation/apoptosis ratio and the messenger RNA (mRNA) expression of cyclin D1 in addition to regulating the mRNA expression of progesterone receptor. Therefore, data from the current study suggest that caution is warranted regarding the consumption of dietary genistein by breast cancer patients while on tamoxifen therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengyuan Du
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
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92
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Huang MH, Norris J, Han W, Block T, Gold E, Crawford S, Greendale GA. Development of an updated phytoestrogen database for use with the SWAN food frequency questionnaire: intakes and food sources in a community-based, multiethnic cohort study. Nutr Cancer 2012; 64:228-44. [PMID: 22211850 DOI: 10.1080/01635581.2012.638434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Phytoestrogens, heterocyclic phenols found in plants, may benefit several health outcomes. However, epidemiologic studies of the health effects of dietary phytoestrogens have yielded mixed results, in part due to challenges inherent in estimating dietary intakes. The goal of this study was to improve the estimates of dietary phytoestrogen consumption using a modified Block Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ), a 137-item FFQ created for the Study of Women's Health Across the Nation (SWAN) in 1994. To expand the database of sources from which phytonutrient intakes were computed, we conducted a comprehensive PubMed/Medline search covering January 1994 through September 2008. The expanded database included 4 isoflavones, coumestrol, and 4 lignans. The new database estimated isoflavone content of 105 food items (76.6%) vs. 14 (10.2%) in the 1994 version and computed coumestrol content of 52 food items (38.0%), compared to 1 (0.7%) in the original version. Newly added were lignans; values for 104 FFQ food items (75.9%) were calculated. In addition, we report here the phytonutrient intakes for each racial and language group in the SWAN sample and present major food sources from which the phytonutrients came. This enhanced ascertainment of phytoestrogens will permit improved studies of their health effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Hua Huang
- Division of Geriatrics, Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA.
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93
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94
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Ho E, Beaver LM, Williams DE, Dashwood RH. Dietary factors and epigenetic regulation for prostate cancer prevention. Adv Nutr 2011; 2:497-510. [PMID: 22332092 PMCID: PMC3226387 DOI: 10.3945/an.111.001032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of epigenetic alterations in various human chronic diseases has gained increasing attention and has resulted in a paradigm shift in our understanding of disease susceptibility. In the field of cancer research, e.g., genetic abnormalities/mutations historically were viewed as primary underlying causes; however, epigenetic mechanisms that alter gene expression without affecting DNA sequence are now recognized as being of equal or greater importance for oncogenesis. Methylation of DNA, modification of histones, and interfering microRNA (miRNA) collectively represent a cadre of epigenetic elements dysregulated in cancer. Targeting the epigenome with compounds that modulate DNA methylation, histone marks, and miRNA profiles represents an evolving strategy for cancer chemoprevention, and these approaches are starting to show promise in human clinical trials. Essential micronutrients such as folate, vitamin B-12, selenium, and zinc as well as the dietary phytochemicals sulforaphane, tea polyphenols, curcumin, and allyl sulfur compounds are among a growing list of agents that affect epigenetic events as novel mechanisms of chemoprevention. To illustrate these concepts, the current review highlights the interactions among nutrients, epigenetics, and prostate cancer susceptibility. In particular, we focus on epigenetic dysregulation and the impact of specific nutrients and food components on DNA methylation and histone modifications that can alter gene expression and influence prostate cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Ho
- Linus Pauling Institute, Department of Nutrition and Exercise Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA.
| | - Laura M. Beaver
- Linus Pauling Institute,Department of Nutrition and Exercise Sciences, and
| | - David E. Williams
- Linus Pauling Institute,Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR
| | - Roderick H. Dashwood
- Linus Pauling Institute,Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR
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95
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Le Romancer M, Poulard C, Cohen P, Sentis S, Renoir JM, Corbo L. Cracking the estrogen receptor's posttranslational code in breast tumors. Endocr Rev 2011; 32:597-622. [PMID: 21680538 DOI: 10.1210/er.2010-0016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 211] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Estrogen signaling pathways, because of their central role in regulating the growth and survival of breast tumor cells, have been identified as suitable and efficient targets for cancer therapies. Agents blocking estrogen activity are already widely used clinically, and many new molecules have entered clinical trials, but intrinsic or acquired resistance to treatment limits their efficacy. The basic molecular studies underlying estrogen signaling have defined the critical role of estrogen receptors (ER) in many aspects of breast tumorigenesis. However, important knowledge gaps remain about the role of posttranslational modifications (PTM) of ER in initiation and progression of breast carcinogenesis. Whereas major attention has been focused on the phosphorylation of ER, many other PTM (such as acetylation, ubiquitination, sumoylation, methylation, and palmitoylation) have been identified as events modifying ER expression and stability, subcellular localization, and sensitivity to hormonal response. This article will provide an overview of the current and emerging knowledge on ER PTM, with a particular focus on their deregulation in breast cancer. We also discuss their clinical relevance and the functional relationship between PTM. A thorough understanding of the complete picture of these modifications in ER carcinogenesis might not only open new avenues for identifying new markers for prognosis or prediction of response to endocrine therapy but also could promote the development of novel therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muriel Le Romancer
- Université de Lyon, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, Centre Léon Bérard, Bâtiment Cheney D, 28 rue Laennec, 69373 Lyon Cedex 08, France.
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96
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Mishra P, Kar A, Kale RK. Prepubertal daidzein exposure enhances mammary gland differentiation and regulates the expression of estrogen receptor-alpha and apoptotic proteins. ISRN ONCOLOGY 2011; 2011:896826. [PMID: 22091435 PMCID: PMC3200189 DOI: 10.5402/2011/896826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2011] [Accepted: 05/10/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Mechanism of chemoprevention by daidzein (500 μg/g bwt) was examined by injecting it subcutaneously at 16th, 18th, and 20th day postpartum, followed by counting of terminal end buds (TEBs), terminal ducts (TDs), and lobules and immunohistochemistry of ER-α, Bcl2, Bax, and caspase-3. DNA fragmentation was also analysed to measure the apoptosis level. Estradiol benzoate (EB) (500 ng/g bwt) and dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO) were used as reference and vehicle, respectively. Observations show a significant enhancement of mammary gland differentiation at postnatal day 21 (PND21) as well as PND50. There was a significant decrease of ER-α expression at PND21 and increase in its expression at PND50, in daidzein-treated animals. The ratio of expression of Bcl-2 to Bax proteins increased at PND50 the same whereas, it decreased at PND50 due to daidzein. An increased expression of caspase-3 and DNA fragmentation was also seen due to daidzein at PND50. The mammary gland of EB-treated animals showed response a somewhat similar to that of daidzein-treated animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prachi Mishra
- School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Mehrauli Road, New Delhi-110067, India
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97
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The soy isoflavone genistein blunts nuclear factor kappa-B, MAPKs and TNF-α activation and ameliorates muscle function and morphology in mdx mice. Neuromuscul Disord 2011; 21:579-89. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nmd.2011.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2011] [Revised: 04/05/2011] [Accepted: 04/27/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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98
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Abstract
The health benefits associated with soya food consumption have been widely studied, with soya isoflavones and soya protein implicated in the protection of CVD, osteoporosis and cancers such as those of the breast and prostate. Equol (7-hydroxy-3-(4'-hydroxyphenyl)-chroman), a metabolite of the soya isoflavone daidzein, is produced via the formation of the intermediate dihydrodaidzein, by human intestinal bacteria, with only approximately 30-40% of the adult population having the ability to perform this transformation following a soya challenge. Inter-individual variation in conversion of daidzein to equol has been attributed, in part, to differences in the diet and in gut microflora composition, although the specific bacteria responsible for the colonic biotransformation of daidzein to equol are yet to be identified. Equol is a unique compound in that it can exert oestrogenic effects, but is also a potent antagonist of dihydrotestosterone in vivo. Furthermore, in vitro studies suggest that equol is more biologically active than its parent compound, daidzein, with a higher affinity for the oestrogen receptor and a more potent antioxidant activity. Although some observational and intervention studies suggest that the ability to produce equol is associated with reduced risk of breast and prostate cancer, CVD, improved bone health and reduced incidence of hot flushes, others have reported null or adverse effects. Studies to date have been limited and well-designed studies that are sufficiently powered to investigate the relationship between equol production and disease risk are warranted before the clinical relevance of the equol phenotype can be fully elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela J Magee
- Northern Ireland Centre for Food and Health, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Ulster, Coleraine BT52 1SA, UK.
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99
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Zhukova OS, Fetisova LV, Trishin AV, Anisimova NY, Scherbakov AM, Shcherbakov AE, Yashunskii DV, Tsvetkov DE, Men'shov VM, Kiselevskii MV, Nifant'ev NE. In vitro effect of Knotolan, a new lignan from Abies sibirica, on the growth of hormone-dependent breast cancer cells. Bull Exp Biol Med 2011; 149:511-4. [PMID: 21234454 DOI: 10.1007/s10517-010-0981-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Here we present antiestrogenic effects of Knotolan, a new dietary lignan from Abies sibirica raw material. Knotolan abolished growth-stimulating effects of 17β-estradiol on hormone-dependent MCF-7 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- O S Zhukova
- N N Blokhin Cancer Research Center, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Moscow, Russia
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100
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Parida UK, Bindhani BK, Nayak P. Green Synthesis and Characterization of Gold Nanoparticles Using Onion (<i>Allium cepa</i>) Extract. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.4236/wjnse.2011.14015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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